ENGLISH REVIEWER

INFORMATION FROM VARIOUS SOURCES

PRIMARY SOURCES
• Records of events or evidence as they are first described
• NO interpretation or commentary
• EXAMPLE: dissertations, scholarly journal articles, government reports,
symposia and conference proceedings, original artwork, poems,
photographs, speeches, letters, memos, personal narratives, diaries,
interviews, autobiographies, and correspondence.
SECONDARY SOURCES
• Offers an analysis or restatement of primary sources
• Tend to summarize, interpret, reorganize, or otherwise provide an added
value to a primary source.
• EXAMPLE: Edited works, books and articles that interpret or review
research works, histories, biographies, literary criticism and interpretation,
review of law and legislation, political analyses, and commentaries.
TERTIATY SOURCES
• Source that index, abstract, organize, compile, or digest other sources.
• Its purpose is to list, summarize or simple repackage ideas or other
information.
• Are usually not credited to a particular author
• EXAMPLE: Dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, fact books, Wikipedia,
bibliographies, directories, guidebooks, manuals, handbooks, and
textbooks (may be secondary), indexing and abstracting sources.

NEWS REPORT
CHARACTERISTICS THAT INFORMATION SHOULD HAVE:
1. Accuracy
- Reliable
- Useful
- Free from flaws
- High Quality
2. Completeness
- Needed details are present
- Answers the WH- questions
3. Timeliness
- Fresh
- current
- up – to – date
4. Consistency
- stable
- unchanged
- steady
- accurate
5. Relevant
- Suit the demands, needs, and interests of readers
6. Uniqueness
- distinct
- unusual
- special
- remarkable

PARTS OF A NEWS REPORT

HEADLINE
• Sums up the report
• Catches the reader’s attention
LEAD
• Introductory paragraph
• Most important information (5W’s and H)
BODY
• Next most important information
• Paragraphs are a mixture of facts, quotes, and background information
TAIL
• Least important information
WHAT MAKES A STORY NEWSWORTHY?
1. TIMING
• How recent and current a news story is
• Stories that just happened or are unfolding
2. SIGNIFICANCE
• Substantial impact on individual, communities, or society as a whole.
• Addresses important issues, trends, or events that effect a large number of
people
3. PROXIMITY
• How closely a news story relates to the geographic location of the
audience
4. PROMINENCE
• Visibility and Fame of individuals or entities involved in a news story.
• People who hold influential positions, celebrities, public figures and experts
5. HUMAN INTEREST
• Focus on the emotional, relatable, and personal aspects of an event
• Highlights the experiences, challenges, and triumphs of individuals

TEXTUAL AIDS IN UNDERSTANDING TEXTS

LINEAR TEXT
• Traditional text
• Needs to be read from beginning to end
• Sequential
• Grammatical and syntactic arrangement of words
• EXAMPLE: Novels, poems, short stories, letters, and educational texts
NON – LINEAR TEXT
• Non-Sequential
• Include texts with visuals or graphs
• Reader makes sense of the text in many different paths
• EXAMPLE: Graphic organizers, concept maps, diagrams, charts, etc.
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
• Used to organize information and ideas in a way that is easy to
comprehend
• By integrating text and visuals, it shows relationships and connections
between concepts, terms, and facts.
• EXAMPLES: Venn Diagrams, concept Maps, Flow Charts, Flower grids,
columned charts, taxonomies.
TIMELINE
• Chronological arrangement of events in the order of their occurrence
HAMBURGER PARAGRAPH
• Parts of a paragraph

FISHBONE DIAGRAM
• Looks like a fishbone
• Ishikawa Diagram in Japanese
Venn Diagram
• Used to compare and contrast

PIE CHART
• Pie Slices
ELEMENTS OF A STORY
1. CHARACTERS
• Persons, animals, things, creatures, or even beings in the story
• They do the actions, speak the dialogue and move the story along with
the plot.
• PROTAGONIST – Main character in the story. Decision and actions are
affected by a conflict.
• ANTAGONIST – Causes the conflict for the Protagonist. (The Villain)
• MINOR CHARACTERS – Are other characters not as important as the major
characters but perform an important role.

CHARACTERIZATION
• Process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character
DIRECT CHARACTERIZATION
• Direct Statements about a character’s personality
• EXAMPLE: She was a cheery, always upbeat person.
INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION
• Writer reveals information about a character through the character’s
thoughts, words, and actions.
• EXAMPLE: Her lighthouse smile beckoned across the crowd.

2. SETTING
• When and where the story took place
• PLACE – Geographical Location
• TIME – Historical period, time of day, year, etc.
• WEATHER CONDITIONS- Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc.?
• SOCIAL CONDITIONS – What is the daily life of the characters like?
• MOOD OR ATMOSPHERE – What feeling is created at the beginning of the
story.
3. PLOT
• Series of events that makes up a story
• Shows how the author arranges events
SOURCES OF INFORMATION: ACCESSIBILITY AND
EFFECTIVINESS
1. REFERENCE BOOKS
• Includes facts, statistics, definitions, etc.
• Useful for finding factual and statistical information
• EXAMPLE: Atlas, Dictionary, Directory, Encyclopedia, Thesaurus,
Yearbook/Almanac, Handbook
2. NEWSPAPER
• Provides latest information about events, people, or places
• Useful for information on current events
• Tracks the development of a story as it progress
3. MAGAZINES
• Includes articles on diverse topics of popular interests and current events
• Written by journalists and professional writers
• Written for the general public
4. ACADEMIC JOURNALS
• Written by and for specialists/experts of a particular discipline
• Goes through a peer – review process
• Narrower focus and more analysis on topics
• Cites references and footnotes.
5. BOOKS
• Covers any topic, fact, or fiction
• Useful for complete background in – depth analysis of an issue, a theory,
or a person
• Take years to publish
ANALYTICAL LISTENING
• Critical or Active Listening
• One’s ability to carefully and properly analyze the sound/s listened to
• The ability to distinguish and categorize the information listened to.

ANALYTICAL LISTENING PROCESS

1. RECEIVING STAGE
• Actual hearing process
• Listener has to check him/herself if he/she is able to hear clearly the
sounds.
2. UNDERSTANDING STAGE
• Generating meaning on what has been heard
• Connection on communication between listener and speaker must be
clearly established.
3. EVALUATING STAGE
• Listener critically examines the details of the information heard
• Provide the time for information segregation
4. RESPONDING STAGE
• Allows listener to provide verbal or non-verbal feedback
5. REMEMBERING STAGE
• Integration of the listener and information heard
• Allows listener to record in his/her system the information listened to

STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

• Define the problem
• Generate alternative solutions
• Evaluate and select an alternative
• Implement and follow – up on the solution

EVALUATING AND MAKING JUDGEMENTS

SUBJECTIVE
• Expression of opinion
 • Assumptions
• Beliefs
• Varies to a great extent, from person to person, day to day
OBJECTIVITY
• Unbiased and balanced
• Verified
• Facts
• Observations
REMEMBER:
• Criteria – set of standards and/or principles considered in judging a
particular work.
• Criteria may vary depending on what is to be judged or evaluated

MOST COMMON INDICATORS IN EVALUATING A

TEXT
1. CONTENT
• Idea or concept of the subject matter discussed in the text
2. COHESION
• Linking of words and sentences by correct transitional/cohesive devices
• Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
3. GRAMMAR
• Fluency and accuracy in terms of language structure
4. MECHANICS
• Accuracy in punctuations and capitalization
5. WORD CHOICE
• Deals with appropriateness of words
6. TONE
• Refers to the emotion or feeling expressed by the texts
EVALUATING LISTENING TEXTS
• Listening is difficult to assess as it entails careful analysis
• Listening texts may vary in sources

CRITERIA ON EVALUATING LISTENING TEXT

1. FLUENCY
• One’s ability to clearly pronounce words with appropriate speed,
accuracy and expression
• How smooth the flow of a person when it comes to speaking the
language.
2. TONE
• Feeling or emotions that the speaker portrays
3. VOLUME
• Loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice
4. PITCH
• Highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice
• Concept of intonation
5. SPEED
• How slow or fast the speaker is in speech or delivery
6. Word Choice
• This indicates attitude or certainty
• Emphasis on important concepts
7. COHESION
• Organization of words, phrases and concepts
• COHERENCE – centered on the general sense and organization/logical
sequence of ideas in a text whether the text makes sense or not.
• COHESION – linking words and sentences by using correct transitional
devices such as FANBOYS.
8. CORRECTNESS
• Rightness or precision not only in grammar but more importantly the
accuracy in concepts.
• Speaker uses grammatical rules accurately and relevant vocabulary.