12

`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

COMPLEX NUMBERS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

ROUND - I

2i 2  11i
1. Show that 2
and are conjugate to each other.
1  2 i  25
2i 2i 2i 2i
Sol. Let z  2
 2
 
1  2 i  1  4i  4i 1  4  4i 3  4i

2  i3  4i 6  8i  3i  4i 2
 
3  4i3  4i 25
6  11i  4 1 6  4  11i 2  11i 2  11i
   
25 25 25 25
2  11i 2  11i
The conjugate of z  is z 
25 25

2. Find the multiplicative inverse of 7  24i .

1
Sol. The multiplicative inverse of 7  24i is
7  24i
1 17  24i 7  24i
   2
7  24i 7  24i7  24i 7  24 2
7  24i 7  24i 7 24i
   
49  576 625 625 625

2  11i 2  i
3. Show that z1  , z2  2
are conjugate to each other.
25 1  2 i 
2i 2i 2i 2i
Sol. Let z  2
 2
 
1  2 i  1  4i  4i 1  4  4i 3  4i

2  i3  4i 6  8i  3i  4i 2
 
3  4i3  4i 25
6  11i  4 1 6  4  11i 2  11i 2  11i
   
25 25 25 25
2  11i 2  11i
The conjugate of z  is z 
25 25

4. Find the square roots of 5  12i .

Sol. 5  12i  x  iy
Squaring on both sides
5  12 i  x 2  y 2  2ixy

 x 2  y 2  5 …….. (1)

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2 xy  12
xy  6
2 2
 x 2  y 2   x 2  y 2   4x 2 y 2
2 2
 5  12
 25  144  169
x 2  y 2  13 …….. (2)

(1) + (2)  2 x 2  8
x2  4
x  2
if x  2  y  3
if x  2  y  3

 5  12 i  2  3i or 2  3i

5. If z1  6, 3 ; z2   2, 1 find z1 / z2 .

Sol. We know that
If z1   a , b , z2  c , d
z1  ac  bd bc  ad 
then  , 
z2  c 2  d 2 c 2  d 2 
Here a  6 , b  3 , c  2 , d  1
z1  12  3 6  6   9 12 
  ,  , 
z2  2 2  12 2 2  12   5 5 

 1
6. If z  cos  ,sin  , find  z   .
 z
1 1
Sol. Given that z  cos  ,sin   cos   i sin   
z cos   i sin 
cos   i sin  cos   i sin  cos   i sin 
    cos   i sin 
cos   i sin cos   i sin  cos   sin 
2 2 1

1
 z   cos   i sin   cos   i sin   2 i sin 
z

7. Write the conjugate of the following complex numbers

(i) 2  5i4  6i (ii) 15  3i   4  20i
Sol. (i) G.E  2  5i4  6i   24   56  i  2 6  54  8  30  i 12  20  38  8i
 the conjugate of 38  8i is 38  8i
(ii) G.E  15  3i   4  20i  15  4  3  20 i  11  23i
 conjugate of 11  23i is 11  23i

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(ii) i 18  3.i 7  i 2 1  i 4 i

26
8. Simplify (i) i 2  i 4  i 6  ......  2n  1 terms
2
Sol. (i) Consider sum of first two terms i 2  i 4  1  1  0
3 4
Similarly, i 6  i 8  i 2   i 2   1  1  1  1  0
3 4

Here, sum of two pairs of consecutive terms is 0

2 n 1
In the given series, last term i 2 
2 n1
 1  1

 i 2  i 4  i 6  ......  2n  1 terms  0  0  ......  1  1

9 3
(ii) i 18  i 2   1  1 ; i7  i 6 .i  i 2  .i  1 .i  i ;
9 3

2 13
i 4  i 2   1  1 ; i  i  i 26   i 26  i 2 
2 26 26 13
 1  1

G.E  1  3i  11  11  1  3i  2  1  3i

a  ib
9. Find the real and imaginary parts of the complex number .
a  ib
2 2
a  ib  a  ib a  ib  a  ib a 2  ib  2 aib
Sol.   
a  ib  a  ib a  ib a 2  i 2 b 2 a 2  1 b 2

a 2  b 2  i 2 ab a2  b 2 2 ab
  i 2
a2  b 2 2
a b 2
a  b2
a2  b2
So, real part is
a2  b2
2ab
Imaginary part is .
a  b2
2

3
10. Express 1  i 1  i  in the form of a  ib .

G.E  1  i 1  i  1  i 1  i1  i  1  i 2  2 i 12  i 2 

3 2
Sol.

 1  1  2i1  1  i 2  1
 
 2i2  4i  A  iB form  0  i 4

11. Write z   7  i 21 in the polar form.

Sol. Let z   7  i 21  x  iy  x   7 , y  21
2 2
 r  x2  y2   7    21   7  21  28  4  7  2 7

y  21  2
Now,   Tan1    Tan1    Tan1  3     7 , 21  lies in Q 
 2 
 x    7  3
 2 2 
 The polar form of  7  i 21 is r cos   i sin   2 7 cos  i sin 
 3 3

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12. Express 1  i in polar form with principal value of the amplitude.
Sol. Let 1  i  x  iy  x  1, y  1
2 2
 r  x 2  y 2  1  1  1  1  2
y  1  3 
Now,   Tan1    Tan1    Tan1 1   1,  1 lies in Q3 ,    , 
x  1  4 
 The polar form of 1  i is
  3    
r cos   i sin   2 cos    i sin  3   2  cos  3   i sin  3 
  4   4    4   4 

13. If z1  2, 1 , z2  6, 3 find z1  z2 .

Sol. Given that z1  2, 1  2  i , z2  6, 3  6  3i
 z1  z2  2  i  6  3i  2  6  i 1  3  4  4i  4, 4

14. If z2  3, 5 and z2  2,6 find z1 z2 .

Sol. Given that z1  3, 5  3  5i and z2  2,6  2  6i
 z1 .z2   3  5i2  6i  6  18i  10i  30i 2
 6  28i  30 1  24  28i  24, 28

4  3i
15. Write the complex number in the form A  iB .
2  3i 4  3i
 4  3i 4  3i2  3i
Sol. 
2  3i 4  3i2  3i 4  3i
 16  9  24i  2  3i 

 4  916  9
7  24i  2  3i 

13  25
14  72  i 21  48

325
86  27 i

325
 86   27 
    i 
 325   325 

2
16. If  a  ib  x  iy , find x 2  y 2 .
2
Sol. Given  a  ib  x  iy   a  ib a  ib  x  iy .
Taking mod on both sides a  ib a  ib  x  iy

 a2  b 2 . a2  b2  x 2  y 2  a2  b2  x 2  y 2
2 2
Squaring on both sides, we get  a 2  b 2   x 2  y 2  x 2  y 2  a2  b 2 

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ROUND – II

z 
1. (i) If z1  1 and z2  i , then find Arg  z1 . z2  (ii) If z1  1 and z2  i , then find Arg  1 
 z2 

Sol. i) We know Arg 1   and Arg i   /2

 
 Arg  z1 z2   Arg  z1   Arg  z2     
2 2
ii) We know that Arg 1   , Arg i   /2
z   
 Arg  1   Argz1  Argz2    
 z2  2 2

2. If 1  i2  i3  i.....n  i  x  iy , then prove that 2.5.10.....n2  1  x 2  y 2

Sol. Given that 1  i2  i3  i.....n  i  x  iy  1  i2  i3  i...1  ni   x  iy

 1  i 2  i 3  i ... 1  ni  x  iy

 12  12 . 2 2  12 . 32  12 ... 1  n2  x 2  y 2  x  iy  x 2  y 2 
 
 
Squaring on both sides, we get 2.5.10…. 1  n 2   x 2  y 2

3. Show that the four points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers
2  i , 4  3i , 2  5i , 3i are the vertices of a square.
Sol. Let the given points are taken as A2,1 , B 4,3 , C 2,5 , D0, 3
2 2 2 2
AB  2  4  1  3  8 ; BC   4  2  3  5  8
2 2 2 2
CD  2  0  5  3  8 ; DA  2  0  1  3  8
2 2 2 2
AC  2  2  1  5  16  4 ; BD   4  0  3  3  16  4
Hence, the four sides AB, BC, CD, DA are equal
The two diagonals AC, BD are equal
 A, B, C, D form a square

1  2i
4. (i) If z  2
, then find Arg  z .
1  1  i 

(ii) If the amplitude of  z  1 is , then find the locus of z .
2
 
(iii) If the Argz1 and Argz2 are and respectively, then find  Argz1  Argz2  .
5 3
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i 1  2i
Sol. i) Given z     1
1  1  i  2 i  1   1  1  2 i  1  2 i
2 2
1  1  i 

1 is purely a positive real number

 Arg z  0
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ii) Let z  x  iy
 z  1  x  iy  1   x  1  iy

Arg  z  1   its real part x  1  0
2
  
iii) Given that Argz1   Arg z1   . Also Arg z2 
5 5 3
    5  3 2
 Arg  z1   Arg  z2        
5 3 3 5 15 15

5. If z  x  iy and if the point P in the Argand plane represents z , then describe geometrically the
locus of z satisfying the equations.
(i) z  2  3i  5 (ii) 2 z  2  z  1 (iii) Img z 2  4

Sol. i) Given z  x  iy  z  2  3i  5  x  iy  2  3i  5  x  2  i  y  3  5
2 2 2 2
 x  2   y  3  5  x  2   y  3  25
 This locus represents a circle with centre 2, 3 and radius 5
ii) Given z  x  iy  2 z  2  z  1  2 x  iy  2  x  iy  1  2 x  2  iy  x  1  iy

 2 x  2  y 2  x  1  y 2  4 x  2  y 2   x  1  y 2
2 2 2 2
 
 This locus represents the equation of a circle
2
iii) Given z  x  iy  z2   x  iy   x 2  y 2  i 2 xy

Im  z 2   4  2 xy  4  xy  2
 This locus represents the equation of a hyperbola

z2 2 z1  z2
6. (i) If , z1  0 , is an imaginary number then find the value of .
z1 2 z1  z2
100
(ii) If  3  i  2 99  a  ib , show that a2  b 2  4 .

(iii) If 3  i  r cos   i sin  , then find the value of  in radian measure.

(iv) If x  iy  cis.cis , then find the value of x 2  y 2 .

z2 z
Sol. i) Given that ,  z1  0 is an imaginary number. So we take 2  0  ki  ki
z1 z1
2 z1 z2 z
 2 2
2 z1  z2 z z1 z1 2  ik 2  ik 4  k2
  1     1
2 z1  z2 2 z1 z2 z2 2  ik 2  ik 4  k 2
 2
z1 z1 z1
100
ii) Given that  3  i  2 99  a  ib ; Taking Modulus on both sides we get
100
 3  i  2 99  a  ib

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 2 100  a  ib  a 2  b 2 

  3   12   2 99 a 2  b 2  2 100  2 99 a 2  b 2






 2  a 2  b 2 . Squaring on both sides, we get 4  a 2  b 2  a2  b 2  4

iii) 3  i  r cos   i sin 
a 3 b1
r  a2  b 2  3  1  2
y 1 
  tan1  tan1 
x 3 6

 Radian
6
iv) Given that x  iy  cis.cis  cis     cos     i sin   
Equating the real parts, we get x  cos   
Equating the imaginary parts, we get y  sin   

 x 2  y 2  cos 2     sin 2     1  cos 2   sin 2   1  x2  y2  1

 

7. Show that the complex numbers z satisfying z2  z 2  2 constitute a hyperbola.

Sol. Let z  x  iy z  x  iy
2
Given z2  z  2
2 2
 2

 x  iy   x  iy   2  2 x 2  iy   2  x 2  y 2  1

x2 y 2
 comparing equation with 2  2  1 a  1, b  1
a b
Eccentricity of the given curve e  1  b 2 a 2  1  1  2 e 2 1
Its eccentricity is greater than 1, so it represents hyperbola.

8. Show that the points in the Argand diagram represented by the complex numbers
1  3i , 4  3i , 5  5i are collinear.
Sol. Let P  1  3i  1, 3 , Q  4  3i   4, 3 and R  5  5i  5, 5
y 2  y1 3  3 6
Slope of PQ is    2 ………. (i)
x2  x1 41 3
y 2  y 1 5  3 2
Slope of QR is    2 ………. (ii)
x2  x1 5 4 1
From (i) and (ii) Slope of PQ  slope of QR,
 the given points P, Q, R are collinear

9. Express the following complex numbers in modulus –amplitude form

(i) 1  i (ii) 1  i 3 (iii)  3  i (iv) 1  i 3
Sol. i) Let 1  i  x  iy  x  1, y  1
2 2
 r  x 2  y 2  1  1  1  1  2

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y  1  
Now,   Tan1    Tan1    Tan1 1   [  1, 1 lies in Q4 ]
x  1  4
         
 Mod-amp form r cos   i sin   2 cos    i sin    2 cos  i sin 
  4   4   4 4

ii) z  1  3i  x  iy

x  1, y  3

Modulus r  x 2  y 2  1  3  4  2

Amplitude   tan1  y x  tan1  3  
3
   
1  3i  2cis  2  cos  i sin  .
3  3 3 
iii) Let  3  i  x  iy  x   3 , y  1
2
 r  x2  y2   3  2
 1  3  1  4  2

y  1  5
Now,   Tan1    Tan1    [   3 ,1 lies in Q2 ]
x  3 6
 5 5 
 Modulus-amplitude form is r cos   i sin   2 cos  i sin 
 6 6
iv) Let 1  i 3  x  iy  x  1, y   3
2
 r  x 2  y 2  1   3   1  3  4  2
2

y   3  2 
Now,   Tan1    Tan1    Tan1 3  [  1,  3   Q3 , Q  ,  ]
 x   1  3
  2  
 Mod-amp form is r cos   i sin   2 cos    i sin  2 
  3   3 
 2 2 
 2 cos  i sin  [  cos   cos  , sin    sin  ]
 3 3

2  4i1  2 i
10. Simplify the following complex numbers and find their modulus
1  i3  i
2  4i1  2i
Sol. Z
1  i3  i
2  4 i 1  2 i
Z
1  i 3  i

4  16 1  4

11 9 1
2 5 5 5
   5
2 5 2 5

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11. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points 7  7i ,
7  7i in the Argand plane.
Sol. Take the given points as A  7  7 i  7,7 
B  7  7 i  7, 7
Perpendicular bisector of AB is perpendicular to AB and passing through mid point (say C) of
AB.
 7  7 7  7  7 7
C   ,   7,0 Slope of AB = = not defined
 2 2  7 7
AB is le to y -axis r bisector is le to x -axis
Any line parallel to x -axis is of the form y  k , it is passing through (7, 0)
So, r bisector of AB is y  0 (i.e, x axis)

12. Show that the points in the Argand diagram represented by the complex numbers 2  2 i , 2  2 i ,
2 3  2 3i are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Sol. Let the vertices z1  x1  iy 1  2  2 i
z2  x2  iy 2  2  2 i

z3  x3  iy 3  2 3  2 3i
2 2 2 2
Distance between z1 and z2 is z1  z2  x2  x1    y 2  y1   4  4  4 2
2 2
Distance between z2 and z3 is z2  z3  x3  x2    y 3  y2 
2 2
 2 3  2   2 3  2   2 12  4  4 2

2 2
Distance between z1 and z3 is z1  z3  x3  x1    y 3  y1 
2 2
 2 3  2   2 3  2   2 12  4  4 2

z1  z2  z2  z3  z1  z3
All the lengths of sides of the triangle formed by given points are equal. So, the given points
forms equilateral triangle.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

3
1. If x  iy  then, show that x 2  y 2  4 x  3 .
2  cos   i sin 
3 32  cos   i sin 
Sol. Given that x  iy  
2  cos   i sin  2  cos   i sin 2  cos   i sin 
3 2  cos   i sin  6  3 cos   3i sin 
 x  iy   
2  cos   sin  4  4 cos   cos 2   sin 2 
2 2

6  3 cos   3i sin  6  3 cos   3i sin   6  3 cos    3sin  

      i 
4  4 cos   1 5  4 cos   5  4 cos    5  4 cos  

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6  3 cos  3sin 
Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get x  , y
5  4 cos  5  4 cos 
To prove: x 2  y 2  4 x  3  x 2  y 2  4x  3  0   x 2  4 x  3  y 2  0   x  1x  3  y 2  0
6  3 cos  6  3 cos   5  4 cos  1  cos 
Consider, x  1  1   ……. (1)
5  4 cos  5  4 cos  5  4 cos 
6  3 cos  6  3cos   15  12 cos  9  9 cos  9 1  cos 
Also, x  3  3   ……. (2)
5  4 cos  5  4 cos  5  4 cos  5  4 cos 

2
9 1  c os 2  9 sin 2 
From (1) & (2) , x  1x  3  y  2
 2
5  4 cos  5  4 cos 
9sin 2   9 sin 2  0
 2
 2
0.
5  4 cos  5  4 cos 

1
2. If x  iy  then, show that 4 x 2  1  0 .
1  cos   i sin 
1 1 1
Sol. x  iy   
1  cos   i sin  2 cos  2  i 2 sin  2 cos  2 2 cos  2  cos  2  i sin  2
2

1 cos  2  i sin  2

2 cos  2  cos  2  i sin  2cos  2  i sin  2
[  multiplying numerator and denominator with cos  2  i sin  2 ]
1 cos  2  i sin  2 1 cos  2  i sin  2 cos  2  i sin  2
  
2 cos  2 cos  2  i sin  2 2 cos  2 cos 2  2  i 2 sin 2  2
2 2 2
2 cos  2
 cos 2   sin 2   1
 
1
x  iy  1  i tan  2
2
Equating real parts on both sides
x1 2
2x  1
4x 2  1
4x 2  1  0

3. If z  3  5i , then show that z3  10 z 2  58 z  136  0 .

2 2
Sol. Given that z  3  5i  z  3  5i   z  3  5i
 z 2  6 z  9  25  z 2  6 z  34  0 …….. (1)
3 2 2
On dividing z  10 z  58 z  136 with z  6 z  34 we get the quotient  z  4

 z3  10 z2  58 z  136   z  4 z2  6 z  34   z  40  0 [From (1)]

1
x y
4. If x  iy 3  a  i b , then show that   4a2  b 2  .
a b
13
Sol. Given x  iy   a  ib
Cubing on both sides
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x  iy    a  ib3  a 3  ib3  3aib  a  ib  a 3  ib 3  3a 2 bi  3ab 2

x  iy  a 3  3 ab 2  i b 3  3 a 2 b 
Comparing real parts
x
x  a 3  3 ab 2   a 2  3b 2 ……………..(1)
a
Comparing imaginary parts y  b 3  3 a 2 b

y  b 3  3 a 2 b  b  3a 2  b 2  ………………….(2)
Adding equations (1) and (2)
x y
   a 2  3b 2  3 a2  b 2  4  a 2  b 2 
a b
x y
   4a2  b 2 
a b

zi
5. If the point P denotes the complex number z  x  iy in the Argand plane and if is a
z1
purely imaginary number, find the locus of P .
zi
Sol. is not defined for z  1  x  1
z1
zi x  iy  i x  i  y  1
  
z  1 x  iy  1 x  1  iy

x  i  y  1 x  1  iy x x  1  y  y  1  i  y  1x  1  xy 
   2
x  1  iy x  1  iy x  1  y 2
x2  y 2  x  y i xy  x  y  1  xy  x2  y 2  x  y i 1  x  y 
 2 2
 2 2
 2 2
 2
x  1  y x  1  y x  1  y x  1  y 2
zi
Given is purely imaginary. So real part must be zero.
z1
x2  y 2  x  y
2
 0 and z  1  x 2  y 2  x  y  0 and x , y   1, 0
x  1  y 2
 the locus of p is the circle x 2  y 2  x  y  0 excluding the point 1,0 .

6. If z  x  iy and if the point P in the Argand plane represents z , then describe geometrically the
 z  1  
locus of z satisfying the equation Arg  
 z  1  4

z  1 x  iy  1 x  1  iy x  1  iy  x  1  iy 
Sol. Given z  x  iy    
z  1 x  iy  1 x  1  iy x  1  iy  x  1  iy 
x  1 x  1  y 2   i x  1 y  y x  1 x 2  1  y 2  i 2 y
   
 2 2
 2
; x  1 , y  0
x  1  y x  1  y 2
z1  2y  2y
Amplitude of is  2 2
 tan  2 1
z1 4 x  y 1 4 x  y2  1

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 x 2  y 2  1  2 y  x 2  y 2  2 y  1  0 ; x , y   1,0
 This locus represents the equation of a circle

7. Simplify 2 i 3  i2  4i1  i and obtain the modulus of that complex number.
Sol.  6i  2  2  4   2  4 i 
 2  6i2  6i 
 4  36  12  12 i
 32  24i
 32  24i  32 2  24 2
 1024  576
 1600
 40

 z  2  
8. If the amplitude of    , find its locus
 z  6i  2
Sol. Let z  x  iy
z2 x  iy  2 x  2  iy
Then  
z  6i x  iy  6i x  i  y  6

x  2  iy x  i  y  6 x x  2  y  y  6  i xy  x  2 y  6

  
x  i  y  6 x  i  y  6  x 2   y  6
2

x 2  y 2  2 x  6 y  i xy  x  2 y  6

 2
x 2   y  6

z2 x2  y 2  2x  6y xy  x  2y  6

Let  a  ib  2
i 2
z  6i x 2   y  6 x 2   y  6
Comparing real parts
x 2  y 2  2x  6y xy  x  2 y  6
a 2
, b 2
x 2   y  6 x 2   y  6
 
Given amplitude of a  ib is , tan1 b a 
2 2
Hence a  0 , b  0
x2  y 2  2x  6y xy  x  2 y  6
2
0 2
0
x 2   y  6 x 2   y  6

x 2  y 2  2 x  6 y  0 excluding the point (0,6) xy  xy  6 x  2 y  12  0

3x  y  4  0
So, the locus of p is the arc of circle
x 2  y 2  2 x  6 y  0 , satisfying 3x  y  4  0 .

Hyderabad Centres
Saifabad  Narayanaguda  Dilsukhnagar  Kukatpally  Miyapur  Madhapur
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`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Find all the values of

1 /3
(i) 1  i 3 
1/6 2 /3
(ii) i (iii) 1  i
1/4 1 /5
(iv) 16 (v) 32
 
Sol. (i) Modulus – amplitude form of 1  3i  is = 2 cos  3  i sin  3  2cis   .
 3
13
13     2 k   3
1  i 3  
  2cis    2 1 3 cis


 3  3
, k  0,1, 2

6 k  
 2 1 3 cis
9
13  5 1 3 11
All values of 1  i 3  are 2 1 3 cis  , 2 1 3 cis , 2 cis .
9 9 9
1 /6
1/6 1 /6           1 /6    
1 /6
(ii) i  
 0  i 1    
 cos    i sin      
 c i s    
 c i s2 k   
  2   2    2    2 
 1    1  4 k    
  c i s 2 k     c i s    cis  4 k  1 , k  0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5
 6 2   6  2  12

(iii) Let z  1  i  z  12  12  2
  1 
2 /3  2 /3 
 1  i 
2 /3
  2  i
1
    2 1 /3 cos   i sin   
  2 2    4 4  

1/3 1 /3
 2 2    
 2 1 /3 cos  i sin   2 1 /3 cos  i sin 
 4 4  2 2
1 /3
  1 /3      1  
 2 1 /3 cis   2 1/3 cis 2 k    2 1 /3 cis 2 k   , k  0,1, 2
 2   2   3  2 
 1  4 k   
 2 1 /3 cis    2 1 /3 cis  4 k  1  , k  0,1, 2
 3  2  6
  5   3 
 2 1 /3 cis   , 2 1 /3 cis   , 2 1/3 cis  
6 6 2
1 /4
 2 4 
1 /4 1/ 4 1/4 1 /4
(iv) 16 1  2 cos   i sin   2 cis
  1  1  i 0  cos   i sin 
 
1 /4 1    
 2 cis 2 k    2cis  2 k    2 cis 2 k  1  , k  0,1, 2, 3
4   4 
1/5 1 /5 1/5 1/5 1/5
(v) 32  2 1  2  cos   i sin   2 cis  2 cis 2 k  

1    
 2cis 2 k    2 cis  2 k  1  , k  0,1, 2, 3, 4
5   5 

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`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES
 1
2. (i) If x  cis  , then find the value of x 6  6  (ii) Find the cube roots of 8
 x 
Sol. (i) Given x  cos   i sin 
6
 x 6  cos   i sin   cos6  i sin 6 [from De Moivre’s theorem)
1
  cos 6  i sin 6
x6
1
 x 6  6  2 cos6
x
1/3
(ii) Let x 3  8  2 3  2 3 1  x  2 1
We know that cube roots of unity are 1,  ,  2
 x  2, 2  , 2 2

3. Find the values of the following

 3 i 5  3 i 5 3
(i)        (ii) 1  i 3 
 2 2   2 2 
8 16
(iii) 1  i (iv) 1  i

 3 i 5  3 i 5  
5
     
5
Sol. 
(i) G.E    
     
   cos  i sin   cos  i sin 
 2 2   2 2   6 6  6 6
 5 5   5 5  5 5 5 5
 cos  i sin   cos  i sin   cos  i sin  cos  i sin
 6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6
5     1
 2i sin  2 i sin     2 i sin  2 i    i
6  6 6 2
2
(ii) Let z  1  i 3  z  12   3   1  3  4  2

1 i 3
 1i 3  2    2  cos   i sin  
2 2   3 3 

3
3        
 1  i 3    2 cos  i sin   2 3 cos 3  i sin 3   8 cos   i sin   8 1  i 0  8
  3 3   3 3
2
(iii) Let z  1  i  z  12  1  2
 1 i    
 1i  2     2  cos  i sin 
 2 2   4 4 
8
    8  
 1  i   2 cos  i sin    2  cos 8  i sin 8 
8

  4 4   4 4
 2 4  cos 2  i sin 2   16 1  i 0  16

(iv) Let z  1  i  z  12  12  2
 1 i    
 1i  2     2  cos  i sin 
 2 2   4 4 

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`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES
16
    16   
 1  i   2 cos  i sin    2   cos 16  i sin 16 
16
  4 4   4 4
 2 8  cos 4   i sin 4   256 1  i 0  256

4. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then prove that

1 1 1
(i)  
2   1  2 1  
(ii) 2  2   2 2   10  2  10  2  11   49

(iii) x  y  zx  y  z 2 x  y 2  z  x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz

1 1  2      1  2  3  3
Sol. (i) L.H.S    
1  2 2   1  2 2   2  4    2  2
3 1   3  1   3 1    2
     
2  2   2 2  3 2  1     2   3 3 

1 1   
R.H.S     3   
1    2
   1
2

 L.H.S  R.H.S
3 3
(ii) 10   9     3    1   ; 11   9   2   3   2  12    2

 2  2   2 2   10  2  11   2  2   2 2   2   2 

2 2
  4  2 2  2   3    4  2 2    1
   
2
  5  2  2     5  2 1   5  2  7 2  49
2 2
 
(iii) Given 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity  1     2  0 . Hence    2  1
Also  3  1   4   3 .  1.  
Consider, x  y  z 2  x  y2  z

 x 2  xy 2  xz  yx  y 2 3  yz 2  zx 2  zy 4  z 2 3

 x 2  y 2 1  z 2 1  xy    2   yz  4   2   zx    2 

 x 2  y 2  z 2  xy 1  yz    2   zx 1

 x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx
Now,
L.H.S  x  y  zx  y  z 2 x  y 2  z

 x  y  zx 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx 

 x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz  R.H.S

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`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

5. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then find the values of the following.
2 2
(i) 1  1   2 1   4 1  8  (ii)  a  2b   a 2  2 b   a  2b 2 
2

 a  b  c 2   a  b  c 2  3 3
(iii)  (iv)  a  b   a  b 2    a 2  b
3
2

 c  a  b  b  c  a 2  
3 3
(v) 1   2  (vi) 1    1   2 
3

5 5
vii) 1    2   1     2 

Sol. (i) G.E  1  1   2 1   4 1  8   1  1   2 1  1   2 

2 2
 
2
 1  1   2   1     2   3    1     2    3 
     
2 2
 1  1  1   1  1  1  32  9
2 2
(ii) G.E   a  2b   a  2 b 2    a 2  2 b
2

  a2  4 ab  4b 2    a 2  2  4 ab 3  4b 2  4    a 2  4  4 ab 3  4b 2  2 

  a2  4 ab  4b 2    a2  2  4 ab 1  4b 2    a 2   4 ab 1  4b 2  2 
  3  1,  4   4    
 
 a 2 1   2    4b 2 1     2   12 ab  a 2 0  4b 2 0  12 ab  12 ab

a 1  b 1   c 2 a 1  b  c 2 a 3  b 4  c 2 a 3  b  c 2  1  3 

(iii) G.E  2
 2
   
c  a  b b  c  a c  a  b 2 c  c  a 2
 2  a  b 2  c    a 2  b  c
 2
 2
  2 1   1   2    1
a  b  c a  b  c
3 3
(iv) G.E   a  b   a  b 2    a2  b   a  b3  a 3  3a 2 b  3 ab 2  b 3 
3
 
  a3  3 a2 b  3ab2  b3    a3 3  3a2  2 b2  3 ab 2  4  b 3 6    a 36  3 a2 4 b  3a2 b2 2  b3 3 

 a 3  3 a2 b  3 ab 2  b 3  a 3  3 a 2 b  3 ab 2  2  b 3  a3  3 a2 b 2  3ab 2   b 3
 3a 3  3 a 2 b 1     2   3 ab 2 1   2    3b 3

 3a 3  3 a 2 b 0  3 ab 2 0  3b 3  3a 3  3b 3  3  a 3  b 3 
 
3 3
(v) G.E  1     2   1   2        2   83  81  8
3 3

3 3
(vi) G.E  1    1   2    2   
3 3

2
 6   3   3    3  1  1  2
5 5
(vii) G.E  1     2   1     2 
5 5 5
 1   2    1     2        2   2 
5

5
 2   2  2   2 5  2    32 1  32
5
 

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6. If ABC are angles of a triangle such that x  cis A , y  cis B, z  cisC , then find the value of xyz .
Sol. In the triangle we have, A  B  C  180
 xyz  cisA.cisB.cisC  cis  A  B  C 
 cis180  cos180  i sin 180  1  i 0  1

4
cos   i sin  
7. Simplify 8
.
sin   i cos 
4 4 4 8
cos   i sin   cos   i sin   cos   i sin    cos   i sin 
Sol. 8
 8 8
 2
i 2 sin   i cos  i cos   i sin  i 4 
4 8
cos   i sin   cos   i sin  4 8
  cis  cis
1
 cis 4  cis8  cis  4  8  cos 4  8  i sin  4  8

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

n n   n 
1. If n is an integer then show that 1  cos   i sin   1  cos   i sin   2 n1 cosn   cos   .
2 2
Sol. First we find the mod-amp from 1  cos   i sin 
      
1  cos   i sin   2 cos 2  i 2 sin cos   2 cos  cos  i sin 
2  2 2 2 2 2
n
 n        

 1  cos   i sin   2 cos cos  i sin   2 n cosn cos n  i sin n  …….(1)
 2 2 2  2  2 2
n   
Similarly, 1  cos   i sin   2 n cosn cos n  i sin n  …….(2)
2 2 2
n n
Adding (1) & (2), 1  cos   i sin   1  cos   i sin 
       
 2 n cosn cos n  i sin n   cos n  i sin n 
2  2 2  2 2 
 n   n
 2 n cosn 2 cos   2 n1 cosn .cos
2 2 2 2

2. If cos   cos   cos   0  sin   sin   sin  , prove that

3
cos 2   cos 2   cos 2    sin 2   sin 2   sin 2  .
2
Sol. Let x  cos   i sin  , y  cos   i sin  , z  cos   i sin 
 x  y  z  cos   cos   cos   i sin   sin   sin   0  i 0  0
2
 x  y  z  x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xy  yz  zx  0
 1 1 1
 x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xyz    
 x y z 
1 1 cos   i sin  cos   i sin 
     cos   i sin 
x cos   i sin  cos   i sin  cos   i sin   cos 2   sin 2 

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 cos 2   sin 2   1
 
1 1
Similarly  cos   i sin  ,  cos   i sin 
y z
1 1 1
   cos   cos   cos   i sin   sin   sin   0  i 0  0
x y z
 1 1 1
 x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xyz      2 xyz 0  0
 x y z 

 x 2  y 2  z2  0
2 2 2
cos   i sin    cos   i sin   cos   i sin   0
 cos 2  i sin 2  cos 2   i sin 2   cos 2   i sin 2   0
 cos 2  cos 2   cos 2   i sin 2  sin 2   sin 2   0
Equating real parts
cos 2  cos 2   cos 2   0
 2 cos 2   1  2 cos2   1  2 cos 2   1  0

 2 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2    3

 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   3 2

 1  sin 2   1  sin 2   1  sin 2   3 2

 3  3 2  sin 2   sin 2   sin 2 

 3 2  sin 2   sin 2   sin 2 

 sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   3 2

3. Find all the roots of the equation x 11  x 7  x 4  1  0 .

Sol. Given x 11  x 7  x 4  1  0  x 7  x 4  1  1x 4  1  0  x 4  1x 7  1  0

 x 4  1  0 , x7  1  0
Case (i): x 4  1  0  x 4  1  cos0  i sin 0  x 4  cos 2 k  i sin 2 k
1/4 1 /4
 x  cos 2 k  i sin 2 k  cis 2 k
 2 k  k
 x  cis    cis , k  0,1, 2, 3
 4  2
 3
By putting k  0,1, 2, 3 we get x  c is0  1, cis  i , cis  1, cis  i
2 2
Case (ii): x 7  1  0
 x7  1  cos   i sin   x 7  cos 2 k    i sin 2 k  
1 /7 1 /7
 x  cos 2 k  1  i sin 2 k  1   cis 2 k  1 

 x  cis 2 k  1 , k  0,1, 2, 3, 4,5,6
7

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By putting k  0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6
 3 5 9 11 13
we get x  c is , cis , cis , cis , cis , cis , cis
7 7 7 7 7 7

4. If cos   cos   cos   0  sin   sin   sin  then show that

(i) cos 3  cos 3  cos 3  3 cos     
(ii) sin 3  sin 3  sin 3   3sin     
(iii) cos     cos     cos       0
Sol. (i) Given that cos   cos   cos   0  sin   sin   sin 
Let a  cos   i sin   cis , b  cos   i sin , c  cos   i sin   cis
Now, a  b  c  c os   i sin    cos   i sin    cos   i sin 
 cos   cos   cos   i sin   sin   sin   0  i 0  0

 a  b  c  0  a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc
3 3 3
 c i s     c i s   c i s   3c i s .c i s .c i s 
 c i s 3  c i s 3  c i s 3  3 c i s     
 cos 3  i sin 3   cos 3  i sin 3  cos 3   i sin 3   3  cos       i sin     
 cos 3  cos 3  cos 3   i sin 3  sin 3  sin 3   3cos       i.3 sin     
(ii) Equating the real parts, we get cos 3  cos 3  cos 3  3 cos     
Hence (i) is proved
Equating the imaginary parts, we get sin 3  sin 3  sin 3   3sin     
Hence (ii) is proved
1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) Consider,     
a b c cis cis cis
 cos   i sin    cos   i sin   cos   i sin 
 cos   cos   cos   i sin   sin   sin   0  i 0  0
bc  ca  ab
 0
abc
 ab  bc  ca  0  cis cis  ciscis  ciscis   0
 cis     cis     cis       0
  cos     cos     cos       i  sin     sin     sin       0  i 0  0
Now, equating the real parts, we get cos     cos     cos       0
Hence (iii) is proved

5. Solve x 9  x 5  x 4  1  0
Sol. Given x 9  x 5  x 4  1  0  x 5  x 4  1  1x 4  1  0  x 4  1x 5  1  0

 x4  1  0 , x5  1  0

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Case (i): x 4  1  0  x 4  1  cos0  i sin 0  x 4  cos 2 k  i sin 2 k

1/4 1 /4
 x  cos 2 k  i sin 2 k  cis 2 k
 2 k  k
 x  cis    cis , k  0,1, 2, 3
 4  2
 3
By putting k  0,1, 2, 3 we get x  c is0  1, cis  i , cis  1, cis  i
2 2
Case (ii): x 5  1  0
 x 5  1  cos   i sin   x 5  cos 2 k    i sin 2 k  
1 /5 1 /5
 x  cos 2 k  1  i sin 2 k  1   cis 2 k  1 


 x  cis 2 k  1 , k  0,1, 2, 3, 4
5
By putting k  0,1, 2, 3, 4
 3 7 9
we get x  c is , cis , cis , cis , cis
5 5 5 5

6. Prove the sum of 99th powers of the roots of the equation x 7  1  0 is zero and hence deduce the
roots of x 6  x 5  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1  0 .
Sol. Given x 7  1  0
 x7  1
17 17
 x  1  cos 2  i sin 2
2 2
 x  cos  i sin .
7 7
7th roots of units are 1,  ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6
2 2
Where   cos  i sin
7 7
99 99 99 99 99
Sum of the 99th powers of unity = 199   99   2    3    4    5    6 
2 3 4 5 6
 1   99   99    99    99    99    99 

 7
 1   99  
 1  [  sum of 7 terms of G.P.]
 1  99 
 
997
 2 2 
1  cos  i sin 
 7 7  1  cos 299  i sin 2 99
 
 2 2 
99 198 198
1  cos  i sin  1  cos  i sin
 7 7  7 7
1  1  i 0  0
  0
198 198 198 198
1  cos  i sin 1  cos  i sin
7 7 7 7
 the sum of 99th powers of roots of equation x 7  1  0 is zero.

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1  x7 1  7
1  x  x2  x3  x 4  x 5  x6  if x   , 1     2   3   4   5   6  0
1 x 1 

1  x7   1  x1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  x 5  x6 
x 7  1  x  1 x 6  x 5  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1  0

So, roots of 1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  x 5  x 6  0 are  ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6

2 2
where   cos  i sin
7 7

1
1 1 1 Q
7. If n is a positive integer, show that  P  iQ n   P  iQn  2  P 2  Q 2 2 n .cos  tan1  .
 n P 
 
 2 p 2 q 
Sol. Let p  iq  p  q  i
 2 2 
 p q
2
p  q 
2

Polar form of p  iq  r cos   i sin  

Magnitude = r  p 2  q 2 , Amplitude   tan1 q p

 p  iq  r cos   i sin  

1n 1n   
  p  iq  r 1 n cos   i sin    r 1 n cos  i sin  ………….(1)
 n n
 p  iq  r cos   i sin  
1n   
  p  iq  r 1 n cos  i sin  …………..(2)
 n n
Adding equations (1) and (2)
1n 1n      
  p  iq   p  iq  r 1 n cos  i sin   r 1 n cos  i sin 
 n n  n n

  1 
  1n 1 1 2n
 r 1 n 2 cos  2 r 1 n cos  2 p2  q 2 cos    2  p 2  q 2  cos  tan1 q p
n n n n 

8
  3
 1  sin  i cos 
8. Show that one value of  8 8  is 1 .

 
 1  sin  i cos 
 8 8 
  1  cos       i sin      1  cos 3   i sin 3 
1  sin  i cos  2 8   2 8    
8 8 8   8 
Sol. 
       3   3 
1  sin  i cos 1  cos     i sin    1  cos   i sin 
8 8 2 8 2 8  8  8
Applying
A
1  cos A  2 cos 2
2
A A
sin A  2 sin cos
2 2
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3  3 3  3  3 3   3 3 
2 cos 2  i 2 sin cos  2 cos cos  i sin  c os  i sin 
16  16 16  16  16 16   16 16 
  
3  3 3  3  3 3   3 3 
2 cos 2  i 2 sin cos  2 cos cos  i sin  c os  i sin 
16  16 16  16  16 16   16 16 
 2  3   3 
cos 3  i sin 3  cos 2    i sin   c os 3  i sin 3
 16 
16   16   16  8 8  c os 3  i sin 3
  
3 3  3   3  1 8 8
cos 2  i 2 sin 2 cos 2    sin  
16 16  16   16 
 cos   i sin n  cos n  i sin n
 

 8 /3
 1  sin   i cos   8 /3
 8 8   3 3   8  3  8  3 
   
 cos  i sin   cos    i sin  
 
 1  sin  i cos   8 8 
 3 8  3  8 
 8 8 
 cos   i sin   1  i 0  1

n 2
n n  n 
9. If n is a positive integer, show that 1  i  1  i   2 2 cos  
4
 1 1    
Sol. 1  i  2   i   2 cos  i sin 
 2 2  4 4
 1 1    
 1  i   2 
 2
i   2 cos  i sin 
2  4 4
n n
n    n n 
 1  i   2  cos  i sin   2 2 cos
n
 i sin  ……..(1)
 4 4  4 4
n n
n     n n 
 1  i    2  cos  i sin   2 2 cos  i sin  ……..(2)
n

 4 4  4 4
Adding equations (1) and (2)
n n 2
n n  n  n
1  i  1  i   2 2 2 cos  2 2 cos .
 4  4

2n 2n n
10. If n is an integer then show that 1  i  1  i   2 n1 cos .
2
 1 1    
Sol. 1  i  2   i   2 cos  i sin 
 2 2  4 4
 1 1    
 1  i   2 
 2
i   2 cos  i sin 
2  4 4
2n 2n
2n     n n 
  2  cos  i sin   2
2n 2  cos
 1  i    i sin  ……..(1)
 4 4 2 2 
2n  2 n  
 1  i 
2n
 2 cos   i sin    2 n cos n  i sin n  ……..(2)
 4 4  
 2 2 
Adding equations (1) and (2)
n 2n  n  n
1  i  1  i   2 n 2 cos   2 n1 cos .
 2 2

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11. If  ,  are the roots of the equation x 2  2 x  4  0 then for any n  N show that
 n 
 n  n  2 n1 cos   .
3

2  4  4 1 4 2  12 2  2 i 3
Sol. x2  2x  4  0  x     1 i 3
2 1 2 2

Now, we find the mod-amp form of 1  i 3

Let x  iy  1  i 3  x  1, y  3

y  3 
Also  Tan1    Tan1   
2
 r  x 2  y 2  12   3   4  2
 x   1  3
  
 mod-Amp form of 1  i 3 is r cos   i sin   2 cos  i sin 
 3 3
n
n     
 1  i 3   2 cos  i sin 
  3 3 
n
n     
 2 cos  i sin   2 n cos n  i sin n  ……. (1) (by Demoivre’s theorem)
 3 3   3 3
n   
Similarly, 1  i 3   2 n  cos n  i sin n  ……. (2)
 3 3
n n
Adding (1) & (2), we get  n  n  1  i 3   1  i 3 

        n
 2 n cos n  i sin n   cos n  i sin n   2 n.2 cos n  2 n1.cos
 3 3  3 3  3 3

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`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. For what values of m , the equation x 2  2 1  3m x  7 3  2m  0 will have equal roots?
Sol: If the equation has equal roots then its discriminant is zero.
2
D  2 1  3m  4  7 3  2 m  0

4 1  3m  7 3  2 m  0

2
 
1  9m 2  6m  21  14m  0
9m 2  8m  20  0
9m 2  18m  10m  20  0
10
 9m m  2  10 m  2  0  m  29m  10  0  m  2 or m 
9

Therefore the roots of the given equation are equal iff m  910 , 2
2. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 2 3  5 and 2 3  5 .
Sol. Let   2 3  5 and   2 3  5
     2 3  5  2 3  5  10 ;   2 3  52 3  5  12  25  13

 The required quadratic equation with roots  ,  is x 2     x    0  x 2  10 x  13  0

2 1
3. Solve x3 x 3 2  0 .
1
Sol. Let x 3  k
2 1
x 3  x 3  2  0  k2  k  2  0
  k  2   k  1  0
 k  2 or k  1
1 1
x3  2  x  8 or x3 1 x1

4. Find the values of m for the m  1 x 2  2 m  3 x  m  8  0 equation have equal roots?

Sol. Comparing the given equation with ax 2  bx  c  0 we get a  m  1 , b  2 m  3 , c  m  8
If the roots are equal then   b 2  4 ac  0
2
    2 m  3  4 m  1m  8  0
2 2
 4 m  3  4 m  1m  8  0  m  3  m  1m  8  0

 m2  6m  9  m2  9m  8  0  3m  1  m  1/3

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5. If x 2  bx  c  0 , x 2  cx  b  0 b  c  have a common root, then show that b  c  1  0 .

Sol. Let  is common for x 2  bx  c  0 and x 2  cx  b  0
  2  b  c  0 ……. (1)
  2  c  b  0 ……. (2)
Subtracting equation (2) from (1)
 b  c   c  b  0  b  c   b  c     1
Substituting   1 in equation (1)
 12  b 1  c  0  b c 1 0

6. If the quadratic equations ax 2  2 bx  c  0 and ax 2  2cx  b  0, b  0 have a common root,

then show that a  4b  4c  0 .
Sol. Let  is common for ax 2  2 bx  c  0 and ax 2  2cx  b  0
 a 2  2b  c  0.............(1)
 a 2  2c  b  0.............(2)
Subtracting equation (2) from (1)
 2 b  c  c  b  0  2 b  c   b  c     1/2
Substituting   1/2 in equation (1)
 1 2 1
 a    2 b    c  0  a  4b  4c  0
2 2

7. If x 2  6 x  5  0 and x 2  3 ax  35  0 have a common root, then find a .

Sol. Let  be the common root
Then  2  6  5  0 and  2  3a  35  0
Now,  2  6  5  0    1  5  0    1 or   5
If   1 , then  2  3a  35  0
 12  3a 1  35  0  3 a  36  a  12

If   5 then  2  3 a  35  0  52  3 a  5  35  0
 25  15a  35  0  15 a  60  a  4

8. Discuss the signs of the following quadratic expressions when x is real.

(i) x 2  5x  4 (ii) x 2  x  3
Sol: (i) Comparing x 2  5x  4 with ax 2  bx  c
a  1, b  5, c  4
We have a  1  0 , so the expression has minimum value.
Roots of x 2  5x  4  0 are 1, 4.
So, between 1 and 4 x 2  5x  4 is negative.
x 2  5x  4  0 if 1  x  4 .
And x 2  5x  4  0 if x  ,1   4,  .
Hyderabad Centres 36
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`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES
9. Find the maximum or minimum of the following expressions as x varies over  .
(i) x 2  x  7 (ii) 12 x  x 2  32 (iii) 2 x  5  3x 2 (iv) ax 2  bx  a ( a , b ,   and a  0 )
Sol. (i) Comparing x 2  x  7 with ax 2  bx  c  0 we get a  1 , b  1 , c  7
Here a  1  0 . So the given expression has minimum value
2
4 ac  b 2 4 17   1 28  1 27
 The minimum value is   
4a 4 1 4 4
(ii) Comparing 12 x  x 2  32 with ax 2  bx  c  0 we get a  1 , b  12 , c  32
Here a  1  0 . So the given expression has maximum value
2
4 ac  b 2 4 132  12 128  144 16
 The maximum value is    4
4a 4 1 4 4
(iii) Comparing 2 x  5  3x 2 with ax 2  bx  c  0 we get a  3 , b  2 , c  5
Here a  3  0 . So the given expression has maximum value
2
4 ac  b 2 4 35  2 60  4 64 16
 The maximum value is    
4a 4 3 12 12 3

10. If  ,  are the roots of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , find the values of the following expressions
in terms of a , b , c .

1 1 1 1    2  2  2
(i)  (ii)  2 (iii)  4 7   7  4 (iv)    , if c  0 (v) 2 ,c  0
   2
       2
Sol. (i) Given  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0
b c
 Sum of the roots      , Product of the roots  
a a
1 1    b / a b
    
   c /a c
(ii) Given  ,  are roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 ,
     b a ,   c a
2
1 1  2  2     2 b 2 a2  2 c a b 2  2 ac
 2 2 2
 2
 2

    c a c2

(iii) Given that  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0      b / a ,   c / a


  4 7   7  4   4 4  3  3        3   
4 3

 c  b  c 4  b 3  3abc  bc 3 ac  b 
4 2
 c 4  b 4
   
      3     4   
 a   a   a  a  a  a3  a7
 
(iv) Given that  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0      b / a ,   c / a
2
   2   2  2      2   2   2
          
          
2

1   2   2  4 

 
 
2   

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`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

a 2 b 2  b 2 4c  b 2  b 2  4 ac  b 2 b 2  4 ac 
 2 2  2   2  
c a  a a  c  a2 
  c 2 a2
(v) Given that  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 . Then     b / a ,   c / a

 2  2  2  2  2  2 2  c 2 c 2
 2   2 2 2
         2
  2 1 1    2   a a
 2  
 2
   2 2 

11. Find the roots of the equation 3x 2  10 x  8 3  0 .

Sol. 3x 2  10 x  8 3  0
3x 2  12 x  2 x  8 3  0
3x  x  4 3   2  x  4 3   0

x  4 3  3x  2   0
2
 x  4 3 or  x 
3

12. Find the nature of the roots of 3x 2  7 x  2  0

2
Sol. D  b 2  4 ac  7   4 32  25  0
Roots are real and distinct

13. If  and  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 , find the values of  2  2 and  3  3 in terms of
a, b , c .

Sol. ax 2  bx  c  0
b c
     ,  
a a
2 b 2 2c b 2  2 ac
 2   2      2   
a2 a a2
3 b 3 3c  b  3bc b 3 3 abc  b 3
 3  3      3          3
a3 a a  a2 a a3

14. For what values of x , the following expression are negative?

(i) x 2  7 x  10 (ii) 15  4x  3x 2 (iii) 2 x 2  5x  3 (iv) x 2  5x  6
Sol. (i) x 2  7 x  10  0 (ii) 15  4x  3x 2  0
x  2x  5  0 3x 2  4 x  15  0
2x5 3x 2  9 x  5x  15  0
3x x  3  5 x  3  0
x  33x  5  0
5
 x  3 or x  
3

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 39
`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

(iii) 2 x 2  5x  3  0 (iv) x 2  5x  6
2 x2  6x  x  3  0 x 2  5x  6  0
2 x x  3  1x  3  0 x 2  6x  x  6  0
x  32 x  1  0 x  x  6  1  x  6   0
1 x  6x  1  0
 3  x 
2  1  x  6

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. If x1 , x2 are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 and c  0 , find the value of
2 2
 ax1  b   ax2  b in terms of a , b , c .
Sol. If x1 , x2 are roots of ax 2  bx  c  0
Then x1  x2   b a , x1 x2  c a

x1 is root of ax 2  bx  c  0

So ax12  bx1  c  0
c
 ax12  bx1  c ax1  b 
x1
2 c2 1 x12
  ax1  b   2

x12  ax1  b c2

1 x22
Similarly 2

 ax2  b c2

1 1 x12  x22
 2
 2

 ax1  b  ax2  b c2

b 2 2c
x1  x2   2 x1 x2 a 2  a b 2  2 ac
2
  
c2 c2 a2c 2

x x3 5
2.   , when x  0 and x  3
x3 x 2
x 1 5 t2  1 5
Sol. Put tt     2t 2  2  5t
x3 t 2 t 2
 2t 2  5t  2  0  2t 2  4t  t  2  0
 2t t  2  1t  2  0   2t  1t  2  0
1
 2t  1  0 or t  2  0  t  or 2
2
x x
If t  2 then 2  4  x  4 x  12  3x  12  0  x  4
x3 x3

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`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

1 x 1 x 1
If t  then     4 x  x  3  3 x  3  x  1
2 x3 2 x3 4
 The solution set is 1, 4

x 2  34 x  71
3. Show that none of the values of the function over  lies between 5 and 9.
x 2  2x  7
x 2  34 x  71
Sol. Let y  , yR
x2  2x  7
 yx 2  2 yx  7 y  x 2  34x  71

  y  1 x 2   2 y  34 x  71  7 y  0

The coefficients of the equation are real and roots are also real. So, its discriminant must be
greater than or equal to zero.
2
2 y  34  4  y  171  7 y  0
2
 4  y  17   4  y  171  7 y   0

 4  y 2  289  34 y   71y  7 y 2  71  7 y   0

 
 y 2  289  34 y  71y  7 y 2  71  7 y  0

 8 y 2  112 y  360  0  8 y 2  14 y  45  0  y 2  14 y  45  0

  y  5 y  9  0

Solution of the above inequality is

y  5 or y  9
So, no value of the given expression lies between 5 and 9.

x 2  14 x  9
4. Find the maximum value of the function over  .
x 2  2x  3
x 2  14 x  9
Sol. Let y
x2  2x  3

 y x 2  2 x  3  x 2  14 x  9

 x 2  y  1  x 2 y  14  3 y  9  0

This equation has real roots  b 2  4 ac  0

2
 2 y  14  4  y  13y  9  0
2
  y  7    y  13 y  9  0

 y 2  14 y  49  3 y 2  3 y  9 y  9  0

 2 y 2  2 y  40  0

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 y 2  y  20  0

  y  5 y  4  0
 5  y  4
Maximum value of y  4

xp
5. If the expression 2
takes all real values for x   , then find the bounds for p .
x  3x  2
xp
Sol. Let ‘y’ be a real value of the given expression  y  2
x  3x  2
 yx 2  3 yx  2 y  x  p  yx 2  3 y  1 x  2 y  p  0 ………(1)

But x is real and (1) is a quadratic equation in x    b 2  4 ac  0

2
 3 y  1  4 y 2 y  p  0  9 y 2  6 y  1  8y 2  4 py  0  y 2  6  4 p y  1  0 ………(2)

But y is real. Also coefficient of y 2 is positive

 (2) holds true only when the roots of y 2  6  4 p y  1  0 are imaginary or real & equal
2
   b 2  4 ac  0  6  4 p  4  0  36  16 p 2  48 p  4  0

 16 p 2  48 p  32  0  16  p2  3 p  2   0

 p 2  3 p  2  0   p  1 p  2  0  1  p  2

xp xp 0
If p  1 and x  1 (or) p  2 and x  2 then 2
 takes the form
x  3x  2 x  1x  2 0
 1 p 2

1 1 1
6. Prove that   does not lie between 1 and 4, if x is real.
3x  1 x  1 3x  1x  1
1 1 1
Sol. Let y    , yR
3x  1 x  1 3x  1x  1
x  1  3x  1  1 4x  1
 
3x  1x  1 3x  1x  1
4x  1
y 2
3x  4 x  1
 3yx 2  4 yx  y  4 x  1  0

 3y x 2  4  y  1 x  y  1  0

Coefficients of above equation are real and x is also real. So its discriminant must be greater
than or equal to zero.
2
D= 4 2  y  1  4 3 y  y  1  0

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4  4  y  1  3 y  y  1  0
2
 
 y  1  4  y  1  3y   0
 y  1y  4  0
Solution of above in equation is
y  1 , or y  4
So, given expression does not lie between 1 and 4.

7. Determine the range of the following expressions.

x2  x  1 x2 x  1x  2 2x 2  6x  5
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
x2  x  1 2
2 x  3x  6 x3 x 2  3x  2
Sol. (i) Let ‘y’ be a real value of the given expression
x2  x  1
y 2
 yx 2  yx  y  x 2  x  1
x x 1
 yx 2  x 2  yx  x  y  1  0  x 2  y  1  x  y  1   y  1  0

But x is real and (1) is a quadratic equation in x

   b 2  4 ac  0
2 2 2 2
  y  1  4  y  1  0   y  1  2 y  2  0

  y  1  2 y  2 y  1  2 y  2  0

 3 y  1 3  y   0  3y  1 y  3  0

1 
 y   , 3
 3 
(ii) Let ‘y’ be a real value of the given expression
x2
y 2
 y 2 x 2  3x  6  x  2  2 yx 2  3 yx  6 y  x  2  0
2 x  3x  6
 2 yx 2   3y  1 x  6 y  2  0 …….. (1)

But x is real and (1) is a quadratic equation in x

   b 2  4 ac  0

 3 y  1  4 2 y 6 y  2  0  9 y 2  6 y  1  48 y 2  16 y  0
2

 39 y 2  10 y  1  0  39 y 2  10 y  1  0  39 y 2  13 y  3 y  1  0
1 1  1 1
 13 y 3 y  1  1 3y  1  0  13 y  13 y  1  0  y y , 
13 3  13 3 
(iii) Let ‘y’ be a real value of the given expression
x  1x  2
y  y x  3  x  1x  2  yx  3 y  x 2  x  2 
x3
 x 2  1  y  x  3 y  2  0 …….. (1)
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But x is real and (1) is a quadratic equation in x
   b 2  4 ac  0
2
 1  y   4 3 y  2  0  1  y 2  2 y  12 y  8  0  y 2  10 y  9  0

 y 2  10 y  9  0   y  1 y  9  0  y  9 (or) y  1  y   ,  9   1, 

2x 2  6x  5
(iv) Let y  , yR
x 2  3x  2
 yx 2  3xy  2 y  2 x 2  6 x  5

  y  2 x 2  3 y  6 x  2 y  5  0

Coefficients of above equation are real and x is real. So, discriminant of above equation is
greater than equal to zero.
2
3y  6  4  y  22 y  5  0
9 y 2  36  36 y  4  2 y 2  9 y  10  0

 9 y 2  36  36 y  8 y 2  36 y  40  0  y 2  4  0   y  2 y  2  0

The solution of above equation is

y  2 or y  2
So, the range of the given expression is , 2    2, 

8 Suppose that the quadratic equations ax 2  bx  c  0 and bx 2  cx  a  0 have common root.

Then show that a3  b 3  c 3  3abc .
Sol. If a1 x 2  b1 x  c1  0 and a2 x 2  b2 x  c 2  0 have common root, then
2
c1 a2  c2 a1    a1b2  a2 b1 b1c 2  b2 c 1 
Given ax 2  bx  c  0 and bx 2  cx  a  0 have common root
2
 bc  a2    ac  b 2  ab  c 2 

 b 2 c 2  a 4  2 a 2 bc  a 2 bc  ab 3  ac 3  b 2 c 2
 a 4  ab 3  ac 3  3a 2 bc
 a  a3  b 3  c 3   3 a2 bc

or a3  b 3  c 3  3abc
Hence proved

9. If c 2  ab and the roots of c 2  ab x 2  2  a 2  bc  x  b 2  ac   0 are equal, then show that

a3  b 3  c 3  3abc or a  0 .
Sol. If a equation has equal roots then its discriminant must be zero.
2
 
D  2  a 2  bc   4 c 2  abb 2  ac   0

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 2
 4  a 2  bc   c 2  abb 2  ac   0
2
  a2  bc   c 2  abb 2  ac 

 a 4  b 2 c 2  2 a 2 bc  b 2 c 2  ab 3  ac 3  a 2 bc
 a 4  ab 3  ac 3  2 a2 bc  a 2 bc  0
 a 4  ab 3  ac 3  3 a 2 bc  0
 a  a3  b 3  c 3  3 abc   0

a  0 or a3  b 3  c 3  3abc  0
 a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc
 therefore the equation has equal roots iff a  0 or a3  b 3  c 3  3abc

10. Let  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 . If c  0 , then form the
1  1 
quadratic equation whose roots are and .
 
b c
Sol. Given that  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 then     ,  
a a
b 2c

1  1    1     1       2 a a  b  2c
Sum of roots    
    c c
a
b c
 1   1    1       1  a  a a  b  c
Product of roots     
      c c
a
The required equation  x 2  sum of roots x  Pr oduct of roots  0
 b  2c   a  b  c 
 x 2    x  
2
  0  cx  b  2c  x   a  b  c  0
 c   c 

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BINOMIAL THEOREM

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

22 22 13
1. If C r is the largest binomial coefficient in the expansion of 1  x find the value of Cr .
Sol. Since the expansion of (1 + x)22 contains ‘23’ terms, the largest binomial coefficient will be 22C11.

13  12
 r  11  13C r  13C 11  13C 12   78
2!

 2 x 3 y 9
2. Write down and simplify 6th term in   
3 2
n
Sol. We know in x  y  , Tr 1  nC r x nr y r
5
 2 x 4  3 y 
 T6  T51  C 5    
9
 3   2 

9  8  7  6  2  35 4 5
4
9  2 4  3 5 4 5
 
 C 4     x y  . .x y  189 x 4 y 5
3 2 1 2  3  4 34 2 5

3. Find the coefficient of

10 13
 4  3
(i) x6 in 3x   (ii) x 11 in 2x 2  3 
 x  x 

10 r
 4 10r  4 
Sol. (i) General term of 3x   is Tr 1 10 C r 3x    1r 10Cr 310r 4 r x 102 r …….. (1)
 x 
 x
To get the coefficient of x6 put 10  2 r  6  2 r  16  r  8
8 10
From (1), the coefficient of x6 is 1 C 8 3108 48 10 C 8 32 48
13r  r
 3   13 C r  2 13r 3r x 2 
13r 3 r
(ii) Here, Tr 1  13 Cr 2 x 2   x 
3
x

 13 C r 2 13r  3r  x 262 r3r  13 C r 2 13r 3r  x 265r …………(1)

Put 26  5r  11  5r  26  11  5r  15  r  3
From (1) the coefficient of x 11 is  13 C 3 2 133 33 13 C 3 .2 10.33

4. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of

 3 25  3 7 
14

(i)  3  5 x  
(ii)  4x  2 
 x   x 
n
 b 1 1
Sol. (i) On comparing with  ax p  q  , a  3 , p   , b  5 , q   , n  25
 x  3 2
np
The value of ' r ' corresponds to the term independent of ' x ' is
pq

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 1
25 
 3 25/3 25 6
r   .  10
1 1 5/6 3 5
 
3 2
 The term independent of ' x ' is T101  T11
 3 2510 10
 T11  T101  C10  3 
25
 x   5 x

 25C 10 315 . x5 . 510 . x 5  25C 10 315 . 510

n
 p b 

(ii) On comparing with  ax  q  , a  4, p  3, b  7, q  2, n  14
 x 
np
The value of ' r ' corresponds to the term, independent of ' x ' is  m  0 
pq
14 . 3 42
 r 
5 5
42
Since, r  is not a positive integer less than or equal to '14' , the term independent of ' x ' does
5
not exist in the given expansion.

7
5. Find the number of terms in the expansion of 2 x  3 y  z

n n  1n  2
Sol. Number of terms in the trinomial expansion of x  y  z 
2
7 7  17  2 8 9
 Number of terms in the expansion of 2 x  3y  z    36
2 2

39
6. Find the sum of last 20 coefficients in the expansion of 1  x
39
Sol. Put x  1 then the sum of the coefficients of 1  x  2 39
39
 C 0  39C 1  .....  39C19  39C 20  .....  39C 38  39C 39  2 39
39
 C 39  39C 38  .....  39C 20  39C 20  .....  39C 38  39C 39  2 39

 2  39C 20  39C 21  .....  39C 39   2 39

 39C 20  39C 21  .....  39C 39  2 38

2n 2 n1
7. If A and B are coefficient of x n in the expansion of 1  x and 1  x respectively, then
A
find the value of .
B
2n
Sol. General term in the expansion of 1  x is Tr 1 2 n C r xr
2n
 Coefficient of ' x n ' will be Cn .
2 n1
General term in the expansion of 1  x is Tr 1 2 n1 C r x r
2 n1
 Coefficient of ' x n ' will be Cn
 A  2nC n ; B  2 n1C n
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2n ! 2 n!
A  2 nC n  
n ! 2 n  n! n ! n !
2 n  1!
B  2 n1Cn 
n !n  1!
A 2 n ! 2 n  1!
 /
B n ! n ! n !n  1!
2 n2 n  1! 2 n  1!
 / 2.
n ! n n  1! n !n  1!

8. Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of

 3x 10 17  3 
11
3 20
(i)   2 y  (ii)  4 x 2  5x 3  (iii)  4 a  b (iv)  3  5a 4 
7   2  a 

 3x 10
Sol. (i) Expansion of   2 y  contains ‘11’ terms.
7 
n 10
 The middle term is T51 ( Here r   5 )
2 2
 3x 5 5  3 5  6 5 5
T6  T51  10
C 5   2 y    10C 5   . 2 5 . x 5 . y 5   10C 5   xy 
7 7  7 
(ii) Given binomial exponent n  17 is odd
 2 middle terms are T17 1  T18  T9 and the next term T10
2 2
17
In  4 x 2  5x 3  , we have
17 8 8 9 8
T9  T81  17
C8  4 x 2  .  5x 3   17
C 8 4 9 x 2  .58  x 3   17
C8 .49.58.x 42
179 9 8 9
Also T10  T91  17
C9 4x 2  .  5x 3   17
C 9 48 x 2  .59 x 3   17
C 9 .4 8.59.x 43

(iii) The binomial exponent n  11 is odd

T111 T12
 the 2 middle terms are   T6 and the next term T7
2 2
11
 3b 
In  4 a  
 2
36 5 6
T6  T51  11 C 5 4 5  6
a b  77  2 5  37  a 5 b6
2
(iv) The binomial exponent n  20 is even
 the middle term is T20  T101  T11
1
2

 3 2010 4 10 310 10 40 20
 T11  T101 20 C 10  3 
a 
 
5 a  20
C
a
10
10 30  5  a  C 10 15  a
10

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9. Find the set E of the values of x for which the binomial expansions for the following are valid
3 1
5
(i) 3  4x 4 (ii) 2  5x 2 (iii) 7  4x
2
r
(iv)  4  9x 3 (v)  a  bx
3 3
3  4 x  4
Sol. (i) 3  4x4  3 4 1 
 
3 
3 4x 3
Hence, the binomial expansion of 3  4x 4 is valid when  1 , that is, x  ;
3 4
 3 3
Therefore, E   , 
 4 4
1 1
1  5x  2
(ii)  2  5 x 2  2 2 1 
 
2 
1 5x 2
Therefore, the binomial expansion of 2  5x 2 is valid when  1 , that is, x 
2 5
 2 2
Hence E   , 
 5 5
5
5  4x 
(iii) 7  4 x  75 1  
 7
5
Hence, the binomial expansion of 7  4x is valid when
4x 7  7 7 
 1 or x  . Thus, E   , 
7 4  4 4 
2 2
2  
(iv)  4  9 x 3 4 3 1  9 x  3
 4 
2
Therefore, the binomial expansion of  4  9x 3 is valid when
9x 4  4 4 
 1 or x  . Thus, E   , 
4 9  9 9 
(v) For any nonzero reals a and b, the set of x for which the binomial expansion of
 a a 
 a  bx is valid from r  Z  0 , is 
r
, 
 b b 

19 24
10. Find the largest binomial coefficient(s) in the expansion of (i) 1  x (ii) 1  x
Sol. (i) When n is odd, the largest binomial coeff. are the coeff. of the two middle most terms.
n
Here n  19 is odd. So the coefficient of first middle term is C n1  nC 191  19C 9
2 2
19
The coefficient of second middle term is C 10
(ii) When n is even, the largest binomial coefficient is the coefficient of middle term.
n 24
Here n  24 is even. So the coefficient of middle term is C n /2  C 24 /2 24 C12

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8
 2 3 
 3
11. Find the 3rd term from the end in the expansion of x  2  .
 x 

 2 8
  3 2 8
 3
The 3rd term from the end in x 3  2   the 3rd term from the beginning in
 3 

Sol.
  2  x 
x   x 

 3 82 2
 T3  T2 1  8C 2  2  x2 /3 
 x 
 3 6  1 2 8  7 1 1 1
 C 2  2   2 /3  
8
 36  12  4 /3  28 36  40 /3
x  x  2 x x x

th nd 18
12. If the coefficients of 2 r  4 and r  2 terms in the expansion of 1  x are equal, find r .
18
Sol. General term in the expansion of 1  x is Tr 1  18C r x r .
th 18
Coefficient of r  1 term is Cr .
th 18
Coefficient of 2 r  4 term is C 2 r 3 .
th 18
Coefficient of r  2 term is C r3 .
18
Given C 2 r 3  18C r3
 18  2r  3  r  3 (or) 2 r  3  r  3
 18  3r (or) r   6 which is not possible
r6

13. Find the numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of

15 7 12 1 4
(i)  4  3x when x  (ii) 3x  5y  when x  , y 
2 2 3
13 n 4
(iii)  4 a  6b when a  3, b  5 (iv) 3  7 x when x  , n  15
5
15
15  3x 
(i) We have  4  3x   4 1  
15
Sol.
 4
15
 3x  n 3x 3 7 21
Comparing 1   with 1  X  , we get n  15 and X   . 
 4 4 4 2 8
21 21
n  1 X 15  1 16 
  8  8  336  319  17
X 1 21 29 29 29
1
8 8
1129  17 17 17
  11   11
29 29 29
The integral part of the above number is 11.
15
 T111 is the numerically greatest term in  4  3x

 7 11 3  7 11  11

11 
 T12  T111 = 15 C 11 .4 15-11 3x = 15 C 4 .4 4 3  = 15 C 4 .2 8  = 15 C 4 21
 2  2 11  23

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12
12  5 y 
(ii) We have 3x  5y   312 x 12 1  
 3 x
12
 5 y  n

Comparing 1   with 1  X  , we get n  12
 3 x
5y 5  4/3  40
X   
3x 3  1/2  9
40
n  1 X 12  1
 9  13  40
1 X 40 49
1
9
The integral part the above numbers is 10
T101 is the numerically greatest term
1210 10
i.e. T101  12 C 10 3x 5y 
10
1  4 
T101  12 C 10 32 .510 . 
2 2  3 
510 49
 12 C 10
38
13
13  6b 
(iii) We have  4 a  6b = 4a 1  
13
 4a 
13
 6b  n 6b 3  5 5
Comparing 1   with 1  X  , we get n  13 and X      
 4a  4a 2  3  2
5 5
n  1 X 13  1 14 
  2 2  10, which is an integer
X 1 5 7
1
2 2
13
 T10 and T11 are the 2 numerically greatest terms in  4 a  6b
139 9 4 9
 T10  T91 = 13 C 9  4a 6b = 13 C 9  4a 6b
4 9 4 9
 13 C 9  4  3 6  5  13 C 9 12 30
13-10 10 3 10
 T11  T101 = 13 C 10  4a 6b = 13 C 10  4a 6b
3 10 3 10
 13 C 10  4  3 6  5  13 C10 12 30
15
7x  15 
(iv) we have 3  7 x  3 1  
15

 3
15
 7x  n
Comparing 1   with 1  X  , we get n  15
 3
7 7  4  28
X x    
3 3  5  15
28
n  1 X 15  1
 15  2816
1 X 28 43
1
15
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The integral part the above numbers is 10
T101 is the numerically greatest term
10
i.e. T101 = 15 C 10 35 7 x

 4 10
T101 = 15 C10 35 7 10  
 5
35 4 10 7 10
= 15 C 10
510
th th 21
14. If the coefficients of 2 r  4 term and 3r  4 term in the expansion of 1  x are equal,
find r .
n
Sol. Coefficient of rth term in 1  x is n C r1
21 th th
In 1  x , the coefficient of 2 r  4 term  coefficient of 3r  4 term
 21
C 2r3  21
C 3r3  n C r  n C s  r  s (or) r  s  n
 2 r  3  3r  3  r  0
(or) 2 r  3  3r  3  21  5r  6  21  5r  15  r  3

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

ROUND - I

1. For r  0,1, 2,...., n , prove that C 0 .C r  C 1 .C r 1  C 2 .C r 2  ......  C nr .C n 2 n Cnr  and hence

deduce that (i) C 02  C 12  .....  C n2 2 n Cn (ii) C 0 .C 1  C 1 .C 2  C 2 .C 3  .......  C n1 .Cn 2 n C n1

n
Sol. 1  x  C0  C1 x  C 2 x 2  ...  C n x n
 n
1  1   C 0  C 1 1  C 2 1  ...  C n 1
 x  x x2 xn
n
 1  1 1 1
On multiplying 1   1  x  C 0  C 1  C 2 2  ...  C n n  C 0  C 1 x  C 2 x 2  ...  C n x n 
n
 x  x x x   

Comparing coefficient of x r on both sides

2n
C nr  C 0C r  C 1C r 1  ...  C nrC n

(i) put r = 0  2 nC n  C02  C12  ...  C n2

(ii) put r = 1  2 nC n1  C 0C 1  C 1C 2  ...  C n1  C n

2. Suppose that n is a natural number and, I , F are respectively that integral part and fractional
n
part of 7  4 3  . Then show that (i) I is an odd integer (ii)  I  F 1  F   1 .
n
Sol. Given I  F  7  4 3  ……………. (1)
n
Since ' F ' is fractional part of 7  4 3  , 0  F  1
2
We know, 6 2   4 3   7 2  6  4 3  7  6   4 3  7

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n
 1  7  4 3  0  0  7  4 3  1  0  7  4 3   1
n
Let f  7  4 3  ……………… (2)
n n
I  F  f  7  4 3   7  4 3 
2
 nC 0 7 n  nC 1 7 n1  4 3   nC 2 7 n2  4 3   ...
2
 nC 0 7 n  nC 1 7 n1  4 3   nC 2 7 n2  4 3   ...

 2  n C 0 7 n  nC 2 7 n2  48  ...

 
 2  Integer 
= Even integer …………………(3)
Since 0 < F < 1 and 0 < f < 1  0 < F + f < 2
Since I  F  f is integer and I is integer, F  f should be an integer.
Hence F  f  1  f  1  F
(i) From (3), I  1  Even integer  I is odd integer
n n
(ii)  I  F 1  F  = 7  4 3  7  4 3    49  48  1
n

3. If n is a positive integer and x is any nonzero real number, then prove that
n 1
x x2 x3 xn 1  x   1
C 0  C 1 .  C 2 .  C 3 .  .....  C n . 
2 3 4 n1 n  1 x
x x2 xn
Sol. Let S  C 0  C 1  C2  ...  C n
2 3 n1
x2 x3 x n 1
xS  C0 x  C 1  C2  ...  C n
2 3 n1
n  1 2 n  1 n n  1 3
n  1 xS  n  1 x  nx  . x  ...  x n1
2 3 2!
n 1
 n1C1 x  n1C 2 x 2  n1C 3 x 3  ...  n1C n1 x n1  1  x n1 C0
n 1
 1  x  1
n 1
1  x   1
S
n  1 x

n
4. If the coefficients of x 9 , x 10 , x 11 in the expansion of 1  x are in A.P. then prove that
n2  41n  398  0 .
n
Sol. The coefficients of x 9 , x 10 , x 11 , in 1  x are nC 9 , nC 10 , nC 11
Given that nC 9 , nC 10 , nC 11 are in A.P
 2. nC 10  nC 9  nC 11
n n
C9 C 11
2 n
 n
C 10 C10

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 n n 
2
10

n  10  C r  r  1 & C r 1  n  r 
 nC 
n9 11  r 1 nr n
Cr r  1 
10 11  n  10n  9
2
n  911
 2 n  911  110  n 2  19n  90

 22n  198  n2  19n  200

 n 2  41n  398  0

n
5. If the 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of  a  x are respectively 240, 720, 1080, find a , x , n .
Sol. T2  240  nC 1 an1 x  240 …………. (1)

T3  720  nC 2 an2 x 2  720 …………. (2)

T4  1080  nC 3 a n3 x 3  1080 …………. (3)

2 n C 2 an2 x 2 720
 n 
1 C 1 an1 x 240
n1 x
  3  n  1 x  6 a …………. (4)
2 a
3 n C 3 an3 x 3 1080
 
2 n C 2 an2 x 2 720
n2 x 3
 
3 a 2
 2 n  2  x  9 a …………. (5)
 4 n  1 x 6a n1 2
   
5 2 n  2 x 9 a 2n  4 3
 3n  3  4 n  8 n5
3
From (4), 5  1 x  6 a  4 x  6 a  x  a
2
3
Substitute x  a , n  5 in (1)
2
5 3 3 480
C 1 . a 4 . a  240 5  a 5  240 a5   32  2 5
2 2 15
3 3
 a  2 , x  a  2   3
2 2
 a2 ,x3 ,n5

n
6. If P and Q are the sum of even terms and odd terms respectively in the expansion of x  a
n
then prove that (i) P 2  Q 2   x 2  a 2 
2n 2n
(ii) 4 PQ  x  a  x  a
n
Sol. x  a  nC0 x n  nC 1 xn1 a  nC 2 x n2 a 2  nC 3 x n3 a 3  ....  nCn1 x an1  nCn an

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  n C 0 x n  nC 2 x n2 a 2  nC 4 x n4 a 4  .....   n C 1 x n1 a  nC 3 x n3 a 3  nC 5 x n5 a 5  ......

 P Q
n n
x  a  nC 0 x n  nC1 x n1 a  nC 2 x n2 a2  nC 3 xn3 a3  .......  nCn 1 an
  n C 0 x n  nC 2 x n2 a 2   nC 4 x n4 a 4  .....   n C 1 xn1 a  nC 3 x n3 a 3  nC 5 x n5 a 5  ......
 P Q
(i) P 2  Q 2   P  Q P  Q
n
 x  a x  a  x  ax  a  x 2  a 2 
n n n

n 2 n 2
(ii) 4PQ   P  Q   P  Q  x  a   x  a   x  a  x  a
2 2 2n 2n
   

n
7. If the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms in the expansion 1  x are a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 respectively,
a1 a3 2 a2
then show that   .
a1  a2 a3  a4 a2  a3
n
Sol. Given a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 are the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms in 1  x respectively.
Let a1  nC r1 , a2  nC r , a3  nC r 1 , a4  nC r 2
a1 a3 a1 a3
L.H.S. :   
a1  a2 a3  a4  a   a 
a1 1  2  a3 1  4 
 a1   a3 

1 1 1 1  nC n  r 
     r 1

 n C 
n
Cr n
C 1
nr 1
1
nr 1  r  1 
a n a  n r 2 r r2
r
C r1 C r 1
r r 2 r r 2 2 r  1
   
n  1 r  2  nr 1 n1 n1
2 a2 2 a2
R.H.S. : 
a2  a3  a 
a2 1  3 
 a2 
2 2 2 r  1
   L.H .S
n
C r 1 nr n  1
1 n 1
Cr r 1
a1 a3 2 a2
  
a1  a2 a3  a4 a2  a3

10
8. If 1  3x  2 x 2   a0  a1x  a2 x 2  ....  a20 x 20 , then prove that

(i) a0  a1  a2  .....a20  2 10 (ii) a0  a1  a2  a3  .....  a20  410

10
Sol. Given that 1  3x  2 x 2   a0  a1x  a2 x 2  ....  a20 x 20 …… (A)
10
Put x  1 in (A), we get a0  a1  a2  .....a20  1  3  2  210
Hence (i) is proved

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(ii) Put x  1 in (A) , we get
10 10
a0  a1  a2  a3  .....  a20  1  3  2  4  4 10

9. If 1  x  x 2   a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  ......  a2 n x 2 n , then prove that

3n  1
(i) a1  a3  a5  ....a2 n1  (ii) a0  a3  a6  a9  .....  3n1
2
3n  1
(iii) a0  a1  a2  ......a2 n  3n (iv) a0  a2  a4  .......a2 n 
2
n
Sol. 1  x  x 2   a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  .....  a2 n x 2 n ,
Put x  1 ,
n
 a0  a1  a2  .....  a2 n  1  1  1  3n ……….. (1)
Put x   1 ,
n
 a0  a1  a2  .....  a2 n  1  1  1  1 ……….. (2)
i) (1) – (2)  2  a1  a3  a5  ......  a2 n1   3n  1
3n  1
 a1  a3  a5  .....  a2 n1 
2
ii) Put x  1
 a0  a1  a2  .....  a2 n  3n ……….. (a)
Hint : 1     2  0 ;  3  1
Put x  
a0  a1  a2  2  a3  3  .....  a2 n  2 n  0 ……….. (b)
Put x   2
a0  a1  2  a2  4  a3 6  .....  a2 n  4 n  0 ……….. (c)
Adding , (a) , (b) , (c)
 3 a0  a1 1     2   a2 1   2   4   a3 1   3  6   ....  a2 n 1   2 n   4 n   3n

 3a0  a1 0  a2 0  3 a3  ........  ........  3n

3n
 a0  a3  a6  .......   3n1
3
n
iii) Given that 1  x  x 2   a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  ......  a2 n x 2 n  1  x  x 2  …….. (A)
n
Put x  1 in (A), we get a0  a1  a2  ......  a2 n  1  1  12   3n

 a0  a1  a2  ......  a2 n  3n ……. (1)

n n
iv) Put x  1 in (A), we get a0  a1  a2  a3  ......  a2 n  1  1  1  1  1
 a0  a1  a2  a3  ......  a2 n  1 ……. (2)
3n  1
Now (1) + (2)  2  a0  a2  a4  .......a2 n   3n  1  a0  a2  a4  .......a2 n 
2

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n
10. If R , n are positive integers, n is odd, 0  F  1 and if 5 5  11  R  F then prove that

(i) R is an even integer and (ii)  R  F .F  4n

n
Sol. i) Since R, n are positive integers, 0  F  1 and 5 5  11  R  F ,
n
Let 5 5  11  f
n
Now, 11  5 5  12  0  5 5  11  1  0  5 5  11  1  0  f  1  0   f  1
1f  0
n n
R  F  f  5 5  11  5 5  11
 n n1 n2 n
  n C 0 5 5   nC 1  5 5  11 n C 2  5 5  11  ....  nC n 11 
2
 
 n n1 n2 n
  n C 0 5 5   nC 1 5 5  11 n C 2 5 5  11  ....  nC n 11 
2
 
 n1 n 3 
 2  n C 1  5 5  11  nC 3 5 5  11  ....  2 K where K is an integer.
2
 
 R  F  f is an even integer
 F  f is an integer since R is an integer.
But 0  F  1 and 1   f  0   1  F  f  1
F f 0F  f  R is an even integer
ii)  R  F  F   R  F f  F  f 
n n n
 5 5  11 5 5  11  5 5  11 5 5  11  125  121  4 n
n
 
  R  F  F  4n

11. Prove that 6 2 n  35n  1 is divisible by 1225 for all natural numbers n .
n n
Sol. Consider 6 2 n   36  1  35
3
 nC0  nC 1 35  nC 2 35 2  nC 3 35  .......

 1  35n  nC 2 35  nC 3 35  .......  1  35n  352  nC 2  nC 3 35  ......

2 3
 
 6 2 n  35n  1  352  nC 2  nC 3 35  .......  1225 (an integer)
 
Hence, 6 2 n  35n  1 is divisible by 1225 for all natural numbers n

n
12. If 36, 84, 126 are three successive binomial coefficients in the expansion of 1  x , then find n .
n
Sol. Let the 3 successive coefficients of 1  x be taken as
n
C r1  36 …….. (1); nC r  84 …….. (2); nC r 1  126 …….. (3)
n
2 C 84 nr 1 7
Now, n r     3n  3r  3  7 r  3n  10r  3 …….. (4)
1 C r1 36 r 3

3 nC r 1 126 n  r 3
 n     2 n  2 r  3r  3  2n  5r  3 …….. (5)
2 Cr 84 r 1 2

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Solving (4) & (5) we get n
2 5  4n  10r  6 …….. (6)
Now 6   4  n  9

th nd n
13. If the coefficients of r th , r  1 , and r  2 terms in the expansion of 1  x are in A.P., then
show that that n2   4r  1 n  4r 2  2  0 .
Sol. Tr  nC r1 x r1 , Tr 1  nC r xr , Tr 2  nC r 1 x r 1
Since the coefficients are in A.P.
2 nC r  nC r 1  nC r 1
2n ! n! n!
 
r !n  r ! r  1!n  r  1! r  1!n  r  1!
2 1 1
 
r n  r  n  r  1n  r  r  1 r
2 r r  1  n  r  1n  r 

r n  r  n  r  1n  r r  1 r
2 r 2  r  n2  nr  nr  r 2  n  r

r n  r  n  r  1n  r r  1 r
2 n  r  1r  1  2r 2  n 2  2 nr  n

2 nr  2 n  2 r 2  2r  2r  2  2 r 2  n 2  2nr  n
n 2  4r 2  4nr  n  2  0 n2   4r  1 n  4r 2  2  0

18  3 3 14
14. Find the sum of the coefficients of x 32
and x in the expansion of 2x  2  .
 x 
n nr r
Sol. General term of expansion x  a is Tr 1  nC r x  a
 3 3 14 n
Comparing 2x  2  with x  a
 x 
3
x  2x3 a n  14
x2
r
14r  3 
Tr 1  14C r 2 x 3 
14r 14r
   1r 14
C r  2 3r x 423r2 r  1
r 14
C r  2 3r x 425r ……… (1)
 r 2 

For coefficient of x 32 , x 425r  x 32  42  5r  32  r  2

2 14 142 12
Put r  2 in equation (1), T21  1 C 2 2 32  T3  14
C 2  2 3 2
For coefficient of x18 , x 425r  x18  5r  60  r  12
2 14 1412
Put r  12 in equation (1), T121  1 C 2 2 312  T13  14C 12 2 2 312
12 2
Sum of coefficients of x 32 and x18 , 14
C 2 2 32  14C 12  2 312
Since 14C 2  14
C 12 ,
14  13
 14C 2 2 2 3 2  2 10  310    4  9 1024  59049  3276  60073  196799148
2

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2 2 2 2 2
15. Prove that  2 n C0    2 n C1    2 n C2    2 n C3   .....   2 n C 2 n   1 .
n 2n
Cn .
2n
Sol. 1  x  2 nC0 x 2 n  2 nC 1x 2 n1  ..........  2 nC 2 n ........ (1)
2n
1  x  2 nC 0  2 nC1 x  2 nC 2 x 2  ..........  2 nC 2 n x 2 n ........ (2)
Multiplying equation (1) & (2)

1  x 1  x   2 nC 0 x 2 n  2 nC 1 x 2 n1  ..........  2 nC 2 n  2 nC0  2 nC1 x  2 nC 2 x 2  ..........  2 nC 2 n x 2 n 

2n 2n

2n 2n
2 2n 2 r
1  x    2n
Cr x    1r 2nCr x 2 r
r 0 r 0

On comparing the coefficient of x 2n on both sides,

2 2 2 2
C n   2 nC 0    2 nC 1    2 nC 2   .....  1  C 2n 
n 2n n 2n
1

n
n  1
16. Prove that C 0  C 1 C 1  C 2 C 2  C 3 ....C n1  C n   .C 0 .C 1 .C 2 ..........C n .
n!
Sol. L.H.S  C 0  C 1 C 1  C 2 C 2  C 3 ....C n1  Cn 
 C   C   C   C 
 C 0 1  1 . C 1 1  2 . C 2 1  3 .............C n1 1  n 
 C 0   C 1   C 2   C n1 
 n
C  n
C  n
C   n
C 
 1  n 1 1  n 2 1  n 3 .......1  n n .C 0 .C 1 .C 2 .........C n1
 C 0  C 1  C 2   C n1 
 n  n n  1  1
 1  1  ..........1  C n C 1 .C 2 ..........Cn1  C0  C n 
 1  2 n  
 n 
 n  n  1   1  n  1  n  1 
 n  1 ..... n  1 .1.C 1 .C 2 ....C n
 1  1  ..........1  C 1 .C 2 ..........C n1C n     3   n 
 1  2   n  1  2 
n
n  1
 .C 0 .C 1 .C 2 .....C n
n!
2
n  nC
3
2
  n n  1 n  2 
17. If n is a positive integer, prove that  r  n r
 Cr 1 

12
r 1
2
n  nC  n
 n  r  1 2
Sol. L.H.S   r 3  n r   r 3   
 C r1   r 
r 1 r 1
n n n

   r n  12  2 n  1r  r 2 

2 2
 r n  r  1  r n  1  r  
r 1 r 1 r 1
n n n
 n  1
2
 r  2 n  1 r 2   r 3
r 1 r 1 r 1
2
2 nn  1 n 2 n  1
nn  12 n  1
 n  1  2 n  1 
2 6 4
2 
2 n 2 n  1 n 2  n  1  6n2  6n  8n 2  4n  3n2 
2
n  1 
 n n  1   
2  3 2  2  6 
  

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n  1  n 2  2n 
2 2
nn  1 n  2
   R.H.S
2  6  12
 

11
 1
18. If the coefficient of x 10 in the expansion of  ax 2   is equal to the coefficient of x10 in the
 bx 
11
 1 
expansion of  ax  2  , find the relation between a and b (where a and b and real numbers)
 bx 
11 r
 2 1  2 11r  1  a11r 223 r
Sol. In  ax   , the general term Tr 1  C r  ax 
 11 
 
 bx   11
C r .x …… (1)
 bx  br
Put 22  3r  10  3r  12  r  4
a114 11 a7
From (1), the coefficient of x 10 is 11
C4  C4 4 …… (2)
b4 b
11
 1  11r  r
ln  ax  2  the general term is Tr 1  11C r  ax  1 
 bx   bx 2 

a11r 113r
r 11
 1 Cr
x …… (3)
br
Put 11  3r  10  3r  21  r  7
7 11 a117 a4
From (3), the coefficient of x10 is 1 C7   11
C .
7 7 …… (4)
b7 b
Given that the two coefficients are equal
 From (2), (4) , we have
a7 a4 a7 a4
11
C4
b4
  11
C 7 .
b7

b4
 
b7
 11C 4  11C7 
1
 a 3   3  a 3 b 3  1  ab  1
b

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ROUND – II

3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9

1. Find the sum of the series    ..... .
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20
2
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9 3.5  1 
Sol. Let S     .....     ....
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20 1.2  5 
1
Adding 1  3. on both sides, we have
5
2
1 3  1  3.5  1 
1  3.  S  1        ....
5 1  5  1.2  5 
2
P  x  p  p  q  x  
p
Comparing the above series with 1        ....  1  x q
1  q  1.2  q 
x 1 q 2
We get p  3 , p  q  5  3  q  5  q  2 . Also  x 
q 5 5 5
3 /2
3 
p  2  3 3 /2  5 3 /2 5 5 8 5 5 5 5 8
 1   S  1  x q  1           S  S 
5  5  5  3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 5

1 1.3 1.3.5
2. If x     ..... , then find 3x 2  6 x .
5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
1 1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
Sol. x        ...
5 1.2  5  1.2.3  5 
2 3
1 1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
1 x  1        ...
5 2! 5  3!  5 
 x  p  p  q  x 2 p  p  q p  2q  x 3
 1  p      

   ...
 q  2!  q  3!  q 
x 1 2
where p  1, q  2,  x
q 5 5
1/2
p / q  2  3 1/2  5 1/2
 1  x   1        
 5  5  3
2 5
Squaring on both sides, 1  x 
3
5
1  2 x  x 2   3  6 x  3x 2  5
3
2
 3x  6 x  2

1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7

3. If x     ....., then prove that 9 x 2  24 x  11 .
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
Sol. Given x     .......
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
2 3
1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
       ......
1.2 3 1.2.3  3 
2
1 1 1.3  1   1.3.5  1 3
 1 .          .......  4
1 3 1.2 3  1.2.3  3 
 3

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x 1 2
Here p  1 , q  2 ,  x
q 3 3
1 /2 1/2
p / q 4  2  4  1  4 4
 1  x    1         3
3  3 3  3 3 3
2
Squaring on both sides 3x  4   3 3 
2

 9 x 2  24 x  16  27  9 x 2  24 x  11

5 5.7 5.7.9
4. If x   2
  ...., then find the value of x 2  4 x .
2! 3 3!.3  4!.33
5 5.7 5.7.9 3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
Sol. Given that x   2
 3
 ....  2
   .....
2! 3 3!.3  4!.3 2!3 3!33 4!34
2 3 4
3.5  1  3.5.7  1  3.5.7.9  1 
         .....
2!  3  3!  3  4!  3 
31
Adding 1    on both sides, we have
13
2 3 4
3  1  3  1  3.5  1  3.5.7  1  3.5.7.9  1 
Now, 1     x  1              ....
1  3 1  3  2!  3  3!  3  4!  3 
2
p  y  p  p  q  y  p / q
Comparing the above series with 1         ....  1  y 


1!  q  2!  q  
y 1 q 2
we get p  3 , p  q  5  3  q  5  q  2 Also,  y 
q 3 3 3
3 /2
3  1  2  1 3 /2 1 /2
 33 
p / q
 1     x  1  y   1     
3 /2
 3  27
1  3  3  3
2
 1  1  x  27  2  x  27  2  x  27
 x 2  4 x  4  27  x 2  4 x  23

7  1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1 
5. Find the sum of infinite terms of the series 1  2 
 . 4 . 6  ...
5 10 1.2 10 1.2.3 10 
2 3
1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1 1  1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
Sol. 1  .  .  ....  1        ....    ....
10 2 1.2 10 4 1.2.3 106 1!  100  2!  100  3!  100 
2
p  x  p  p  q  x 
 1    
p / q
Comparing with 1  x    ....
1!  q  2!  q 
p1 , pq 3 ,q 2
x 1 q 2
 x   0.02
q 100 100 100
1 1.3 1 p /q
 1 2
 . 4  ......  1  x
10 1.2 10
1 /2 1/2
 1  0.02  0.98
 49 1/2  50 1 /2 5 2
      
 50   49  7
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7 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1  7 5 2
 1  2  . 4 . 6  ....  .  2
5  10 1.2 10 1.2.3 10  5 7

6. Find the sum of the infinite series

1 1.3 1.3.5 3 3.5 3.5.7
(i) 1     .... (ii)    ....
3 3.6 3.6.9 4 4.8 4.8.12
4 4.7 4.7.10 3 3.5 3.5.7
(iii) 1     .... (iv)    ....
5 5.10 5.10.15 4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16
2 3
1 1.3 1.3.5 1  1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
Sol. i) Let S  1     ....  upto   1           .......
3 3.6 3.6.9 1!  3  2!  3  3!  3 
Now comparing the above series with
2 3
p  x  p  p  q  x  p  p  q p  2q  x  _
p
1           ....  1  x q
1!  q  2!  q  3!  q 
We get p  1 , p  q  3  1  q  3  q  2
x 1 q 2
Also, we have  x 
q 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
p  
 2  2  1  2  3  2
 S  1  x  q 
 1          3 2  3
 3  3  1
2 3
3 3.5 3.5.7 3 1 3.5  1  3.5.7  1 
ii) Let S     ....  .        ....
4 4.8 4.8.12 1 4 1.2  4  1.2.3  4 
2
3 1 3.5  1 
 1S  1 .     .........
1 4 1.2  4 
Comparing the above series with
2
p  x  p  p  q  x  p
1    
_
   ....  1  x q
1!  q  2!  q 
We get p  3 , p  q  5  3  q  5  q  2
x 1 q 2 1
Also, we have  x  
q 4 4 4 2
3 3 3
p   1
 1 2  1 2
 1  S  1  x  q  1       2 2   2 3 2  81/2  8  2 2
 2 2
Hence, S  2 2  1
2 3
4 4.7 4.7.10 4  1  4.7  1  4.7.10  1 
iii) Let S  1     ....  1           ....
5 5.10 5.10.15 1  5  1.2  5  1.2.3  5 
Now comparing the above series with
2 3
p  x  p  p  q  x  p  p  q  p  2 q  x  _
p
1           ....  1  x q
1!  q  2!  q  3!  q 
We get p  4 , p  q  7  4  q  5  q  3
x 1 q 3
Also, we have  x 
q 5 5 5

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4 4 4
  3 4
p  3  3  8  5  5  3 54 /3 5 3
625 3 625
 S  1  x  q  1          4 /3   
 5  5 8 3 4 /3 4
8  
2 2 16

3 3.5 3.5.7 1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7

iv) Let    ....     ....
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16 4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16
1 1 1 1.3 1.3.5
On adding 1  both sides, we get 1   S  1     ....
4 4 4 4.8 4.8.12
2 3
3 1  1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
  S  1           ........
4 1  4  1.2  4  1.2.3  4 
comparing the above series with
2 3
p  x  p  p  q  x  p  p  q  p  2q  x  p
1    
_
      .......  1  x q
1  q  1.2  q  1.2.3  q 
x 1 q 2 1
We get p  1 , p  q  3  1  q  3  q  2 Also  x  
q 4 4 4 2
1 1 1
3 p  1  2  3  2  2 2 2 2 3
Hence,  S  1  x q  1          S 
4  2 2  3 3 3 4

2
7. Find the coefficient of x 6 in the expansion of 1  3x 5 .
2
Sol. The coefficient of x 6 in the expansion of 1  3x 5 occur in T61
n n n  1n  2....n  r  1 r
ln 1  x the general term is Tr 1  x
r!
 2      
  2  1 2  2 2  3 2  4 2  53x6
 5
 5   5  5  5  5  6
T61   3 x
6!
2 7  12  17  22  27  36 6 38 6
 x  1309  x
6! 56 56

2 3
2 1 2.5  1  2.5.8  1 
8. Find the sum of the infinite series 1  .        .... .
3 2 3.6  2  3.6.9  2 
2 3 2 3
2 1 2.5  1  2.5.8  1  2 1 2.5  1  2.5.8  1 
Sol. Let S  1  .        ....  1  .        ....
3 2 3.6 2 3.6.9 2 1 6 1.2 6 1.2.3  6 
Comparing the above series with
2 3
p  x  p  p  q  x  p  p  q p  2 q  x  p
1      
   
   ....  1  x q
1!  q  2!  q  3!  q 
x 1 q 3 1
We get p  2 , p  q  5  2  q  5  q  3 Also, we have  x  
q 6 6 6 2
2 2 2 2 1
p 1
 1  3  1  3  2 3
 S  1  x  q  1          2 3  2 2 3  4 3  3 4
 2 2 1
4 4.6 4.6.8
9. If t     .... , then prove that 9t  16 .
5 5.10 5.10.15

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4 4.6 4.6.8
Sol. Given that t     ....
5 5.10 5.10.15
Adding 1 on both sides, we have
2 3
4  1  4.6  1  4.6.8  1 
1t  1          ....
1! 5 2! 5 3!  5 
2
p  x  p  p  q  x  p / q
Comparing the above series with 1        ....  1  x
1!  q  2!  q 
x 1 q 2
we get p  4 , p  q  6  4  q  6  q  2 Also,  x 
q 5 5 5
4 /2
p / q  2   3 2  5 2 25
 1  t  1  x  
 1         
 5  5  3 9
25
 1t   9 1  t  25  9  9t  25  9t  16
9

10. Show that for any non zero rational number x .

x x x  1 x x  1 x  2 x x x  1 x  x  1 x  2
1    ....  1     ....
2 2.4 2.4.6 3 3.6 3.6.9
x x x  1 x x  1x  2
Sol. L.H.S  1     ....
2 2.4 2.4.6
2 3
x  1  x x  1  1  x x  1x  2  1 
 1     
      ....
 2 
1!  2  2!  2  3!
n n n  1 2 n
Comparing the above series with 1  .x  x  ....  1  x
1! 1.2
we get n  x and x  1/2
x
 1  3 x
 1  x  1     
n
…….. (1)
 2 2
x x x  1 x  x  1 x  2
R.H.S  1     ....
3 3.6 3.6.9
2 3
x  1  x x  1  1  x x  1x  2  1 
 1     
      ....
 3 
1!  3  2!  3  3!
n n n  1 2 n n  1n  2 3 n
Comparing the above series with 1   x   x  x  ....  1  x
1! 2! 3!
we get n  x and x  1/3
x
n  1  2 x  3 x
 1  x   1         …….. (2)
 3  3 2
From (1) and (2), L.H .S  R.H .S

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PARTIAL FRACTIONS

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Resolve the following into partial fractions:

2x  3
1.
5x  2 2 x  1

2x  3 A B A 2 x  1  Bx  2
Sol. Let   
x  22 x  1 x  2 2 x  1 x  22 x  1
Need not take the 5 in the denominator
 A2 x  1  B x  2  2 x  3 …….(1)

Putting x  2 in (1) , we get A2 2  1  B0  2 2  3  3 A  1  A  1/3

1   1    1   1
Putting x   in (1) , we get A  2    1  B   2   2    3
2   2    2   2

 1  4   3 2 4
 A1  1  B   1  3  A0  B   2  B  2  

 2  2 3 3
2x  3 A B 1 4
    
x  22 x  1 x  2 2 x  1 3x  2 32 x  1

2x  3 1 A B  1  1 4 
 1 4
         

5x  2 2 x  1 5 x  2 2 x  1  5  3x  2  32 x  1  15x  2 15 2 x  1

13x  43
2. 2
2 x  17 x  30

Sol. Denominator 2 x 2  17 x  30  2 x 2  12 x  5x  30  2 x  x  6  5x  6  2 x  5 x  6

13x  43 13x  43
 G.E  2

2 x  17 x  30 2 x  5x  6

13x  43 A B A x  6  B2 x  5
Let   
2 x  5x  6 2 x  5 x  6 2 x  5x  6
 Ax  6  B2 x  5  13x  43 ………(1)

Putting x  6 in (1), we get A0  B  2 6  5  13 6  43  B12  5  78  43

 7 B  35  B  5
Comparing the coefficients of x on both sides of (1), we get A  2 B  13
 A  2 5  13  A  10  13  A  3

13x  43 A B 3 5
 2
   
2 x  17 x  30 2 x  5 x  6 2 x  5 x  6

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3x  18
3.
x 3 x  3

3x  18 A B C D 3x  18 Ax 2 x  3  Bx  x  3  C x  3  Dx 3
Sol. Let      
x 3 x  3 x x 2 x 3 x  3 x 3  x  3 x 3 x  3

 Ax 2  x  3  Bx x  3  C  x  3  Dx 3  3x  18 ……..(1)
3
Putting x  3 in (1), we get A0  B0  C 0  D3  33  18  27 D  27  D  1
Putting x  0 in (1), we get A0  B0  C 0  3  D0  30  18  3C  18  C  6

Equating the coefficients of x 3 in (1), we get  A  D  0  A  D  1  A  1

Equating the coefficients of x 2 in (1), we get  3 A  B  0  B  3 A  3 1  3  B  3
3x  18 A B C D 1 3 6 1
 3
  2 3   2 3
x  x  3 x x x x3 x x x x3

x2  2x  6
4. 3
x  2
Sol. Here, the denominator contains a ‘single repeated linear factor’
Put x  2  y then x  y  2
2
x2  2x  6  y  2  2  y  2  6
 3

x  2 y3

y 2  4y  4  2y  4  6 y 2  2y  6 1 2 6 1 2 6
 3
 3
  2 3  2
 3
y y y y y x  2  x  2  x  2

x3  x2  1
5.
x 2  2x 2  3
Ax  B Cx  D  Ax  B x  3  Cx  D x  2 
2 2
x3  x2  1
Sol. Let 2   
x  2x2  3 x 2  2 x 2  3 x 2  2x 2  3
  Ax  Bx 2  3  Cx  D x 2  2   x 3  x 2  1

  A  C  x 3  B  D x 2  3 A  2C  x  3B  2 D  x 3  x 2  1 ……. (1)

Comparing the coefficients of x 3 in (1) we get, A  C  1 ……. (2)

Comparing the coefficients of x 2 in (1) we get, B  D  1 ……. (3)
Comparing the coefficients of x in (1) we get, 3 A  2C  0 ……. (4)
Comparing the constant terms in (1) we get, 3B  2 D  1 ……. (5)
Now (4) can be written as A  2 A  2C  0  A  2  A  C   0
From (2), A  2 1  0  A  2
(2)  C  1  A  1  2  3
(5) can be written as B  2 B  2 D  1  B  2 B  D  1
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From (3), B  2 1  1  B  1  2  1
(3)  D  1  B  1  1  2
Hence, A  2 , B  1 , C  3 , D  2
x3  x2  1 2 x  1 3x  2 3x  2 2 x  1
    
x 2
 2 x  3
2
x 2
 2 x 2  3  x 2  3  x 2  2 

2 x 2  3x  4
6.
x  1x 2  2 

2 x 2  3x  4 A Bx  C
Sol. Let   2
x  1x  2  2 x1 x  2

Multiplying with x  1 x 2  2  ,

2 x 2  3x  4  Ax 2  2    Bx  C x  1

x  1  2  3  4  A 1  2 
9  3A  A  3

Equating the coefficients of x 2 ,

2  AB  B  2  A  2  3  1
Equating constants
4  2 A C  C  2A  4  6  4  2

2 x 2  3x  4 3 x  2
  2
x  1x  2 2 x1 x 2

x3
7.
x  ax  bx  c 
x3 A B C
Sol. Let  1  
x  ax  bx  c  x  a x b x c
Multiplying with x  ax  bx  c  ,

x 3  x  ax  bx  c   A x  bx  c  Bx  ax  c   C x  ax  b

a3
Put x  a , a3  A a  b a  c   A 
 a  b a  c 
b3
Put x  b , b 3  Bb  ab  c  B 
b  ab  c 
c3 x3
Put x  c , c 3  C c  ac  b  C  
c  ac  b x  ax  bx  c
a3 b3 c3
 1   
 a  b a  c x  a b  ab  c x  b c  ac  bx  c

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x 2  13x  15
8. 2
2 x  3x  3
2
x 2  13x  15 A B C A x  3  Bx  3 2 x  3  C 2 x  3
Sol. Let 2
   2
 2
2 x  3x  3 2 x  3 x  3  x  3 2 x  3x  3
2
 Ax  3  B2 x  3x  3  C 2 x  3  x 2  13x  15 ………. (1)
Putting x  3 in (1), we get
2
A0  B0  C 2 3  3  3  13 3  15  3C  15  C  5
3
Putting x   in (1), we get
2
 3 2  3 2  3  9 A 9
A  3  B0  C 0     13   15    A  1
 2   2  2  4 4
Now comparing the coefficients of x 2 in (1), we get A  2 B  1  1  2 B  1  B  1
x 2  13x  15 A B C 1 1 5
 2
   2
  
2 x  3x  3 2 x  3 x  3 x  3 2 x  3 x  3 x  32

x4
9.
x 2
 4 x  1

Sol. The denominator x 2  4x  1  x  2 x  2x  1

x4 x4
 G.E  
x 2
 4x  1 x  2x  2x  1
x4 A B C
Let   
x  2x  2x  1 x  2 x  2 x  1
A x  2 x  1  Bx  2 x  1  C x  2 x  2

x  2x  2x  1
 Ax  2x  1  Bx  2x  1  C x 2  4  x  4 ……….(1)

Putting x  2 in (1), we get A2  22  1  B0  C 0  2  4  4 A  2  A  1/2

Putting x  2 in (1), we get A0  B2  2 2  1  C 0  2  4  12 B  6  B  1/2
Putting x  1 in (1), we get A0  B0  C 1  4  1  4  3C  3  C  1
x4 A B C 1 1 1
      
x 2
 4x  1 x  2 x  2 x  1 2 x  2 2 x  2 x  1

x2
10.
x  1x  2
x2 A B x  1x  2  Ax  2  Bx  1
Sol. Let  1  
x  1x  2 x1 x2 x  1x  2
 x  1x  2  A x  2  Bx  1  x 2 ……….(1)

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Putting x  1 in (1), we get 0  A1  2  B0  1  A  1  A  1

Putting x  2 in (1), we get 0  A 0  B2  1  2 2  B  4

x2 A B 1 4
  1   1 
x  1x  2 x1 x2 x 1 x2

5x  1
11.
x  2x  1
5x  1 A B A x  1  Bx  2
Sol. Let   
x  2x  1 x  2 x  1 x  2x  1
 Ax  1  B x  2  5x  1 …… (1)
Putting x  1 in (1), we get A1  1  B1  2  51  1  3B  6  B  2
Putting x  2 in (1), we get A2  1  B2  2  5 2  1  3 A  9  A  3
5x  1 A B 3 2
    
x  2x  1 x  2 x  1 x  2 x  1

x 2  5x  7
12. 3
x  3
Sol. Put x  3  y then x  y  3
2
x 2  5x  7  y  3  5 y  3  7 y 2  6 y  9  5 y  15  7 y 2  11y  31
 3
  
x  3 y3 y3 y3
1 11 31 1 11 31
  2 3  2
 3
y y y x  3 x  3 x  3

1
13. 2
x  1 x  2
1 A B C
Sol. Let 2
  2

x  1 x  2 x  1 x  1 x2
2
1 A x  1x  2  B x  2  C  x  1
 2
 2
x  1 x  2 x  1 x  2
2
 Ax  1x  2  Bx  2  C x  1  1 ……… (1)
Putting x  1 in (1), we get A0  B1  2  C 0  1  B  1  B  1
2
Putting x  2 in (1), we get A0  B0  C 2  1  1  C  1

Equating the coefficients of x 2 in (1), we get A  C  0  A  C  A  1

1 A B C 1 1 1
 2
  2
   2

x  1 x  2 x  1 x  1 x  2 x  1  x  1 x2

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x1
14. 2
x  1x  2
2
x1 A B C A x  2  Bx  1 x  2  C x  1
Sol. Let 2
   2
 2
x  1x  2 x  1 x  2 x  2 x  1x  2
2
 Ax  2  Bx  1.x  2  C x  1  x  1 …… (1)

1
Putting x  2 in (1), we get A0  B0  C 2  1  2  1  3C  1  C 
3
2 2
Putting x  1 in (1), we get A1  2  B0  C 0  1  1  9 A  2  A  
9
2 2
Putting x  0 in (1), we get A0  2  B12  C 1  1  4 A  2 B  C  1  B 
9
x1 A B C 2 2 1
 2
   2
  
x  1x  2 x  1 x  2 x  2 9  x  1 9 x  2 3x  22

2x2  2x  1
15.
x3  x2

Sol. The denominator x 3  x 2  x 2 x  1

2x2  2x  1 2x2  2x  1 A B C Ax x  1  Bx  1  Cx 2

 G.E      
x3  x2 x 2 x  1 x x2 x  1 x 2 x  1

 Ax x  1  Bx  1  Cx 2  2 x 2  2 x  1 …… (1)

Putting x  0 in (1), we get A0  B1  C 0  1  B  1

2 2
Putting x  1 in (1), we get A0  B0  C 1  2 1  2 1  1  C 1  1  C  1

Equating the coefficients of x 2 , we get 2  A  C  A  2  C  2  1  1

2x2  2x  1 A B C 1 1 1
 3 2
  2   2
x x x x x1 x x x1

x2  x  1
16. 2
x  1x  1

x2  x  1 A B C
Sol. Let 2
  
x  1x  1 x  1 x  1 x  12
2
x2  x  1 A x  1  Bx  1x  1  C  x  1
 2
 2
x  1x  1 x  1x  1
2
 Ax  1  Bx  1x  1  C x  1  x 2  x  1 …… (1)
2
Putting x  1 in (1), we get A1  1  B20  C 1  1  1  2C  1  C  1/2

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Putting x  1 in (1), we get
2
A1  1  B1  11  1  C 1  1  3  4 A  3  A  3/4
3 1
Equating the coefficients of x 2 , we get A  B  1  B  1  A  1  
4 4
x2  x  1 A B C 3 1 1
 2
   2
  
x  1x  1 x  1 x  1 x  1 4  x  1 4 x  1 2 x  12

2x2  1
17.
x3  1

Sol. The denominator x 3  1  x  1 x 2  x  1  a 3  b 3   a  b a2  ab  b 2 

 

2x2  1 2x 2  1
G.E  
x3  1 x  1x 2  x  1

2x2  1 A Bx  C A  x 2  x  1  Bx  C x  1

Let   2 
x  1x 2  x  1 x  1 x  x  1 x  1x 2  x  1

 A x 2  x  1   Bx  C x  1  2 x 2  1 ……… (1)

Putting x  1 in (1) , we get, A1  1  1   B  C 0  2 1  1  3 A  3  A  1

Comparing the coefficients of x 2 in (1) , we get, A  B  2  B  2  A  2  1  B  1

Comparing the constant terms in (1) , we get, A  C  1  C  A  1  1  1  C  0
2x2  1 A Bx  C 1 x
   2   2
x 3
 1 x1 x  x  1 x1 x  x 1

x3
18. 2 2
 1  x  1  x 
x3 A B Cx  D
Sol. Let   
 1  x  1  x 
2 2
2 1  x 1  x  1  x2

Multiplying with 1  x 1  x 2 
2

x  3  A 1  x1  x 2   B1  x 2   Cx  D1  x

2

A1  x  x 2  x 3   B1  x 2   Cx  D1  2 x  x 2 

Put x  1 , 4  B1  1  B  2

Equating the coefficients of x 3 , A  C  0  C  A

1
Equating the coefficients of x , A  C  2 D  1  D  
2
Equating the coefficients of x 2 , A  B  2C  D  0

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1 3
 A  2 2A  0  A 
2 2
3 3 1 3x  1
C  , Cx  D   
2 2 2 2
x3 3 2 3x  1
   
 1  x  1  x 2 
2 2 2
2 1  x   1  x  2 1  x 

3x  1
19.
1  x  x 2 x  2
3x  1 A Bx  C A1  x  x 2   Bx  C x  2
Sol. Let   
1  x  x 2 x  2 x  2 1  x  x 2 x  21  x  x 2 

 A1  x  x 2   Bx  C x  2  3x  1 ………(1)

Putting x  2 in (1), we get A1  2  4  7  7 A  7  A  1

Equating the coefficients of x 2 in (1), we get A  B  0  B  A  B  1

Equating the constant terms in (1), we get A  2C  1  2C  1  A  1  1  0  C  0
3x  1 A Bx  C 1 x
     
1  x  x x  2
2 x  2 1 x  x 2
x  2 1  x  x2

x4
20.
x  1x  2
x4 x4
Sol. 
x  1x  2 x 2  3x  2

x 2  x 2  3x  2   3x x 2  3x  2   7 x 2  3x  2   15x  14

x 2  3x  2
15x  14
 x 2  3x  7  2
x  3x  2
15x  14 A B
Let  
x  1x  2 x  1 x  2
Equating the coefficients of x  1x  2 ,

15x  14  A x  2  Bx  1

Put x  1, 15  14  A1  A  1

Put x  2, 30  14  B1  B  16

x4 1 16
  x 2  3x  7  
x  1x  2 x1 x2

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x3
21.
x  1x  2
x3 x3
Sol: Let  2
x  1x  2 x x2

x  x 2  x  2   1 x 2  x  2   3 x  2

x2  x  2
3x  2
 x1 
x  1x  2
3x  2 A B
 
x  1x  2 x  1 x  2
Multiplying with x  1x  2 ,
3x  2  Ax  2  B x  1
1
Put x  1 , 1  A3  A 
3
8
Put x   2 ,  8  B3  B 
3
x3 1 8
  x1  
x  1x  2 3x  1 3 x  2

x3
22. 2
2 x  1x  1
x3 1 A B C
Sol. Let 2
   
2 x  1x  1 2 2 x  1 x  1  x  12
2 2
2 x  1x  1  A2x  1  B22 x  1x  1  C 22 x  1
 2
2 2 x  1 x  1
2 2
 2 x  1x  1  2 Ax  1  2 B 2 x  1x  1  2C 2 x  1  2 x 3 ………. (1)
1  1  1 A 1 1
Putting x  in (1), we get 2 A   2      A 
2  4  8 2 4 2
Put x  1  2C 1  2 1  C  1
Put x  0  11  2 A 1  2 B11  2C 1  0
 2 A  2 B  2C  1  2 B  1  2C  2 A  2 B  1  2  1  2 B  2  B  1
x3 1 A B C 1 1 1 1
 2
    2
   
2 x  1x  1 2 2 x  1 x  1 x  1 2 2 2 x  1 x  1  x  12

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THEORY OF EQUATIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Form the monic polynomial equation of degree 3 whose roots are 2, 3 and 6.
Sol. The required monic polynomial equation is x  2x  3x  6  0

 x  2x 2  9x  18  0

 x 3  9x 2  18x  2 x 2  18x  36  0
 x 3  11x 2  36 x  36  0

2. Form polynomial equations of the lowest degree, with roots 1, 1, 3

Sol. (i) Equation having roots  , ,  is x  x  x   0

Required equation is x  1x  1x  3  0  x 2  1x  3  0  x 3  3x 2  x  3  0

3. If 1,1, are the roots of x 3  6 x 2  9 x  4  0 , then find  .

Sol. Given 1,1, are the roots of x 3  6 x 2  9 x  4  0
6
 1 1    4
1

4. If 1, 2 and 3 are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  ax  6  0 , then find a .

Sol. Given 1, 2 and 3 are roots of x 3  2 x 2  ax  6  0
Sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time.
12  23  13  a
 2  6  3  a
 a  5

5. If the product of the roots of 4 x 3  16 x 2  9 x  a  0 is 9, then find a .

Sol. Comparing 4 x 3  16 x 2  9 x  a  0 with a0 x 3  a1 x 2  a2 x  a3  0 we get,
a0  4, a1  16, a2  9, a3  a
a3 a
Product of the roots is 9  s3    9,   9  a  36
a0 4

6. If  ,  and 1 are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  5x  6  0 , then find  and  .

Sol. Comparing x 3  2 x 2  5x  6  0 with a0 x 3  a1 x 2  a2 x  a3  0 we get,
Here, a0  1, a1  2, a2  5, a3  6
a1 2
Sum of the roots s1      1    2    21 1
a0 1
a3 6
Product of the roots s3  ..1    6    6      1,   6
a0 1
Solving the above two equations, we get   3,   2
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7. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of
x 4  3x 3  7 x 2  5 x  2  0 .
Sol. Let f x  x 4  3x 3  7 x 2  5x  2  0 .
The polynomial equation whose roots are reciprocals of f x  0 is f 1 x  0
4 3 2
 f 1 x   1 x   3  1 x   7  1 x   5 1 x   2
1 3 7 5
 4
 3  2  2 0  1  3x  7 x 2  5x 3  2 x 4  0
x x x x
 2 x 4  5 x 3  7 x 2  3x  1  0

8. Let  ,  ,  be the roots of x 3  px 2  qx  r  0 . Then find

1
(i)  3 (ii)   2 (iii)  , if  ,  ,  are non-zero (iv)  2  2 (v)         

Sol. Let  ,  ,  be the roots of x 3  px 2  qx  r  0
Then s1        p ………(1)
s2        q ………(2)
s3    r ………(3)

(i)   3   3  3   3           2  3      3

 p p 2  3q   3r  p 3  3 pq  3r

(ii)   2   2  2   2      2  2       p2  2q

1 1 1 1      q q
(iii)         

r

r

9. If 1,2 and  are the roots of 2 x 3  x 2  7 x  6  0 , then find  .

Sol. Comparing the given equation with a0 x 3  a1 x 2  a2 x  a3  0 we get,
a0  2 , a1  1 , a2  7 , a3  6
a1 1 1 1 3
Sum of roots S1  1  2      1     1  
a0 2 2 2 2

10. If  ,  and  are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  3x  4  0 , then find (i)  2 2 (ii)    

Sol. Given  ,  ,  are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  3x  4  0

      2 ,       3 ,   4
2 2 2
(i)  2 2      
2
       2 .   .  . 
2
       2    

 32  2  42  9  16  7

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(ii)    
             
 2     2     2  
 2       3
 2 3  3 4  6  12  6

11. Find the transformed equation whose roots are the negatives of the roots of
x 4  5x 3  11x  3  0 .
Sol. Let f x  x 4  5x 3  11x  3
4 3
Required equation is f x  0  x  5x  11x  3  0  x 4  5x 3  11x  3  0

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

ROUND - I

1. Solve 4 x 3  24 x 2  23x  18  0 , given that the roots of this equation are in arithmetic
progression.
Sol. Let the roots of 4 x 3  24 x 2  23x  18  0 in A.P be taken as a  d , a , a  d
24
Now, s1   a  d  a   a  d   3a  6  a  2
4
18 9 9
s3   a  d  a  a  d    a  a2  d 2    24  d2  
4 2 2
25 5
 4  4  d 2   9  16  4 d 2  9  4 d 2  25  d 2  d
4 2
5 5 1 9
 The roots are a  d , a , a  d  2  , 2, 2    , 2,
2 2 2 2

2. Solve the equation x 5  5x 4  9 x 3  9 x 2  5x  1  0 .

Sol. Given equation is x 5  5x 4  9 x 3  9 x 2  5x  1  0
It is reciprocal equation of odd degree and of class two.
 1 is a root of the given equation.
So, x  1 is a factor of x 5  5x 4  9 x 3  9 x 2  5x  1  0
By the method of synthetic division
1 1 5 9 9 5 1
0 1 4 5  4 1
1 4 5 4 1 0

x 4  4 x 3  5x 2  4 x  1  0
So, x 5  5x 4  9 x 3  9 x 2  5x  1  x  1 x 4  4 x 3  5x 2  4 x  1  0

Consider equation x 4  4 x 3  5x 2  4 x  1  0

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Divide with x 2 on both sides

4 1
x 2  4x  5   2  0
x x
1  1
x 2  2  4 x    5  0 ………….(1)
x  x
1 1 1
Let x   t  x2  2  2  t 2  x2  2  t 2  2
x x x
Substituting these values in equation (1)
t 2  2  4t  5  0
t 2  4t  3  0
t  1t  3  0
t  1 or t  3
1 1
x 1 or x 3
x x
x2  1  x x 2  1  3x
x2  x  1  0 x 2  3x  1  0
1 1 4 3 94
x x
2 2
1  3i 3 5
x x
2 2
3  5 3  5 1  3i 1  3i
So, the roots of the given equation are , , and .
2 2 2 2

3. Solve the equation 6 x 4  35x 3  62 x 2  35x  6  0 .

Sol. The degree of the given equation is n  4 , which is even. Also ak  ank ,  k  0,1, 2, 3, 4
Hence, the given equation is a reciprocal equation of class I of even degree, which is a S.R.E.
35 6
Dividing the equation by x 2 , we get 6 x 2  35x  62   2  0
x x
 1  1
 6 x 2  2   35x    62  0 ………. (1)
 x   x
2
1 1  1
Put x   y  x 2  2  x    2  y 2  2
x x  x
Then (1) reduces to 6  y 2  2   35 y  62  0

 6 y 2  35 y  50  0  6 y 2  20 y  15 y  50  0
 2 y 3y  10  53 y  10  0  3 y  102 y  5  0
10 5
 3y  10 (or) 2 y  5  0  y (or) y 
3 2
10 1 10 1 1 1
If y  then x    3  3   x  3 or
3 x 3 3 3 3
5 1 5 1 1 1
If y  then x    2  2   x  2 or
2 x 2 2 2 2
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4. Solve the equation 6 x 6  25x 5  31x 4  31x 2  25x  6  0 .

Sol. Given 6 x 6  25x 5  31x 4  31x 2  25x  6  0
This equation is an even degree reciprocal equation of class two.
So, 1 and 1 are roots of the given equation.
x  1 and x  1 are the factors of the given equation.
By the method of synthetic division.
1 6 25 31 0 31 25 6
0 6 19 12 12 19 6
1 6 19 12 12 19 6 0
0 6 25 37 25 6
6 25 37 25 6 0

So, 6 x 6  25x 5  31x 4  31x 2  25x  6  x  1x  16 x 4  25x 3  37 x 2  25x  6

Take 6 x 4  25x 3  37 x 2  25x  6  0

Divide with x 2 on both sides
25 6
6 x 2  25x  37   2 0
x x
 1  1
6 x 2  2   25x    37  0 ………….(1)
 x   x
1
Let x  t
x
1
x2  2
 2  t2
x
1
x2  2
 2  t 2  2  substituting these values in equation (1)
x
6 t 2  2   25t  37  0

6t 2  12  25t  37  0
 6t 2  25t  25  0  6t 2  15t  10t  25  0
3t  52t  5  0
t  5 3 or t  5 2
1 5 1 5
x  x 
x 3 x 2
5x 5x
x2  1  x2  1 
3 2
3x 2  5 x  3  0 2 x 2  5x  2  0
5  25  36
x 2 x 2  4x  x  2  0
2
5  i 11
x x  2 2 x  1  0
2
1
x  2, or
2

5  i 11 5  i 11
So, roots of the equation 1, 1, 2,1 2 , ,
2 2
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5. Solve x 4  4 x 2  8x  35  0 , given that 2  i 3 is a root.

Sol. For the polynomial equation with real coefficients imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
So 2  i 3 and 2  i 3 are two roots of the given equation
The sum of roots 2  i 3   2  i 3   4 and product of the roots

2  i 3   2  i 3   4  3  7
Now, the quadratic factor corresponding to these roots is x 2  4 x  7  0
On dividing x 4  4 x 2  8x  35 by quadratic x 2  4 x  7 using Synthetic Division, we have
1 0 4 8 35
4 0 4 16 20 0
7 0 0 7 28 35
1 4 5 0 0

b  b 2  4 ac 4  16  20 4  4 4  2 i
Now, x 2  4 x  5  0  x      2  i
2a 2 2 2
 The roots of the given equation are 2  i 3 , 2  i 3 , 2  i , 2  i

6. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of those of the equation
x 5  4 x 4  3x 2  4x  6  0 by 3 .
Sol. The equation whose roots are translates of the roots of the given equation f x  0 by 3 is
f x  3  0 . Here, the roots of the required equation are diminished by 3.
3 1 4 0 3 4 6
0 3 3 9 18 66
1 1 3 6 22 60  a5
0 3 6 9 9
1 2 3 3 13  a4
0 3 15 54
1 5 18 57  a3
0 3 24
1 8 42  a2
0 3

1 11  a1
1  a0
 the required equation is given by a0 x 5  a1 x 4  a2 x 3  a3 x 2  a4 x  a5  0
 x 5  11x 4  42 x 3  57 x 2  13x  60  0

7. Solve the following equations, given that the roots of each are in A.P.
(i) 8x 3  36 x 2  18x  81  0 (ii) x 3  3x 2  6 x  8  0
Sol. (i) Let the roots of 8x 3  36 x 2  18x  81  0 in A.P. be taken as a  d , a , a  d
36 9 3
Now, s1   a  d  a   a  d   3a   a 
8 2 2
81  81
s3   a  d  a  a  d    a a2  d2  
8 8
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3 9  81  9  27 9 27 36
   d 2      d 2      d2   d 2  9  d  3

2 4  8  4  4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 9
 the roots are a  d , a , a  d   3, ,  3   , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) Let the roots of monic cubic f x  x 3  3x 2  6 x  8  0 in A.P be taken as a  d , a , a  d
Now, S1   a  d  a   a  d  3  3a  3  a  1 is a root of f x  0
So, x  1 is a factor of f  x
On dividing x 3  3x 2  6 x  8 by x  1 using Synthetic Division, we have
1 1 3 6 8
0 1 2 8
1 2 8 0
Now, x 2  2 x  8  0  x  2x  4  0  x  2, 4
 The roots of the given equation are 1, 2, 4

8. Solve the following equations.

(i) 2 x 5  x 4  12 x 3  12 x 2  x  2  0 (ii) x 4  10 x 3  26 x 2  10 x  1  0
Sol. (ii) x 4  10 x 3  26 x 2  10 x  1  0
Given x 4  10 x 3  26 x 2  10 x  1  0
Dividing by x 2 on both sides,  x  0
10 1
 x 2  10 x  26   2 0
x x
1  1
 x 2  2  10 x    26  0 ………(1)
x  x
1
Let x   t
x
1
x2  2  2  t2
x
1
x2  2  t2  2
x
Substituting these values in equation (1)
 t 2  2   10t  26  0  t  4t  6  0  t  4 or t  6
1 1
x  4 or x 6
x x
 x2  1  4x x 2  1  6x
 x 2  4x  1  0 x 2  6x  1  0

4  42  4 6  62  4
x x
2 2
42 3 64 2
x x
2 2
x2 3 x  32 2
The roots are 2  3 , 2  3 , 3  2 2 , 3  2 2

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9. Solve the following equations, given that the roots of each are in H.P
(i) 6 x 3  11x 2  6 x  1  0 (ii) 15x 3  23x 2  9 x  1  0
Sol. (i) If the roots of f x  6 x 3  11x 2  6 x  1  0 are in H.P.

1  1 3  1 2 1
Then the roots of f    6    11   6    1  0 are in A.P.
x x x x
6 11 6
 3
 2   1  0  6  11x  6 x 2  x 3  0  x 3  6 x 2  11x  6  0
x x x
Let the roots of (1) in A.P. be  a  d , a,  a  d
Now, s1   a  d  a   a  d  6  3a  6  a  2

s1   a  d a  a  d  6  a  a 2  d 2   6  2  4  d 2   6  4  d 2  3

 d 2  1  d  1
 the roots are  a  d , a,  a  d  2  1, 2, 2  1  1, 2, 3
Hence, the roots of equation (1) are 1,2,3
 the roots of the given equation are 1, 1/2, 1/3
(ii) Given that the roots of f x  15 x 3  23 x 2  9 x  1  0 are in H.P

1  1 3  1 2 1
Then the roots of f    15   23    9    1  0 are in A.P.
x x x x
15 23 9
 3
 2   1  0  15  23x  9 x 2  x 3  0  x 3  9 x 2  23x  15  0 ………..(1)
x x x
Let the roots of (1) in A.P. be  a  d , a,  a  d
Now, from (1), Sum of roots S1   a  d  a   a  d  9  3a  9  a  3 is a root of (1)
So, x  3 is a factor of (1)
On dividing x 3  9 x 2  23x  15 by x  3 using Synthetic Division, we have
3 1 9 23 15
0 3 18 15
1 6 5 0

Now, x 2  6 x  5  0   x  5x  1  0  x  5, 1
Hence, the roots of equation (1) are 1, 3, 5
 The roots of the given equation are 1, 1/3, 1/5

ROUND - II

3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9

1. Find the sum of the series    ..... .
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20
2
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9 3  1  3.5  1 
Sol. Let S     .....  1        ....
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20 1  5  1.2  5 
1
Adding 1  3. on both sides, we have
5

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2
1 3  1  3.5  1 
1  3.  S  1        ....
5 1  5  1.2  5 
2
P  x  p  p  q  x  
p
Comparing the above series with 1        ....  1  x q
1  q  1.2  q 
We get p  3 , p  q  5  3  q  5  q  2 .
x 1 q 2
Also  x 
q 5 5 5
3 /2
3 
p  2   3 3 /2  5 3 /2 5 5 8 5 5 5 5 8

 1   S  1  x q  1           S  S 
5  5   5   3  3 3 5 3 3 3 3 5

1 1.3 1.3.5
2. If x     ..... , then find 3x 2  6 x .
5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
1 1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
Sol. x        ...
5 1.2  5  1.2.3  5 
2 3
1 1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
1 x  1        ...
5 2! 5  3!  5 
 x  p  p  q  x 2 p  p  q p  2q  x 3
 1  p      

   ...
 q 
 q  2!  q  3!
x 1 2
Where p  1, q  2,  x
q 5 5
1/2
p / q  2  3 1/2  5 1/2
 1  x   1        
 5  5  3
2 5
Squaring on both sides, 1  x 
3
5
1  2x  x2  3  6 x  3x 2  5  3x 2  6 x  2
3

1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7

3. If x     ....., then prove that 9 x 2  24 x  11 .
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
Sol. Given x     .......
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
2 3
1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
       ......
1.2 3  1.2.3  3 
2
1 1 1.3  1   1.3.5  1 3  1
 1 .          .......   1  
1 3 1.2 3  
1.2.3 3  
 3 
x 1 2
Here p  1 , q  2 ,  x
q 3 3
1/2
p / q 4  2 4  1 1/2 4 4
 1  x    1         3  3x  4  3 3
3  3  3  3  3 3
2
Squaring on both sides 3x  4   3 3 
2

 9 x 2  24 x  16  27  9 x 2  24 x  11
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5 5.7 5.7.9
4. If x   2
  ...., then find the value of x 2  4 x .
2! 3 3!.3  4!.33
5 5.7 5.7.9 3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
Sol. Given that x   2
 3
 ....  2
   .....
2! 3 3!.3  4!.3 2!3 3!33 4!34
2 3 4
3.5  1  3.5.7  1  3.5.7.9  1 
         .....
2!  3  3!  3  4!  3 
31
Adding 1    on both sides, we have
13
2 3 4
3  1  3  1  3.5  1  3.5.7  1  3.5.7.9  1 
Now, 1     x  1              ....
1  3 1  3  2!  3  3!  3  4!  3 
2
p  y  p  p  q  y 
Comparing the above series with 1    
p / q
   ....  1  y 
1!  q  2!  q 
y 1 q 2
we get p  3 , p  q  5  3  q  5  q  2 Also,  y 
q 3 3 3
3 /2
3  1  2  1 3 /2 1 /2
 33 
p / q
 1     x  1  y   1     
3 /2
 3  27
1  3  3  3
2
 1  1  x  27  2  x  27  2  x  27

 x 2  4 x  4  27  x 2  4 x  23

7  1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1 
5. Find the sum of infinite terms of the series 1  2 
 . 4 . 6  ...
5 10 1.2 10 1.2.3 10 
2 3
1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1 1  1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
Sol. 1  .  .  ....  1         ....    ....
10 2 1.2 10 4 1.2.3 106 1!  100  2!  100  3!  100 
p / q
Comparing with 1  x
2
p  x  p  p  q  x 
 1      
   ....
1!  q  2!  q 
p1 , pq 3 ,q 2
x 1 q 2
 x   0.02
q 100 100 100
1 1.3 1 p /q
 1 2
 . 4  ......  1  x
10 1.2 10

1 /2 1/2  49 1/2  50 1 /2 5 2

 1  0.02  0.98       
 50   49  7
7 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1  7 5 2
 1  2  . 4 . 6  ....  .  2
5  10 1.2 10 1.2.3 10  5 7

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6. Find the sum of the infinite series
1 1.3 1.3.5 3 3.5 3.5.7
(i) 1     .... (ii)    ....
3 3.6 3.6.9 4 4.8 4.8.12
4 4.7 4.7.10 3 3.5 3.5.7
(iii) 1     .... (iv)    ....
5 5.10 5.10.15 4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16
2 3
1 1.3 1.3.5 1  1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
Sol. i) Let S  1     ....  upto   1           .......
3 3.6 3.6.9 1!  3  2!  3  3!  3 
Now comparing the above series with
2 3
p  x  p  p  q  x  p  p  q p  2q  x  p
1    
_
      ....  1  x q
1!  q  2!  q  3!  q 
We get p  1 , p  q  3  1  q  3  q  2
x 1 q 2
Also, we have  x 
q 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
p  
 2  2  1  2  3 2
 S  1  x  q  1          3 2  3
 3  3  1
2 3
3 3.5 3.5.7 1 1 3.5  1  3.5.7  1 
ii) Let S     ....  .        ....
4 4.8 4.8.12 3 4 1.2  4  1.2.3  4 
2
3 1 3.5  1 
 1S  1 .     .........
1 4 1.2  4 
Comparing the above series with
2
p  x  p  p  q  x  p
1    
_
   ....  1  x q
1!  q  2!  q 
We get p  3 , p  q  5  3  q  5  q  2
x 1 q 2 1
Also, we have  x  
q 4 4 4 2
3 3 3
p   1
 1 2  1 2
 1  S  1  x  q  1       2 2   2 3  2  81/2  8  2 2
 2 2
Hence, S  2 2  1
2 3
4 4.7 4.7.10 4  1  4.7  1  4.7.10  1 
iii) Let S  1     ....  1           ....
5 5.10 5.10.15 1  5  1.2  5  1.2.3  5 
Now comparing the above series with
2 3
p  x  p  p  q  x  p  p  q p  2 q  x  _
p
1           ....  1  x q
1!  q  2!  q  3!  q 
We get p  4 , p  q  7  4  q  5  q  3
x 1 q 3
Also, we have  x 
q 5 5 5
4 4 4
  3 4
p  3  3  8  5  5  3 54 /3 5 3
625 3 625
 S  1  x  q  1          4 /3   
 5  5 8 3 4 /3 4
8  
2 2 16

3 3.5 3.5.7 1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7

iv) Let    ....     ....
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16 4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16

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1 1 1 1.3 1.3.5
On adding 1  both sides, we get 1   S  1     ....
4 4 4 4.8 4.8.12
2 3
3 1  1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
  S  1           ........
4 1  4  1.2  4  1.2.3  4 
comparing the above series with
2 3
p  x  p  p  q  x  p  p  q p  2 q  x  _
p
1           ....1  x q
1  q  1.2  q  1.2.3  q 
x 1 q 2 1
We get p  1 , p  q  3  1  q  3  q  2 Also  x  
q 4 4 4 2
1 1 1
3 p  1  2  3  2  2 2 2 2 3
Hence,  S  1  x q  1          S 
4  2   2   3  3 3 4

2
7. Find the coefficient of x 6 in the expansion of 1  3x 5 .
2
Sol. The coefficient of x 6 in the expansion of 1  3x 5 occur in T61
n n n  1n  2....n  r  1 r
ln 1  x the general term is Tr 1  x
r!
 2      
  2  1 2  2 2  3 2  4 2  53x6
 5
 5   5  5  5  5  6
T61   3 x
6!
2 7  12  17  22  27  36 6 38 6
 x  1309  x
6! 56

2 3
2 1 2.5  1  2.5.8  1 
8. Find the sum of the infinite series 1  .        .... .
3 2 3.6  2  3.6.9  2 
2 3 2 3
2 1 2.5  1  2.5.8  1  2 1 2.5  1  2.5.8  1 
Sol. Let S  1  .        ....  1  .        ....
3 2 3.6  2  3.6.9  2  1 6 1.2  6  1.2.3  6 
Comparing the above series with
2 3
p  x  p  p  q  x  p  p  q p  2 q  x  p
1      
   
   ....  1  x q
1!  q  2!  q  3!  q 
We get p  2 , p  q  5  2  q  5  q  3
x 1 q 3 1
Also, we have  x  
q 6 6 6 2
2 2 2 2 1
p 1
 1  3  1  3  2 3
 S  1  x  q  1          2 3  2 2 3  4 3  3 4
 2 2 1

4 4.6 4.6.8
9. If t     .... , then prove that 9t  16 .
5 5.10 5.10.15
4 4.6 4.6.8
Sol. Given that t     ....
5 5.10 5.10.15
Adding 1 on both sides, we have

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2 3
4  1  4.6  1  4.6.8  1 
1t  1          ....
1! 5 2! 5 3!  5 
2
p  x  p  p  q  x  p / q
Comparing the above series with 1        ....  1  x
1!  q  2!  q 
we get p  4 , p  q  6  4  q  6  q  2
x 1 q 2
Also,  x 
q 5 5 5
4 /2
p / q  2   3 2  5 2 25
 1  t  1  x  
 1         
 5  5  3 9
25
 1t   9 1  t  25  9  9t  25  9t  16
9

10. Show that for any non zero rational number x .

x x x  1 x x  1 x  2 x x x  1 x x  1 x  2
1    ....  1     ....
2 2.4 2.4.6 3 3.6 3.6.9
x x x  1 x x  1x  2
Sol. L.H.S  1     ....
2 2.4 2.4.6
2 3
x  1  x x  1  1  x x  1x  2  1 
 1           ....
 2 

1! 2  2! 2 3!
n n n  1 2 n
Comparing the above series with 1  .x  x  ....  1  x
1! 1.2
we get n  x and x  1/2
x
 1  3 x
 1  x  1     
n
…….. (1)
 2 2
x x x  1 x  x  1 x  2
R.H.S  1     ....
3 3.6 3.6.9
2 3
x  1  x x  1  1  x x  1x  2  1 
 1           ....

1! 3  2! 3 3!  3 
n n n  1 2 n n  1n  2 3 n
Comparing the above series with 1   x   x  x  ....  1  x
1! 2! 3!
we get n  x and x  1/3
x
 1  2 x  3 x
 1  x  1         …….. (2)
n
 3 3 2
From (1) and (2), L.H .S  R.H .S

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1. Find the roots of x 4  16 x 3  86 x 2  176 x  105  0 .
2. Solve the following equations, given that the roots of each are in G.P
(i) 54 x 3  39x 2  26 x  16  0 (ii) 3x 3  26 x 2  52 x  24  0
3. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of the roots of the equation
x 4  x 3  10 x 2  4 x  24  0 by 2.

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