Denett

Elements of
Mining Technology
¥01.1

D.J. Deshmukh
A.I.S.M., M.M.G.I., C.C.M
The first Indian Author of Text/reference books on
Indian Mining Technology,
Examiner for B.E. (Mining), Nagpur University.

Denett & Co.

Nagpur ° N e w Delhi aChennai ° P u n e
 ( CONTENTS )

1. Mining Geology
Minerals, Rocks and Rock Structures 1.1 to 1.27
2. Coal and Coalfields of India 2.1 to 2.39
^ Boring 3.1 to 3.27
Shaft Shinking 4.1 to 4.28
Elements of Mining Technology Vol. 1 5. Opencast Mining 5.1 to 5.53
By D. J. Deshmukh 6. Access to Mineral Deposits & Pit
Bottom, Pit-Top Layouts 6.1 to 6.26
ISBN 978-81-89904-33-3
7. Drivage of Roads in.Coal and Stone 7.1 to 7.29
Eighth Edition: 26th January, 2009 8. Explosives, Accessories and
Reprint Edition: 4th July, 2011
Blasting Practice 8.1 to 8.69
Copyright © 2011 by Publisher 9. Rock Mechanics and Roof Supports 9.1 to 9.59
10. Stowing Practice 10.1 to 10.21
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or
otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's
Bord & Pillar Method of Working Coal:
prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is Development 11.1 to 11.21
published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on
the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved 12. Pillar Extraction in Bord & Pillar 12.1 to 12 21
above. No part of this publications, may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, ' 13. Longwali & Other Methods of Working 13.1 to 19.38
photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both
the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. Thick Seam Working 14.1tol421

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In this book
ELEMENT OF M I N I N G TECHNOLOGY
Abbreviations used :
g - gramme; te - tonne;, k m . - kilometre; h or hi - hour; m - metre;
By D.J. d e s h m u k h
kg - kilogramme.
Contents of other t w o volumes is given below.
Note - no "S* is added for plural
CONVERSION TABLE
VOLUME 2
Inches x 25.4 Milimetres. Milimetres x .039 Inches.
PART-A
Feet x .305 Metres. Metres x 3.28 Feet.
Metres. Metres x 1.09 = Yards 1. Mine gases and their detection.
Yards x .914
Miles x 1.609 Kilimetres. Kilometres x .621 Miles 2. Underground environment and mine ventilation.

Lbs. per Sq. inch x .0703 Kg/cm x 14.2

2 = Lbs. 3. Distribution o f air and its control.
= kg/cm" per Sq. inch.
4. Mine fires and spontaneous heating.
Cft. x .0283 Cubic metres Cub. x 35.31 Cubic
feet 5. Explosives in mines.
metres
Cyd. y- .764 Cubic metres Cub. x 1.307 = Cubic 6. Rescue apparatus and rescue operations.
yards 7. Recovery work in mines.
Pounds x .453 = Kilograms Kilograms x 2.2 Pounds
8. Mine lighting.
Ounces x 28.35= Grams. Grams, x .035 Onnces.
9. Miners' diseases and dust hazards.
Sq. ins. x 6.451= Sq. cms. Sq. cms. x .155 = Sq. inches
Sq. metres x 1.195 Sq. feet , 10. Numerical examples in ventilation and ventilation network.
Sq. ft. x .092 = Sq. metres.
Sq. yards * .836 = Sq. metres. Sq. metres x 1.195 Sq. yards. 11. Inundation in mines.

Sq. miles x 2.59 = Sq. Sq. kilo- x .386 = Sq. miles PART-B
kilometers metres
1. Development o f an underground metal mine.
Imp. gallons x 4.54 Litres x .219 = Gallons
Litres. (imp) 2. Methods o f stoping metalliferous deposits.

Gradient 3. Lead-zinc mining in India; underground mining methods.

Long ton (2,240 lbs) x 1.016
Degress One in 4. Copper mining in India; underground mining methods.
= Metric tonne.
8 7.12 5. Jaduguda Uranium Mine.
S.I. Units
10 5.67
6. Ore preparation (or. beneficiation).
1 kgf 9.81 Nevvtons 16 3.49
1 bar or b = 10 N-nr 5 20 2.75 Mineral map o f India.
30 1.73
1 kgf/cm - 98.1 k N ' n r
2

45 1.00
1 lbf/in " 6.895 k \
2 2
60 0.58
1 1 LP = 746 Watts

VOLUME 3
*
1. The units mass, force, weight and basic definitions.
2. Work, energy & power.
3. Friction, bearing, lubrication, inclined plane, bolts & nuts.
4. Simple machines, levers, pulleys, lifting machines.
5. Mechanical transmission o f power.
6. Strength and properties o f materials.
7. Engineering materials; Metals.
8. Engineering materials; Wire ropes & their attachments.
9. Principles o f air compression.
10. Generation, distribution & use o f compressed air.
11. Winding; cages & shaft fitting.
12. Winding : dum winders & friction winders.
13. Winding: steam & electic winders, speed* control & safety devices.
14. Winding : pit-top & pit-bottom layouts with cage winding & skip
winding.
15. Transport : Rope haulages & tracks.
16. Transport : transport media.
17. Principles o f hydraulics & mine pumps.
18. Face mechanisation.
Elements of Mining Technology 1.1
Mining G e o l o g y
Minerals, R o c k s & Rock S t r u c t u r e s
What is mining ? "Mining is the process of excavating minerals
of economics value from the earth's crust for benefit* of mankind".
Here we can assume that the earth's crust, the outer surface of the
earth, including the oceans, lakes and rivers, extends to depths of
30 to 50 km or so. For mining operations one should have a working
knowledge of geology.
The word Geology means science of the earth and deals with the
nature and origin of the rocks that constitute the earth. A person
interested in the extraction of minerals from the earth is, however,
concerned with the thin surface of the rocks which make up the earth's
crust for a depth of a maximum of 5 km so that geology enables him to
locate and to decide the sites most economic for mining or quarrying.
In geology the terms mineral and rockhave precise but different
meanings. A mineralis a homogeneous and naturally occuring substance
having definite physical properties and a composition that may be
expressed by a chemical formula. The chemical composition of a
mineral, as found in the earth, may be the same as that of an artificially
prepared chemical compound in the laboratory but the physical
characteristics may differ; e.g. lead sulphide, PbS, is generally available
m the laboratory as an amorphous powder. It has quite different physical
properties from galena, Pbs, the name of the naturally occuring mineral,
often in the crystalline form. Some few minerals occur as single
elements, e.g. native gold., silver, graphite, but most minerals are
«c imposed of two or more elements in chemical composition, e.g. quartz
(Si0 ), hematite ( F e 0 ) , etc. Most rock-forming minerals are oxides,
2 2 3