Chl Thlscilhaoflife

7 Charāhisticof 低

Nutritonorganismsneedfoodforenergyandnutrition
l.

plamiwsyrnsis
animàsteatotnerplantslanimals
-

2 Respirālion
respiráwnineveryanstheyusefwdtomake energyforbodyacteg.movement.gr

ovthn.3.Excretion-wastepwduabycnemicalreactioninbody.tn
-

imalstsweaturineexnalegas
-

planttsnedleaves 落葉 ⼝ resin樹脂
.

Ttorewasteinleave

4. nstitylirriamityl
-

hvthearnitytodetectcnangesandrespondtotnem
animalsthavesensoryorgansandmuscularsystemtdeteastimuli
-

plantstdetectlightdwatertgrowtouardsvitalresources
-

5.mwement-animalst.mu
awundtosearchforfo dtfindmatestescapefwmdanger
-

plantstamoughmostoftneplantancnoredintosoilbyrwt
tsomeshwmovementegplantsnootgrouingtwardlignt ,
6.Growth-increasebodysiuandcomplexityI.HN
tenswetneontinuilyofhfepwduceoffspring
Oleusoflifecamohydrates
ch.IM

Protein
organicsuhlhiomotculeslipids
_

containcarhonwaterinorganicsuhmineralswater
Nudeicacids

l.agoodsowent-majorcomponentofcen.blwdotnerbodyfluids.me
diuminwnchchemicaluadontakeplaa

gwdtranpwtmedianzareactantinsomemetaboieaction
-

animalstwatermouuusbreakcompuxfoodmolecuusinto
smanermoleuus.lt
-

hydwlysis ⽔解
yantstusehgntenergy-toonvertmodoitocarbohydratele.gg
uoseldoxygen
3. takesauayheatunenevapwate

ahsorbheatfwmtnesurwundinghecoohngagent
-

iegsweatttakesavayheatfwmskintcoolhody
planttevaporatonofwaterfwmplanisurfaat
Nentfwmwemeatinghcausetranyaton
4. temperaturebuffer 緩和

watertnoteasilytoraisetemp.org
-

anismscontainlargeamomtofvatertbodytewnremainfairy
stablewhenthereisasmanchangeinemiwnmentàtemp ,

takeoceanttemp.name

ltfav.habitatforaquaticorganisms.5.pro
videsuporttoorganismsdaidsmwement
-

watertincomprasibletpwvidesupwt
-

Nmeanimalsllbodycapaatyfinuthliquidl
upwvideahydwstaticskettontsuportdmwement.pl
anttbecometurgid
lepwvidesupporttoyoungseedingsenonwoodyplants ,

pwvidebuoyancy浮⼒
-

goodlubricant 滑潤劑
4
eganmovarnejointinbodyarefilledwīhwaterysolutin treduufriction 摩擦

mineralstinorganic-plant fwmsoil.am
malstfwmfoodldrinkingwateronyneedsmanamomt
maihyouurasinorganicNNdissdveincytoplasmdbodyfluids.lt
-

importantwuinregulatingmetamism

t.hitratelcontainingnnrogern-makepwteinmdeicacid.ch州州
zmagnaium
Nanttmakecmophyn
-

animalstminorcompvnentofbonesdteetn

3.calcium-animalstamajorwmponentofhone.teeth.MN
tmusdecontradiondbloodcwttinq

4.
Iwnynttmakechlony
-

anmalstmaklhaemgintapigmentinredblwdanfor

carryingoxygencarbonydrates
-

cenuseasfuastructuralmineralsorenergystorage

l.mon sa harides- olubk-tasteswe teg. l

ucosefructoselfruitlgalactoselmilk)
hafuelinrespirationtoreuaseenergy

simpliestfomofcarbohydrate-reducingsugar-test.be
-

nediictssolutontbrickltdpraipilaieformed

2. Disaccharide
-_ - 2 monosaanaride
Mt Mcondensation , DIMIXHIOH
「 Hwyenergyneeded
hydroysis
glucosexzimaltosetvater-glucosetfructoses ucrosetwater.gl
-

ucosetgalactoseslactuetwater-watersolurne-tasteswe i.ae
reducingsugarlxsucwsa
3. Pdyaaharide
-

madebycondnsatonotalargenoofmonosaaharidemoleules

insoluhlelsligntlysoluhle-xswe t aste g.gl

-

yogen.starcnanuwsetgycogen.ir
ageformofcarbohydrateMMMM.iokeinioglucose.nu
manstoreinmusdesdhvek

wenneedenergytstarcn.pl
forenergyreservetaluwse.maincomponentofanwan.si
ant :

ructuralcarbohydratelipid
-

organicsubstance
-

madeupofarbonnydrogendoxygen
-
H 0
: =
I 1
:

insownleinuatertninorganicsuh
-
 lfatsd-oin-formedbycondensatonoflgyceroofat yacid.tw
miglycerides

fattyacidǘt
condensation
鬱 器! E
-
_

'

Hf fattyacidfattyacid
3

Hwanimci
-

⼗
Tnydwlysis É fattyacid _

trigydrodnenergyreservelstorage
tfatsarestoreinadiposetissueassuhcutaneousfatlinsulāhnglay
Nshorkabsorbertsubcūlaneousfatlawundintemàorgann
plarnpwduceoildstoreinseedol.ph
-

川兆

E-fat yacids-fat yacid-mvpnospnategrp.tn

aincomponentofcenmembrane

3.Choksterol-wmpuxmotcuucontainingcarbonring.com
ponentofcenmemhrane

an iman makin g me mb ran e lip id h or mon e s u t amin

-

D
𡶐
 Protein
madeupofcarnonhydrogenoxygennitwgensomtimessuphur
-

basicunitaminoacidlwkindn

hecontaincentralcarmnatomaminogrncaridechǎntuniqueforeacnkind
boxylgrp.is
Rl Ofaminoacid
m
.

H\ 1 0 H
= - i =0

H - N-C-C.at
1
N -
C -
C

NHH
-
H 1

Ē ⾦ H

E S
8

É ORZ
H ˋ 9 ǐ ˊ
=
0
N -
C -

C -

N -
C -
C ⼗ HN
OHH
- 1 4 1
ˋ

H
peptidebond

H-manyaminvacidtpoypeptide-ho.ofaminoacid.de
-

type
ufinalshapeof
pwteinmolecuu
-

sequenaofaminoacid 4 snapeofpwtenisimportantindterming

tiudpoypeptidetspecific3-dmenionalsnapeltentarystructura.mu
hefundionofpwtein-aminoacidjoininaspaificsequena.co
Hiptfoldedpolyptidetsingepwteinmouuuslquatemarystrudureof
pwteimeghaemogwhinupolypeptidechainl
 Functionofprotein

haemoglohintranspwtationofoygeninblwd
-

proteininnwdemymetspeedupchemicareaction
antihodiestproteahodyagainstdisease
hormonesleginsutcontwhingvarouspwasesinbody.com
Nnofcenuwtstruuure

egcytopusmcenmembrane-fomatonofneucens.gr
owtnandrepairoftissues
-

canheasoureofenergyunenbodiesaresnwtfwcarbmydrāledlipids ,

Acidmadupofcarbonnydrogenoxygenǐnwgenpnosphwn
Nudeic

denoxyrihonudeicacidlDNAI-ribwuicacidlRNA-basicunit.nu
-

cleotides
-

impwtantwleinhereditydpwteinsynthesis

RNA-adeninam-adeninam-tnyminenl-uracil uln.tw
DNA

genous-guanneui-guaninelabase-gwsineuj-cytos.net Gc
baicunitof
nucleotides
A-TG.CA U
-

5 carhm
deoxyrihose ribose
-_-
nucleotide MGM uheldbyhydroggbond 1

uepdournehdixstablesinglezstrulture
doublehdix strand
 rp.i.mu
ÜǙǙ
f IA i

condensa 1
ton lc -0
strnctureof
DNA
sugdpnosphāle
-

a 三

balkbmebaqpairnuaeotidexltdnucleotide
lī i

hydfǜbonddwuotidxntpolymcuvtidl
lkeepdournenaixsta
 Ch3 Ghhorganizálion
centheg
-

① anorganismaremadeupoflormoreatom
⑦ thecenistnebasicoflife

censariesfwmpretxininsmwtnedoplasmicreticulum
③

huueuscyyn

ioi
0

ribosome
fo X

rougǚnasmicsmwtnetnic
vacuolewnunondron
vacuoleretiwm
retum

itooc
U
ˊ

'

•
i
'
ˋ

@
-

mitocnondronchloroplast-O.NU
-

MTM
gnedopiasmic imu
reticulum
ianmemhrane

tinidtpotein-ditnypermeableltcontwlmovementofsub.int
odonttheanicytoplam
Uatertpwteintbasiccnemidnadanorganenesincen
-

biochemicalreactiontakeplace

3. Nucleus

surwmddhynuaeusmemhraneldoubtl
-

anwexcnangebetvantnenuueuucytomasm
containigenticmateriat
DNA-contwlpwteinsyntnaisltana ofaneg roth.MN
-

4.endopamicretiuumumdrinosomenrougnER.tn
momeattacned
Usiteofproteinsynthais
-

trǎnpwtein Nduudhy NNNM

① smwthiktxmvsvme

syntnaisdtranspwtoflipidühincytn
-

5. Mitochondnon

rodsnapedorganenesmoundedhydountmembrane
-

outer-memtsmootn-imer-mem.tn
ignyfoldtoformfingertikeprojeaon
-

mainitǎnryaton
Uorgsubbreakdowntoretaseenergyinformof
ATP
ne dmuenwgytno.ofmitochondriono.vacuou.pl
-

anttlargeantwnvauue
-
animanthttleornone ,

wuufunyfinedwilnansupltplantbewmeturgidtpmidesuport
-

7. Cellualllanj

fuhypermeabletowaterd is owesuh-pwteudgiusnapetocen.8.MN
-

wplatlgre nplantl-doumememnrane.cn
netwrkofflattenedsaclikestmcture
-

containchwwpnyltabsorblightforpmosynthesis ,

Pwkaryotucendeukaryoticcens
l.
Eukaryotican

nv.truenu m-hv.DNA.mayheuniaMNlmuHIQMWI.N
karyotic en-xmemhrane-houndnu eus-hv.CO
Nd NNHDNA
mouuu-organene-an-otissue-oorgan-system.org anism
'
,
1
unianularorgan multianularorganism
 Cenmembranecenmembrane
Ch 4
,

pnospnolipidtprūeinbilfinspersedamongpnoynid
-

outsideanextracemnavfluidcarbohydratemokcuufluidmvsaic
moddtcanmouihsidecdlicytopasm poiminginward
hglfhidlikd

1⽤ 川北
-

lgycogentlfáltyacidtnhosphategroup
州必 比 卵
热晶nuwáurtoving
fat yacidtnonpolarthydwpnobiclwaterhating
-

I. Membranepwtein

fUāloundienorsvhbumol
r nthecelmem.tchaemcuuscanpassthroughtarri
elprotein-formporetoater.im apwtein
-

spanbilaryt iutranspwt
⼆
𡶐
 temymeouterlin erofanmemtpe dupcnemiunreacton
traeptorprotein

Outersurfacetpecificchemicalt riggerlimibit
⼆

抑制
certainauaracttglycopwtein
-

carbohydrateattachedtotheirsurface
actasrecognitionmarker
-

pwpertiesandfundionofcenmemiflexibledstrong
-

heldbyweakintermoleculeforatcanmweyntytfluidiy
uanwcentocnangesnapeduringallgrotncelldilison
Mgogtosis
-

Mongenoughtohddcenǎny
-

poteinmouuletpwvidstrength

I.dif erentiaypermeabk-permeahlesman.npolarmolecuts
no dissolvein

Nndipidbilayerimpermeahleon
Midtnblesub

repenedbyacwsstnrougnvaterduatersol
⼩ polarmolecule
ublesub.Ndbilayer
ph _

cnamencarrierpwtein.tn
uater.certainionhtgheaminoacid.certainion-pwtein.es
paificshapetmolecuusdoenitfitshapecamotpassthrough
𡶐
 Diffuson

t.Uhatisdif uson-oaurwnenconcentratongraaientexist.net
moumentfwmhighconcentrationtolowconcentrationuntileq
Nniumudowntneonantrationgraǎn ⼩

xnetmorementyti
Mmove

randomyoxygendcarbondoxidetdutlydiffusethrough
I. Diffusonacronanmem

NMMipidhilayernsmandnon-polar.tt
usonreliaonkineticenergyxuseenergyfwmrespirālionofcen
-

polarmouuletdiffuetnwugnchamellcawiespwtein
-

miwmouuleugemymelcamotinloutofpwtein

3.MNtanaofdiffusontoorgani
nenteran sms-usefunsuh.ca
-

metabolicwatecanexitan
-

distnmtonofmnncytopasm

Uhatfactoraf at herateofdif usonlnoncentratongraǎn

4.

dif erenaofconcentrationtlste perl ateofdif usonthldistanu

-

Nterdstancehetween
diffusonisonyeffativehigherrateofdiffuson
-

wervengshortdistancedistance
, .
B) Surfaa

surfaceareatrāleofdif usionf
-

MTemperatu re-Temp.tl
morekineticenergyinparhdestmwefastenrateofdiffusionf
Dsnednatureofpartides
-

thesmanertheparlickthehignertnerateofdiffuson
nonpolardiffulemwerapidlylhignerrateofdiffusiwnanpolar
onesnanmemiscompdddpmipid
-
 Osmosislh atisosmosiszdif erentsolutecone ntrationseparatedby differenypermeablememlii
thenetmovementofvatermvuuleawssmemnrane
-

purewateropotential ⽔勢
-

addsolutetowaterttpotential
-

Uaterpotentialisinverselypwpwtionaltosolntewnantration
Ucmantratonouaterpotentialtn
dfinationanetmovementofwatermouuhfwmaregionof
higneruaterpuntialtoaregionoflwerpoteniialacwssa
-

dif erentianypermeahlemem-lowconcentratedidilute.nl
Hwosmosisaffedcenmem
,

Nceninisotonicsituation
-

tissuefluidlblwdlhvceninsidelhasthesameuaterpotentialascytopusm
4isotonictotnecyyasm.no
netmumentofuatermouuusintoloutoftnean ,

Maninhypōlwownon
Nlutionuīhanignerwāurtnialtnancytoymthypotonic
Nlutonvaterlinentertneanbyosmosis
-

moreuaterenterantanuneuntuanyhursttturgid
hanwahisrigiddstwngtopreventburst
B) Minhyperwnicsoluton
Nlutonhīlnwerpotentiatnancytopamthypertonicsomo
nvateruieautneanbyosmosis
-

animaanwixhaomesnrunkdwmktdltcellbeomeplasmoysed
-

ahmemdetachedfwmtneanuanlmisthǎn 鬆弛
3.im pwtanceofosmois
-

pwntahsorptonofwaterfwmthesd
tmumentofuaterfwmlantoanother
-

waterfwmosmosistbaometurgiddyagainstealhother

umemsofsupwt-xwatertfla idt neplantwilts-animalt.mu

ofwaterinfoodisabsorbedbyosmosisinsmanintestine