Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

Portland Cement
and
Mixing Water

Construction and Building Engineering Department,

College of Engineering and Technology,
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport.

Portland Cement
•PC is named after the limestone & chalk cliffs on the Isle
of Portland, where it was first made in the early 1800s.
•Generally, any binding material can be called cement as
can be found in dictionaries (cement is a binding element
in Merriam Webster's Dictionary)
•There are many types of cement, but portland cement is
so prevalent that in construction cement is always
assumed to mean portland cement.

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 2

•Cement paste = cement + water

Glue (or binder) that bonds aggregates together to
make concrete
•Mortar = cement paste + sand
•Concrete = cement + water + sand + aggregates:
Portland cement (7.5% - 15% of volume)
Water
Aggregates (60% - 75% volume)
Air voids (1% - 15% of volume)
Sometimes admixtures
Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 3

Prof. Nabil H. El-Ashkar

Construction and Building Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology 1
 Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

In Construction Cements can be classified into two types

•Non-hydraulic Cements
It does not need water for Hardening
It needs Co2 for Hardening
Examples: Gypsum, Lime …etc.

•Hydraulic Cements
It needs water for Hardening
It does not need Co2 for Hardening
Examples: Ground cement, Portland cement, High
Alumina cement …etc.

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 4

Cement Production
1. Crushing and grinding of raw materials
Calcium Oxide
 Limestone or chalk
Silica & Alumina
 clay, shale, blast furnace slag
2. Heat and melt in a kiln at 1400-1650oC which forms
cement clinker
3. Add gypsum (delays set time) to clinker and pulverize to
fine powder
7 x 1011 particles / lb
 small particles produce a large surface area for
more complete hydration
Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 5

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 6

Prof. Nabil H. El-Ashkar

Construction and Building Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology 2
 Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

Chemical Composition of PC
Oxide Chemical Manufacturing
Name abbreviation Abbreviation
`Lime CaO C
Silica SiO2 S
Alumina Al2O3 A
Ferrite Fe2O3 F
Magnesia MgO M

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 7

Chemical Composition of PC
•Calcination in the kiln changes molecular structure of ingredients.

•Main compounds: •Minor compounds: small

percent but can have strong
tricalcium silicate (C3S)
influences:
dicalcium silicate (C2S) magnesium oxide
tricalcium aluminate (C3A) titanium oxide
manganese oxide
tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF)
sodium oxide
potassium oxide
•Alkalis (Na2O, K2O) react with
silica causing disintegration &
expansion of concrete
Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 8

Chemical Composition of PC
Di-Calcium Silicate

C2S - 2CaO SiO2

Slow down the rate of hydration

Reduce the rate of evolution of heat of hydration
High cementing value
Gain most of its strength in 28 days

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 9

Prof. Nabil H. El-Ashkar

Construction and Building Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology 3
 Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

Chemical Composition of PC
Tri-Calcium Silicate

C3S - 3CaO. SiO2

Relatively faster rate of hydration

Nominal rate of evolution of heat of hydration

High cementing value
Gain most of its strength in 7 days

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 10

Chemical Composition of PC
Tri-Calcium Aluminates

C3A - 3CaO. Al2O3

very fast rate of hydration

very high rate of heat of hydration evolution
Low cementing value
Gain most of its strength in only 1 day

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 11

Chemical Composition of PC
Tetra Calcium AluminoFerrite

C4AF - 4CaO. Al2O3. Fe2O3

 Slow down the rate of hydration

 Reduce the rate of evolution of heat of hydration

 Low cementing value

 Gain most of its strength in 28 days

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 12

Prof. Nabil H. El-Ashkar

Construction and Building Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology 4
 Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

ASTM C150 Classification of

Portland Cement

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 13

Type Description Properties Uses and Applications Typical % of Major Compounds

C2S C3S C3A C4AF
I Ordinary  Typical  For general purpose 19 55 10 7
Portland Cement construction
II Moderate Sulfate  Moderate Heat  When moderate heat of 24 56 6 11
Resistance – Evolution hydration evolution is [Betwee
Moderate Heat  Moderate needed n 5-8
of Hydration Sulfate  For concrete exposed to %]
Cement resistance moderate sulfate attack
OR  Seawater  For mass concrete
[Modified Resistance  For hot weather
Cement] concreting
 For seawater Resistance
III High Early  Finer Cement  When high early strength 19 57 12 7
Strength Cement particles is needed
 Faster Hydration  For fast removal of forms
 Higher heat of  When higher heat of
hydration hydration is needed
evolution  For concrete in cold
 High early weather
strength
IV Low Heat  Lower Heat  When lower heat of 49 28 5 12
Cement [Oil Well Evolution hydration is needed [Not [Not
Cement]  Slow Hydration  For oil wells larger larger
 For hot weather than 35 than 7 %]
%]
concreting
 For mass concrete
V Sulfate Resisting  Higher sulfate  For sulfate resisting 43 38 3 9
Cement resistance concrete structures.
Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 14

EN197 Classification of Portland

Cement

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 15

Prof. Nabil H. El-Ashkar

Construction and Building Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology 5
 Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

EN197 Classification of Portland Cement

Comprising cement and up to 5% of

Cem I Portland cement minor additional constituents

Portland-composite Portland cement and up to 35% of

Cem II other single constituents
cement
Portland cement and higher
Cem III Blastfurnace cement percentages of blastfurnace slag

cement and up to 55% of pozzolanic

Cem IV Pozzolanic cement constituents

Portland cement, blastfurnace slag

Cem V Composite cement and pozzolana or fly ash

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 16

MIXING WATER

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 17

Mixing Water
•Any potable (drinkable) water can be used
•If fresh water isn't available, we may allow some
impurities if we still obtain a reasonable concrete mix
Example: seawater may be used for plain concrete,
but not for reinforced
Acceptable Criteria (ASTM C94)
Average 7-day comp. strength of mortar cubes ≥ 90%
of strength of those made with fresh water
Should not affect the set time significantly

Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. 18

Prof. Nabil H. El-Ashkar

Construction and Building Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology 6