…;dlGjt r]tgfÚ sf cfofdx¿df hLjg cfrfo{sf syfx¿

afF:sf]6f wg~ho

pkk|fWofks, c+u|]hL

bds, ax'd'vL SofDk;

d"n ;f/
;dosf] /ËnfO{ l6k]/ uf]hLe/L /fvL 3l/ 3l/ sljtfsf ;'Gb/ x/kmx?df
b]vfO/xg], 3l/ 3l/ syfsf Kn6x?df ;hfO/xg] kqsf/, snfsf/, slj, syfsf/ :j=
hLjg cfrfo{ cfh xfdLx?sf] lardf 5}gg\, t/ pgsf l;h{gfsf /Ëxsf] s'/f u/]/
xfdL slxNo} yfSb}gf}+ . lsgls pgsf l;h{gfsf cfofdx? ;+w} cgGt /
csNkgLo /x] . hLjg snf, kqsf/Ltf / ;flxTosf] of]ubfgdf ck]{sf
cfrfo{ bdssf slxNo} gc:tfpg] tf/f x'g\ . pgsf af/]df / pgsf n]vsLo
cfofdx?sf] prfO gfKg w]/} cg';Gwfgstf{x? h'6]sf 5g\ . o; n]vdf :j=
hLjg cfrfo{sf syfsf cfofdx¿ x]l/g] 5 . clg tL syfdf k|of]u ePsf ;dlGjt
r]tgfnfO{ x]l/g] 5 . r]tgfsf] lgdf{0f kbfy{n] dfq xf]Og, ;do / kl/j]zsf
cf/f]x cj/f]xx?n] ul/lbG5g\ . cg'e"ltsf cfxfnx?n] ul/lbG5g\ . ef]ufOsf
sfnv08x?n] ul/lbG5g\ . hLjg cfrfo{sf syfx?df ltg} s7Lg ;dosf, ef]ufOsf
/ ;dfhn] afFr]sf csNkgLo p5\jf;x?nfO{ k|If]k0f ug{ k'u]sf 5g\ .

d"n kbfjnLM ;dlGjt r]tgf, cfofd, ;dfh, ;kgf, ;do

kl/ro
@)!% ;fndf kfFry/sf] of;f]sfdf hlGdPsf hLjg cfrfo{ ax'k|ltefzfnL
lyP . pgL @)#^ ;fnsf] ;8s sljtf qmflGtdf ;+nUg lyP . @)#& ;fndf
hghfu[lt ;fKtflxs sf] Aofj:yfks eP/ sfd u/] . Tof] pgsf] Pp6f k'n lyof]
bdsaf6 sf7df8f}sf vf8ndf uP/ afFRb} cl3 a9g] . @)#( b]lv g} pgL …
uf]li7L g]kfnÚ ;+u cfj4 eP . cfs'~rg tyf cf:yf -@)#^_ ;flxlTos kqLsfx?
sf] ;Dkfbg tyf k|sfzg sfo{df ;d]t ;DnUg lyP hLjg cfrfo{ . cem syf n]vg
t pgsf] @)#) b]lvg} ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5, h'ga]nf pgL !% aif{sf dfq lyP .
pgsf] @)$) ;fnsf] snf k|bz{gLn] pgnfO{ Pp6f z;Qm snfsf/sf] ?
kdf :yflkt ul/lbof] . @)$! ;fnsf] pgsf] sljtfs[lt cGtxLg ;'?jft n] pgsf]
sljTjnfO{ :yflkt ul/lbof] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] p;a]nfsf] hl6n kmfF6df . pgL
@)$# b]lv hg;Dafb ;fKtflxs, @)$$ b]lv b]zfGt/ ;fKtflxs df :tDesf/
eP/ ;d]t b]vf k/] -cfrfo{, @)&%_
 pgL snfsf/ lyP . slj lyP . kqsf/ lyP . ;Dkbs lyP . ljrf/ / ax;sf]
;'Gb/tfnfO{ dfofF uy]{ . pgsf] Tof] lzv/ pSnfOn] g]kfnL afª\do
emfFluO/x]sf] lyof] . df]km;naf6 sfdf8f}sf] vf8ndf l5/]/
l56f] ;kmntfsf] lzv/df k'Ug ;kmn o'jf slj lyP . Af;fO{ ;/fO, kxf8, dw];,
k|s[lt / hl6n hLjgsf] cWoog eof] k|s[ltsf] sfvd} . ?zf]n] eg]sf] lstfj
hLjgn] afNo sfnd} kl9;s]sf lyP . Kfxf8sf 8fF8fdf lIflth b]v]sf pgL
ToxfF k'Ug rfxGy] .
^ aif{ bdsdf latfP/ P;Pn;L kf; u/]sf] s]6f] sf7df8f}df uP/ Tof]
vf8nsf] rfk / h+hL/nfO{ r'6\6fP/ ;'?Ë dfk{mt tL l;d]G6sf rk/Lx?
nfO{ plwg]/ sf8df8f}sf] vf8ndf !# aif{d} cfk\mgf] klxrfg agfpg ;Sg] k|
ltef ePsf AolQm . clg #) aif{sf] slnnf] pd]/d}, cyf{t @)$^ a}zfv @#
ut] of] ;+;f/nfO{ 5f]8g] pgL c+u|]hL sljx? Kfl;{ljz z]nL / hf]g ls6\;
ag]sf 5g\ . hLjGt ag]sf 5g\ .

;dlGjt r]tgf

r]tgf / ljrf/ kbfy{n] lgdf{0f u5{ eg]/ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df ljrf/
aGg] pb\3f]if u/] sf]D6] / sfn{ dfS;{n] . clg pgLx? ;flxTodf klg /ª\u
eg{ cfOk'u] . ltgn] ;flxTosf/, /ª\usdL{ eg]sf ;dfhsf] /ª\u eg]{ k|ltlglw
ePsf] x'gfn] tL ;dfhaf6 lg/k]If a:g ;Sb}gg\ / a:g' x'Fb}g klg eg] .
Tof] ;fk]Iftfdf ;dfh k9g] / a'e\mg], clg ToL s'/f n]Vg] x'tL
/fVg'k5{ ;flxTon] / ;flxTosf/n]] . Tof] …1fgsf] ;dfhzf:qÚ eg]sf]
g} ;flxTo xf] . l;h{gf xf] . snfsf] /rgf xf] .

ljrf/sf] Oltxf; x]bf{ k"lj{o bz{gsf] j]b, klZrdsf ;f]qm]l6h, pQ/sf

sGk'ml;o; ;a} larf/sf] s'/f u5{g\ . t/ kbfjnLd} cf]ln{P/ k|of]u ug]{ eg]
a]nfotL n]vs k]|mlG;; a]sgsf] gfd cfpF5 . pgn] rf/ k|sf/sf …cfO8f]n…
sf] s'/f u/] . …cfO8f]nf]hL… af6 cfO8f]n cyf{t\ …ljrf/… sf] hGd
ePsf] xf] . / a]sgn] eg] h:t} tL ljrf/x? sxL+ g sxL+af6 kefljt x'g] u5{g\
g} . ljrf/nfO{ k|efjdf kf5{g\ g} . clg ;dfh abNg] ToxL ljrf/sf] k|If]k0f
ug'{k5{ eG5 dfS;{jfbLo ;f}Gbo{zf:qn] . To;sf ljleGg df]8nx? 5g\ . clg
pQ/jtL{ ljrf/n] k]ml/ ljrf/sf] pGd"QmtfnfO{ c+uLsf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . oL
ljkl/t ljrf/af6 ;dfhdf ljrf/sf] dGyg x'g] u5{ / To;n] kl/:s[ttf kl:sG5
ljrf/sf] . ;dfhsf ;du| cfofdx? / ltgsf cfofdx?sf], vf;u/L ;fdflhs cfly{s, ljrf/
/ efjgfsf] PsLs[t cleJo~hgf g} ;dlGjt ljrf/ xf] -a[xt\ g]kfnL zAbsf]z,
@)^&_.
 ljrf/ z'4 x'g'k5{ eG5f}+ xfdL . t/ tL ljrf/x? ;a} k|efjd"Qm
x'Fb}gg\ . xs]{ ;fx'sf] kL/ b]v]sf cfFvfx?, ;dfhsf sNkgLo tyf csNkgLo
cfofdx? Kfl9/x]sf], l;lsx]sf], ltg}df 3f]lTn/x]sf] Pp6f n]vs tL cfofdxsf]
ljkl/t hfg ;Sb}g . tL h] b]V5g\ ToxL n]V5g\ . tL ;To 5g\, t/ clGtd ;To
eg] xf]Ogg\ . of] pQ/jtL{ ;donfO{ s;}n] OGsf/ ug{ klg ;Sb}g . d}n]
b]v]sf] ;dfhsf] /ª\u csf]{ ;dfhsf] dfG5]n] p:t} b]V5 eGg' aRrfkg xf] .
pN6f] a'emfO xf] . d}n] n]v]sf] p;sf] ;dfhsf] /ª\u / p;n] b]v]sf]
p;sf] ;dfhsf] /ª\u s;/L Pp6} x'G5 < of] leGg x'g' eg]sf] ljrf/df leGgtf x'g'
xf] . o;/L ljrf/n] /ª\u hGdfpF5 / /ª\un] ;flxTo / snf . clg ljrf/nfO{ wd{n],
;+:sf/n], e"uf]nn], lnª\un], lzIffsf] :t/n], a'e\mg] Ifdtfn], ;fdflhsLs/0fn]
k|efj kfg]{ lglZrt x'G5 . ltg} k|efjo'Qm cleJo~hgfx? ;flxTodf cfpg]
u5{g\ / tL ;dlGjt r]tgfsf] x}l;ot k|fKt u5{g\ . tL r]tgfx? Zf;Qm 9ª\un]
pkl:yt x'G5g\ ;flxTo l;h{gfdf .

hLjg cfrfo{sf] ;dlGjt r]tgf eg]sf] k|ultjfbL r]tgf xf] . /fi6«jfbL r]tgf
xf] . n'O{; 6fO;gn] cfk\mgf] k':ts lqml6sn Yof]/L 6'8] -@))^M ^^_ df
eg]sL l5g\\, …====slDtdf k|ultjfbL ;flxTon] n]vs tyf kf7sx?
nfO{ ljrf/n] l;+ufl/lbG5 / auL{o r]tgfnfO{ pTsif{df n}hfG5 .Ú
cfrfo{sf] ;dlGjt r]tgf oxL k|ultjfb / /fi6«jfbsf] r]tgf xf] . /fhgLlt, ;dfh /
hLjgsf s'?k /ª\ux?nfO{ sf]/f{ xfGg k|of]u ePsf] 5 ;dlGjt r]tgf
oxfF . ;dfhsf s'?k kf6fx?nfO{ em6f/f] xfGg k|of]u ePsf] 5 pgsf] r]tgf .
dfgjtf sdhf]/ aGb} hfg', clzIffn] lkl;+b} hfg' / dflg;sf dd{x? 5fFofdf
kb}{ hfg] sxfnLnfUbf] ;dosf] /ª\u 5/]/ r]tgf lbg vf]h]sf 5g\ pgsf syfx?
df . ;fdflhs oyfy{tf, ;fF9]sf] ldrfOdf k/]sf aa'/f af5fx?sf] laDadf g]kfnL
hgtf pb\3fl6t ePsf 5g\ .

;dfh lgoGq0fsf] pTsif{df afFr]sf] of] ;dfh ;a} vfn]

dfgjLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ef}lts ;Ldfgfx? Dflg;n] wdfwd eTsfO/x]sf]
a]nfdf syf n]lv/x]sf lyP cfrfo{ . ;dfhsf] s'?k IfoLs/0f, e|i6frf/ / a]lyltsf]
dfxf/tsf] /rgf eO/x]sf] ;dodf pgL syf n]lv/x]sf lyP . ;dfhsf juL{o vf8n
emg\ a9fpg pBt x'g]x?sf] eL8df syf n]Vb} lyP cfrfo{ . clg t ld>
a}hoGtL v'n]/ n]lV5g\M

…rsf]{ xf]Og ulx/f] lab|f]x, ;+j]bgzLn k|ltsf/, leq};Dd b'v]/ b'vfOsf]

uDeL/tfsf] c;/=====syfsf] k|:t'ltn] syfsf] ;f}Gbof{Tds
dha'gnfO{ sl;nf] agfPsf] 5 -a}hoGtL, @)&^_Ú
 cfefo{sf ;dlGjt r]tgf ;dfhsf] pkef]QmfjfbL ;f]r, ;dfhdf ePsf lje]b,
c;dfgtf, ckf/blz{tf, ;fdGtL ;f]r / ;a} vfn] cGofox?sf] lj?4df tyf
/fi6«k|]dsf] kIfdf r]tgf lbg k'u]sf 5g\ . log} /ª\x?df kl9G5g\ pgsf syfx? .

k|fl1s lh1f;f / p2]Zo

hLjg cfrfo{sf syfx?df s;/L ;dlGjt r]tgfx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 eGg]
ljifonfO{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . Tof] k|fl1s ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]
{ k|of;sf nlfu o; n]vsf] lgDg p2]Zox? /x]sf 5g\M

!= :j= hLjg cfrfo{sf syfx?sf] k|a[lQnfO{ s]nfpg],

@= pgsf syfx?df k|of]u ePsf ;dlGjt r]tgfsf cfofdx?sf] lg?k0f ug]{ .

k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff
:j= hLjg cfrfo{sf] ;flxlTos JolQmTj / pgsf s[ltx?dfly c;
+Vo ;dfnf]rsx?n] AofVof ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ;dfnf]rgf ul/;s]sf 5g\ . cfrfo{sf
cg]s cfofdx?sf] lr/kmf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pgsf] k/ lIflthdf /x]sf] SnLi6
lrqnfO{ :ki6 kfg{] sf]l;; u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] h6Ln laDanfO{ cYof{pg]
hdsf]{ u/]sf 5g\ . k|f 8f= s'df/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …hLjg cfrfo{ gfds
sljtfsf] k7g -@)&^_Ú, 8f= b]jL If]qL b'nfnsf] …hLjg cfrfo{sf]
syfsfl/tf -@)&^_Ú, ld> j}hoGtLsf] …pgL t ;doeGbf cl3 lx+8]5g\ -
@)&^_Ú h:tf ;dfnf]rsx?n] …;+k"0f{df hLjg cfrfo{ -@)&^_Ú df hLjg
cfrfo{sf syfx?df ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pgsf sljtfsf kf6fx?sf]
a9L pTvgg\ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5, t/ pgsf syfdf To; k|sf/sf] cg';GwfgfTds
l6Kk0fL sd} ePsf 5g\ . o;y{ klg of] n]vn] Tof] sdLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]
{ ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 .

ljlw / ;fdu|L ;ª\sng

hLjg cfrfo{sf syfn] af]s]sf ;dlGjt r]tgfnfO{ cg';Gwfg u'0ffTds
k|s[ltsf], pQ/ cfw'lgs bz{gdf cfwfl/t / JofVofjfbL k¢ltdf s]lGb|t /x]/ ug]
{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf nflu k|fylds / låtLos ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t ;fdu|L -k':ts,
klqklqsf, cgnfOg, hg{n, k"j{sfo{ cflb_ af6 tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 .
o;sf nflu ;a}eGbf cflwsfl/s >f]t ;fdu|L eg]sf] hLjg :d[lt k|lti7fg, bdsn]
k|sflzt u/]sf] …;+k"0f{df hLjg cfrfo{ -@)&^_Ú u|Gy g} xf] . ;ª\slnt
tYofª\snfO{ j0f{gfTds / t'ngfTds ljlw tyf cfudgfTds cg';Gwfg k¢ltsf
dfWodaf6 ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . cg';Gwfgdf k|:t't bfaLnfO{ k'li6
ug{ ljleGg ts{, ;fIo, k|df0fx¿sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . ax';Todf cfwfl/t k|:t't
cWoogdf låtLos ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ;"rgf jf tYonfO{ 1fgsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf
lnOPsf] 5 . cWoogaf6 k|fKt ljifout lgisif{nfO{ d"Nosf ¿kdf u|x0f
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ljleGg cg';Gwfg ljlw / bz{gsf] Jojl:yt cWoog k|
lqmofaf6 cg';Gwfgsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo k"/f ul/Psf] 5 . cfn]v n]vgdf d"ntM
PlkP 9fFrfsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
5nkmn / kl/0ffd
syf s] xf] <

syf s'g}klg 36gf / kl/j]zdf ul/Psf] gh/ xf] . gh/ . Tof] klg
dd{:kzL{, lax+ud\, s8f / k|f~hn . Tof] x]g]{ rIf', Tof] b]Vg] rIf' tLvf]
x'g' k5{, :jKgfbzL{ x'g' k5{ / ;j{sflns x'g'k5{ . hLjgsf /ª\x?sf ;;fgf
tKsfx?, ef]ufO{ / cg'e"ltx?, sNkgLo / csnkgLo cfofdx? syf x'g\ . tL
/f]rs, ;+a]bgzLn, ;Gb]zd"ns, k|efjd"ns jf ;}/sNkgfn] ;lhPsf x'g;S5g\ .

cfhsn ahf/df cfpg] s'g} c:yfO{ a:t' h:tf], Tof] a:t'sf] la1fkg
h:tf] ;:tf] / If0feª\u'/ syfx? ;uf}/j k|:t't 5g\ . / tL rfF8} Oltxf; aG5g\ . t/
syf slxno} Oltxf; x'Fb}g . Tof] ;+w} at{dfg x'G5 . ;+w} elji\o x'G5 .
kfplng hf]g;gn] b'O;ojif{ cl3 n]v]sf syfx? cfh klg gofF 5g\ . cjsf] b'O;o
aif{ kl5 klg tL gjLg /xg]5g\ . sf/0f, tL hLjgsf] glhs 5g\ . hLjgsf] laDa
5g\ . hLjgsf cfofdx? hLjGt 9+un] gflkPsf 5g\ .

OG6/g]6 ;fO6 …u'8l/8\;Ú df cd]l/sg n]vs h]= l6df]yL lsËn] syf

eGg] kfFrj6f z"q atfPsf 5g\ .
klxnf] xf], cjwf/0ff lgsfNg] . gS;f h:t} . clg kf7sn] s] k9g
rfxG5g\, ;f]Rg] .
bf]>f], syf, syfgs, cn+sf/, kfq / kl/j]znfO{ qmd ldnfP/ /fVg] .
t]>f], ;/ntfdf syf aufpg] .
rf}yf], yf]/} eg]/ w]/} syf eGg] . cyf{t syf nIf cg';f/ klh{gf eof] ls ePg
x]g]{ .
/ cGTodf, kf7snfO{ efjgfsf] 8f]/Ln] afFw]/ ;a} syf a'emfpg] .
csf{ k|l;4 /l;og syfsf/ PG6f]g r]sf]en] syfsf 5 j6f kIf 5g\ eg]/ n]v]
. klxnf], syf /fhg}lts — ;fdflhs — cfly{s rl/qsf af]lemnf tyf lSni6
kbfjnLx?sf] k|of]unfO{ lg?T;fxL ug'{ k5{ . bf]>f], syf a:t'k/s x'g' k5{ -
t/ cfh cfTdk/stfn] 7"nf] 7fpF cf]ul6/x]sf] 5 _. t]>f], hLjg / hutsf] ;To
laj/0f x'g' k5{ . rf}yf], zAb / n]vfOdf ldtJoOtf x'g' k5{ .
df}lnstf / ;g;gL k}mnfpg] syf x'g' k5{ . Tof] k/Dk/fut wf/0faf6 d"Qm
x'g' k5{ . ;dfhnfO{ eGg g8/fO{ b]vfpg'' k5{ b]vfpg' kg]{ s'/f . /
cGTodf, :g]xk"0f{ tl/sfn] syf / kfqnfO{ cl3 a9fpg' k5{ -r]sf]e, @)!!_
syf …eGg]Úlrh xf]Og, of] t …b]vfpg]Ú lrh xf] . lgolGqt eP/
syfsf] cl:yk~h/ agfP/ To;nfO{ hLjg lbg' syf n]Vg' xf] . syf /
pksyfsf] ;xfotfn] Ps ag]sf] syf cf}lrTok"0f{ 36gfn] afFlwPsf] x'G5 .
clg To;sf] cGTo klg uf}/jk"0f{ tl/sfn] ul/G5 . ToxfF …cfO/f]gLÚ
cyf{t Ao+Uo x'G5 h;n] syfnfO{ /f]df~rs / cfZrfof{hgs agfOlbG5 .
clg csf{ cd]l/sL syfsf/ cg]{i6 x]ldËj] n] eg], …syf n]Vg' 5 eg]
OdfGbf/ eP/ n]vÚ . oxL ;Tosf] pb3f6g ug]{ ;fwg syf lawf ePsf] 5 .
o:tf] nfU5, syfn] …s;}sf] hLjgdf s]xL 36]sf]Ú b]vfpF5 . syfsf] ;'?
jftnfO{ …nf]8 u/]sf] /fOkmnÚ eg]/ pkdf lbPsf r]sf]en] syf ;ls+bf dfq
k8lsPsf] cfjfh cfpF5 eg] . syf n]Vg' aGb's nf]8 ug'{ /x]5 . ToxL eP/
syfn] cgfjZos eljiojf0fL ub}{g . kf7sn] ToxL aGb's sltv]/ k8lsG5 eg]/
…x'sÚ x'G5g\ / afFlwG5g\ . clg ToxfF leqsf] 4G4, ax;, ;+3if{ /
kl/jt{gnfO{ lgofln/xG5g\ kf7sn] . To;}n] syf cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g vf]H5 .
lsgls To;df hLjgsf ;+j]ufTds s'/fx? xfF;f], snfTdstf, /L;, 4]if,
b'Mv ;a} ;dflxt ePsf x'G5g\ -r]sf]e, @)!!_.
o;/L syf k6syf, syfgs, kl/j]z, kfq, efj / z}nLdf pb\3fl6t ePsf]
hLjgsf] Pp6f ;dosf] /+u jf c+z xf] hf] Ps a;fOdf kl9 ;lsG5 . clg o:t}
/+ux?sf] nfdf] l;l;nf jf syf pkGof; xf] . o;/L x]bf{ syf pkGof;sf] n3'?k
xf] eGbf x'G5 .

g]kfnL syfsf] k|a[lQ

g]kfnL syfsf] Oltxf;lt/ kmls{+bf s] b]lvG5 eg] of] ;jf{lws nf]slk|o

lawf xf] . bGt] syf, cyf{t nf]s syf, k/L syfsf6 cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf dfG5]sf
lha|f]sf] 6'Kkfdf c8]sf] lrh} syf b]lvPsf] 5 . a]b / k'/f0fsf syf clxn] klg
dfG5] vr{ u/]/ ;'Gg] / ;'gfpg] xf]8jfhLd} 5g\ xfd|f] ;dfhdf . ;a} wd{ u|
Gyx? syf x'g\ dfG5]sf cfr/0f / :jefjsf] AofVof ug]{ . ltgn] snkgf u/]sf]
cfbz{ hLjgsf] lj/f;t syf lawfn] k|If]k0f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

k|]dlglw kGtn] la=;+= !&*) df u/]sf] …k|foflZrt k|bLkÚ sf]

cg'lbt laifox?n] hLjgsf s]xL kf6fx?sf] a0f{g u/]sf x'gfn] oL syf g} geP
klg ltgn] …s]xL eg]Ú of] ;EotfnfO{ . ToxL sfndf k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf
baf{/L k08Lt zlQmaNne cHof{n klg s]xL eGb} lyP . /fdfo0fsf] syf
eGg] efg'eQm x'g\ jf lq/Tg ;f}Gbo{ ufyf n]v]/ jL/ ufyf cnfKg]
;'Gb/fgGb afF8f x'g\ ;a} syf eGg]x? x'g . lr/~hLjL zdf{ -!(@$—!)(&_
n] cfk\mg' syf n]v]/ /f0fx?sf] lg/+s'ztfsf] lj/f]w u/]sf] of] syf Pltxfl;s
syf /xg uof] . ;+u} g/b]j kf08]sf] d]l/gfrl/q, s'nrGb| uf}td, kxndfgl;
+x :jfF/, x]d/fh zdf{sf uBx?df klg syfgstf kfOG5g\ -zdf{, @)%^_ .

@))& ;fn cl3 k|hftflgqs cfGbf]ngsf l56fx? lalDat eP .

hLjgsf :jtGqtf / gjLg /+ux?sf sn]j/ 5g\ ToxfF . tL syfdf ;dfh, Oltxf;,
afndgf]lj1fg, e|d0fa[tfGt, /lt/fu, kof{oj/0f cflb laifo ;dfj]z lyP .
tL ;dfhsf k|ltlgwL syf lyP .

@))& ;fnkl5 5/ki6 ePsf hLjgsf k|k~rx? cleAoQm

ePsf5g\ . ;fdflhs la/f]wfefifx? lrlqt eP . /fhg}lts k|k~r, hLjgsf] :jGqtf
k|]dsf / dfgjLo prfOsf laDan] el/Psf syfx? n]lvP . /fhg}lts c;xhtfaf6
cfFk"mnfO{ arfpg klg ltgn] laDa / k|ltssf] k|of]u u/L hLjgsf d"Qm
cfjfhx? d'v/Lt u/] . /fhg}lts af9Ln] wldlnPsf] ;dfh lzlyn lyof] h'g
uf]7fn], laho dNn, tf/Ll0fk|;fb sf]O/fnf cflb lg/Gt/ lyP syfdf . laho
dNn, bf}ntlaqmd lai6, /d]z lasn, kf]if0f kf08], afns[i0f kf]v/]n, dfwj
eF8f/L, k|df zfx, s'df/ 1fjnL OToflb lg/Gt/ lyP syfdf . aLkL sf]O/fnfsf
syf cf}wL dgf]a}1flgs / dflg;sf k|k~rsf csNkgLo cfofdx?n] el/Psf 5g\ .
ltgsf syfn] ;dfh / Tof] ;dfhsf dflg;x?sf] k|k~r kl:s/x]sf lyP -k|wfg, @)
%*_ .

@)$^ kl5 :jtGqt hLjgsf syfx? n]lvP . pGd"lQm / :jtGqtf, sNkgf /

k|]dsf s'/f n]lvP . tL y'k|} cfofd, /+u / jfbx?n] lylrP klg . o;df s[i0f
w/fjf;L, dg' a|fhfsL, lszf]/ kxf8L, /d]z lasn ljz]if 5g\ .

o;}jLr ;zZq 4G4sf cle3ft ;flxTon] o'4df ePsf qfzbLx?sf] lhjGt

lrq sf]g]{ sfd u¥of] . k|fo ;a} vfn\ n]vgdf o'4sf l56fx? k/] . hgtf af5fsf]
ldrfOdf k/]sf syf n]lvP . dx]z laqmd zfxsf] 5fkfdf/sf] 5f]/f],
pdf ;'j]bLsf] vnËfdf xdfnf h:tf s[ltx?n] t dbg k'/:sf/ g} k|fKt u/] .

@)^@ ÷ @)^# sf] kl/jt{g kl5 ;dfj]zLtfsf cf~rnLs / klxrfgsf syfx?

hf]8bf/;+u aflx/ cfP . s'g} g s'g} ?kn] tL klxrfgsf] ku/Ln] u'lyPsf
5g\ . /fhg d'sf?Ë x'g jf pk]Gb| ;'Aaf oL ;a}n] cf~rlnstf / klxrfgsf]
laifonfO{ lnP/ syf eg] . ltgsf syfdf ;fdflhs klxrfgsf] s'/f p7] . of] bzsdf
syfsf cfofdx? o:tf /x]M
Sm= cle3ft
Vf= 8fo:kf]/f
Uf= ;fOj/ ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj
3=kl/jt{gsf] 56k6L
ª= cf~rlnstf
r= klxrfgsf] /x/ -zdf{{, @)^#_
oL laifox? cfhsf] g]kfnL syfdf k]lrnf eP/ a;]sf 5g\ . ltgs} dxLdf
5 . ltgs} :jfut 5 . /fdnfn hf]zLsf] …P]gfÚ syf ;+u|xn] dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg'
o;}sf] kl/0ftL lyof] .
syfsf] oxL e]ndf bds klg ;dfj]z 5 . oxfFsf syfsf/x? klg cfnf]s
el//x]sf5g\ oqtq . clxn] bdsdf y'k|} ;|i6fxn] syf lawfnfO{ ;dft]sf 5g\ .
cfh hLjg cfrfo{sf] lj/f;tnfO{ :kz{ ub}{, ltg} kbrfkx? Kf5\ofpFb} cfPsf
bdssf syfsf/x?df afF:sf]6f wg~ho, vu]Gb| e6\6/fO{, 8f= n]vgfy
g]pkfg], ho/fh e6\6/fO{ cflb w]/} ;|i6fx?n] syf ljbfnfO{ ;dft]sf 5g\ .
bdssf] ;+be{df hLjg cfrfo{ …6fOdn];Ú n]vs x'g\ . pgL ;a{sflns
>i6f x'g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTo / snfnfO{ pgn] u/]sf] Tof] :jl0f{d ;donfO{ of]
;don] w]/} lbg P}+7GofP/ /fVg ;s]g . To:tf AAolQmTjx?sf] hLjgsf]
cfofdx?nfO{ hLjGt /fVg, ltgsf] yk cfofdx?sf] vf]h cg';Gwfg ug{ /
ltgnfO{ pb3fl6t ug{ ltgL;+u ;DalGwt cWoog k|lti7fgx? h?/L x'G5g\ .
ToxL l;zl;nfdf …hLjg :d[lt k|lti7fgÚ u7g eO pgsf] af/]df yk cWoogx?
eO/x]sf 5g\ .

hLjg cfrfo{sf syfx?df ;dlGjt r]tgf

pgsf sljtf, syf / lrqn] oxL pbaf]wg u5{g\ . pgL kl5 klg syfsf
gofF cg'xf/ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;flxTosf] kmfF6df cfO/x] . pgsf syf Tolts} uxg
5g\ hlt pgsf sljtf / snfs[lt 5g\ . cfh of] n]vdfk{mt pgsf syf k|a[lt / pgsf
syfx?sf] prfO gfKg] k|oTg ePsf] 5 .
pgL syfdf gofF ;Eotfsf] vf]hL u5{g\ . ;'Gt/ ;dfhsf] sNkgf
u5{g\ . @)#^ ;fnb]lv g} syf n]vg ;'? u/]sf hLjg cfrfo{sf syfx?sf]
ulx/fO{ lalrqsf] 5 . pgsf n3'syfx?df st{Ao -@)#^_, bf;tfsf] cGTo
x'G5 -@)$)_ / p;sf] s'/f ;'? x'G5 -@)$)_ k|d"v x'g\ . tL Pp6f s'?
k ;do /]vfnfO{ la:yflkt ug{ eg]/ lgl:sP l;h{gfx?sf] ;8sdf . tL af]ln/x]sf
lyP Tof] ;dosf] sfnf] df];f] kvfNg . /+ux? b]vfpg . tL; / rfln;sf] bzssf]
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] /+u kl:sPsf 5g\ pgn] cfk\mgf syfx?df . pgsf k|d"v syfx?
df rf/ :s]r k|bz{gL -@)#&_, hLjgM lIflthsf] Ps 6'qmf jfbn -@)#&_,
6«]h]8L -@)#^_, 3fon -@)#&_, sf]nfh, t]>f] cfFvf / ;8s -@)#&_, pm
sf7df8f} h:t} 5 -@)#*_, 9'ª\uf] / 9'ª\uf]sf] kxf8 -@)#*_, k|Zg -@)#(_,
lr/kmf/ -@)#(_ . k|sflzt tyf ck|sflzt u/]/ @) j6f syf n]v]sf hLjg cfrfo{sf
syfdf g]kfnL ;dfh lalDat ePsf] 5 . clg Tof] ;dfhsf k|a[lt / kfqx? lalDat
epsf 5g\ . ltgsf dgf]lj1fg, kL8f, xif{ / cg'e"lt / efjfj]ux? 5g\ . ;fdflhs,
/fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts, dfgjLo, lab|f]x / /fli6«o r]tgf 5g\ ltgsf syfx?df . Pp6f
e'Qmef]uL kfq hlGdG5 pgsf x/]s syfx?df / pm o'ujf]wsf] ;Gb]; k|jfx
ug{ k'U5 . pm of] ;dosf] ;Gb]zjfxs aG5 . o:tf kfqx? Nf8]/ afFR5g\ /
afFRg l;sfpF5g\ pgsf syfx?df .
pgsf syfx?sf] ;+ufnf] hLjg cfrfo{sf syfx? -@)^#_^ hLjg cfrfo{
hLjg :d[lt k|lti7fg bdsn] @)^# ;fndf k|sfzgdf nofPsf] syf ;+u|x xf] of] .
o; leq o;leq * j6f syfx? ;ª\u|xLt 5g\ . / hLjg cfrfo{n] cg'e"t u/]sf hLjgx?
5g\ 5g\ ToxfF . ltg} hLjgsf syfx? g} hLjg cfrfo{sf syf ePsf 5g\ .
oL ;j{sflns syf ePsf5g\ . pgsf syfn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;a{sflns rl/qsf] k|
ltlglwTj u/]sf 5g\ . ul/jL, cGofo, ;dflhs lae]b, a;fO;/fO{, pTkL8g,
AolQmsf ;kgf / ;+3if{x?, cfzf / e/f];fsf xlNnO/x]sf of] ;Eotfsf lbjfnx?
Pgsf syfdf lalDat ePsf 5g\ .
oL syfn] af]s]sf syfx? cfh ;a}vfn] g]kfnL hLjgsf] syf
ePsf5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;dlGjt r]tgf ePsf 5g\ . ltgn] dflg;sf z'is /x]sf
r]tgfnfO{ h'?Ss p7fPsf 5g\ . sf]s]sf 5g\ / lx+8fPsf 5g\ of] ;dosf] x/
s'gfdf .
k|Zg lzif{ssf] syf pQ/jtL{ ;dfhsf] lrq xf] h;df hLjgsf] cg'Q/Lt
syf 5g\ . ltgsf pQ/ sxL+ st} 5}gg\ . …pmÚ kfq 8fo:kf]l/s cg'e"lt ;
+ufn]/ b]zeQm x'g'sf] k'/:sf/ kfO/x]sf] 5 . dx+uL, ul/jL / dfG5]leqsf]
d?e"ld o; ;dfhn] ef]u]sf laifo x'g . clg log} ul/jLn] l/lQPsf ufpFx?sf]
syf xf] . ufpFsf dfG5]sf] ;kgfsf] syf xf] of] .
cem uHhj t s] eg] x/]s prfO ePsf a:t'x? cGwf 5g\ . kxf8sf 8fF8f
cGwf 5g\ . 306f3/ cGwf] 5 . tL cUnf eP/ klg s]xL b]Vb}gg\ . dflg;sf
kL8f b]Vb}gg\ . cfFz' b]Vb}gg\ . cfk\mg} HfGdyfnf] 5f]8]/
k/b]lzg'sf] kL8f hfGb}gg\ . tL prfOsf] s'g} cy{ /x]g . ;a} lgZk|efljt eP .
of] Pp6f pbf/0f x]/f}+M

…dx+uL w/x/fsf] 6'Kkf]df k'Uof] eGg' ;6\6f w/x/f g} gePkl5

306f3/sf] 6'Kkf]df k'Uof] eGy] xf]nfg / ul/jL clnslt tn cfpFYof] lsgeg]
w/x/f eGbf lgZro klg 306f3/ xf]rf] 5 / ;d:of clns tn cf]n]{/ 306f3/df
y'lk|Gy] xf]nfg\Ú ===. -k[=@_

hLjg cfrfo{n] w/x/f 9n]sf] laDa p;}a]nf n]v]sf lyP . cfh w/x/f t
e'Orfnf]n] 9fNof], t/ dx+uL s;}n] klg 9fn]g . e|i6frf/ / las[lt s;}n]
9fNg ;s]g . c;'/Iff / c;Eotf s;}n] 9fNg ;s]g .
 csf]{ 3fp Pp6f afa'sf] Gof/]l6edf afa'sf] ;kgfsf] syf xf] . ul/j
afa'sf] /+uLg ;kgf xf] of] . h;df afa'n] 5f]/fsf] cg'xf/df ;'Gb/ eljio
kl9/x]sf] x'G5 . ul/j 5fk|f]df hlGdPsf] gIfq lyof] ltgsf] 5f]/f] …sdnÚ .
pm sdn k"mn g} xf] hf] Tof] cefj, kL8f, clzIff, ;+3if{ / k5f}6]kgsf]
efifdf k'mn]sf] 5 . sdn lg/Gt/ k'mln/xG5 sdn h:t} . Tof] sdn st} :jo+
hLjg cfrfo{ t xf]Ogg < eGg] k|Zg klg p75 . of] syf pgsf] …c6f]jfof]u|
fkmLÚ kf] xf] ls Û sdnsf] a'afnfO{ sdnsf] af/]df sdnsf ;/n] o;f] eg]sf
lyP —

…tkfO{sf] 5f]/f] 5 jf, 8/fpg' kb}{g . kl5 o;n] tkfO{nfO{ o; b'Mvaf6

d"Qm ug]{5 . c;fWo] rnfv 5 .Ú -k[= %_

t/ Tof] sdn Tof] ;dosf] gª\u|fsf] l;sf/ x'G5 . pm zlxb x'G5 . /

k]ml/ Tof] 5fk|f]df ;fGg6f 5fpF5, cFWof/f]sf] /fh ;'? x'G5 . zlxb
kl/jf/sf] lrqsyf xf] of] hf] dd{ / efjn] c6];d6]; 5 . …k|fAnd lnr/]r/Ú h:t}
Tof] 5f]/fsf] d[To'n] lalb0f{ ePsf] Tof] kl/jf/sf] v'zL vf]Hg] sfd kf7sx?
sf] xf] . vf]Hof}+ t xfdLn] < /ftf] /utdfly kfOtfnf 6]s]/ …dflyÚ
k'u]sfx?n] NofO/x]sf 5g\ ltgsf v'zL <

:jo+df cg]s syfx? xf] lzif{ssf] syfn] Pp6f pQ/jtL{ sljsf] Gof/]l6e
k:s]sf] 5 . Tof] slj x/kn lalgdf{0f eO/xG5, pGd"Qmtfsf] vf]lhdf ef}
+tfl//xG5 . p;sf] csNkgLo / cl:y/ klxrfg clg cl:yTjn] pm ax'cfoflds
dfG5] aGg k'U5 . k9\of], hfuL/ vfof], hfuL/af6 x6\of], uLtsf/ eof], clg
d"Qmssf/ eof], clg kqsf/ eof], hFl8of eof], k]G6/ eof] clg duGt] eof] .
tLg ?lkofF dfUb} /S;L wf]Sg] eof] . h] klg eof] . t/ p;n] k|]ldn hLjg
lhpg kfPg . k|]dsf] cg'e"l tug{ kfPg, h'jf8] eof] . sljtfsf] AofVof u¥of] .
;:tf k'/:sf/sf] lvNnL p8fof] . / pm o; ;+;f/af6 c:tfof] . pm Pstfleqsf]
cg]stf lyof], t/ pm PSn} eof] . …cnfOg]6]6Ú eof] . p;sf] d[To'df s;}sf]
b'v];f] klg /x]g .

Tof] slj jf:tjd} hLjg cfrfo{ lyP t < s] of] c6f]afof]u|ofkmL xf] hLjgsf]
cfk\mg} <

…/ xfg'{sf] lau'n k'mSYof]Ú -k[= !@_

kfOtfnfM ;8sdfly syf l;Ud08 k|mfo8n] AofVof u/]sf]

dgf]lj1fg 5 . Gof/]6/ …s'df/LÚ x'G5], p;sf] s'g} 3/hd x'b}g .
Tof] ;fF:s[lts laifo lyof] . t/ To;n] Pp6L gf/Lsf] dgnfO{ s;/L 3fOt]
agfO/x]sf] x'G5 eGg] rfxL+ ;+w} gh/cGbfh ul/Psf] x'G5 . p;sf
efjfj]ux?, pd+ux?, of}+g rfxgfx?, k|]dnfkx?, ldqtf agfpg] /x/x? ;a}
la;yflkt ul/Psf] cj:yfn] tL gf/Lsf] dgnfO{ Hjfnfd"vL p7fOlbG5 .

…cflv/L k|]d / lajfxlagf d, Pp6L gf/L, Tof] eGbf klg 7"nf] wtL{ h:t}
ljzfn 5ftL / To;df c6fPsf] efjgfx?nfO{ Pp6L cfdf eP/ s;/L y'Gg;S5' <Ú
-k[=!%_

Tof] s'07f p;sf] 5rlNsG5 . hj p;sf] gh/sf] Pp6f dfG5] eL8 ;8sdf
b]vf k5{ . p;sf] Tof] k'?if;+usf] sfNklgs ;dLKotfn] tL s'df/Lsf] gfl/Tj
h'?Ss p75 . t/ lwSsf/ 5 pgsf] Tof] al~rt hLjgnfO{ . cfk\mgf k|fs[lts k|
bQ clwfsf/ vf]l;Psf]df pgL cfqmf]z o;/L kf]lV5g\ M

…dleq gf/L, dg, of}jg / efjgf lsg 5 < dleq r6\6fg lsg 5}g < s] d gf/L
x'F < s] d gf/L xf]Og < of d l;k{m kfOtfnfsf] nflu ;8s x'F <Ú -k[= !&_

9'Ëf] / 9'Ësf] kxf8 syf dWod auL{o kl/jf/, To;df klg

laBfnosf] lzIfs h;sf] a]tg yf]/} x'G5 ltgsf] ;+3if{sf] suf xf] . ltgn] hfuL/
vfPtf klg tL cefj;+u h'Wg afWo 5g\ . ul/jL;+h n8g afWo 5g\ . /f]u /
ef]s;+u n8g afWo 5g\ . ltgsf hLjgsf tSdfx? Efg]sf wfdL x'g\,
emfFqmL x'g\, hl8a'6L x'g\ . c:ktfnn] t ltgsf] 3/af/ g} p7fOlbG5 .
ToxL kl/j]zdf x'ls{PsL 5f]/L, hf] of] syf ;'lg/]xsL 5, of] ;dfhsf uxgf
aGg afWo 5 . df:6/sL :jf:gLsf] Gof/]l6e of] syf lgs} dfld{s 5 .

…===lxhf];Dd df:6/ afa'sL 5f]/L eg]/ xftdf ld7fO /flvlb+b} tft] u/fP/
lx+8g]x? klg tFnfO{ b]Vgf;fy kmls{Gy] . 6'x'/L x'g' / t]/L
cfdf ;dfhsL /f]uL x'g', /fF8L x'g' / To:tL cfOdfOsf] 3/df tF x'g'—log}
s'/fx? sf/0f lyP xf]nfg .Ú -k[= @)_

====lvof nfUb} hfb}5 lzif{s syfn] cl:uTjsf] vf]hL u5{ . Tof]

cl:yTj / oyfy{ s'/f, Hofs nsfgn] eg]h:tf], kbf{ k5f8L 5 . Gof/]6/sf]
kmnk'n k;n]sL 5f]/L s'Gtf;+usf] Pstlkm{ k|]d sfNkgLls aGg k'U5 .
s'GtfnfO{ c:ktfn nu]/ pkrf/ ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u ug{ EofPsf] Gof/]6/, cyf{t d
kfq, s'Gtfsf] ;fy kfpgaf6 al~rt x'G5 . p;n] /Iff u/]sf] k|]d p;sf] lsg
x'g ;lsg <

of] Pp6f uDeL/ cfbz{ xf] . a]nfotL k'/f0fdf cfpg] …

lkUdflnogÚ h:tf] ;DaGw /xg uof] . To;n] s] eG5 eg] …lqmPzg 8hG6
lanË 6' b lqmP6/Ú . cyf{t l;h{gf ;h{sf] clwg:t x'Fg;Sb}g . h:tf] ls kfgL
vf]nfsf], kmn ?vsf], ;Gtfg afcfdfsf] / laBfyL{ lzIfssf] clwg:t
x'Fb}g . :jfldTjdf x'Fb}g . clwsf/sf] x'Fb}g . Tof] cs}{sf] x'G5 . oxL
eof] s]6fnfO{ oxfF s'Gtfaf6 k[ylsPsf] tLtf] syfdf . l;h{gf d]/f]
eGg ;h{sn] gkfpg] dxfg g}ltstfsf] cfbz{ of] syfn] ;+k|]if0f u/]sf] 5 .
s]6f] oxL lanf}gf u5{ —

…afa' Û tkfO{n] arfPsf] 5f]/L tkfOs} xf], lsg pgn] To;f] eg]/
eGg ;sg]g\ <Ú

tLg n3' Ao+Uox? Nf3' syf x'g\ . klxnf] 3/3/sf] k|Zg df cfhsf]
la1fg, vf;u/L vuf]n la1fg, nfO{ Aoª\Uo ul/Psf] 5 . rGb|dfdf dfgj a:tL
a;fNg] sfd wdfwg eP ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of xn x'GYof] / ;a{xf/f cyf{t
e"ldxLgx?n] tL a}1flgsnfO{ lgs} wGojfb lbg] lyP eg]/ sNkgf /
Ao+Uo ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt e'lddf 5 / ;d:of klg e"lddf 5 eGg]
b]vfOPsf] 5 o; syfdf .

bf]>f], 3/3/sf] syf n] /fhgLltsf] las[lt / las[t cEof;nfO{ lt/:sf/

ul/x]sf] 5 . sDo'lgi6sf] gfddf xf]; jf/ k~rfotsf gfddf xf];, tL ;a}
nf]eLkfkL x'g\, a]lyltnfO{ dnhn ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . l;4fGtsf] ;d"n gi6
ePsf] cfhsf] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] P}gf hLjg cfrfo{n] tLg bzs cl3g} k|If]k0f
u/]sf lyP . lxhf]sf] ;To cfh klg ;To ePsf] 5 .

t]>f] n3'syf 3/3/sf] cfZrfo{ df /fhgLltsf] kmf]xf]/L

8ª\u'/nfO{ la/fh u/fPsf 5g\ . tSdf, kbs / ;Ddfgx?sf] lvNnL p8fOPsf] 5
oxfF . k~rn] kfPsf] kns cyf{t tSdf s;/L / lsg kfP eGg] yfxf ;Dd 5}g
pgnfO{ . lbg] klg …Tolts}Ú lbPsf] 5, /fhg}lts uf]q x]/]/ afFl8g]
tSdfsf] wHhL p8fOPsf] 5 oxfF . tSdfjfn o;/L AofVof u5{g cfk'mn]
kfPsf] tSdfsf] —

…===of] 7"nf] tSdf rflx+ ;/sf/n] dnfO{ lbOxfNof] s] sf/0f k/f] yfxf
ePg, clg of] afFsL /x]sf c? ;fgf 7"nf tSdf rflx+ of] 7"nf] tSdf nufP/
lx+8]kl5 hxfF uPklg of] b]v]/ hgtfn] lbPsf x'g\Ú -k[=@*_

/ c+ltd syf d;fn n] dflg; ;s; ePkl5 h] klg ug{ kl5 kb}{g
eGg] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . …ul/jL kl5 dfG5] s] aGb}g <Ú eGg] Gof/]6/sf]
egfO{n] of] k'li6 u5{ ls ToxL cfly{s laifdtf, cGofo, cTofrf/, zf]if0f, e|
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>f]t;"lr

Anonymous, -2011_ Five Principles of story design.

Web: http://bethestory.com/2011/02/01/the-5- principles- of-story-design
Anonymous, (2011). Anton Chekhov's Symbolic Use of Setting in A Story Without a Title.
Web:https://www.123helpme.com/anton-chekhovs-symbolic-use-of-setting-in-a-story-
without- a-title-preview.asp?id=278069
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