Chapter 3: Fundamentals of

Database
Question 1:
What is the primary purpose of Entity-Relationship (E-R) modeling in database
design?
A. To represent the physical structure of the database tables.
B. To create a detailed view of the database schema.
C. To represent a conceptual view of the database.
D. To define the constraints in the data.
Answer: C
Explanation: E-R modeling is used to represent the conceptual view of the
database.

Question 2:
Which symbol is used to represent entities in an E-R diagram?
A. Rectangle
B. Oval
C. Diamond
D. Circle
Answer: A
Explanation: Entities are represented by rectangles in E-R diagrams.

Question 3:
What are the main components of ER Modeling?
A. Entities, Attributes, Relationships, and Constraints
B. Tables, Rows, Columns, and Indexes
C. Fields, Records, Files, and Queries
D. Keys, Foreign Keys, Primary Keys, and Candidate Keys
Answer: A

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 1

 Explanation: The main components of ER Modeling are Entities, Attributes,
Relationships, and Constraints.

Question 4:
Which method is NOT used during the analysis phase to identify entities, attributes,
relationships, and constraints?
A. Interviewing end users individually and in a group
B. Direct observation
C. Examining different documents
D. Running SQL queries on the existing database
Answer: D
Explanation: Running SQL queries on the existing database is not a method used
during the analysis phase.

Question 5:
In ER diagramming, how is a derived attribute indicated?
A. By a solid line connecting the attribute to the entity.

B. By a dashed line connecting the attribute to the entity.

C. By underlining the attribute name.

D. By a dotted line connecting the attribute to the entity.

Answer: D

Explanation: A derived attribute is indicated by a dotted line connecting the attribute

to the entity.

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Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 2

 Question 6:
What is represented by diamond-shaped symbols in an E-R diagram?

A. Entities
B. Attributes

C. Relationships
D. Constraints

Answer: C
Explanation: Relationships are represented by diamond-shaped symbols in an E-R
diagram.

Question 7:
Before working on the conceptual design of the database, what basic questions need
to be answered?
A. Questions about the physical structure of tables.

B. Questions about the relationships between entities.

C. Questions about the entities, relationships, and constraints.

D. Questions about the primary keys of the tables.

Answer: C

Explanation: Before working on the conceptual design, basic questions about

entities, relationships, and constraints need to be answered.

Question 8:
What is the purpose of checking for redundant relationships in the ER diagram?
A. To simplify the diagram.

B. To ensure data integrity.

C. To identify missing entities.

D. To optimize database performance.

Answer: B
Explanation: Checking for redundant relationships helps ensure data integrity.

Question 9:
How is a one-to-many relationship represented in an E-R diagram?

A. By connecting entities with a solid line.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 3

 B. By connecting entities with a dashed line.

C. By connecting entities with a double line.

D. By connecting entities with a line and a circle.

Answer: C

Explanation: A one-to-many relationship is represented by connecting entities with a

double line.

Question 10:
What is the purpose of iterating in the process of designing a conceptual model for
the database?

A. To make the design more complex.

B. To refine the design repeatedly.

C. To avoid the use of relationships.

D. To minimize the number of entities.

Answer: B

Explanation: Iterating helps refine the design repeatedly during the process of
designing a conceptual model.

Question 11:
Which graphical representation is used for attributes in an ER diagram?

A. Rectangle

B. Oval

C. Diamond

D. Circle
Answer: B

Explanation: Attributes are represented by ovals in an ER diagram.

Question 12:
What is indicated by a dotted line connecting an attribute to an entity in an ER
diagram?
A. A primary key attribute.

B. A derived attribute.

C. A mandatory attribute.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 4

 D. A multivalued attribute.

Answer: B

Explanation: A dotted line connecting an attribute to an entity indicates a derived

attribute.

Question 13:
In the context of ER modeling, what is a weak entity?

A. An entity with a strong relationship.

B. An entity that can exist without another entity.

C. An entity that is mandatory in relationships.

D. An entity with a high cardinality.

Answer: B

Explanation: A weak entity is an entity that cannot exist without another entity.

Question 14:
What does the term "cardinality" refer to in the context of relationships in an ER
diagram?

A. The uniqueness of attributes.

B. The number of attributes in an entity.

C. The number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of a related

entity.

D. The type of constraints on relationships.

Answer: C

Explanation: Cardinality refers to the number of entity occurrences associated with

one occurrence of a related entity in a relationship.

Question 15:
What does the term "existence dependency" imply in the context of entities?

A. The dependence of an entity on the existence of one or more entities.

B. The dependence of an entity on the existence of attributes.

C. The independence of an entity from other entities.

D. The independence of an entity from attributes.

Answer: A

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 5

 Explanation: Existence dependency refers to the dependence of an entity on the
existence of one or more entities.

Question 16:
What does a double rectangle in an ER diagram represent?

A. A mandatory attribute.
B. A strong relationship.

C. A weak entity.

D. A multivalued attribute.

Answer: C
Explanation: A double rectangle in an ER diagram represents a weak entity.

Question 17:
In a one-to-one relationship, how is the association between entities described?

A. One entity is associated with many entities.

B. Each entity is associated with at most one other entity.

C. Many entities are associated with many entities.

D. Each entity is associated with at least one other entity.

Answer: B

Explanation: In a one-to-one relationship, each entity is associated with at most one

other entity.

Question 18:
In a one-to-many relationship, what is the relationship between the participating
entities?

A. One entity participates in many relationships.

B. Many entities participate in one relationship.

C. One entity participates in one relationship.

D. Many entities participate in many relationships.

Answer: B
Explanation: In a one-to-many relationship, one entity participates in many
relationships.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 6

 Question 19:
What does "total participation" in a relationship mean?
A. Every entity in the relationship participates in at least one relationship.

B. Only a subset of entities participates in the relationship.

C. Participation in the relationship is optional for all entities.
D. No entities are allowed to participate in the relationship.

Answer: A
Explanation: Total participation means every entity in the relationship participates in
at least one relationship.

Question 20:
In ER modeling, what is a "connection trap"?
A. A problem arising from misinterpreting relationships.
B. An optimization technique in database design.

C. A situation where two entities are not connected.

D. A constraint on a relationship.
Answer: A

Explanation: A connection trap is a problem arising from misinterpreting certain

relationships in ER modeling.
Question 21:
What is the purpose of restructuring an ER model to avoid a "fan trap"?
A. To increase the complexity of the model.

B. To add more relationships between entities.

C. To eliminate ambiguous pathways between certain entity occurrences.
D. To introduce more one-to-many relationships.

Answer: C
Explanation: Restructuring an ER model helps eliminate ambiguous pathways
between certain entity occurrences, known as a "fan trap."

Question 22:
Which graphical representation is used to indicate a derived attribute in an ER
diagram?

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 7

 A. Solid Line
B. Dotted Line
C. Dashed Line

D. Double Line
Answer: B

Explanation: A derived attribute is indicated by a dotted line connecting the attribute

to the entity in an ER diagram.

Question 23:
In an ER diagram, how is a one-to-many relationship with total participation
represented?

A. A solid line connecting entities.

B. A dashed line connecting entities.
C. A double line connecting entities.

D. A line and a circle connecting entities.

Answer: C
Explanation: A one-to-many relationship with total participation is represented by a
double line connecting entities.

Question 24:
What is the last phase in ER modeling?
A. Creating entities.

B. Validating the ER model against user requirements.

C. Defining primary keys.
D. Checking for redundant attributes.

Answer: B
Explanation: The last phase in ER modeling is validating the ER model against user
requirements.

Question 25:
How is a one-to-many relationship with partial participation represented in an ER
diagram?
A. A solid line connecting entities.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 8

 B. A dashed line connecting entities.
C. A single line connecting entities.
D. A line and a circle connecting entities.

Answer: C
Explanation: A one-to-many relationship with partial participation is represented by a
single line connecting entities.

Question 26:
What does a solid line connecting entities in an ER diagram represent?
A. A mandatory relationship.
B. A weak entity.

C. A derived attribute.
D. A multivalued attribute.
Answer: A

Explanation: A solid line connecting entities in an ER diagram represents a

mandatory relationship.

Question 27:
Which type of connection trap occurs when two or more one-to-many relationships
fan out from an entity?

A. Chasm Trap
B. Ambiguity Trap

C. Fan Trap
D. Redundancy Trap
Answer: C

Explanation: A fan trap occurs when two or more one-to-many relationships fan out
from an entity.

Question 28:
In ER modeling, what is the term for a situation where an entity occurrence may have
more than one subclass occurrence?

A. Overlapping Subclass
B. Overlapping Entity

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 9

 C. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
D. Mutually Exclusive Entity

Answer: A
Explanation: Overlapping subclass refers to a situation where an entity occurrence
may have more than one subclass occurrence.

Question 29:
In EER (Enhanced E-R) models, what is the purpose of generalization?

A. To create more specific entities.

B. To define the constraints in the data.
C. To represent categories of the same real-world object.

D. To add more attributes to entities.

Answer: C
Explanation: Generalization in EER models is used to represent categories of the
same real-world object.

Question 30:
What is the purpose of the attribute inheritance concept in EER models?
A. To create new attributes for each subclass.

B. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.

C. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.
D. To allow an entity in a subclass to inherit attributes from its superclass.

Answer: D
Explanation: Attribute inheritance in EER models allows an entity in a subclass to
inherit attributes from its superclass.

Question 31:
What does "subtype" refer to in the context of EER models?

A. A general category of entities.

B. A specific instance of an entity.

C. A specialized form of a superclass.

D. A unique attribute in a subclass.
Answer: C

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 10

 Explanation: Subtype in EER models refers to a specialized form of a superclass.

Question 32:
Which term is used to describe the process of forming a lower level entity set from a
higher level entity set in EER models?
A. Generalization

B. Specialization
C. Subclassing

D. Inheritance
Answer: B
Explanation: Specialization in EER models is the process of forming a lower level
entity set from a higher level entity set.

Question 33:
In EER models, what does "total specialization" imply?
A. All entities in the superclass must be a member of one of the subclasses.
B. Only a subset of entities in the superclass must be a member of a subclass.

C. No entities in the superclass can be a member of any subclass.

D. Entities in the superclass can be a member of multiple subclasses.

Answer: A
Explanation: Total specialization implies that all entities in the superclass must be a
member of one of the subclasses.

Question 34:
Which rule specifies that an entity occurrence should at least be a member of one of
the subclasses?
A. Overlap Rule
B. Disjoint Rule

C. Total Participation Rule

D. Partial Participation Rule
Answer: C

Explanation: The Total Participation Rule specifies that an entity occurrence should
at least be a member of one of the subclasses.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 11

 Question 35:
What is the purpose of the disjointness constraint in EER models?

A. To allow one entity occurrence to be a member of more than one subclass.

B. To restrict one entity occurrence to be a member of only one subclass.
C. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.

D. To define the constraints in the data.

Answer: B
Explanation: The disjointness constraint in EER models restricts one entity
occurrence to be a member of only one subclass.
Question 36:
What is the purpose of the overlap rule in EER models?

A. To allow one entity occurrence to be a member of more than one subclass.

B. To restrict one entity occurrence to be a member of only one subclass.
C. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.

D. To define the constraints in the data.

Answer: A

Explanation: The overlap rule in EER models allows one entity occurrence to be a
member of more than one subclass.

Question 37:
In EER models, what does a circle inside the circle in the Generalization Hierarchy
portion of the E-R diagram represent?

A. Disjoint subclasses.
B. Overlapping subclasses.

C. Partial participation.
D. Total participation.
Answer: B
Explanation: A circle inside the circle represents overlapping subclasses in the
Generalization Hierarchy portion of the E-R diagram.

Question 38:
What does the term "chasm trap" refer to in ER modeling?

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 12

 A. A problem arising from misinterpreting relationships.

B. An optimization technique in database design.

C. A situation where two entities are not connected.
D. A constraint on a relationship.
Answer: A
Explanation: A chasm trap in ER modeling refers to a problem arising from
misinterpreting relationships.

Question 39:
In EER models, what is the purpose of attribute inheritance?
A. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
B. To allow an entity in a subclass to inherit attributes from its superclass.

C. To create new attributes for each subclass.

D. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.
Answer: B
Explanation: Attribute inheritance in EER models allows an entity in a subclass to
inherit attributes from its superclass.

Question 40:
What is the term for a situation where an entity occurrence may belong to more than
one subclass?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass

C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: B
Explanation: Overlapping subclass refers to a situation where an entity occurrence
may belong to more than one subclass.

Question 41:
What is the purpose of a generalization hierarchy in EER models?
A. To create more specific entities.
B. To define the constraints in the data.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 13

 C. To represent categories of the same real-world object.

D. To add more attributes to entities.

Answer: A
Explanation: A generalization hierarchy in EER models is used to create more
specific entities.

Question 42:
Which term is used to describe the process of defining a more general entity type
from a set of more specialized entity types in EER models?
A. Generalization
B. Specialization
C. Subclassing

D. Inheritance
Answer: A
Explanation: Generalization in EER models is the process of defining a more
general entity type from a set of more specialized entity types.

Question 43:
In EER models, what does a double line from the Supertype to the circle indicate?
A. Total participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
B. Partial participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
C. Disjointness constraint.
D. Overlapping constraint.

Answer: A
Explanation: A double line from the Supertype to the circle indicates total
participation of superclass instances on subclasses.

Question 44:
What is the purpose of the partial specialization rule in EER models?

A. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.

B. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.
C. To allow one entity occurrence to be a member of more than one subclass.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 14

 D. To specify that not all entity occurrences in the superclass must be a member of a
subclass.
Answer: D
Explanation: The partial specialization rule in EER models specifies that not all
entity occurrences in the superclass must be a member of a subclass.

Question 45:
Which term is used to describe the process of forming a lower level entity set from a
higher level entity set in EER models?
A. Generalization
B. Specialization
C. Subclassing

D. Inheritance
Answer: B
Explanation: Specialization in EER models is the process of forming a lower level
entity set from a higher level entity set.

Question 46:
What does the term "attribute inheritance" imply in EER models?
A. An entity in a subclass inherits all the attributes of the entity as a member of the
superclass.
B. An entity in a subclass inherits only the unique attributes of the subclass.
C. An entity in a subclass inherits all the attributes of the entity as a member of the
subclass.

D. An entity in a subclass inherits attributes based on a random selection.

Answer: A
Explanation: Attribute inheritance in EER models implies that an entity in a subclass
inherits all the attributes of the entity as a member of the superclass.

Question 47:
In EER models, what does a single line from the Supertype to the circle indicate?
A. Total participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
B. Partial participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
C. Disjointness constraint.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 15

 D. Overlapping constraint.

Answer: B
Explanation: A single line from the Supertype to the circle indicates partial
participation of superclass instances on subclasses.

Question 48:
Which rule specifies that it is not necessary for all entity occurrences in the
superclass to be a member of one of the subclasses?
A. Overlap Rule
B. Disjoint Rule
C. Total Participation Rule
D. Partial Participation Rule

Answer: A
Explanation: The overlap rule specifies that it is not necessary for all entity
occurrences in the superclass to be a member of one of the subclasses.

Question 49:
What does the term "mutually exclusive subclass" mean in EER models?

A. An entity instance can be in only one of the subclasses.

B. An entity instance can be in more than one subclass.
C. An entity instance must be in all subclasses.
D. An entity instance must be in none of the subclasses.
Answer: A

Explanation: Mutually exclusive subclass means that an entity instance can be in

only one of the subclasses.

Question 50:
In EER models, what is the purpose of the disjoint rule?
A. To allow one entity occurrence to be a member of more than one subclass.

B. To restrict one entity occurrence to be a member of only one subclass.

C. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
D. To define the constraints in the data.
Answer: B

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 16

 Explanation: The disjoint rule in EER models restricts one entity occurrence to be a
member of only one subclass.
Question 51:
In EER models, what is the purpose of specialization?
A. To create more specific entities.
B. To define the constraints in the data.

C. To represent categories of the same real-world object.

D. To add more attributes to entities.
Answer: A
Explanation: Specialization in EER models is used to create more specific entities.

Question 52:
Which term is used to describe a situation where an entity in a subclass inherits only
the unique attributes of the subclass?
A. Generalization
B. Attribute Inheritance
C. Partial Specialization

D. Total Specialization
Answer: C
Explanation: Partial specialization in EER models refers to a situation where an
entity in a subclass inherits only the unique attributes of the subclass.

Question 53:
In EER models, what is the purpose of the attribute inheritance concept?
A. To create new attributes for each subclass.
B. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
C. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.
D. To allow an entity in a subclass to inherit attributes from its superclass.

Answer: D
Explanation: Attribute inheritance in EER models allows an entity in a subclass to
inherit attributes from its superclass.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 17

 Question 54:
What does the term "superclass" refer to in EER models?
A. An entity type whose tuples have attributes that distinguish its members.
B. An entity type whose tuples share common attributes.
C. An entity that is a member of a subclass.
D. An entity that inherits attributes from a subclass.

Answer: B
Explanation: A superclass in EER models is an entity type whose tuples share
common attributes.

Question 55:
In EER models, what is the purpose of the generalization concept?

A. To create more specific entities.

B. To define the constraints in the data.
C. To represent categories of the same real-world object.
D. To add more attributes to entities.
Answer: C

Explanation: Generalization in EER models is used to represent categories of the

same real-world object.

Question 56:
What is the term for a situation where an entity occurrence may be in two or more
subclasses?

A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass

B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: B

Explanation: Overlapping subclass refers to a situation where an entity occurrence

may be in two or more subclasses.

Question 57:
What is the purpose of the disjointness constraint in EER models?

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 18

 A. To allow one entity occurrence to be a member of more than one subclass.
B. To restrict one entity occurrence to be a member of only one subclass.
C. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
D. To define the constraints in the data.
Answer: B
Explanation: The disjointness constraint in EER models restricts one entity
occurrence to be a member of only one subclass.

Question 58:
In EER models, what does a circle inside the circle in the Generalization Hierarchy
portion of the E-R diagram represent?
A. Disjoint subclasses.

B. Overlapping subclasses.
C. Partial participation.
D. Total participation.
Answer: B
Explanation: A circle inside the circle represents overlapping subclasses in the
Generalization Hierarchy portion of the E-R diagram.

Question 59:
What does a single line from the Supertype to the circle indicate in EER models?
A. Total participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
B. Partial participation of superclass instances on subclasses.

C. Disjointness constraint.
D. Overlapping constraint.
Answer: B
Explanation: A single line from the Supertype to the circle indicates partial
participation of superclass instances on subclasses.

Question 60:
In EER models, what is the term for a situation where an entity instance can be in
only one of the subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 19

 B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: A
Explanation: Mutually exclusive subclass means that an entity instance can be in
only one of the subclasses.

Question 61:
What is the purpose of the completeness constraint in EER models?
A. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
B. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.

C. To specify that not all entity occurrences in the superclass must be a member of a
subclass.
D. To address whether or not an occurrence of a superclass must also have a
corresponding subclass occurrence.
Answer: D
Explanation: The completeness constraint in EER models addresses whether or not
an occurrence of a superclass must also have a corresponding subclass occurrence.

Question 62:
Which rule specifies that it is not necessary for all entity occurrences in the
superclass to be a member of one of the subclasses?
A. Overlap Rule

B. Disjoint Rule
C. Total Participation Rule
D. Partial Participation Rule
Answer: A
Explanation: The overlap rule specifies that it is not necessary for all entity
occurrences in the superclass to be a member of one of the subclasses.

Question 63:
In EER models, what is the term for a situation where an entity instance can be in
more than one subclass?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 20

 B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: B
Explanation: Overlapping subclass refers to a situation where an entity instance can
be in more than one subclass.

Question 64:
What is the purpose of the total participation rule in EER models?
A. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
B. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.

C. To specify that not all entity occurrences in the superclass must be a member of a
subclass.
D. To require that every instance of the subtype be represented in the supertype.
Answer: D
Explanation: The total participation rule in EER models requires that every instance
of the subtype be represented in the supertype.

Question 65:
Which term is used to describe the process of forming a lower level entity set from a
higher level entity set in EER models?
A. Generalization
B. Specialization

C. Subclassing
D. Inheritance
Answer: B
Explanation: Specialization in EER models is the process of forming a lower level
entity set from a higher level entity set.

Question 66:
In EER models, what is the term for an entity type whose tuples have attributes that
distinguish its members?
A. Superclass

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 21

 B. Subclass
C. Attribute
D. Generalization
Answer: B
Explanation: An entity type whose tuples have attributes that distinguish its
members is referred to as a subclass in EER models.

Question 67:
What is the term for a situation where an entity instance must be in none of the
subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass

B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: D
Explanation: Mutually exclusive subclass means that an entity instance must be in
none of the subclasses.

Question 68:
In EER models, what is the purpose of the overlap rule?
A. To allow one entity occurrence to be a member of more than one subclass.
B. To restrict one entity occurrence to be a member of only one subclass.

C. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.

D. To define the constraints in the data.
Answer: A
Explanation: The overlap rule in EER models allows one entity occurrence to be a
member of more than one subclass.

Question 69:
What is the term for a situation where an entity instance may be in two or more
subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 22

 C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: B
Explanation: Overlapping subclass refers to a situation where an entity instance
may be in two or more subclasses.

Question 70:
In EER models, what is the term for a situation where an entity instance must be in
all of the subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass

C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: C
Explanation: Total specialization means that an entity instance must be in all of the
subclasses.
Question 71:
What does a circle inside the circle in the Generalization Hierarchy portion of the E-R
diagram represent?
A. Disjoint subclasses.
B. Overlapping subclasses.
C. Partial participation.
D. Total participation.

Answer: B
Explanation: A circle inside the circle represents overlapping subclasses in the
Generalization Hierarchy portion of the E-R diagram.

Question 72:
What does a single line from the Supertype to the circle indicate in EER models?
A. Total participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
B. Partial participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
C. Disjointness constraint.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 23

 D. Overlapping constraint.
Answer: B
Explanation: A single line from the Supertype to the circle indicates partial
participation of superclass instances on subclasses.

Question 73:
In EER models, what is the term for a situation where an entity instance can be in
only one of the subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization

D. Partial Specialization
Answer: A
Explanation: Mutually exclusive subclass means that an entity instance can be in
only one of the subclasses.

Question 74:
What is the purpose of the completeness constraint in EER models?
A. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
B. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.

C. To specify that not all entity occurrences in the superclass must be a member of a
subclass.
D. To address whether or not an occurrence of a superclass must also have a
corresponding subclass occurrence.
Answer: D
Explanation: The completeness constraint in EER models addresses whether or not
an occurrence of a superclass must also have a corresponding subclass occurrence.

Question 75:
Which rule specifies that it is not necessary for all entity occurrences in the
superclass to be a member of one of the subclasses?

A. Overlap Rule
B. Disjoint Rule
C. Total Participation Rule

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 24

 D. Partial Participation Rule
Answer: A

Explanation: The overlap rule specifies that it is not necessary for all entity
occurrences in the superclass to be a member of one of the subclasses.

Question 76:
In EER models, what is the term for a situation where an entity instance can be in
more than one subclass?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: B
Explanation: Overlapping subclass refers to a situation where an entity instance can
be in more than one subclass.

Question 77:
What is the purpose of the total participation rule in EER models?
A. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
B. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.

C. To specify that not all entity occurrences in the superclass must be a member of a
subclass.
D. To require that every instance of the subtype be represented in the supertype.
Answer: D
Explanation: The total participation rule in EER models requires that every instance
of the subtype be represented in the supertype.

Question 78:
Which term is used to describe the process of forming a lower level entity set from a
higher level entity set in EER models?
A. Generalization
B. Specialization
C. Subclassing

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 25

 D. Inheritance
Answer: B

Explanation: Specialization in EER models is the process of forming a lower level

entity set from a higher level entity set.

Question 79:
In EER models, what is the term for an entity type whose tuples have attributes that
distinguish its members?
A. Superclass
B. Subclass
C. Attribute
D. Generalization
Answer: B
Explanation: An entity type whose tuples have attributes that distinguish its
members is referred to as a subclass in EER models.

Question 80:
What is the term for a situation where an entity instance must be in none of the
subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: D
Explanation: Mutually exclusive subclass means that an entity instance must be in
none of the subclasses.

Question 81:
In EER models, what is the purpose of the overlap rule?
A. To allow one entity occurrence to be a member of more than one subclass.
B. To restrict one entity occurrence to be a member of only one subclass.

C. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.

D. To define the constraints in the data.

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 Answer: A
Explanation: The overlap rule in EER models allows one entity occurrence to be a
member of more than one subclass.

Question 82:
What is the term for a situation where an entity instance may be in two or more
subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: B
Explanation: Overlapping subclass refers to a situation where an entity instance
may be in two or more subclasses.

Question 83:
What is the term for a situation where an entity instance must be in all of the
subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: C
Explanation: Total specialization means that an entity instance must be in all of the
subclasses.

Question 84:
What does a double line from the Supertype to the circle indicate in EER models?
A. Total participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
B. Partial participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
C. Disjointness constraint.

D. Overlapping constraint.
Answer: A

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 27

 Explanation: A double line from the Supertype to the circle indicates total
participation of superclass instances on subclasses.

Question 85:
In EER models, what is the term for a situation where an entity instance must be in
only one of the subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: A
Explanation: Mutually exclusive subclass means that an entity instance must be in
only one of the subclasses.

Question 86:
What does the term "superclass" refer to in EER models?
A. An entity type whose tuples have attributes that distinguish its members.
B. An entity type whose tuples share common attributes.
C. An entity that is a member of a subclass.

D. An entity that inherits attributes from a subclass.

Answer: B
Explanation: A superclass in EER models is an entity type whose tuples share
common attributes.

Question 87:
Which term is used to describe a situation where an entity in a subclass inherits only
the unique attributes of the subclass?
A. Generalization
B. Attribute Inheritance
C. Partial Specialization
D. Total Specialization

Answer: C

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 Explanation: Partial specialization in EER models refers to a situation where an
entity in a subclass inherits only the unique attributes of the subclass.

Question 88:
In EER models, what is the purpose of the attribute inheritance concept?
A. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
B. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.
C. To allow an entity to inherit all the attributes of the superclass.

D. To specify that not all entity occurrences in the superclass must be a member of a
subclass.
Answer: C
Explanation: The attribute inheritance concept in EER models allows an entity to
inherit all the attributes of the superclass.

Question 89:
What does a circle inside the circle in the Generalization Hierarchy portion of the E-R
diagram represent?
A. Disjoint subclasses.
B. Overlapping subclasses.
C. Partial participation.
D. Total participation.
Answer: B
Explanation: A circle inside the circle represents overlapping subclasses in the
Generalization Hierarchy portion of the E-R diagram.

Question 90:
What is the term for a situation where an entity instance must be in none of the
subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: D

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 29

 Explanation: Mutually exclusive subclass means that an entity instance must be in
none of the subclasses.
Question 91:
What does a single line from the Supertype to the circle indicate in EER models?
A. Total participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
B. Partial participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
C. Disjointness constraint.
D. Overlapping constraint.
Answer: B
Explanation: A single line from the Supertype to the circle indicates partial
participation of superclass instances on subclasses.

Question 92:
In EER models, what is the term for a situation where an entity instance can be in
only one of the subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: A
Explanation: Mutually exclusive subclass means that an entity instance can be in
only one of the subclasses.

Question 93:
What is the purpose of the completeness constraint in EER models?
A. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
B. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.
C. To specify that not all entity occurrences in the superclass must be a member of a
subclass.
D. To address whether or not an occurrence of a superclass must also have a
corresponding subclass occurrence.

Answer: D

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 30

 Explanation: The completeness constraint in EER models addresses whether or not
an occurrence of a superclass must also have a corresponding subclass occurrence.

Question 94:
Which rule specifies that it is not necessary for all entity occurrences in the
superclass to be a member of one of the subclasses?
A. Overlap Rule
B. Disjoint Rule
C. Total Participation Rule
D. Partial Participation Rule
Answer: A
Explanation: The overlap rule specifies that it is not necessary for all entity
occurrences in the superclass to be a member of one of the subclasses.

Question 95:
In EER models, what is the term for a situation where an entity instance can be in
more than one subclass?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: B
Explanation: Overlapping subclass refers to a situation where an entity instance can
be in more than one subclass.

Question 96:
What is the purpose of the total participation rule in EER models?
A. To eliminate attributes shared by subclasses.
B. To ensure that each subclass has a unique identifier.
C. To specify that not all entity occurrences in the superclass must be a member of a
subclass.
D. To require that every instance of the subtype be represented in the supertype.
Answer: D

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 Explanation: The total participation rule in EER models requires that every instance
of the subtype be represented in the supertype.

Question 97:
Which term is used to describe the process of forming a lower level entity set from a
higher level entity set in EER models?
A. Generalization
B. Specialization
C. Subclassing
D. Inheritance
Answer: B
Explanation: Specialization in EER models is the process of forming a lower level
entity set from a higher level entity set.

Question 98:
In EER models, what is the term for an entity type whose tuples have attributes that
distinguish its members?
A. Superclass
B. Subclass
C. Attribute
D. Generalization
Answer: B
Explanation: An entity type whose tuples have attributes that distinguish its
members is referred to as a subclass in EER models.

Question 99:
What does a double line from the Supertype to the circle indicate in EER models?
A. Total participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
B. Partial participation of superclass instances on subclasses.
C. Disjointness constraint.

D. Overlapping constraint.
Answer: A

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 32

 Explanation: A double line from the Supertype to the circle indicates total
participation of superclass instances on subclasses.

Question 100:
In EER models, what is the term for a situation where an entity instance must be in
only one of the subclasses?
A. Mutually Exclusive Subclass
B. Overlapping Subclass
C. Total Specialization
D. Partial Specialization
Answer: A
Explanation: Mutually exclusive subclass means that an entity instance must be in
only one of the subclasses.

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Database 33