Module 1: Introduction to Correction Institutional Correction

iNTRODUCTION TO
CORRECTION
Introduction:
The content of this module is the introduction of correction
globally down to locally.. As you read this material, you will be
able to know the History and existence of the correctional
system in different civilization in different time. Likewise, you will
know more about the significance of punishment and the
different ancient’s forms of punishment, and also the Theory
justifying imposition of penalty. Major principles will also be part
of this module so that your ideas on Effects of Punishment and
exemptions will be widen. After the content discussion, you are
given exercises to work on. Towards the end of this module,
you are tasked to give your own reflections. All these activities
will deepen and strengthen your understanding about the
lesson presented. Do the task honestly coupled with high
interest so that you can benefit the most of it.
Correction as component of Criminal Justice System
For Criminal Justice System purposes, the term
correction, corrections and correctional, are words describing
a variety of functions typically carried out by government
agencies, and involving the punishment, treatment, and
supervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes,
these functions commonly given through institutional and non-
institutional approaches. A correctional system, also known as
a penal system, thus refers to a network of agencies that
functions related to rehabilitating convicted persons through
either institution-based or community-based corrections.
Correction is also the name of a field of academic
study concern with the theories, policies, and programs
pertaining to the practice of corrections. Its object of study
includes personnel training and management as well as the
experiences of those on the other side of the fence- the
unwilling subjects of the correctional process.

The terminology change in US academia from

"penology" to "corrections" occurred in the 1950s and 1960s,
and it was driven by a new philosophy emphasizing
Learning outcome: rehabilitation. It was accompanied by concrete changes in
Can discuss the history some prisons, like giving more privileges to inmates, and
of correctional attempting to instill a more communal atmosphere. At least
nominally, most prisons became correctional institutions, and
administration and guards became correctional officers. Although the
punishment and its corrections-related terminology continued thereafter in US
purpose. correctional practice, the philosophical view on offenders'
treatment took an opposite turn in the 1980s, when the get
• tough" program was labeled by academics as" The New
Penology"
1. Identify and explain the
contemporary forms of Correction is a branch of administration of criminal
punishment and the Theories justice responsible for correction and rehabilitation of those
Justifying Imposition of
Penalty (Punishment)
• Can discuss the judicial
condition of penalty and
other consequences of
punishment
 Module 1: Introduction to Correction
persons, who are after observance of due process, was found
violated penal law by competent judicial authority.
The historical Old Bilibid Prison in the heart of Manila
(Front Gate Bureau of Prisons, on c1900s/10s Vintage Postcard)
The present site is now being utilized by the Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology
as Manila City Jail
As a component of the criminal justice system,
correction occupies a crucial role of rehabilitating convicted
persons through the development of individualized treatment
programs which are responsive to the needs of their clients
and within the prescribed standards of existing laws and the
United Nations.
The Ultimate goal of Correction is to reform and
rehabilitate convicted individuals and restore them in their prior
status before the commission of the crime, as law abiding
citizen
Institutional Correction
What is correction?
• a branch of the criminal justice system concerned with
the custody, suspension and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders.
• Is that branch of the administration of criminal justice
charged with the responsibility for the custody,
supervision and rehabilitation of those who judicially
found violated criminal law.
• Is in a view of reorientation or re-instruction of the
individual with a purpose of preventing a repetition of
the unlawful activities without necessity of taking
punitive action.
Two Approaches of Correction
1. Institutional Correction (Institution-based Correction)
rehabilitation or correctional programs take place
inside correctional facilities or institutions such as
national penitentiaries and jails.
Non- Institutional Correction (Community-based Correction)
rehabilitation or correctional programs take place within the
community. This is otherwise refers to as community-based
correction. This approach the convict will not be placed or be
released from correctional facility or jails
2.1. Probation- is a disposition, under which an accused
after conviction and sentence, is released subject to
the conditions imposed by the Court and to the
supervision of a probation officer.
2.2. Parole- A conditional release from prison of a
convicted person upon service of the minimum of his
indeterminate penalty.
2.3. Pardon- a form of executive clemency which is
exercise exclusively by the Chief Executive. Pardon
may be given conditionally (conditional pardon) or
unconditionally (absolute pardon). For the purpose of
Non-Institutional Correction, it is the Conditional Pardon
with parole conditions is under consideration.
 Module 1: Introduction to Correction
AGENCIES OF THE GOVERNMENT CHARGED WITH
CORRECTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
1. Bureau of Correction (BuCor)
2. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
3. Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP)
4. Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)
5. Provincial and Sub-Provincial Jails
Imprisonment
Imprisonment is the commitment to an institution,
commitment to prison, confinement, custody, detainment in
custody, held in captivity, held in restraint, in captivity, in
custody, in jail, incarceration, internment, keep behind bars,
kept as captive kept in captivity, kept in custody kept in
detention, kept under arrest, locked up, put behind bars, put in
cell, put under restraint, sent to jail, sent to prison.
To put it simply, imprisonment is defined as the act of
confinement of a person in prison; restraint of one’s personal
liberty; forcible detention of man’s person or his movements.
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATION OF THE GOVERNMENT TO PUNISH
CRIMINALS:
Legal Rights against Unlawful Imprisonment or Detention
One of the most protected rights of an individual is his
right to liberty this is expressly provided for under 1987
Constitution, which states, “No person may be deprived of
lives, LIBERTY and property without due process of law”.
Considering that the Constitution is not a self-executing law,
the Revised Penal Code provide punishments not only to
public officers violating this constitutional right of an individual,
but also private persons as well.
Institutional Correction
Difference between Arbitrary Detention and Illegal Detention
ARBITRARY DETENTION ILLEGAL DETENTION
Article 124, RPC Art. 267-268,RPC
Unlawful detention of a Unlawful detention of a
person committed by public person committed by private
officers or officials person.
Notes:
ü Arbitrary Detention under Article 124 of the Revised
Penal Code should be further differentiated from delay
in delivery of detained person to proper judicial
authority under Article 125 of the same code.
ü In arbitrary detention, it is a sufficient that a public
officer or employee, without legal grounds, detains a
person. Hence, an important element is detention
without any legal ground.
ü In delay in delivery of detained person to proper
judicial authorities, the detention is with some legal
ground however, it becomes unlawful only when the
public officer or employee shall fail to deliver such
person to proper judicial authority within the period
prescribed by Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code.
ü The prescribed periods under the Article 125 are as
follows:
1. 12 hours for crimes or offenses punishable by light
penalties;
2. 18 hours for crimes or offenses punishable by
correctional penalties;
3. 36 hours for crimes or offenses punishable by
afflicted or capital penalties, or their equivalent.
• Unlawful Arrest under Art. 269, Elements:
1. That the offender arrest or detain another person;
2. That the purpose of the offender is to deliver him t the
proper authorities; and
3. That the arrest of detention is not authorized bylaw or
there is no reasonable ground thereof.
 Module 1: Introduction to Correction
Considered Legal Ground for Detention of any person
1. Commission of the crime.
2. Violent insanity or any other ailment requiring
compulsory confinement in a hospital
Note: Under the government exercise of police power, those
persons who are infected of contagious disease may likewise
be separated to the rest of the population.
Inmate
ü Is a person committed to jail/prison by a competent
court or authority for any of the following reasons:
1. To serve a sentence after conviction
2. Under trial
3. Under investigation
Notes:
ü The court is said to be competent when it has the
jurisdiction to try and decide a particular case
ü Requisites for valid exercise of Criminal Jurisdiction
1. There must be a jurisdiction over the subject matter
2. There must be a jurisdiction over the territory; and
3. There must be a jurisdiction over the person of the
accused
ü Aside from courts , there are other authorities that can
commit a person to jail like Boards and Commission
and even police authorities within limited periods.
GENERAL CATEGORY OF INMATES
1. Sentenced Prisoner (prisoner)- are persons who are
convicted by final judgement of the crime charged
against them.
2. Detention Prisoner (detainee)- are persons who are
detained for the violation of law or ordinance and has
not yet been convicted; and
3. Persons held for investigation or safekeeping
Institutional Correction
Notes:
ü Safekeeping- is the temporary custody of a persons or
detention of a person for his own protection or care, to
secure from liability to harm, injury or danger.
When Judgement of Conviction in Criminal Case become
Final?
Ø After the lapse of the period for perfections an
appeal which is fifteen (15) days;
Ø When the sentence has been partially or totally
satisfied or served;
Ø When the accused expressly waives in writing his
right to appeal;
Ø When the accused applies for probation
Classification of Sentenced Prisoners
1. Insular Prisoner- is a person who is sentenced to serve a
prison term of over three (3) years and it is also known
as National Prisoner.
2. Provincial Prisoner- one who is sentenced to a prison
term of six (6) months and one (1) day to three (3)
years.
3. City Prisoner- is a person who is sentenced to serve a
prison term of one (1) day to three (3) years.
4. Municipal Prisoner- is a person who is sentenced to
serve a prison term of one (1) day to six (6) months.
Note:
The Classification enumerated above is based on the duration
of imprisonment of the convicted person.
Inmates Security Classification
The inmate’s security classification utilized by the BJMP
is different from what is being used by the BuCor.
 Module 1: Introduction to Correction
BJMP CLASSIFICATION BUCOR CLASSIFICATION
1. High Risk Inmates 1. Maximum
2. High Profile Inmates 2. Medium
3. Ordinary Inmates 3. Minimum
Suggested Alternative for detention and Imprisonment
1. Wider use of bail and other approve methods of
released from custody
2. Elimination from the jai; and prison of those who should
be elsewhere like those mentally-ill and juveniles.
3. Payment of fines instead of imprisonment if penal law
permits
4. Extensive use of Community-based Correction
approaches like Probation, parole, and Conditional
Pardon.
5. Used of the delayed sentenced. This is procedure,
which permits an incarcerated inmate to pursue his
normal job during the week and return to the jail or
prison facility to serve sentence during non-working
hours. In the Philippines, delayed sentenced is not
being applied.
TERMINOLOGIES:
Correctional Administration- The study and practice of a
systematic management of jails or prisons and other institutions
concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of
criminal offenders.
Penology- The study of punishment for crime or of criminal
offenders. It includes the study of control and prevention of
crime through punishment of criminal offenders. The term is
derived from the Greek word “POINE” as well as Latin word
Institutional Correction
“POENA” which means pain or suffering and “LOGOS” which
means study.
- otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a
division of criminology that deals with prison
management and the treatment of offenders and
concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of
society in its effort to repress criminal activities.
Penal Management- Refers to the manner or practice of
managing or controlling places of confinement as in jails or
prisons.
Imprisonment- is the commitment to an institution,
commitment to prison, confinement, custody, detainment,
detainment in custody, held in captivity, held in restraint. In
captivity, in custody, in jail, incarceration, interment, keep
behind bars, kept as captive, kept in captivity, kept in custody,
kept in detention, kept under arrest, locked up, put behind
bars, put in a cell, put under restraint, sent to jail, sent to prison.
- Defined as the act of confinement of a person in prison;
restraint of one’s personal liberty; forcible detention of
a man’s person or his movements.
Exercises: Utilization of additional Sheet of paper if necessary is
permissible.
 Module 1: Introduction to Correction
Essay: Utilization of Additional Sheet of paper if necessary is
permissible.
1. Discuss the role or function of correction as a
component of Criminal Justice System
Institutional Correction
2. Discuss the significance of the provision of the
Constitution for the protection of people’s right against
unlawful imprisonment or detention.
Module 1: Introduction to Correction Institutional Correction

4. Provide the differences among Arbitrary Detention,

Illegal Detention and Delay in delivery of detain person
to proper judicial authorities.

3. Is the term correction provides the same meaning of

imprisonment? Justify your answer.

5. In your own opinion, why do we need to find some

alternative for imprisonment?
Module 1: Introduction to Correction Institutional Correction
Module 1: Introduction to Correction Institutional Correction