TOPIC 1

FIRST ORDER O.D.E

Consider the equation of the form;
∂y
= f (x, y) (1)
∂x
We consider when f (x, y) is a function of:

(i) x only

(ii) y only

(a) If f (x, y) = f (x), then (1) becomes

dy
= f (x)
dx
Giving the solution as

∫
Y = f (x)dx + C

where C is an arbitrary constant.

Example
dy
Solve dx
= 3x + 1

Then ∫ ∫
dy
dx = (3x + 1)dx
dx
3x
∴Y = +x+C
2
If f (x, y) = G(Y ), the solution to (1) becomes
dy
= G(y)
dx
1
 Giving the Solution as
∫
dy
X= +C
G(y)

Example

dy
=y
dx

dy
= dx
y
⇒ lny = x + C

∴ Y = Aex

(b) VARIABLE SEPARABLE

If f (x, y) = U (x)V (y) is a product of function of x only with a function

of y only then (1) becomes

dy
= U (x)V (y)
dx

separating the variable we get ;

dy
v(y)
= U (x)dx
integrating we obtain

ln y = U (x)dx + C

Assignment 1a
For dy
dx
= y ′ = ϕ(x)
1. Find the general solution of the differential equations;

dy 2
(a) dx
= 2xex

2
 dy
(b) dx
= e2x + x

2. Find the particular solution of the differential equation;

dy
(a) dx
= 2x; y(2) = 1

dy
(b) dx
= 4 cos x sin x y( π2 ) = 0

Assignment 1b
For dy
dx
= y ′ = f (x)g(x)
1.Solve the following differential equations;

dy
(a) dx
+ y = y[sin x + 1]

(b) (1 + x)dx = x(y 2 + 1)dy

dy
(c) ln(y x ) dx = 3x2 y

(d) dy
dx
= e3x−2y + x2 e−2y

dy
(e) x sin y dx = sec y