Name: Amir Sohail

Semester: BS-7th

Department: Physics

Assignment: Particle

Date: 01-10-2023

Submitted to: prof Dr Rashid Khan

A. There exist subatomic particles with no mass and no charge.

Answer: Yes, there are subatomic particles that have no mass and charge. One example is the
neutrino.

B. There exist subatomic particles which can go through billion of kilometer of matter without
slowing down or being stopped.

Answer : Yes, there is a particle called a neutrino that can travel through billions of kilometers
without being stopped. Neutrinos are very tiny and have almost no interaction with matter, allowing
them to pass through vast distances without being affected.

C. Antimatter only exist in the science fiction, not as a scientific fact.

Answer: Actually, antimatter is not just a concept from science fiction. It is a scientific fact,
Antimatter particles have been observed and studied in particle physics experiments. They have
opposite charge and other properties compared to their corresponding matter particles.

D. Particle accelerator are used for the treatment of cancer.

Answer: Particle accelerators can be used in the treatment of cancer through a technique called
proton therapy. Proton therapy uses high-energy proton beams to precisely target and destroy
cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

E. The smallest constituent of the atomic core are proton and electron.

Answer: The smallest constituents of an atomic nucleus are protons and neutrons, while electrons
orbit around the nucleus.

F. Magnet are used in circular-accelerator in order to make the particle move faster.

Answer: Magnets play a crucial role in circular accelerators by generating a magnetic field that
bends and guides the particles along their circular path, allowing them to gain speed and energy as
they go.

G. Gravitation is the strongest fundamental force in nature.

 Answer: Actually, the strongest fundamental force in nature is the strong nuclear force, which holds
atomic nuclei together. Gravitation is the weakest of the four fundamental forces.

H. There exist more than one hundred subatomic particles.

Answer: There are actually more than one hundred subatomic particles known in particle physics.
They come in different types, such as leptons and quarks, and they have unique properties and
interaction.

I. All known matter is made up of leptons and quark.

Answer: All known matter is indeed composed of leptons and quarks. Leptons include particles like
electrons and neutrinos, while quarks are the building blocks of protons and neutrons.

J. Friction is one of the fundamental forces of nature.

Answer: friction is not considered one of the fundamental forces of nature. The fundamental forces
are gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force.

Give Short Answer

How large part of an atom is just an empty space.

Answer: Atoms are mostly empty space. The nucleus, which contains
proton and neutrons, is located at the center of the atom.
About how large is (a) an atom (b) an atomic nucleus (c) a proton (d) an
electron.
Answer: (a) Atoms are incredibly tiny! On average, the size of an atom
can range from about 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers.
(b) The size of an atomic nucleus can vary depending on the atom. On
average, the diameter of a nucleus ranges from about 1 to 10
femtometers (1 fm = 10^-15 meters).
(c) The proton is incredibly small! On average, its diameter is about
0.84-0.87 femtometers (1 fm = 10^-15 meters).
(d) The electron is much smaller than the proton! It’s considered to be
a point particle, meaning it has no measurable size or dimension.
How many types of leptons and quark are there in the standard model
of an Elementary particles physics? How many types of quarks? What
do we call these particles?
Answer: In the standard model of particle physics, there are 6 types of
quarks and 6 types of leptons. Quarks include up, down, charm,
strange, top, and bottom, while leptons include electron, electron
neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, and tau neutrino. These particles
are the building blocks of matter.
Which quark was discovered last? When and where?
Answer: The last quark to be discovered is the top quark. It was
discovered in 1995 at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
(Fermilab) in the United States. The top quark is the heaviest known
elementary particle.
What are proton made of? What are electron made of?
Answer: Protons are made up of three quarks: two up quarks and one
down quark. Electrons, on the other hand, are elementary particles and
are not made up of smaller particles. They are fundamental and do not
have any internal structure.
Which of the following are made up of quarks? (a) Baryons (b) Mesons
(c) Barons (d) Hadrons (e) Leptons
Answer: Of the options you mentioned, (a) Baryons and (b) Mesons are
made up of quarks. Baryons consist of three quarks, while mesons
consist of a quark and an antiquark. The other options, (c) Barons, (d)
Hadrons, and (e) Leptons, do not consist of quarks.
How many generation (also called families) of matter particles do we
have? Why?
Answer: We have three generations or families of matter particles. Each
generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. This arrangement
allows for a variety of particle properties and interactions.
How many types of fundamental interaction exist in nature? What are
they called?
Answer: There are four types of fundamental interactions in nature:
electromagnetic, weak nuclear, strong nuclear, and gravitational. They
play different roles in shaping the behavior of particles and the forces
between them.
What is a color charge?
Answer: In particle physics, color charge is a property carried by quarks.
It is related to the strong nuclear force, which is responsible for holding
quarks together inside particles called hadrons. Color charge comes in
three types: red, green, and blue. Quarks can also have an antiquark
counterpart with anti-color charge.
What keeps the atomic nucleus together?
Answer: The atomic nucleus is held together by the strong nuclear
force. It acts between the protons and neutrons in the nucleus,
overcoming the electromagnetic repulsion between positively charged
protons. This force is carried by particles called gluons.
What is dark matter?
Answer: Dark matter is a mysterious form of matter that does not
interact with light or other electromagnetic radiation, making it
invisible.
How many different mesons combination can you make with 1,2,3,4,5
or 6 different flavour quark? What is the general formula of n-flavour?
Answer: With 1 flavor of quark, you can form 0 mesons since a meson
requires at least 2 quarks.
With 2 flavors of quark, you can form 1 meson.
With 3 flavors of quark, you can form 3 mesons.
With 4 flavors of quark, you can form 6 mesons.
With 5 flavors of quark, you can form 10 mesons.
With 6 flavors of quark, you can form 15 mesons.
The general formula for the number of mesons you can form with n
different flavor quarks is given by the triangular number formula: n(n-
1)/2.

How many different baryons combination can you make with 1,2,3,4,5
or 6 different flavour quark? What is the general formula of n-flavour?
Answer:
With 1 flavor of quark, you can form 0 baryons since a baryon requires
at least 3 quarks.
With 2 flavors of quark, you can form 0 baryons since a baryon requires
at least 3 quarks.
With 3 flavors of quark, you can form 1 baryon.
With 4 flavors of quark, you can form 4 baryons.
With 5 flavors of quark, you can form 10 baryons.
With 6 flavors of quark, you can form 20 baryons.
The general formula for the number of baryons you can form with n
different flavor quarks is given by the formula: n(n-1)(n-2)/6.