Health Sciences

G12 T2 (General)
(2024 - 2023)

Maitha Taleb Gareeb

 Diseases

Unit5 Communicable
CD
Non-communicable
NCD

Bacteria + viruses +
Non-modifiable NM
parasites + fungi

Modifiable M = negative behavior

How to stop diseases?

Disease prevention

Positive behavior: Medical care:

1) Eat healthy balanced diet

2) Enough night sleep (7-9 hours)
1) Vaccination (immunization)
3) Keep hydrated/ drink water
2) Screening
4) Good hygiene
5) Physical activity/ exercise
1
U5: Disease prevention L1 & L2: The causes of disease & illness/ Modifiable & non-modifiable risk factors
Dis-ease/ illness
(condition that stops the body from working normally)
P12
Non-communicable disease (NCD)/
Communicable disease (CD)/
infectious: non-infectious:
can be spread/ passed cannot be spread/ passed
Examples: flu Examples: cardiovascular (heart) diseases/
cancer/ respiratory diseases/ diabetes

P15,16,17
Caused by:
What are the causes?
Risk factors ‫ﻋواﻣل ﺧطر‬
Pathogens/ germs/
microbes: (something that may cause a bad thing to happen)

Modifiable (M) ‫ﻗﺎﺑل ﻟﻠﺗﻌدﯾل‬ Non-modifiable (NM) ‫ﻏﯾر‬

Bacteria ‫ﻗﺎﺑل ﻟﻠﺗﻌدﯾل‬
Can be changed/ controlled
Cannot be changed/
controlled
Sedentary = Sit down
Viruses Unhealthy lifestyle (negative
‫اﻟﻛﺳل‬ behavior/ habit): Environmental factors
Sedentary lifestyle (lack of
Family history (genetics)
physical activity) ‫ﻧﻣط اﻟﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﻛﺳول‬ ethniCITY: Which
‫ ﳇﻪ ﰻ ﻣﻦ " ﺮع" م‬parasites ‫اﻟـــ‬ Parasites ‫& طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬ city “origin” you
Overweight/ obesity Gender (male/ female)
‫ﺗﻌﳣﺪ ﲆ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ وﺴ ﺐ ٔذى‬ fungi ‫ﻓـطرﯾﺎت‬ belong to can put
Unhealthy diet Ethnicity/ race ( /‫اﻷﺻل‬ you at risk of
High blood pressure ‫)اﻟﻌرق‬: a large group of developing NCDs
The more you sit people with the same
down the more High cholesterol customs or origin
sedentary you are! Type2 diabetes
Age (the older someone
Smoking gets, the more chances
of developing NCDs)
2
Fun guy Stress
3
U5: Disease prevention L3: Personal health behaviors for disease prevention

How to stop diseases from

happening? (disease prevention)

Personal health
Medical care
behaviors

Positive behaviors/ healthy Immunization

(vaccination)
(positively affect health) ‫ اﻟﺗطﻌﯾم‬/‫اﻟﺗﺣﺻﯾن‬

Eat healthy balanced

Good personal hygiene Screening ‫ﻓﺣوﺻﺎت‬
Drink enough water Get enough sleep Being physically (brushing teeth/ taking a ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺢ اﻟدورﯾﺔ‬
diet shower/ wearing clean clothes/
(keep hydrated) (How?) active
(Why?) combing hair/ washing hands
etc.)

1) Healthy weight It is important! Why?

P20 For healthy sleep: *Definition Because it protects you from CDs
2) Protect you (calcium prevents 1) 7-9 hours of night sleep *Benefits (health through:
osteoporosis & builds strong bones) 2) Go to bed at the same time each night dimensions) 1) Killing germs (bacteria/ viruses)
3) Don’t eat heavy food before bed *How much is enough? 2) Keeping body clean & healthy
3) Control cholesterol & protect against
4) Avoid drinking caffeine before bed *Types 3) Stopping the spread of infection
heart & vessels “cardiovascular” diseases
(by limiting fast food/ unhealthy snacks & 5) Don’t use TV, laptops or phones
processed foods)

4) Improve mental health:

*Improve mood Over time; getting no enough
sleep can lead to:
*Lower stress levels
Type2 diabetes
*Help to think clearly Obesity
Hypertension Hygiene: ‫ اﻟﻧظﺎﻓﺔ‬keep yourself & surroundings clean
Heart diseases
Poor mental health
4
U5: Disease prevention
Definition:
Immunization: when people are
made immune or resistant to an
infectious disease, usually by
injecting a vaccine.
2) The body’s immune
produce antibodies
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?
v=539832300565564
5
Immunization
‫اﻟﺗﺣﺻﯾن‬
How vaccines works? (immunity)
vaccinations ‫اﻟﺗطﻌﯾﻣﺎت‬:
1) Inject a very small
amount of bacteria/
virus
system starts to
3) If the disease enters
the body in the future,
your immune system
knows what is it &
already has the
antibodies to fight it.
The importance of
Save around 2.5 million lives every year.
Work with the body’s natural defenses to build
protection.
Prevent more than 20 life-threatening diseases.
Prevent & control infectious disease outbreaks.
L5: Medical care for disease prevention
P33
UAE National Immunization
Program ‫ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺗﺣﺻﯾن اﻟوطﻧﻲ‬
When it starts?
After birth & continues until the
child is in grade 11.
The UAE vaccinates children
against disease such as:
Tuberculosis (BCG) ‫اﻟﺳل اﻟرﺋوي‬
Hepatitis B (Hep B) ‫اﻟﻛﺑد اﻟوﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
Polio (OPV/IPV) ‫ﻓﯾروس ﺷﻠل اﻷطﻔﺎل‬
Varicella (chickenpox) ‫ﺟدري اﻟﻣﺎء‬
Influenza (Hib)
Measles, mumps, rubella
(MMR)‫اﻟﺣﺻﺑﺔ واﻟﺣﺻﺑﺔ اﻷﻟﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻧﻛﺎف‬
There are other vaccination you
can request as an adult:
Flu injection
When you are travelling to different
countries which have high risk of
certain diseases
 UAE National Immunization Program
6
U5: Disease prevention L5: Medical care for disease prevention

Screening (routinely P37

check up) “e.g., PCR The difference between screening & diagnosis tests
test” Screening Diagnostic
tests ‫ﻓﺣوﺻﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺢ‬ tests ‫ﻓﺣوﺻﺎت اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص‬
What is used Early signs of detection Confirm the presence of
Negative result Positive result for? ‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻣﺑﻛر ﻟﻠﻣرض‬ a disease ‫اﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن وﺟود‬
Low risk High risk ‫اﻟﻣرض‬
How many For large number of For 1 person
(there is nothing wrong! (possibility of a people? people
Normal result! Healthy!) disease)
Test nature? 1 simple test Different tests

Cost? Low cost Higher costs

Further Diagnostic
check tests
ups
‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺗﮫ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺣﺗﺎﺟﮫ ﻋﺷﺎن ﻧطﻣن‬
‫وﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص‬
‫ع اﻟﺻﺣﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم‬
‫وﻻ ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد‬
.‫اﻟﻣرض‬
‫ﻣن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
Diagnosis ‫ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص‬
‫اﻷﻣراض‬ "diagnosis“

(determine the causes of symptoms “exact disease”)

6
‫‪U5: Disease prevention‬‬
‫‪As you get older‬‬
‫‪you will need‬‬
‫‪more screening‬‬
‫‪tests‬‬
‫‪50s & 60s‬‬
‫ﻛل م ﻛﺑر اﻟﺷﺧص ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣرﻛل م زادت‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣوﺻﺎت اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ إﻟﻠﻲ ﻻزم ﯾﺧﺿﻊ ﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣر اﻟﺧﻣﺳﯾن ﺑﺗﺧﺿﻊ ﻟﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرب‬
‫ﻟﻠـ‪ 14‬ﻓﺣص طﺑﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣر اﻷرﺑﯾﻌﯾﻧﺎت ﯾﺿﺎف ﻟﻠﻔﺣوﺻﺎت اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺣص أﻣراض اﻟﻘﻠب واﻟﺟﻠوﻛوﻣﺎ وﺳرطﺎن اﻟﺛدي‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪L5: Medical care for disease prevention‬‬
‫‪P35‬‬
‫‪Recommended screenings at different ages:‬‬
‫‪40s‬‬ ‫‪20s & 30s‬‬ ‫ﺿﻐط اﻟدم ‪1) Blood pressure‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﺟﻠوﻛوز واﻟﻛﻠﺳﺗرول ‪2) Cholesterol & glucose levels‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣر اﻟﻌﺷرﯾﻧﺎت ﯾﺷﻣل اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟدوري‬
‫ﻣؤﺷر ﻛﺗﻠﺔ اﻟﺟﺳم ‪3) BMI‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣوﺻﺎت اﻟروﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻗﯾﺎس ﻟﻠﺿﻐط واﻟوزن‬
‫ﻓﺣص اﻷﺳﻧﺎن ‪4) Dental check‬‬ ‫واﻟطول واﻷﺳﻧﺎن وﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﺳﻛر واﻟﻛﻠﺳﺗرول‬
‫ﻓﺣص ﺳرطﺎن اﻟﺟﻠد ‪5) Skin cancer checks‬‬
‫ﻋﻧﻖ اﻟرﺣم )‪6) Cervical screening (females only‬‬
‫اﻟﺳﻛري ‪7) Diabetes risk assessment‬‬
‫أﻣراض اﻟﻘﻠب واﻷوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ ‪8) Cardiovascular risk assessment‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻟزرﻗﺎء)‪9) Eye checks for glaucoma (a condition that can cause blindness‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻧﺳﺎء وﻏدة اﻟﺑروﺳﺗﺎﺗﺎ ﻟﻠرﺟﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻣﺎﻣوﺟرام ﯾﺑدأ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺣص ﺳرطﺎن اﻟﺛدي )‪10) Breast screening (females only‬‬
‫ﻋﻣر اﻷرﺑﻌﯾﻧﺎت ﻓﺣص ﺳرطﺎن اﻟﺗروﺳﺗﺎﺗﺎ )‪11) Prostate screening (males only‬‬
‫ھﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﻌظﺎم ‪12) Osteoporosis risk assessment‬‬
‫ﺳرطﺎن اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‪13) Bowel cancer screening‬‬
‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﺳﻣﻊ واﻟﻧظر ‪14) Sight & hearing tests‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣر اﻟﺧﻣﺳﯾﻧﺎت ﯾﺿﺎف ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌظﺎم‬
‫وﺳرطﺎن اﻟﻘوﻟون وﻓﺣص اﻟﺳﻣﻊ واﻟﻧظر‬
‫أﻧت ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ!‬
U5: Disease prevention L5: Medical care for disease prevention

Screening test name: Checks/ screens for: ‫ﻣﻧظﺎر اﻟﻘوﻟون‬

Mammo- =
Mammals = Pap smear (‫)ھﻧﺎ ﻧﺷﯾك ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺑﺎب" اﻟرﺣم‬ Cervical cancer ‫ﺳرطﺎن ﻋﻧﻖ اﻟرﺣم‬
‫ﺛدﯾﯾﺎت‬ Mammogram (‫)ﺗذﻛر "ﻣﺎﻣﺎ" ﻋﻧدھﺎ ﺛدي‬ Breast cancer ‫ﺳرطﺎن اﻟﺛدي‬
Colonoscopy (colon = ‫)ﻗوﻟون‬ Bowel cancer ‫ﺳرطﺎن اﻟﻘوﻟون‬
‫ﺻﯾﺎم‬
Fasting blood glucose test Diabetes ‫اﻟﺳﻛري‬

Pap smear

Bowel = intestine = colon = ‫أﻣﻌﺎء‬

For Screening tests: Frequency: P36

People over 20  BMI (body mass index) ‫ﻣؤﺷر ﻛﺗﻠﺔ اﻟﺟﺳم‬ Once a year (every year)

People over 50  Colonoscopy ‫ﻣﻧظﺎر اﻟﻘوﻟون‬

People over 20  Hypertension ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺿﻐط اﻟدم‬ Every 2 years

Women 40-69  Mammogram

Women 25-65  Cervical cancer "‫اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳﻠﯾﺔ "ﺑﺎب اﻟرﺣم‬ Every 3 years
Men over 45  Prostate cancer ‫ﻟﻠﻧﺳﺎء وﻏدة اﻟﺑروﺳﺗﺎﺗﺎ ﻟﻠرﺟﺎل ﯾﺗم‬
 Diabetes ‫اﻟﺳﻛري‬
‫ﻓﺣﺻﮭﺎ ﻣرة ﻛل ﺛﻼث ﺳﻧوات‬
9 People over 20  High cholesterol
 Mal-nutrition
‫ﺳوء اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ‬ :‫ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻄﺎﻟ ﺔ‬
‫أﻣﻨ ﺔ ﻋﺼﺎم‬
(Poor nutrition)
:‫ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻄﺎﻟ ﺔ‬
Under-
‫أﻣﻨ ﺔ ﻋﺼﺎم‬
Over-nutrition nutrition
Micronutrients =
vitamins + minerals

Over-weight 1) Low height

2) Low weight
Obesity 3) Micro-nutrient deficiency

How to assess nutritional status?

Unit6 Nutritional assessment

Note:
The one responsible (the health professional)
for nutritional assessment is the “dietitian”
ABCDE ‫اﻻﺧﺻﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺗﻐذوي‬

Dietary (eating Environmental

Anthropo-metry Bio-chemical Clinical
habits) factors (food choice)

#24-hour recall Socioeconomic status/

Body measurements 1) Medical report food available & food
Lab analysis of blood or #3-day diary
desert / food allergy & food
(BMI / fat%) urine 2) Physical examination #FFQ (food frequency intolerance/ vegan &
questionnaire) vegetarian

10
‫‪U6: Assessment of nutritional status‬‬ ‫‪L1: The importance of nutritional assessment‬‬

‫)?‪Nutritional Assessment (how to assess nutritional status‬‬

‫ﻻزم أول ﺷﻲ ﻧﺟري اﻟﻔﺣص اﻻﻛﻠﯾﻧﯾﻛﻲ ﻗﺑل م‬
‫اﻟﺛرى واﻟﺗراب ‪Anthropo sounds like‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺣب ﻋﯾﻧﺔ اﻟدم أو ﻧﺎﺧذ ﻋﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﺑول‪ ،‬ﻋﺷﺎن‬
‫واﻹﻧﺳﺎن ﻣﺧﻠوق ﻣن اﻟﺛرى واﻟﺗراب‬ ‫ﻧﻌرف ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط ﻧﺷﯾك ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﻣﻌدن أو ﻓﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾن‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﻌد ﻻزم ﻧﺷوف ﻟو اﻟﺷﺧص ﯾﺎﺧذ أدوﯾﺔ أو‬
‫ﻣﻛﻣﻼت ﻏذاﺋﯾﺔ ﻋﺷﺎن ﻛﻠﮫ ﺑﯾظﮭر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﻓﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺳم = ‪Anthropo = human = body‬‬ ‫ﯾﻛون اﻟﻣوﺿوع ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬

‫‪Anthropometry‬‬ ‫‪Bio-chemical methods‬‬ ‫‪Clinical methods‬‬ ‫‪Dietary intake‬‬ ‫‪Environmental factors‬‬

‫ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻻﻛﻠﯾﻧﯾﻛﻲ )اﻟﺳرﯾري(‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣط اﻟﻐذاﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Anthropo = human‬‬ ‫ﺗﺷﻣل أﺧذ ﻋﯾﻧﺎت ﻣن اﻟﻛﺎﺋن اﻟﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻣل اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺟﺳدي ﻟﻠﻛﺷف ﻋن‬ ‫ھدﻓﮫ ﻣﻌرﻓﮫ روﺗﯾن اﻷﻛل وﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﺷو اﻷﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺄﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﯾﺎراﺗﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪-metry = measurement‬‬ ‫)اﻟﻣرﯾض( وإرﺳﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑر‬ ‫ﺛﻼث وﺳﺎﺋل‪ :‬اﻟﺗذﻛر‪ /‬اﻟﺗﺳﺟﯾل‪ /‬اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﺗﻐذوﯾﺔ )إذا ﻓﯾﮫ ﺳوء ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ(‪،‬‬ ‫اﻷﻛل واﻟﺷرب؟‬

‫ﯾﻘﯾن‬ ‫وﻣراﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺳﺟل اﻟطﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺑﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺷك‬
U6: Assessment of nutritional status L1: The importance of nutritional assessment
Mal-nutrition ‫ﺳوء اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ‬
(poor nutritional status) P51,52
‫ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺘﻐﺬ ﺔ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬
‫اﳉﻮع‬ .‫و ﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻄﻮل أو اﻟﻮزن‬
Under-nutrition ‫ﻧﻘص‬
Over-nutrition Not eating enough food or not getting
‫أﺣ ﺎﻧﺎ ﻜﻮن اﻟﻮزن "ﺻ " وﻃﺒ وﻟ ﻦ ﻤﻜﻦ أن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ‬ enough nutrients
‫ﻌﺎ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت أو اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬

Lack of/ shortage

Low height
Overweight of vitamins or Low weight:
(short)
minerals

Micronutrient Stunting ‫اﻟﺗﻘزم‬

Obesity deficiency ‫ﻧﻘص‬
Low weight for
height
Low weight for age “low height for
down  ‫اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ age”
‫ﻓﻛرة اﻟطﺎﻟﺑﺔ ھﻧﺎ اﻟﻔﺧراﻧﻲ‬
besity ‫ﺗﻲ ﺗﻲ ﺗﻲ‬
(‫)ﻓﻛرة اﻟطﺎﻟﺑﺔ ھﺎﺟر ﺑﻼل‬

Under-
Nutrients: Wasting ‫اﻟﮭزال‬
weight‫ﻧﻘص اﻟوزن‬
1) Macro-nutrients (carbs + protein + fats)
2) Micro-nutrients (vitamins + minerals)

12
U6: Assessment of nutritional status L2: Anthropometry
Growth charts: P57-60

What are they used for? What do you need to know if you want check Interpreting the results: ‫اﻟﺗﻔﺳﯾر‬
height? There are curves of different colors on growth charts (percentiles)
1) Compare height & weight against people
of the same age & gender. 1) Gender Example:
2) Identify medical problems at early age. 2) Age For 16-year-old males:
(growth stops after 19 years of age) 3) Height (cm) # The height on the 50th percentile is 173cm. This means that the average height is
173cm tall.
# The height on the 97th percentile is 187.5 cm. This means that only 3% are this height
or taller.

For 16-year-old females:

# The height on the 50th percentile is 162.5cm. This means that the average height is
162.5cm tall.
# The height on the 3rd percentile is 150cm. This means that only 97% are this height or
‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎت اﻟﻄﻮال‬ taller.

:‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻌﺮ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎت اﻟﲇ ﻃﻮﳍﻢ ﲆ ﻫﺬا اﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬

Average ‫وﺳﻂ‬
(100 - percentile)
100 – 3 = 97%
.‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﻮل ٔو ٔﻃﻮل‬%97 ‫وﲠﺬا اﻟﺸﲁ ﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﺼﺎر‬
‫ وﻜﻮن‬150 ‫ ﻜﻮن ﻃﻮﳍﻢ‬16 ‫ اﻟﺒﻨﺎت اﻟﲇ ﺑﻌﻤﺮ اﻟ‬:‫ﻣ ﺎل‬
!‫ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻃﻮﳍﻢ ٔو ٔﻃﻮل‬%97

Percentiles ‫ اﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺋوﯾﺔ‬show how many other

people are taller, shorter & the same height.

If you use the WHO growth charts; then you are

comparing your growth to American children.

13
U6: Assessment of nutritional status L3: Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage
،‫داﯾﻣﺎ ً ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺳﺑﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة ﻟﻸﺷﯾﺎء‬
‫" ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾزي‬index“ ‫اﺳم ھﺎﻹﺻﺑﻊ‬
‫ھو ﻧﻔﺳﮫ اﻟوزن‬
BMI (body mass index ‫)ﻣؤﺷر ﻛﺗﻠﺔ اﻟﺟﺳم‬ P62-64
Formula (how to calculate BMI?) ‫" ﺟدا ً ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬BMI“‫ﻓﻛرة اﻟـ‬
/‫وھﻲ اﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻛﺗﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﯾﺗم ﺗﻘﺳﯾم‬،‫اﻟوزن ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻟﻠطول‬
.‫اﻟوزن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣرﺑﻊ اﻟطول‬
BMI categories: Advice?
Underweight (less than 18.5) Talk to a healthcare professional about
gaining weight in a healthy way
Healthy (18.5 – 24.9) Maintain weight by eating healthy, balanced
diet
Overweight (25 – 29.9) Talk to a healthcare professional about
losing weight in a healthy way
Obesity (30 & above) Should seek professional help as they need
to reduce weight

Example:
Sultan weighs 71kg and his height is 1.77m. ‫" ﻋﺷﺎن ﻧﺷﯾر‬index“‫ﺑﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟـ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘروب إﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﻧﺗﻣﻲ ﻟﮫ اﻟﺷﺧص‬
To calculate Sultan’s BMI, first, we must work out his
For fun: ‫اﻟراﺑط اﻟﻌﺟﯾب‬
height2.
1.77 x 1.77 = 3.1329 (height2) ‫“؟‬8“ ‫ﺷو ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟوزن واﻟطول ﺑرﻗم‬
Then we can calculate his BMI “eight“ ‫" ﯾﻧﻛﺗب‬8“ ‫اﻟرﻗم‬
71 ÷ 3.1329 = 22.7 “weight” ‫“ ﺻﺎرت وزن‬w“ ‫ﺣط ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬
Sultan’s BMI is 22.7 (healthy/ normal weight) "height“ ‫" ﺻﺎرت طول‬h“ ‫ھﺎﻟﻣرة ﺿﯾف‬
Sultan should maintain his weight
11
 U6: Assessment of nutritional status L3: Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage
Fat is not a bad thing!
*Why is fat important?
 Protect organs.
Anthropometry  Provide energy.
 Stay warm. *Too much fat is bad,
 Helps to absorb why? It may cause:
vitamins.  Cancer.
 Diabetes.
Body Mass Index (BMI): P65,66 Measuring body fat  Heart disease.
 Stroke.
measurement of a person’s weight for their height
which is used to identify weight status.

DEXA scanner BIA

Weight Skin-fold thickness
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Bio-electrical Impedance
X ‫ﻗﯾﺎس اﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟﺟﺳم ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻣزدوﺟﺔ ﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ Analysis ‫ﻗﯾﺎس ﺳﻣك ﺛﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻠد‬
‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺟﺳم ﻟﻠﻛﮭرﺑﺎء‬
Height

1) Grab and pinch the skin along

An X-ray that shows an exact with the fat underneath
breakdown of: A weak electrical current is sent through
the body.
*Fat mass The person does not feel the electrical 2) Use a “caliper” to measure the
*Bone density current.
thickness of the skin fold
*Muscle mass Body fat (adipose tissue) causes greater
resistance (impedance) than fat-free Note: it can be measured at
mass and slows electrical current. different parts of the body.
The most accurate way to measure
body fat.
.htm
U6: Assessment of nutritional status L3: Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage

Caliper sounds like clip

13
U6: Assessment of nutritional status L3: Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage

Fat percentage
P68
Formula (how to calculate fat%?)

Factors affecting categorizing #Fat %

#Gender
#Age
Fat categories: Interpretation? (what does it mean?) Advice?
Underweight Too little body fat for age _
Healthy Healthy amount of fat for their age _
Excessive fat Above the healthy body fat for their age Should try to reduce fat
High body fat So much body fat for their age They are at higher risk to develop
cardiovascular disease & need to reduce
fat
Example:
Hamad’s body fat is 45kg and his total body weight (TBW) is
100kg. He is 30 years old.
(45 ÷ 100) X 100
0.45 x100 = 45%
Hamad’s body fat percentage is 45%
Hamad has high body fat & needs to reduce it (check next page)
14
U6: Assessment of nutritional status L3: Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage

P69

Blue Green Amber Red

Too little fat for Healthy Above the Too much body
their age amount of fat healthy body fat for their age
for their age fat for their age that could have
negative impact
& should
on health & need
reduce it
to reduce it

Underweight Excess fat High body fat

15
 1st trimester: morning sickness

Unit7 Pregnant woman 2nd trimester: feel the fetus move

3rd trimester: difficulty sleeping + frequent

urination
Changes:
1st trimester: umbilical cord + organs

2nd trimester: start to move + gender +

Fetus fingerprints + meconium
3rd trimester: childbirth position (face
Nutritional down)

Pregnant woman
Pregnancy needs/ requirements/ Exercises
(Gestation) care
9months Medical

Newborn needs/ care Breastfeeding

The baby blues

(temporary sadness)
Postnatal mental Postnatal depression
health (extreme sadness)
Postnatal anxiety
(worrying & overthinking)
19
 Terms you won’t forget!

“Gestation” sounds like “Gas

station”

‫ ﻣرﯾم ھﻼل‬:‫ﻓﻛرة اﻟطﺎﻟﺑﺔ‬

natal = birth = ‫وﻻدة‬

Beautiful baby girl was born smoothly. Gestation is the period for the
awaited “Guest” to arrive!
‫ﻧﺎﻧﺳﻲ وﻧﺗﺎﻟﯾﺎ ﺗوأم‬
‫وﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬
natal = ‫ ھﻧﺎ اﻟﻔﺧراﻧﻲ‬:‫ﻓﻛرة اﻟطﺎﻟﺑﺔ‬
nancy =
birth
Fetus in the uterus
Pre-g-nancy
20
Before giving birth ‫ﺟﻧﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟرﺣم‬

U7: Healthy pregnancy
Trimester: a period of 3
months
Trimester1
(month: 1-3/
week: 1-12)
Physical changes:
Fetus:
Week 8: group of cells turn into
P125 fetus/ embryo
Week 10: official start
Development of organs:
*the nervous system (brain/
spinal cord)
*the heart
*eyes/ ears/ mouth/ nose/
hands & feet take shape
The umbilical cord forms.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nw-QA_-ED8
Your Organs During Pregnancy - YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEfnq4Q4bfk
21
(the time when a woman carries a developing embryo/
Pregnant woman/
pregnancy symptoms:
*Fatigue (tiredness)
*Heartburn
*Missed period
*Nausea & vomiting
(morning sickness)
musculoskeletal system is
The skin is translucent/ the
Pregnancy/ gestation stages:
L1: Stages of pregnancy
fetus in her womb)
Trimester2 Trimester3
(month: 4-6/ (month: 7-9/
week: 13-27) week: 28-40)
Physical changes: Physical changes:
Pregnant woman/ Pregnant woman/
Fetus: pregnancy symptoms:
Fetus: pregnancy symptoms:
The fetus begins to make Mother starts to feel well
urine & meconium (first (morning sickness eases The bones are fully formed Frequent urination
bowel movement) off)
The fetus growth is noticed
Gender will be apparent The eyes can open & close Sleep difficulty
as the bump gets larger
Most women go into
Starts to move (the At 37 weeks the fetus is
The mother can feel the labour & give birth
classed as “full-term” &
fetus moving between 40 & 42 weeks of
developing) the organs are functioning
pregnancy
The fetus will turn & be in
fetus can suck their
position to childbirth
thumb/ fingerprints form
U7: Healthy pregnancy L1: Stages of pregnancy

‫اﻟﻤﺸ ﻤﺔ‬ Placenta = place that provides the

fetus with nutrients & oxygen
‫) اﻟ ﺗﺰود اﻟﺠﻨ ﺎﻷ ﺴﺠ‬
‫واﻟﻐﺬاء وﺗﺨﻠﺼﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﻼت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸ ﻤﺔ‬
(‫ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺤ ﻞ اﻟ ي‬

Head ‫رأس‬
‫اﻟﺤ ﻞ اﻟ ي‬

‫اﻟﺠﻨ‬

/Embryo
Arm ‫ﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬
Body ‫ﺟﺳم‬
Umbilical cord /Womb
‫اﻟﺣﺑل اﻟﺳري‬ Leg ‫رﺟل‬
‫ﻋﻨﻖ اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬

22
‫‪U7: Healthy pregnancy‬‬ ‫‪L1: Stages of pregnancy‬‬
‫ﺳنُ ْاﻟﺧَﺎ ِﻟﻘِﯾنَ }‪.«{14‬‬
‫ﺎركَ ﱠ ُ أَﺣْ َ‬ ‫ﺿﻐَﺔً ﻓَ َﺧﻠَ ْﻘﻧَﺎ ْاﻟ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺿﻐَﺔَ ِﻋ َظﺎ ًﻣﺎ ﻓَ َﻛﺳَوْ ﻧَﺎ ا ْﻟ ِﻌ َظﺎ َم ﻟَﺣْ ًﻣﺎ ﺛ ُ ﱠم أَﻧﺷَﺄْﻧَﺎهُ َﺧ ْﻠﻘًﺎ آ َﺧ َر ﻓَﺗَﺑَ َ‬ ‫ِﯾن }‪ {13‬ﺛ ُ ﱠم َﺧﻠَ ْﻘﻧَﺎ اﻟﻧﱡ ْ‬
‫طﻔَﺔَ َﻋﻠَﻘَﺔً ﻓَ َﺧﻠَ ْﻘﻧَﺎ ْاﻟ َﻌﻠَﻘَﺔَ ُﻣ ْ‬ ‫ﯾن }‪ {12‬ﺛ ُ ﱠم َﺟ َﻌ ْﻠﻧَﺎهُ ﻧ ْ‬
‫ُطﻔَﺔً ﻓِﻲ ﻗَ َر ٍار ﱠﻣﻛ ٍ‬ ‫ﺳﺎنَ ﻣِ ن ﺳ َُﻼﻟَ ٍﺔ ِّﻣن طِ ٍ‬ ‫» َوﻟَﻘَ ْد َﺧﻠَ ْﻘﻧَﺎ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻧ َ‬

‫‪Fetal development‬‬

‫ﻣﺿﻐﺔ ‪Trimester1‬‬ ‫ﻋظﺎم وﻟﺣم ‪Trimester2‬‬ ‫‪Trimester3‬‬

‫‪open‬‬

‫‪close‬‬
‫اﻟﺣﺑل اﻟﺳري ﯾﻐذي اﻟﺟﻧﯾن‬
‫ﺑﺻﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﯾوم وﯾﺗﺧزن‬
‫ﻓﻲ أﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺟﻧﯾن‬
‫‪full-term fetus at week 37‬‬
‫ﺟﻧﯾن ﻣﻛﺗﻣل اﻟﻧﻣو‬

‫اﻟﺟﻧﯾن ﻓﻲ ھﺎﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﯾﺑدأ ﯾﺗﺣرك‬

‫ﺗﻛون اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟرﺳﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗطور اﻟﺟﻧﯾﻧﻲ ﺑﻌد اﻷﺳﺑوع‬ ‫ﺑﺳﺑب ﺗﻛون اﻟﻌظﺎم واﻟﻌﺿﻼت‬
‫اﻟـ‪ 10‬وﺗﺑدأ اﻷﻋﺿﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺷﻛل ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون اﻟﺟﻧﯾن‬ ‫وﺧﻼل ھذه اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﯾﺗﻣﺎﯾز ﺟﻧس اﻟﺟﻧﯾن‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺑﺷر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﺻل اﻷول ﻣن اﻟﺣﻣل‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
U7: Healthy pregnancy L2: Healthy diet & nutritional requirements during pregnancy
Nutritional requirements

Fruit & vegetables Cereals & their products Milk & dairy products Meat, eggs & legumes
Fats
(5 servings) (5-8 servings) (3 servings) (2-3 servings)

Simple Provide pregnant Give the body energy & help to

Provide: vitamins + carbohydrates women & fetus with A source of protein & absorb vitamins.
minerals + fiber Ca2+ needed for iron.
healthy bone
Complex development.
carbohydrates: Unhealthy: Healthy:
Wholegrain bread & Meat sources Non-meat sources Saturated & trans-fat Un-saturated fats
How it can be included cereals
Low-fat dairy products ‫دھون ﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ وﻣﺗﺣوﻟﺔ‬ ‫دھون ﻏﯾر ﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ‬
in the diet: are recommended over
full-fat version. (limit them)
 Added to breakfast
cereals or yoghurt. Red meat/ poultry/ Nuts/ legumes or Nuts
 Smoothies/ juices/ fish/ egg pulses
Seeds
soup. Non-dairy alternatives: Olive oil
 Salad/ snack. soya/ rice/ almonds can
be chosen. Rapeseed oil
 Added to main meals. P134 Avocados
Oily fish (e.g., salmon
& trout)

How it can be included in the diet:

How it can be included in the
diet:
 Wholegrain cereals.
 Wholegrain rice & pasta.
 Potato-based meals.
 Wholegrain crackers as a snack.
24
 Lean meat (without fat).
 Grilled/ baked meat (avoid frying).
 Fresh meat & fish.
 Make sure the meat is cooked thoroughly ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬
How it can be included in the diet: ‫ ﻛﺎﻣل‬to kill any bacteria.
 Added to breakfast cereals/ fruit.
 Used in cooking.
 Eaten as a snack.
 Added to salad & sandwiches. During pregnancy calories
intake (the amount of
food) will increase
U7: Healthy pregnancy
Caffeine:
Could be
dangerous for the
Fish high in mercury:
fetus!
‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟ ﺤ ﺔ اﻟ ﺒ ة ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬
‫ﻋ ﺴ ﺔ ﻋﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪن اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬
High fat, salt & sugary foods (too much can raise blood pressure & cause a pregnant woman to gain too much
Saturated & trans-fat:
(can lead to the build up of fatty
layer in the arteries)
Processed meat:
(high in salt & saturated fat)
Bacteria & parasites:
25
L2: Healthy diet & nutritional requirements during pregnancy
Foods to avoid during pregnancy: P137-139
Soft drinks/ coffee/ tea
Instead:
Pregnant woman should choose seafood that are
low in mercury such as:
Canned light tuna
Bigeye tuna/shark/ mackerel/ marline/ swordfish Salmon
Anchovies
Sardine
weight)
Butter/ crisps/ mayonnaise & meat with lard/ fried fast food/ cookies/ cakes
Hot dogs/ canned meats/ cured or salted meats/ takeaway foods
 Raw sprouts vegetables ‫ﺑراﻋم اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت‬
 Under-cooked or raw meat/ egg/ fish
 Processed meat
 Unpasteurized milk & dairy products (blue cheese)
 Unwashed fruit & vegetables
U7: Healthy pregnancy L2: Healthy diet & nutritional requirements during pregnancy
Extra nutritional requirements: P141-143

Calcium (Ca2+) Iron (Fe)

Vitamin B9
Important to build strong bones Important to produce blood

(‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ )ﻣﳬﻞ ﺬاﰄ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬ Important to build red blood cells
&avoid developing “anemia”
Man-maid/ Milk & dairy products:
synthetic version: Natural version Milk/ cheese/ yogurt
from food: folate Anemia:
folic acid
Makes a pregnant woman to be
tired & weak.
Supplement of 400 μg Non-dairy foods:
^Broccoli Can cause the baby to be a low
(taken before & up to the 12th birth weight or to be born early.
^Asparagus ^Dried fruit
week of pregnancy)
^Green leafy vegetable ^Sardines with the bones
(e.g., spinach) ^Non-dairy milk alternatives (e.g., How it can be included
^Fortified foods soy, almond, oat milk) in the diet:
:‫ﲆ اﻟﻌﯿﻮب اﳋﻠﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ٔﻣ‬ ^Green leafy vegetables  Red meat
 Eggs
^Fortified foods ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﻐﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺑروﺗﯾن‬
Vitamin B9 helps prevent the fetus developing  Pulses
!‫ﺗﻛون ﻏﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣدﯾد ﻛذﻟك‬
defects of the brain, spine or spinal cord  Seafood
(neural tube defects NTDs)  Green leafy vegetables
 Fortified foods

Fortified foods: foods which have vitamins & minerals

added to them (e.g., breakfast cereals & bread). ‫أﻏذﯾﺔ ﻣدﻋﻣﺔ‬

Supplement: a liquid/ tablet that provides a nutrient &

it can be added to a food/ drink. ‫ﻣﻛﻣل ﻏذاﺋﻲ‬
26
U7: Healthy pregnancy L3: Exercises during pregnancy
Exercise during pregnancy
P148

Benefits of physical activity: Recommended exercises:

# Improves self-esteem & mood.‫ﯾﺣﻔز اﻧﺗﺎج ھرﻣون اﻹﻧدورﻓﯾن‬

# Improves energy levels. ‫ﯾﻧﺷط اﻟدورة اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ‬

Moderate intensity activity for 150 mins
# Reduces stress & anxiety. a week or 30 mins 5 days a week.
For example:
# Helps to gain healthy weight. # Walking
# Reduces the risk of developing gestational # Swimming leisurely
# Low impact aerobics
diabetes.
# Pelvic floor exercises
# Strengthens muscles & helps to prepare mother’s ‫ﺗﻣﺎرﯾن ﺗﻘوﯾﺔ اﻟﺣوض‬
body for childbirth.

# Faster recovery after giving birth.

27
U7: Healthy pregnancy L4: Medical care during pregnancy
Labor signs include:
Medical care during pregnancy 1) Lower backpain & around the stomach
2) The release of amniotic fluid (water break)
3) Contractions
P152
Labour/ childbirth ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺎض واﻟوﻻدة‬
Emergency medical care:
(the process of the baby leaving the womb)

https://www.youtube.com/wat
Stage1: ch?v=duPxBXN4qMg

# No movement from the fetus ‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﯾﻛون اﻟﺟﻧﯾن ﻣﯾت‬
# Excessive fatigue
# Excessive thirst ‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﯾﻛون ﺳﻛري‬
# Contractions start (uterus/ womb muscles
tighten & relax)
#Regular contractions around 5 mins
apart. ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺻﺎت ﻣﻧﺗظﻣﺔ‬

# Feeling of anxiety ‫ﻣؤﺷر ﻟﻣرض ﻧﻔﺳﻲ‬ Stage2:

# The urge to push.
# Heavy bleeding ‫اﺣﺗﻣﺎل اﺟﮭﺎض‬ # The contractions become stronger & last longer.
# The abdominal muscles help to deliver the baby.
# More than 3 contractions ‫ اﻧﻘﺑﺎﺿﺎت‬per hour (the baby is finally out!)
# This stage lasts 1-2 hours
# Sudden loss of fluid ‫ﻣن ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺎض‬

# Unexplained pains
Stage3:
# The umbilical cord is clamped.
# The placenta is delivered 5-20 mins after the
delivery of the baby.

28
U7: Healthy pregnancy
L5: Care for a newborn Nutritional needs of a newborn
P156,157
(0-6 months: weight doubles + build immunity)
The WHO recommends to breastfeed exclusively for
the first 6 months.

At the end of the 6 months the baby should be

introduced to home-made food. Breastfeeding ‫اﻟرﺿﺎﻋﺔ اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬
Breastfeeding should continue until 2 years of age or
(the action of feeding a baby with milk from the breast)
longer.
Why breastfeeding is important?
 Encourages bonding
 Contains nutrients
 Free/ safe/ readily available
Milk  Helps to develop the baby’s immune
‫ﺗﺷﺑﮫ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ "ﻛﻠﺳﺗرول" وﺣﺗﻰ ﻟوﻧﮫ‬ system (contains antibodies)
.‫ذھﺑﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟدھن اﻟﻌداﻧﻲ‬  Environmentally friendly.

The first milk produced during the Colostrum

first week. Mature milk  Carbohydrates (lactose)
(sticky ‫ ﻟزج‬yellowish  Digestive enzymes
‫ﺣﻠﯾب ﻧﺎﺿﺞ‬
substance)  Fat
 Protein
‫ﯾﻨﺼﺢ ٔﺛﻨﺎء اﳉﻠﺴﺔ اﻟﻮ ﺪة اﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺎﻧﺐ وا ﺪ ٔن اﳊﻠﯿﺐ ﻜﻮن ﰲ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬
 Vitamins & minerals
When it starts? ‫ وﺑﻌﺪ ذ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﲏ وﺛﻘ ﻞ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ اﻟﺮﺿﯿﻊ‬،‫ﺧﻔ ﻒ ﺣ ﺚ ﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻪ ﻣﺎء‬
Try to breastfeed the baby withing the 1st hour after birth.
Helps the baby to get rid Thin ‫ﺧﻔﯾف‬
How much?
of meconium “the Mostly water to satisfy thirst.
During the first days the baby can feed up to 15 times a day.
baby’s first stool after (at the beginning of the
birth” feed)
A baby should be fed as often as they want (they will stop when they are full)
Facts:
The more often the baby feeds, the more milk will be produced.

The amount of nutrients depends on the quality of the mother’s diet.

Creamy & rich ‫ﺛﻘﯾل‬
Nutrients to satisfy hunger.
‫" ھو أول ﺑراز ﻟﻠﻣوﻟود ﯾﻧزل‬meconium“‫اﻟـ‬ (during the feed)
‫"ﻛم ﻣن ﯾوم" واﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻣن ﺑﻠﻊ اﻟﺳﺎﺋل‬
52 .‫اﻷﻣﻧﯾوﺳﻲ وﺗﺧزن ﻓﻲ أﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺟﻧﯾن‬
U8: Behaviour change
L1: The importance of behavior in relation to health L2: Factors that influence behavior L3: Behavior change interventions
Modifiable risk factors
Identify problem: P168 Find the cause: ‫ ﻋواﻣل اﻟﺧطر اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﯾﯾر‬P172,173 Take action: P177
(what diseases cause the most deaths?) (M risk factors) = negative behavior cause NCDs How to make a positive behavior change?
Non-communicable What influences (affects) behavior?
diseases ‫اﻷﻣراض ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟذي ﯾؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك؟‬ (intervention ‫اﻟﺗدﺧل‬:
Deaths in 2019 because of NCDs: Action to change something)
Factors influencing behavior:
‫اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻣؤﺛرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك‬ !‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮوا اﻟﺘﻌ ﺰ اﻟﺼ وأ ﻌﺎدە اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ Types
Health promotion 3 pillars!
Worldwide/ globally: UAE: 2) The social
1) Environment: 3) Personal factors:
environment:
77% ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ‬ Individual things
7 out of 10 ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﯾﺔ‬

(74%)
(40% because of ‫ﻋواﻣل ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ‬ Intervention types:
cardiovascular diseases) Natural ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬
Land, air, water, weather, Relationships ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬
Ranks of diseases that cause most deaths globally: Self-efficacy: ‫اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟذاﺗﯾﺔ‬
trees (family & friends)
Belief in yourself & ability 1) Education &
1st Cardiovascular / heart disease: (e.g., hot weather makes
to do something (e.g., I can communication: ‫اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم واﻟﺗواﺻل‬
people less active)
2000 2019 walk 30 mins daily)
2 million deaths 8.9 million deaths (e.g., health advice)
Man-made ‫ﻣن ﺻﻧﻊ اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ Society we live in ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ Outcome expectation:
2nd Stroke 11% of all deaths Cars, roads, buildings ‫اﻟذي ﻧﻌﯾش ﻓﯾﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺑوء ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬
(e.g., using escalator (expected what will 2) Resources: ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎدر واﻟﻣوارد‬
instead of stairs in malls) happen if you do
3rd COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 6% of all deaths something) (things provided to people, e.g.,
Culture: beliefs &
access to parks & gyms)
Replacing negative behaviors with positive ones reduce the risk of costumes of a group of
Goals: ‫اﻷھداف واﻷﺣﻼم‬
people
NCDs & increase life expectancy. Things you want to achieve
‫اﻟﻌﺎدات واﻟﺗﻘﺎﻟﯾد‬
in your life (e.g., want to be
Positive behaviors include balanced diet/ being health weight/ avoid a doctor in the future) 3) Policy: ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬
smoking/ physical activity. (government regulations, e.g.,
: ‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟ درﺳﺘﻮە ﺣﺎدي ﻋ و ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺨﻄ ﻂ ﻟ ﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻌ ﺰ ﺻ‬
fines for not wearing mask during
‫( اﻟﺘﺨﻄ ﻂ واﻟﺘﻨﻔ ﺬ‬3 /‫( ﺗﺤﺪ ﺪ اﻟﺴ ﺐ واﻷﻫﺪاف واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬2 ‫اﻻﺣﺘ ﺎﺟﺎت واﻟﻤﺸﺎ ﻞ اﻟﺼﺤ ﺔظ‬ ‫( ﺣ‬1 corona)

Planning a behavior change intervention: (3 steps)

30
 5

M risk factors (modifiable)

NM risk factors (non-modifiable)

Healthy lifestyle (balanced diet + keep hydrated + physically active + enough sleep)
+ immunization through vaccination + screenings

CDs: bacteria/ viruses/ parasites

NCDs: M risk factors: unhealthy lifestyle (sedentary lifestyle/ unhealthy diet/ obesity/ type2 diabetes/
high cholesterol) + NM risk factors: (age/ genetics/ gender/ ethnicity)

Disease prevention
31
 Heart attack/ stroke/ diabetes
Things that can be changed

Calcium

Things that cannot be changed Milk & dairy (cheese/ yogurt)

Block the blood vessels & increase the risk of diseases of the blood vessels & heart
Yes
High levels of LDL cholesterol (saturated and trans fats)
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

32
 12

2months /4months
6months/ 18months
grade1/ grade11 20

After birth/ 2months/ 4months/ 6months

40

Every 2-3 years

12 moths/ grade1

13
12 moths/ grade1

After birth

2months/ 4months/ 6months

Polio / Tuberculosis TB/ Hepatitis B/

measles, mumps, rubella MMR/ influenza/
33
 Low risk for the condition Poor nutritional status

No

They might have the condition Not eat enough food or get enough nutrients

Diagnostic tests

Diagnostic test Micronutrient deficiency

Screening test Wasting

Stunting

Under-weight
Screening tests

Diagnostic tests

34 Screening tests
19

Less than 18.5

18.5-24.9

25-29.9

30 or more

20 68 ÷ (1.622) = 26

Overweight
Check TB P58, 59

50th
3rd 85 ÷ (1.772) = 27
97th
15th
Overweight
97th
35
 Iron/ calcium/ protein/ vitamin D

Nuts/ legumes “pulses”/ green leafy vegetables

77

‫ﻣوزة‬
Female No
(18 ÷ 75) X 100 = 24% Yes
Yes
Green color (healthy fat) 17‫ارﺟﻊ ﻟﻠﺗﻠﺧﯾص ﺻـــ‬ No
Yes
‫ﻣﻧﺻور‬
male

(12 ÷ 84) X 100 = 14.3% Green color (healthy fat) Health behaviors
Negative = M risk factors Positive
1) 24-hour dietary recall
2) 3-day food diary
3) FFQ (food frequency questionnaire) sedentary lifestyle Balanced diet
Overweight or obese Healthy weight
Collecting blood or urine sample & send it to the lab to be analyzed Smoking Avoid smoking
High: stress, cholesterol, blood Enough physical activity
pressure “hypertension”
Food deserts are areas where people don’t have easy access to affordable, healthy food options. Type2 diabetes
This is usually because there is no grocery store within convenient traveling distance.
36
 1st trimester: umbilical cord form + the heart & the nervous system start to develop
Changing negative to positive behaviors reduce the risk of 2nd trimester: start to move (bones + muscles) & gender will be apparent
developing NCDs & increase life-expectancy & wellbeing 3rd trimester: eyes open & close/ full-term fetus by week 37/ be in position for childbirth
61

More conformable & saves time

More conformable & saves time

62

Goals (she wants to be a doctor)

Outcome expectation (expect what will happen

if you do something “result”)

37
Vitamin B from food (folate):
Broccoli/
asparagus/
green leafy vegetables (spinach)/
fortified foods

5-9 kg

11.5-16 kg

38
69 70

71.What recommendations about breastfeeding would you give to a

woman who has just given birth to a baby?
Breastfeeding is very important because:
Encourages bonding
Contains nutrients
Free/ safe/ readily available
Helps to develop the baby’s immune system (contains antibodies)
Environmentally friendly.

72

39
 74

40