Heat & Mass Transfer - M4 - Cond HT-2-3

Module 4
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Conduction Heat Transfer -

Part 2
H&MT-41380-2024-Aut-CITY
CONTENTS
01 Conduction in Composite Wall
02 Thermal Contact Conductance
03 Critical Thickness of Insulation
04 The Function of Fins
05 Fin Efficiency and Effectiveness

Parts 01
Conduction in Composite Wall
Combined parallel and series resistance
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑹𝟏𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝒄𝒗
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 = = +
𝒌𝟏𝑨𝟏 𝒌𝟐𝑨𝟐 𝑹𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑳𝟑 𝟏
𝑹𝟑 = 𝑹𝒄𝒗 =
𝒌𝟑𝑨𝟑 𝒉𝑨𝟑
𝑹𝟏𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕 = + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝒄𝒗
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝟐
𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻 ∞ 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻∞
𝑹𝟏𝟐 𝑻 𝑻𝟑 Q̇ = = =
𝟐 𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕 𝑹𝟏𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒄𝒗
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
kf = 0.026 W/m oC T∞1 = 20 oC h1 = 10 W/m2 oC
kp = 0.22 W/m oC T∞2 = -10 oC h2 = 25 W/m2 oC
kb = 0.72 W/m oC A = 0.25 m2 H = 0.25 m T = 0.23 m
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑹𝒊 + 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑𝟒𝟓 + 𝑹𝟔 + 𝑹𝒐
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑹𝒊 + 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑𝟒𝟓 + 𝑹𝟔 + 𝑹𝒐
𝟏 1 𝟏 1
𝑹𝒄𝒗, 𝒊 = = 𝑹𝒄𝒗, 𝒐 = =
𝒉𝟏𝑨𝟏 10 × 0.25 𝒉𝟐𝑨𝟔 25 × 0.25
𝑳𝟏 0.03 𝑳𝟐 0.02
𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 = = 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟔 = =
𝑹𝒊 𝑹𝒐 𝒌𝒇𝑨𝟏 0.026 × 0.25 𝒌𝒑𝑨𝟐 0.22 × 0.25
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟒 𝑹𝟔 𝑳𝟑 0.16 𝑳𝟒 0.16
𝑹𝟑 = 𝑹𝟓 = = 𝑹𝟒 = =
𝒌𝒑𝑨𝟑 0.22 × 0.015 𝒌𝒃𝑨𝟒 0.72 × 0.22
𝑹𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Note: = + +
𝑹𝟑𝟒𝟓 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟒 𝑹𝟓
𝑻∞𝟏 − 𝑻∞𝟐
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 6.87 oC/W 𝑸ሶ 𝒙 = = 4.36 W
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕
Parts 02
Thermal Contact Conductance
Interface Thermal Resistance
 Ideal case
 No temperature drop
 Same heat flux
 Actual case
 Temperature drop
 Same heat flux
∆𝑻
 Fourier’s law Q̇ =
𝑹𝒊𝒏𝒕
 Rint, Thermal interface resistance, (oC/W)
𝑹𝒄 𝟏
Rint = Rint =
𝑨 𝒉𝒄𝑨
 Rc, thermal contact conductance, (m2 oC/W)
𝟏
Rc =
𝒉𝒄
 Related to surface oxidation, roughness,
pressure, temperature etc.
R1 Rint R2
 Equivalent thickness for contact conductance
hc = 11,000 W/m2 oC, kAl = 237 W/m oC
𝟏
Rc = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐 𝒐𝑪/ 𝑾
𝒉𝒄
𝑳
Rc =
𝒌
𝑳 = kRc = 237× 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
 Thermal interface materials
 Reduce thermal contact resistance
 Soft, flexible, high conductivity
 Thermal grease/paste, thermal enhanced rubbers
 Thermal conductivity is between 1~ 10 W/m oC
 Applied between the heat generator and the heat sink, e.g.
CPU-cooler
Parts 03
Critical Thickness of Insulation
Thermal Insulation
 Thermal insulation is generally used in following
applications
 Protective clothing for human comfort
 Design of energy efficient buildings
 Air Conditioning systems
 Refrigeration and food preservation
 Automobiles
 Boilers and steam pipes
 Spacecraft
Thermal Insulation
 Materials having lower value of thermal conductivity are
considered to be insulators.
 Thermal conductivity
 Temperature
 Density or Porosity
 Specific heat
 Surface emissivity
 Moisture Content
 Air Pressure
 Convection with in insulating material
Thermal Insulation
R-Value, (m2K/W) 𝑳
is used to measure materials ability to resist heat or in other words, R−value =
resistance of a material unit to heat transfer. 𝒌
Thermal Insulation
 Critical thickness of insulation
Consider a cylinder of negligible thickness,

length ‘L’, radius ‘r1’ carrying hot fluid of
temperature T1. Temperature of hot fluid is
higher than that of ambient temperature T∞.
T∞
The cylinder is insulated by an insulating
material having thickness ‘t’ and thermal
conductivity ‘k’. r2 is the outer radius of the
arrangement consisting of thin cylinder and
layer of insulating material and it depends upon
value of the thickness of insulating material. R𝒊𝒏𝒔 R𝒄𝒗
T𝟏 T∞
Thermal Insulation
𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻∞ 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻∞
𝑸ሶ = =
𝑹𝒊𝒏𝒔 + 𝑹𝒄𝒗 𝒍𝒏(𝒓𝟐/𝒓𝟏) 𝟏
+
𝟐𝝅𝑳𝒌 𝒉 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐𝑳
 When r2 increases, Rins increases but Rconv T∞

decreases.
 Therefore, increase in thickness of

insulation will either result in increase or
decrease in heat transfer rate depending R𝒊𝒏𝒔 R𝒄𝒗
T𝟏 T∞
on the overall change in the total thermal
resistance.
Thermal Insulation
 For heat transfer rate per unit length to be
maximum, thermal resistance should be the
minimum.
 Critical radius of insulation rcr, for which heat

transfer rate per unit length will be maximum.
dQ̇ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=𝟎 − =𝟎
𝒅𝒓𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒌 𝒉𝒓𝟐
k
Cylindrical pipe 𝒓𝒄𝒓 =
𝒉
𝟐k
Spherical shell 𝒓𝒄𝒓 =
𝒉
Thermal Insulation
 Heat loss form an insulated wire
r1 =1.5 mm, r2 = 3.5 mm,

k = 0.15W/m oC, h=12W/m2 oC
If the thickness of insulation layer is increased to 4
mm, will T1 increase or decrease?
Thermal Insulation
 Heat loss form an insulated wire
r1 =1.5 mm, r2 = 3.5 mm,
k = 0.15W/m oC, h=12W/m2 oC
If the thickness of insulation layer
is increased to 4 mm, will T1
increase or decrease?
k 0.15
𝒓𝒄𝒓 = = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝒉 𝟏𝟐
𝒓𝟐′ = (𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟒) = 𝟓. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐′
Parts 04
The Function of Fins
23
HEAT TRANSFER FROM FINNED SURFACES
Newton’s law of cooling: The rate of heat transfer from a surface to the
surrounding medium
𝑸ሶ = 𝒉𝑨𝒔 (𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞)

𝑸ሶ
Extending As to lower Ts for a fixed 𝑸ሶ
24
HEAT TRANSFER FROM FINNED SURFACES
 Refrigerator condenser
 Cooling engine heads
 Heat radiator
 CPU cooler
 Types of Fins
Constant area Variable area Annular fin Pin fin

straight fin straight fin
 Fin terminology
Fin base Variable cross-sectional area fin (b, c, d)
Fin tip Annular or cylindrical fin (c)
Straight fin (a, b) Spine or pin fin (d)
 Temperature distribution
3-D object, T(x,y,z)
 Fin approximation
3-D object,
T(x,y,z) ≈ 𝑇(𝑥)
The Fins Heat Transfer Equation
Heat transfer rate
Temperature distribution
Formulate the fin heat transfer equation
 Conservation of energy for a small element ∆𝒙
h, heat transfer coefficient
T, Fin temperature
T∞, Fluid temperature
Ac, Fin cross sectional area
P, Perimeter
k, Thermal conductivity
Assumption: 𝑬ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝑬ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕
 Steady state,
𝑸ሶ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅,𝒙 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅,𝒙+∆𝒙 + 𝑸ሶ 𝒄𝒗
 no energy generation
 Conservation of energy for ∆𝒙 𝑸ሶ 𝒄𝒅,𝒙+∆𝒙ሶ − 𝑸ሶ
𝒄𝒅,𝒙 + 𝒉𝑷∆𝒙(𝑻 − 𝑻∞) = 𝟎
ሶ − 𝑸ሶ
𝑸ሶ 𝒄𝒅,𝒙+∆𝒙 𝒄𝒅,𝒙
+ 𝒉𝑷(𝑻 − 𝑻∞) = 𝟎
∆𝒙
d𝑸ሶ 𝒄𝒅
As ∆𝑥 → 0 + 𝒉𝑷(𝑻 − 𝑻∞) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑇
Since 𝑸ሶ 𝒄𝒅 = −𝑘𝐴 𝑑𝑥
d 𝒅𝑻
𝒌𝑨𝒄 − 𝒉𝑷(𝑻 − 𝑻∞) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
if define 𝜽 = 𝑻 − 𝑻∞
d 𝒅𝜽
𝒌𝑨𝒄 − 𝒉𝑷𝜽 = 𝟎
𝜃, Temperature excess 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Fin equation
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑥 , 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
P= P(x), perimeter of the element
 Constant k and constant cross section of the fin
d 𝒅𝜽
𝒌𝑨𝒄 − 𝒉𝑷𝜽 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟐𝜽
𝒌𝑨𝒄 𝟐 − 𝒉𝑷𝜽 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟐𝜽 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝒂𝟐 =
𝒉𝑷
𝒐𝒓 − 𝒂 ≥𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒌𝑨𝒄
 The general solution

𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑪𝟏𝒆𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐𝒆−𝒂𝒙
𝒉𝑷
 The general solution, h and a are constant 𝒂𝟐 = >𝟎
𝒌𝑨𝒄
𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑪𝟏𝒆𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐𝒆−𝒂𝒙 𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑩𝟏𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝒙) + 𝑩𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒂𝒙)
𝐶1, 𝐶2 , 𝐵1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐
 Boundary conditions
 considering three different boundary conditions:
Fin base Fin tip
Specified temperature (i) Specified temperature
T(x=0) = Tb (ii) Convection
(iii) Insulated fin tip
 （I）Very long fin
𝑳 → ∞, 𝑻(𝑳) → 𝑻∞ Specified temperature
𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑪𝟏𝒆𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐𝒆−𝒂𝒙
Boundary condition 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝜽 = 𝑻 − 𝑻∞ Boundary condition
𝑻 𝟎 = 𝑻𝒃 (a) 𝜽 𝟎 = 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞
𝑻 𝑳 = 𝑻∞ (b) 𝜽 𝑳 = 𝟎
 （I）Very long fin
B.C. (b) 𝟎 = 𝑪𝟏∞ + 𝑪𝟐𝟎 𝟎 = 𝑪𝟏
B.C. (a) 𝜽𝟎 = 𝑪𝟐
𝜽(𝒙)
= 𝒆𝒙𝒑(−𝒂𝒙) Exponent distribution
𝜽𝟎
𝑻 𝒙 − 𝑻∞
= 𝒆−𝒙 𝒉𝑷/𝒌𝑨𝒄
𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞
 （II）Finite length fin with convection at tip
Fin base temperature Tb
Fin tip convection heat transfer ht, T∞
The general solution 𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑩𝟏𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝒙) + 𝑩𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒂𝒙)
B.C. (a) 𝑻 𝟎 = 𝑻𝒃
𝒅𝑻
(b) −𝒌 = 𝒉𝒕 𝑻 𝑳 − 𝑻 ∞
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝑳
Temperature excess θ = T − T∞ Boundary condition

(c) 𝜽 𝟎 = 𝜽𝟎
𝒅𝜽
(d) −𝒌 = 𝒉𝒕 𝜽(𝑳)
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝑳
 （II）Finite length fin with convection at tip
𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑩𝟏𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝒙) + 𝑩𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒂𝒙)
To determine B1 and B2
Boundary condition
𝑩𝟐 = 𝜽𝟎
𝒌𝒂 (c) 𝜽 𝟎 = 𝜽𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳) 𝒅𝜽
𝒉𝒕
𝑩𝟏 = −𝜽 (d) −𝒌 = 𝒉𝒕 𝜽(𝑳)
𝒌𝒂 𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝑳
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝑳 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒂𝑳)
𝒉𝒕
𝒉𝒕
𝜽(𝒙) 𝑻 𝒙 − 𝑻∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳 − 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳 − 𝒂𝒙)
𝒌𝒂
= =
𝜽𝟎 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝒉𝒕
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳)
𝒌𝒂
 （III）Finite length fin with insulated tip
Fin base temperature Tb
Fin tip heat flux ht= 0, T∞
𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽
−𝒌 = 𝒉 𝒕 𝜽(𝑳) =𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 = 𝑳 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 = 𝑳
To determine B1 and B2，using the boundary condition
𝒉𝒕
𝒌𝒂
= =
𝒌𝒂
𝜽(𝒙) 𝑻 𝒙 − 𝑻∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳 − 𝒂𝒙
= =
𝜽𝟎 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳
Fin with convection at the tip
𝒉𝒕
𝒌𝒂
= =
𝒌𝒂
Finite length fin with insulated tip
𝜽(𝒙) 𝑻 𝒙 − 𝑻∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳 − 𝒂𝒙
= =
𝜽𝟎 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳
Assume insulated tip Corrected length Lc

𝜽(𝒙) 𝑻 𝒙 − 𝑻∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳𝒄 − 𝒂𝒙
= =
𝜽𝟎 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳𝒄
 Corrected length Lc 𝑳𝒄 = L+∆𝑳𝒄
∆𝑳𝒄
Increased area = area of tip i.e. ∆𝑳𝒄 P = Ac

𝑨𝒄
Correction increment ∆𝑳𝒄 = Note: 𝒉𝒕 = 𝒉
𝑷
 Fin with convection at the tip
𝜽(𝒙) 𝑻 𝒙 − 𝑻∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳𝒄 − 𝒂𝒙 𝑨𝒄
= = 𝑳𝒄 = L+
𝜽𝟎 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳𝒄 𝑷
1. Circular fin of radius r0

𝝅𝒓𝟎𝟐 = 2𝝅𝒓𝟎∆𝑳𝒄 ∆𝑳𝒄= 𝒓𝟎/𝟐 𝑳𝒄 = 𝑳 + 𝒓𝟎/𝟐
2. Rectangular bar of side w and t

𝒕
𝒘𝒕 = 𝟐(𝒘 + 𝒕)∆𝑳𝒄 ∆𝑳𝒄= 𝒕 ≈ 𝒕/𝟐 𝑳𝒄 = 𝑳 + 𝒕/𝟐
𝟐(𝟏+𝒘)
3. Square bar of side t
∆𝑳𝒄= 𝒕/𝟒 𝑳𝒄 = 𝑳 + 𝒕/𝟒
Fin Heat Transfer Rate, Q̇𝒇𝒊𝒏
Conservation of energy
Q̇𝒄𝒅, 𝒃
Q̇𝒇𝒊𝒏 =
Q̇𝒄𝒗, 𝒇𝒊𝒏
1. Convection heat transfer on fin surface, Newton’s law of cooling

𝐿
Q̇𝒇𝒊𝒏 =‫ 𝐴׬‬ℎ 𝑇 𝑥 − 𝑇∞ 𝑑𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛=‫׬‬0 ℎ 𝑇 𝑥 − 𝑇∞ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑖𝑛
2. Conduction heat transfer at Fin base

𝑑𝑇
Q̇𝒇𝒊𝒏 =−𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑥
x=0
Fin Heat Transfer Rate, Q̇𝒇𝒊𝒏
1. Very long fin, specified tip temperature
𝜽(𝒙)
Fin heat transfer rate, Q̇𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝒆𝒙𝒑(−𝒂𝒙)
𝜽𝟎
𝒅𝜽
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 =−𝒌𝑨𝒄 𝒅𝒙 =𝒌𝑨𝒄𝒂𝜽𝟎= 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞
x=0
2. Convection at tip
𝒉
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝑳 + 𝒌𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒂𝑳)
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝒉
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳 + 𝒌𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳)
3. Insulated tip 𝜽(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳 − 𝒂𝒙

𝑳𝒄
=
𝜽𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡(𝒂𝑳)

Parts 05
Fin Efficiency and Effectiveness
Fin efficiency, η and Fin effectiveness, ε
 Fin efficiency, 𝜂
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 Actual heat transfer rate from the fin
𝜼𝒇𝒊𝒏 = =
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 Maximum heat transfer rate from the fin
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 = Actual heat transfer rate from the fin

𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = Maximun heat transfer rate from the fin
if the entire fin were at fin base temperature (ideal condition）
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒉𝑨𝐟𝐢𝐧 (𝑻𝐛 − 𝑻∞) 𝑨𝐟𝐢𝐧= 𝑷𝑳
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏
𝜼𝒇𝒊𝒏 =
𝒉𝑨𝐟𝐢𝐧 (𝑻𝐛−𝑻∞)
 （I）Very long fin, specified tip temperature
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄(𝑻𝐛−𝑻∞) 𝟏
𝜼𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒊𝒏 = = =
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒉𝑨𝐟𝐢𝐧 (𝑻𝐛−𝑻∞) 𝒂𝑳
 （II）Convection at tip 𝑳𝒄
 （III）Insulated tip
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄(𝑻𝐛−𝑻∞)𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳)

𝜼𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒊𝒑= = =
𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒉𝑨𝐟𝐢𝐧 (𝑻𝐛−𝑻∞) 𝒂𝑳
𝑳𝒄
The optimal length of fin
 In order to increase the fin heat transfer rate, is it better to have a
longer fin? 𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄(𝑻𝐛−𝑻∞)𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳)
ሶ = = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳)
𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈,𝒇𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄(𝑻𝐛−𝑻∞)
> 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 1
× ×
𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟐
×
𝟏
𝑳𝒐𝒑𝒕 =
𝒂
𝒂𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟓
× 𝒂𝑳 = 𝟒
×
Fin Effectiveness, ε
 Fin performance
Fin efficiency, η
Fin effectiveness, ε
Measures heat transfer enhancement due to Fin addition
𝑸ሶ heat transfer rate with fin

𝛆𝒇𝒊𝒏 = ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 =
𝑸
𝒏𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏
heat transfer rate without fin
49
Fin Effectiveness
• The thermal conductivity k of the fin should be as high as possible. Use aluminum,
copper, iron.
• The ratio of the perimeter to the cross-sectional area of the fin p/Ac should be as high
as possible. Use slender pin fins.
• Low convection heat transfer coefficient h. Place fins on gas (air) side.
50
Overall Effectiveness
Overall effectiveness for a finned surface
The overall effectiveness is a better measure of the performance of a finned surface

than the effectiveness of the individual fins.
51
If this one-dimensional approximation is a reasonable one?
• Studies have shown that the error involved in one-dimensional fin

analysis is negligible (less than about 1 percent) when
where  is the characteristic thickness of the fin, which is taken to be the

plate thickness t for rectangular fins and the diameter D for cylindrical ones.
52
Heat Sinks
• Specially designed finned surfaces which are
commonly used in the cooling of electronic
equipment.
• The heat transfer performance of heat sinks is

usually expressed in terms of their thermal
resistances R.
1
𝑅=
ℎ𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛

Heat & Mass Transfer - M4 - Cond HT-2-3

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Module 4

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Conduction Heat Transfer -

02 Thermal Contact Conductance

03 Critical Thickness of Insulation

04 The Function of Fins

05 Fin Efficiency and Effectiveness

Conduction in Composite Wall

kb = 0.72 W/m oC A = 0.25 m2 H = 0.25 m T = 0.23 m

Thermal Contact Conductance

hc = 11,000 W/m2 oC, kAl = 237 W/m oC

𝑳 = kRc = 237× 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎

 Soft, flexible, high conductivity

 Thermal grease/paste, thermal enhanced rubbers

 Thermal conductivity is between 1~ 10 W/m oC

Critical Thickness of Insulation

Consider a cylinder of negligible thickness,

 When r2 increases, Rins increases but Rconv T∞

 Therefore, increase in thickness of

 Critical radius of insulation rcr, for which heat

r1 =1.5 mm, r2 = 3.5 mm,

The Function of Fins

𝑸ሶ = 𝒉𝑨𝒔 (𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞)

Extending As to lower Ts for a fixed 𝑸ሶ

Constant area Variable area Annular fin Pin fin

 The general solution

Temperature excess θ = T − T∞ Boundary condition

Assume insulated tip Corrected length Lc

Increased area = area of tip i.e. ∆𝑳𝒄 P = Ac

1. Circular fin of radius r0

2. Rectangular bar of side w and t

1. Convection heat transfer on fin surface, Newton’s law of cooling

2. Conduction heat transfer at Fin base

3. Insulated tip 𝜽(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝑳 − 𝒂𝒙

𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡(𝒂𝑳)

Fin Efficiency and Effectiveness

𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 = Actual heat transfer rate from the fin

𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒉𝑨𝐟𝐢𝐧 (𝑻𝐛 − 𝑻∞) 𝑨𝐟𝐢𝐧= 𝑷𝑳

𝑸ሶ 𝒇𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄(𝑻𝐛−𝑻∞)𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝑳)

Measures heat transfer enhancement due to Fin addition

𝑸ሶ heat transfer rate with fin

Overall effectiveness for a finned surface

The overall effectiveness is a better measure of the performance of a finned surface

• Studies have shown that the error involved in one-dimensional fin

where  is the characteristic thickness of the fin, which is taken to be the

• The heat transfer performance of heat sinks is

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