ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

ELEMENTS AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

Stage 1: Sending the message
a. Speaker – source of the information or message.
b. Message – any information or anything the speaker/sender ways to communicate by using a medium
c. Medium – is the form in which the speaker/sender conveys a message, which may probably by speech, conversation,
letter, email, blog, newspaper, book, and the like through a channel.
d. Chanel – is the method or means of sending or expressing the messages, which may perhaps be though the five senses
– sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste (Padilla, et. al, 2011). The channel may be sound and light waves in face-to-face or
digital audio and video signals in mediated (“Elements of Speech, 2015”)
Stage 2: Receiving the message
a. Listener/Receiver – the recipient is the one who gets the message in the medium through the chosen channel, and
decodes the message.
b. Feedback – is the receiver’s reaction, response, verbally or non-verbally to the message sent/
c. Context – is the situation or environment where communication takes place, which includes time, place, evet as well as
the sender’s ad receiver’s feelings, perception, beliefs, attitudes ad relationship (Padilla, et al., 2011).
d. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication.
e. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver.

FLOW OF COMMUNICATION

One-way communication
✓ Information flows only in one direction –from the sender to the receiver with no feedback
✓ A much common way of communication because it is faster and easier for the sender and there is no trouble from
disagreement.
✓ There may be mistakes in transmission of information.
Two-way communication
✓ A process in which information flows in two-directions –the receiver provides feedback and the sender receptive to the
feedback.
✓ It is more accurate and fewer mistakes in transmission.
✓ But it is time-consuming and more difficult for the sender.

7 C’S IN COMMUNICATION
1. COMPLETENESS
✓ Complete communication develops and enhances reputation of an organization.
✓ Moreover, they are cost saving as no crucial information is missing and no additional cost is incurred in conveying extra
message if the communication is complete.
✓ A complete communication always gives additional information wherever required. It leaves no questions in the mind of
receiver.
✓ Complete communication helps in better decision-making by the audience/readers/receivers of message as they get all
desired and crucial information.
✓ It persuades the audience.
2. CONCISENESS
✓ It is both time-saving as well as cost-saving.
✓ It underlines and highlights the main message as it avoids using excessive and needless words.
✓ Concise communication provides short and essential message in limited words to the audience.
✓ Concise message is more appealing and comprehensible to the audience.
✓ Concise message is non-repetitive in nature.
3. CONSIDERATION
✓ Emphasize on “you” approach.
✓ Empathize with the audience and exhibit interest in the audience. This will stimulate a positive reaction from the audience.
✓ Show optimism towards your audience. Emphasize on “what is possible” rather than “what is impossible”. Lay stress on
positive words such as jovial, committed, thanks, warm, healthy, help, etc.
4. CLARITY
✓ It makes understanding easier.
✓ Complete clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the meaning of message.
✓ Clear message makes use of exact, appropriate and concrete words.
5. CONCRETENESS
✓ It is supported with specific facts and figures.
✓ It makes use of words that are clear and that build the reputation.
✓ Concrete messages are not misinterpreted.
6. COURTESY
✓ Courtesy implies taking into consideration both viewpoints as well as feelings of the receiver of the message.
✓ Courteous message is positive and focused at the audience.

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 ✓ It makes use of terms showing respect for the receiver of message.
✓ It is not at all biased.
7. CORRECTNESS
✓ The message is exact, correct and well-timed.
✓ If the communication is correct, it boosts up the confidence level.
✓ Correct message has greater impact on the audience/readers.
✓ It checks for the precision and accurateness of facts and figures used in the message.
✓ It makes use of appropriate and correct language in the message.

BARRIER - A barrier is anything that interferes or affects the communication, hence causing a breakdown. Noise, as an example, can
happen on your side as the speaker. Or it can happen on the listener’s side. Or it can happen somewhere in between.

Examples: Wrong format, Technical breakdown, Receiver unable to understand, Attitude towards sender, Wrong channel, No
feedback, Poor timing, Use of jargon, Wrong target, Unclear message, Tone of voice

NOISE - Anything that interferes or affects the communication. Noise can happen on your side as the speaker. Or it can happen on the
listener’s side. Or it can happen somewhere in between.

TYPES OF NOISE
1. Physiological – physiological noise is created by barriers within the sender or receiver. Ex. Articulating problems, talking too
fast
2. Semantic Noise – it occurs when the sender of the message uses a word or a phrase that we don't know the meaning of, or
which we use in a different way from the speakers.
3. Syntactic Noise – mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as abrupt changes in the verb tense during a
sentence.
4. Environmental Noise – environmental noise physically disrupts the communication and is the summary of noise pollution
from outside, caused by transport, industrial and recreational activities. Either Visual or Acoustic/Physical
5. Psychological Noise – certain attitudes can make communication attitude. For instance, great anger or sadness may cause
someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders such as Autism are considered psychological noise.
6. Cultural Noise – stereotypical assumptions can cause misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-Christian
person by wishing them Merry Christmas.
7. Emotional Noise – is the noise rooted from what a person feels at the moment of communication that impedes his/her
understanding.
8. Organizational Noise – noise that occurs when sender/receiver finds it hard to understand directions caused also by
language barrier.

WAYS TO REDUCE NOISE

1. Make your language more precise.
Choose words that you know will be understood by your listeners.
2. Practice
Practice speaking. Practice articulating. Practice using your recording and editing tools.
3. Invite feedback
Sometimes listeners hesitate before they respond.

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