Introduction to Sets:

 In mathematics, a set is a collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in

its own right.
 Sets are typically denoted by curly braces {}. For example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
 Elements of a set can be anything: numbers, letters, symbols, or even other sets.
 Sets can be finite or infinite.

Basic Operations on Sets:

1. Union: The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of all elements
that are in A, in B, or in both.
 Example: A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5}, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
2. Intersection: The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set of
all elements that are both in A and in B.
 Example: A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5}, A ∩ B = {3}.
3. Set Difference: The difference of sets A and B, denoted by A - B or A \ B, is the set
of all elements that are in A but not in B.
 Example: A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5}, A - B = {1, 2}.
4. Complement: The complement of a set A, denoted by A', is the set of all elements
in the universal set that are not in A.
 Example: A = {1, 2, 3}, Universal set U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A' = {4, 5}.

Relations:

 A relation is a set of ordered pairs, where each element in the ordered pair is
related in some way.
 Relations can be represented as sets of ordered pairs {(a, b)}.
 Relations can be classified into different types, such as:
 Reflexive: Every element is related to itself.
 Symmetric: If (a, b) is in the relation, then (b, a) is also in the relation.
 Transitive: If (a, b) and (b, c) are in the relation, then (a, c) is also in the
relation.

Types of Relations:

1. Equivalence Relation: A relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

 Example: Equality relation on a set of integers.
2. Partial Order Relation: A relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive.
  Example: Subset relation on a set of integers.
3. Function: A special type of relation where each input is related to exactly one
output.
 Example: �(�)=�2f(x)=x2.

Conclusion:

 Sets and relations are fundamental concepts in mathematics that are used in
various fields such as algebra, calculus, and discrete mathematics.
 Understanding sets and relations helps in solving problems related to logic,
proofs, and mathematical modeling.