Name: CHARISSE B. DE MANUEL Yr.

/Course/Section: 4 BSABE A
Instructor: RYAN ART M. TULING, ABE, EnP Date submitted: March 18, 2024
Name: CHARISSE B. DE MANUEL Yr./Course/Section: 4 BSABE A
Instructor: RYAN ART M. TULING, ABE, EnP Date submitted: March 18, 2024
Name: CHARISSE B. DE MANUEL Yr./Course/Section: 4 BSABE A
Instructor: RYAN ART M. TULING, ABE, EnP Date submitted: March 18, 2024
Name: CHARISSE B. DE MANUEL Yr./Course/Section: 4 BSABE A
Instructor: RYAN ART M. TULING, ABE, EnP Date submitted: March 18, 2024
Name: CHARISSE B. DE MANUEL Yr./Course/Section: 4 BSABE A
Instructor: RYAN ART M. TULING, ABE, EnP Date submitted: March 18, 2024

Module 3
Lesson 3 – 5
Module Assessment

Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in a clean bond paper. Show
your solution if necessary.
1. Why is it important to conserve soil on the surface? Explain its implication to
agricultural production and operation.
- It is important to conserve soil on the surface because it is mainly synonymous
with controlling erosion or soil conservation. Soil conservation is crucial for
protecting soil and water from degradation due to human activities and other
naturally occurring geological and hydrological events. It is also important in
controlling soil erosion, as aforementioned, and maintaining soil quality, organic
matter, and physical properties, and, in terms of agricultural production systems, it
enhances the variety of soil biota, fauna, and flora in agricultural production
systems.

2. Differentiate the different agronomical measures for water erosion control.

- Based on the module, the widely used agronomic measures for water erosion
control are contour cropping, strip cropping, mulching, and constructing terraces.
Contour cropping involves planting crops across the slope and is more effective to
use in areas wherein slopes are between 2 to 10 degrees. Strip cropping is a
farming technique where strips of crops with poor erosion control potential, such
as root crops or cereals, are alternated with strips of close-growing fodder crops
and grasses to prevent soil erosion and is considered more intensive than contour
farming. Mulching, on the other hand, is a practice that involves spreading a layer
of material, known as mulch, over the surface of the soil. Mulch can be organic,
such as wood chips, fall leaves, or straw, or inorganic, like petroleum films or
rocks. The purpose of mulching is to cover the soil, providing soil protection,
weed suppression, and moisture retention. And lastly, terraces are specific ridged
platforms/earth embankments constructed on sloping lands to prevent soil erosion
and conserve soil moisture. It involves rearranging farmlands or turning hills into
farmlands, prioritizing soil conservation while increasing agricultural
productivity.

3. Which specific area is the establishment of a bench terrace suitable?

- Bench terraces are recommended in the following areas:
o All agroecology zones, especially on steep and fairly steep slopes with
deep or moderately deep soil.
o Regions with high to moderate rainfall, inward-sloping areas, and even dry
regions where the use of level bench terraces is recommended.
o Hills with slopes ranging from 12% to 30 degrees, provided the soils are
deep and stable.
o Areas prone to severe erosion but not heavily dissected by gullies.
o Regions with small landholdings and dense populations, as well as areas
experiencing food or land shortages and high unemployment rates.
Name: CHARISSE B. DE MANUEL Yr./Course/Section: 4 BSABE A
Instructor: RYAN ART M. TULING, ABE, EnP Date submitted: March 18, 2024
o Regions with potential for growing high-value crops, irrigation, and
mechanized farming (makes bench terraces more economical).

4. How are wash load, suspended load, and traction load transported during water
erosion?
-Wash load, consisting of fine-grained soils, is eroded from the land surface and
carried to streams through splash, sheet, rill, and gully erosion with low velocity. Fine
sediments that are suspended in the water are typically transported due to turbulence,
forming a suspended load. On the other hand, bed traction involves the transportation
of coarser sediments, which are usually transported on the bottom of the stream
through rolling and sliding or through saltation.

5. Identify and discuss the three main processes through which sediment is transported
in the streams.
- Sediments are transported in the streams through the three main processes namely
suspension, saltation, and surface creep. During suspension, the sediment remains
suspended in the flowing water for a significant period without contacting the
stream bed. The sediment then moves along the stream bed by bouncing and
skipping during saltation. And lastly, surface creep is characterized by the
movement of sediment almost continuously in contact with the stream bed.

6. Discuss comprehensively how the sediment sampling or measurement be conducted?

- There are several methods designed to measure sediment load, some of these
methods are discussed below:
Location of sampling - For single-point sampling, collect samples at a depth of
0.6d, and for double point 0.8d and 0.2d, wherein d is the depth of the stream, and
each recommended depth of sampling must be measured from the top. For three-
point sampling, gather samples near the water surface, mid-depth, and near the
stream bed, with equal weight. And for multiple sampling, several samples from
various points along the vertical section of the stream can be taken.

Frequency - Samples are to be collected every 15 minutes. Samples should also be

taken more frequently at the start until the peak of the runoff.

Number of Sediment Monitoring Stations – For watersheds, samples are collected

at the outlet. For drainage systems, gauge stations should be set up at each of the
outlets where samples are to be collected.

Observation and collection of Sediment Samples - Silt observation posts should be

positioned considering key factors such as utilizing stream gauging sites to
represent sediment yield from the entire watershed. Sites should be free from
disturbances and easily accessible. Ideally, they should be located where constant
soil erosion occurs due to turbulence. Sediment monitoring stations with overhead
platforms are preferable for collecting samples across the stream width. In hilly
regions with torrential flow, cable bridges may be used for observations. Sites
should have approximately 150 meters of straight stream length both upstream
and downstream.
Name: CHARISSE B. DE MANUEL Yr./Course/Section: 4 BSABE A
Instructor: RYAN ART M. TULING, ABE, EnP Date submitted: March 18, 2024
Collection of Sediment Samples
For suspended load sampling:
The concentration of suspended load in streams varies both horizontally and
vertically across the cross-section. To sample this suspended sediment and
calculate the total quantity of sediment carried by the water, various samplers are
available, including vertical pipe, instantaneous vertical sampler, instantaneous
horizontal sampler, bottle type sampler, and integrating sampler.
For bed load sampling: The rate of bed load movement is assessed by placing the
sampler on the stream bed and measuring the material collected over a set
duration. To stabilize the sampler, a rod is used in shallow streams, while in
deeper streams, it may be secured by a cable boat or trolley. The three main types
of bed load samplers are basket type, tray type sampler, and pressure difference
type.

Estimation of Different Loads from Sample -

Samples collected from various locations and depths of streams are taken to the
laboratory, where sediment particles are separated from the solution, dried at
104°C for 24 hours, and then weighed. This weight indicates the sediment
concentration in the sampled water, measured typically in parts per million (ppm)
or milligrams per liter (mg/L). Total sediment flow per unit time can be calculated
by estimating the total water flow from that point in the stream per unit time and
applying the sediment concentration measurement.