Perfect Modal Verbs

P E R F E C T M O D A L V E R B S
STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + MODAL VERB + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE - E.G. SHE MUST HAVE WON THE LOTTO.
MIGHT/MAY HAVE WOULD HAVE NEEDN'T HAVE

Posibilidad de que algo sucediera Algo pudo suceder pero finalmente no Sucedió algo que era innecesario
sucedió (y no fue culpa del sujeto)
It's possible that the neighbour committed a crime I was going to arrive on time, but the robado was closed It wasn't necessary to book table. The pub is empty.
The neighbour might have committed a crime." I would have arrived on time, but the road was closed.
We needn't have booked a a table. The pub is empty.
Es posible que el vecino cometiera un crimen. Iba a llegar a tiempo, pero la carretera estaba cerrada. No era necesario reservar mesa. El bar está vacío.
Habría llegado a tiempo, pero la carretera estaba cerrada. No teníamos que haber reservado mesa. El bar está vacío.
Puede que el vecino haya cometido un crimen.
MUST/CAN'T/COULDN'T HAVE COULD HAVE SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE

Certeza de que algo sucediera o no Algo pudo suceder pero finalmente no Arrepentimiento por algo que
sucedió (y dependía del sujeto) sucedió o no
I'm sure the teacher forgot about the exam. She liked the white dress, but she bought the black one. I wish I had studied more. I've failed the exam.
She could have bought the white dress, but she bought the
The teacher must have forgotten about the exam. black one. I should have studied more. I've failed the exam.
Estoy segura de que la profe se olvidó del examen. Le gustaba el vestido blanco, pero se compró el negro. Ojalá hubiera estudiado más. He suspendido el examen.
La profe debe haberse olvidado del examen. Podría haberse comprado el vestido blanco, pero se compró el Debería haber estudiado más. He suspendido el examen.
negro.
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + MODAL VERB + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Posibilidad de que algo sucediera

Es posible que la profe cometiera un crimen.
Puede que la profe haya cometido un crimen.
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
Perhaps she's gone to stay with her

mother.
She...
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
Perhaps she's gone to stay with her mother.

She may have gone to stay with her mother.
She might have gone to stay with her
mother.
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
It's possible that Mr Smith committed a

crime.
Mr Smith...
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
It's possible that Mr Smith committed a

crime. Mr Smith might have committed a
crime.
Mr Smith may have committed a crime.
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
Perhaps Kevin won the lottery.

He...
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
Perhaps Kevin won the lottery.

He might have won the lottery.
He may have won the lottery.
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
It's possible that Amy cheated on her

girlfriend.
Amy...
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
It's possible that Amy cheated on her

girlfriend. Amy might have cheated on her
girlfriend.
Amy may have cheated on her girlfriend.
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
It's possible that their parents gave them the
money for the house.
Their parents...
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
It's possible that their parents gave them the money
for the house.
Their parents might have given them the money for
the house.
Their parents may have given them the money for the
house.
MUST/CAN'T/COULDN'T HAVE
Certeza de que algo sucediera o no
Estoy segura de que la profe se olvidó del examen.
La profe debe haberse olvidado del examen.
I'm sure that Sandra didn't leave the office at

8:00.
Sandra...
I'm sure that Sandra didn't leave the office at

8:00.
Sandra couldn't have left the office at 8:00.
I'm certain that he buried something in the garden.

He...
I'm certain that he buried something in the garden.

He must have buried something in the garden.
I'm sure that the teacher has finished her

grading.
The teacher...
I'm sure that the teacher has finished her

grading.
The teacher must have finished her grading.
I'm sure that Ridley Scott hasn't directed this

film.
Ridley Scott...
I'm sure that Ridley Scott hasn't directed this

film.
Ridley Scott can't have directed this film.
I'm sure that Sally got upset because of your

nasty comments.
Sally...
I'm sure that Sally got upset because of your

nasty comments.
Sally must have got upset because of your
comments.
WOULD HAVE
Algo pudo suceder pero finalmente no sucedió (y no fue culpa del sujeto)
Iba a llegar a tiempo, pero la carretera estaba cerrada.
Habría llegado a tiempo, pero la carretera estaba cerrada.
WOULD HAVE
We were going to arrive on time, but the

accident stopped us.
We...
WOULD HAVE
We were going to arrive on time, but the

accident stoppd us.
We would have arrived on time, but the accident
stopped us.
WOULD HAVE
Hermione was going to meet Harry and Ron, but

Professor Snape punished her with no break.
Hermione...
WOULD HAVE
Hermione was going to meet Harry and Ron, but

Hermione would have met Harry and Ron, but
WOULD HAVE
I was going to prepare some haggis for dinner, but

I realized I didn't have enough meat.
I...
WOULD HAVE
I was going to prepare some haggis for dinner, but

I realized I didn't have enough meat.
I would have prepared some haggis for dinner, but I
realized I didn't have enough meat.
WOULD HAVE
Sunny was going to spend her holidays in

Maldives, but the flight was cancelled.
Sunny...
WOULD HAVE
Sunny was going to spend her holidays in maldives,

but the flight was cancelled.
Sunny would have spent her holidays in Maldives,
but the flight was cancelled.
WOULD HAVE
Harry Styles was going to sing during the Super

Bowl halftime show, but there was a problem.
Harry Styles...
WOULD HAVE
Harry Styles was going to sing during the Super

Harry Styles would have sung during the Super
COULD HAVE
Algo pudo suceder pero finalmente no sucedió (y dependía del sujeto)
Le gustaba el vestido blanco, pero se compró el negro.
Podría haberse comprado el vestido blanco, pero se compró el negro.
COULD HAVE
Your sister was able to run faster, but she let

you win.
Your sister...
COULD HAVE
Your sister was able to run faster, but she let

you win.
Your sister could have run faster, but she let you
win.
COULD HAVE
I was thinking about driving to work, but the

weather was so nice that I decided to walk.
I...
COULD HAVE
I was thinking about driving to work, but the

weather was so nice that I decided to walk.
I could have driven to work, but the weather was
so nice that I decided to walk.
COULD HAVE
Mary wanted to buy the blue dress, but

eventually she went for the white one.
Mary...
COULD HAVE
Mary wanted to buy the blue dress, but

Mary could have bought the blue dress, but
COULD HAVE
Mark was able to enter Harvard, but he decided

to enter Virginia University.
Mark...
COULD HAVE
Mark was able to enter Harvard, but he decided to

enter Virginia University.
Mark could have entered Harvard, but he decided
to enter Virginia University.
COULD HAVE
I was thinking about watching Avatar, but it was

too long and I ended up watching a series.
I...
COULD HAVE
I was thinking about watching Avatar, but it was

too long and I ended up watching a series.
I could have watched Avatar, but it was too long
and I ended up watching a series.
NEEDN'T HAVE
Sucedió algo que era innecesario

"No era necesario reservar mesa. El bar está vacío."
"No teníamos que haber reservado mesa. El bar está vacío."
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for them to book the table.

There was enough space in the restaurant.
They...
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for them to book the table.

There was enough space in the restaurant.
They needn't have booked the table. There was
enough space in the restaurant.
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for him to finish the

homework last night. The deadline wasn't today.
He...
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for him to finish the

homework last night. The deadline wasn't today.
He needn't have finished the homework last night.
The deadline wasn't today.
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for us to arrive so early.

Nobody was there yet.
We...
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for us to arrive so early.

Nobody was there yet.
We needn't have arrived so early. Nobody was there
yet.
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for Meghan to order the

pizza. Kelly had already ordered it.
Meghan...
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for Meghan to order the

pizza. Kelly had already ordered it.
Meghan needn't have ordered the pizza. Kelly had
already ordered it.
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for William to contact the

agency. They had already sent him a mail.
William...
NEEDN'T HAVE
It wasn't necessary for William to contact the

agency. They had already sent him a mail.
William needn't have contacted the agency. They
had already sent him a mail.
SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE
Arrepentimiento por algo que sucedió o no
"Ojalá hubiera estudiado más. He suspendido el examen."
"Debería haber estudiado más. He suspendido el
examen."
I'm sorry that I didn't study more.

I...
I'm sorry that I didn't study more.

I should have studied more.
It was wrong of you to go to that family

meeting. You...
It was wrong of you to go to that family

meeting.
You shouldn't have gone to that family meeting.
I didn't wear a sunhat and now my head hurts.

I...
I didn't wear a sunhat and now my head hurts.

I should have worn a sunhat.
I'm sorry that I said those hurtful words to

you. I...
I'm sorry that I said those hurtful words to

you. I shouldn't have said those hurtful words to
you.
It wasn't a good idea for the government to

apply all those economic measures.
The government...
It wasn't a good idea for the government to

apply all those economic measures.
The government shouldn't have applied all those
economic measures.
R e g r e t c a r d s
Zoe, 30 I got a tattoo and it didn't
turn out as expected. I wanted
to cover my entire back with
an English quote by
Shakespeare but the tattoo
artist spelled it wrong and
now I'm stuck with a
permanent mispelling on my
body. It's so embarrassing to
have "TO VE OR NOT TO VE" on
my body!
E.g. She could have written the quote for the tattoo artist.
E.g. The tattoo artist can't have committed that terrible mistake!
Gary, 25 I totally regret buying this broken
phone. It's been such a pain and a
total waste of money. I thought I
was getting a good deal at the
time, but it turns out the phone
was all messed up and I didn't
even realize until I tried to use it.
Now, I'm stuck with a phone that
doesn't work and have to deal
with getting it fixed or finding a
new one.
might/may have - must/can't/couldn't have - would have - could have

needn't have - should/shouldn't have
Scott, 42 I sent a message to my boss
instead of my boyfriend. It was
an embarrassing and awkward
mistake that I wish I could take
back. I was in a hurry and didn't
double check before hitting send,
and now my boss has seen a
message that was not meant for
him. I'm mortified!

Nicole, 19 I argued with my dad and he died
before apologizing. I regret not
taking the time to make amends
before it was too late. I was angry
and didn't think about the
consequences of my actions. Now,
I'm left with the guilt and regret
of not being able to tell him how
much I loved and appreciated him.

Shirley, 22 I got invited to a party and
my friend told me it was a
costume party. I showed up to
the party in a rabbit costume.
I was excited to dress up, but
when I arrived, no one else
was dressed in costume. I felt
embarrassed and out of place.
Apparently, it was just a joke
but I felt terribly.

Selena, 32
I totally regret hitting that car
and then just taking off. It was
such a dumb and irresponsible
move and I wish I could go
back and do things differently.
I was scared and didn't know
what to do, so I just bailed. But
now I'm stuck with all this
guilt and worry about getting
caught and facing
consequences.

Lauren, 33 I'm so sorry that I wasn't
able to make it to my aunt's
funeral. My flight was
cancelled and I was unable
to find a way to get there in
time. I feel terrible that I
couldn't be there to support
my family and pay my
respects to my aunt.

Jerry, 18 I'm sorry that I didn't
congratulate my brother on his
marriage. I was feeling jealous
and resentful and didn't handle
the situation well. It was a
thoughtless and selfish thing to
do, and I regret not being able
to put my feelings aside and be
happy for him.

Gregory, 23 I spent I regret €200 on that
sweater and then I found out it
was on sale the next day and
they were selling it for just €25. I
wish I had been more patient and
waited for a better deal. I feel
guilty and irresponsible for not
thinking things through before
making the purchase.

Diane, 27 I'm so frustrated and
disappointed in myself for not
studying for that test. I knew it
was important and I just kept
procrastinating. And now, I've
failed and it's all my own fault.
I can't believe I let myself down
like this. I'm just so angry and
disappointed in myself.

Arthur, 25 Today I missed a very important
meeting with a very important
investor. the reason is that I
got locked in my house and
couldn't find my key anywhere.
It was such a stupid situation
and I feel terrible that I let
everyone down. I know how
important this meeting was and
I'm so sorry.

Walter, 39 I didn't buy a lotto ticket
and now everyone at work
has won. It's not fair and I
can't believe I missed out on
this opportunity. I'm kicking
myself for not taking the
chance and now I'm left with
nothing. It's just not right
and I feel like I've been
robbed of something that
could have changed my life.

Elijah, 17 I'm so disappointed that my
girlfriend cheated on me. I
trusted her and believed that
we had a strong and honest
relationship. But now, I feel like
a fool and I can't believe she
would do something like this to
me. It's a painful and hurtful
betrayal and I'm not sure how
to move forward.

Bruce, 38 I'm so frustrated that I spent
50 euros on a ticket and then
found out that the entrance
was free. It's such a waste of
money and I can't believe I made
this mistake. I was excited
about the event and didn't think
to check if there was a cost for
admission. Now, I'm out 50 euros
and I feel foolish for not being
more careful.


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P E R F E C T M O D A L V E R B S

MIGHT/MAY HAVE WOULD HAVE NEEDN'T HAVE

MUST/CAN'T/COULDN'T HAVE COULD HAVE SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE

Posibilidad de que algo sucediera

Perhaps she's gone to stay with her

Perhaps she's gone to stay with her mother.

It's possible that Mr Smith committed a

It's possible that Mr Smith committed a

Perhaps Kevin won the lottery.

Perhaps Kevin won the lottery.

It's possible that Amy cheated on her

It's possible that Amy cheated on her

I'm sure that Sandra didn't leave the office at

I'm sure that Sandra didn't leave the office at

I'm certain that he buried something in the garden.

I'm certain that he buried something in the garden.

I'm sure that the teacher has finished her

I'm sure that the teacher has finished her

I'm sure that Ridley Scott hasn't directed this

I'm sure that Ridley Scott hasn't directed this

I'm sure that Sally got upset because of your

I'm sure that Sally got upset because of your

We were going to arrive on time, but the

We were going to arrive on time, but the

Hermione was going to meet Harry and Ron, but

Hermione was going to meet Harry and Ron, but

I was going to prepare some haggis for dinner, but

I was going to prepare some haggis for dinner, but

Sunny was going to spend her holidays in

Sunny was going to spend her holidays in maldives,

Harry Styles was going to sing during the Super

Harry Styles was going to sing during the Super

Your sister was able to run faster, but she let

Your sister was able to run faster, but she let

I was thinking about driving to work, but the

I was thinking about driving to work, but the

Mary wanted to buy the blue dress, but

Mary wanted to buy the blue dress, but

Mark was able to enter Harvard, but he decided

Mark was able to enter Harvard, but he decided to

I was thinking about watching Avatar, but it was

I was thinking about watching Avatar, but it was

Sucedió algo que era innecesario

It wasn't necessary for them to book the table.

It wasn't necessary for them to book the table.

It wasn't necessary for him to finish the

It wasn't necessary for him to finish the

It wasn't necessary for us to arrive so early.

It wasn't necessary for us to arrive so early.

It wasn't necessary for Meghan to order the

It wasn't necessary for Meghan to order the

It wasn't necessary for William to contact the

It wasn't necessary for William to contact the

I'm sorry that I didn't study more.

I'm sorry that I didn't study more.

It was wrong of you to go to that family

It was wrong of you to go to that family

I didn't wear a sunhat and now my head hurts.

I didn't wear a sunhat and now my head hurts.

I'm sorry that I said those hurtful words to

I'm sorry that I said those hurtful words to

It wasn't a good idea for the government to

It wasn't a good idea for the government to