Lecture 3: Classification and

Applications of Embedded systems

 Presentation Outline
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Introduction Classification
to ES Model of ES

Applications
of ES
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Introduction to ES Model
 Embedded System Model
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 A systematic description of an object or phenomenon that shares

important characteristics with the object or phenomenon.
 The three layers of software model:
1. Application Layer
2. System software layer
3. Hardware layer
1. Application Layer: Application program interface and user interface
◼ An application program interface (API) is code that allows two software programs to
communicate with each other.
◼ User interface: A human-machine interface (HMI) that interfaces machines with
physical hardware input.
 Embedded System Model
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 2. System software Layer: Middleware, operating system, and device

drivers.
 Middleware is a type of computer software that provides services
to software applications beyond those available from the operating system.

 An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware,

software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

 In computing, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a

particular type of device that is attached to a computer or automaton.

 3. Hardware layer: Processor, memory and I/O

 Ex 1: ACVM Model
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 Ex 2: Smart card Model
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Classification of Embedded Systems

 Embedded Systems Classification
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 Considering the design complexity and the system performance, a

system can be classified into three types
1. Small scale embedded system

2. Medium scale embedded systems

3. Sophisticated embedded systems

 Small scale Medium-scale Sophisticated embedded
embedded embedded systems systems
systems
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Microcontroller 8-bit/ 16-bit/ DSP 16-bit/ 32-bit/ DSP/ RISC 32-bit/ 64-bit/ DSP/ RISC

Hardware and Less complexity May be on Single purpose Needs Hardware and Software
Software processor CO-Design

RTOS May be or may not be Used for Multitasking RTOS and other programming tools
used
Software tools IDE specific to uCs, Providing solutions to Hardware IP cores for complex software
Project manager, complexity solutions
Compiler, assembler, ( Encryption , Decryption, FFT, IFFT,
Library, Loader, Locator etc.)
Programming C or MATLAB C/C++/Visual C++/ Java/ RTOS May need new developments
tools and Source code engineering
tools, simulator, Debugger, and
IDE.
Design Simple VLSI design form System – on – chip (SoC)
constraints ( Bus controller and USB
interface)
 Embedded Systems Skills required for an ES Designer
Small scale embedded Medium-scale embedded Sophisticated
11 systems systems embedded systems
Knowledge RTOS for Real time scheduling, RTOS with APIs Thorough knowledge on
on software multitasking, i) Task or threads scheduling RTOS and other
ii) Cooperative and Preemptive programming tools
scheduling,
iii) Inter-process communication
iv) Shared data, critical sections
and re-entrant sections
v) Semaphores, message queues ,
Mailboxes sockets and pipes
vi) Device drivers
Knowledge Microprocessors, microcontrollers, Memory allocation, timers, device Software engineer must have
on hardware DSPs, hardware units, motors and drivers and interrupt handling some knowledge on
actuators, sensors and mechanism hardware.
measurements, analog electronic
design and IC design and
manufacture.
Designer Specific skills in specific situations Hardware organization of APIs for CO-design to optimum
(control engg., analog electronic the specific microcontroller design solutions
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Applications of ES
 Application Areas
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 Consumer electronics:
 Refrigerator, washing machine, AC machine, camera, microwave oven, TV,
security system etc.
 Office automation:
 Printers, fax machines, photocopy machines, scanners, biometric scanner,
surveillance camera, etc.
 Automobiles:
 Air bags, Anti Lock Braking System (ABS), engine control, door lock, GPS
system, vehicle Ad Hoc Network, etc.
 Communication:
 Mobile phones, network switches, Wi-Fi hard spots, telephones, modem etc
 Miscellaneous:
 Automatic door locks, automatic baggage screening, surveillance systems,
intelligent toilet etc.
 Small scale embedded systems Examples
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 Medium-scale embedded systems
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 Sophisticated embedded systems Examples
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 Companies
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 Advantages of Embedded System
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• It is able to cover a wide variety of environments.

• Less likely to repeat errors.
• Embedded System simplified hardware which reduces overall cost.
• Offers an improved performance
• The embedded system is useful for mass production.
• The embedded system is highly reliable.
• It has very few interconnections.
• The embedded system is small in size.
• It has a fast operation.
• Offers improved product quality.
• It optimizes the use of system resources.
• It has a low power operation.
 Disadvantages of Embedded System
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• To develop an embedded system needs high development effort.

• It needs a long time to market.

• Embedded systems do a very specific task, so it can't be

programmed to do different things.

• Embedded systems offer very limited resources for memory.

• It doesn't offer any technological improvement.

• It is difficult to backup of embedded files.

GKK Rayudu