Greetings!

my names Dave
Christopher E Kaquilala together
with buddy Adrian Lawas .Ready!
to help you to be more morally
right in life, with the help of
understanding about our new
lesson which is:
 Intended Learning Outcomes
1. Identify and explain consequentialist ethics.
2. Evaluate the morality of a human act or character using
consequentialist ethics.
3. Analyze moral cases using consequentialist ethics.
4. Assess the plausibility of consequentialist ethics.
 Table of Contents:
1.)Introduction
a. Background and Purpose
2.)Consequentialism: A Fundamental Concept
a. Definition and Key Principles
3.)Classic Utilitarianism:
a. Paradigmatic Form of Consequentialism
b. Hedonistic Act Consequentialism
4.)What Is “Good” in Consequentialism?
a. Hedonistic vs. Pluralistic Consequentialism
5.). Which Consequences Matter?
a. Actual vs. Expected Consequentialisms
6.)Consequences of What?
a. Rights, Relativity, and Rules
7.)Consequences for Whom?
a. Limiting the Demands of Morality
8.) Arguments for Consequentialism
a. Various Arguments in Favor of Consequentialism
9.) Challenges and Critiques of Classic Utilitarianism
a.Epistemological Issues
b. The Role of Decision Procedures
c. Criticisms of the Principle of Utility as a Decision Procedure
d.
10.) Evolving Consequentialist Approaches
a. Introduction of Expected Consequences
b. Objective vs. Subjective Consequentialism
c. Proximate Causation as a Limitation
d. Critique of Utilitarianism Regarding Justice and Rights
e. Aligning with Common Moral Intuitions
f. Rule Consequentialism
11.)Conclusion
a. The Ongoing Relevance of Consequentialism
 This report provides a comprehensive overview of
consequentialism, a moral theory that asserts that
the normative properties of actions are solely
dependent on their consequences. The report
discusses classic utilitarianism, a prominent form
of consequentialism, along with its complexities,
criticisms, and alternative consequentialist
theories. The aim is to offer a thorough
understanding of consequentialism and its various
dimensions.
Human decisions have consequences that affect people and
relationships.

• Decisions are often judged as good when motivated by good

intentions and result in positive consequences.
• The morality of a decision can be judged based on
motivation or the results of the action.
• Utilitarianism or Consequentialist Ethics aims to
determine morality based on consequences.
Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus
• 1 Intensity: How strong is the pleasure?
• 2 Duration: How long does the pleasure last?
• 3 Certainty or Uncertainty: How likely is the pleasure to
occur?
• 4 Propinquity or Remoteness: How soon does the pleasure
occur?
• 5 Fecundity: Probability of similar sensations.
• 6 Purity: Probability of not being followed by different
sensations.
• 7 Extent: How many people are affected?
John Stuart Mill’s Distinction
• Mill distinguishes between lower and higher
forms of pleasure.
• Pleasures of higher quality involve human
faculties like intellect.
• A wise person wouldn’t exchange intellectual
pleasures for lower ones.
 Example: Playing Games vs. Studying
• Studying, despite being seemingly tedious, has the potential for
long-term happiness and personal growth.
• Mill’s approach seeks a balance between activities that provide
higher and lower pleasures.
• Mill’s quote emphasizes the importance of being a human being
satisfied rather than a pig or a fool satisfied.
• The quality of pleasure should align with one’s human nature.

Greatest Happiness Principle

• Morality aims to create an existence free from pain and filled
with pleasures suitable for human beings.
• Happiness should be in proportion to the form of being that
desires it.
• A life of happiness includes transient pains, and balance between
tranquility and excitement is essential.
• In summary, consequentialist ethics, as explained by John Stuart
Mill, focuses on actions’ consequences and aims to promote happiness
that aligns with human nature, emphasizing the quality and quantity
of pleasures while considering the balance between tranquility and
excitement.udying, despite being seemingly tedious, has the
potential for long-term happiness and personal growth.
• Mill’s approach seeks a balance between activities that provide
higher and lower pleasures.
• Mill’s quote emphasizes the importance of being a human being
satisfied rather than a pig or a fool satisfied.
• The quality of pleasure should align with one’s human nature.

Greatest Happiness Principle

• Morality aims to create an existence free from pain and filled
with pleasures suitable for human beings.
• Happiness should be in proportion to the form of being that
desires it.
• A life of happiness includes transient pains
.
 Write down the things you've learned
so far in our lesson minimum of 100
words.Your score will be recorded.You
can submit by adding a file or
commenting your answer below:)
 a. Consequentialism is the view that normative properties depend solely on consequences.
b. It suggests that what is best or right is determined by making the future better because we cannot
change the past.
c. Consequentialism can apply to various normative properties and kinds of things, with the most
common form being consequentialism about the moral rightness of acts.
d. Classic utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism and holds that an act is morally right if it
maximizes the overall good.
e. Classic utilitarians, such as Bentham, Mill, and Sidgwick, were proponents of hedonistic act
consequentialism, which states that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and pain is the only intrinsic
bad.
f. Classic utilitarianism is consequentialist as it asserts that moral rightness depends only on
consequences, not other factors.
g. It considers actual consequences, direct consequences of the act itself, and the value of
consequences, emphasizing the principles of maximizing and aggregating the total net good.
h. Classic utilitarianism promotes equal consideration and agent-neutrality, implying that benefits to
one person are equally important as benefits to another.
i. Classic utilitarianism is a complex theory with various logically independent claims, which some
moral theorists have critiqued over time.
j.Opposition to classic utilitarianism has led to the development of various consequentialist theories
with different emphases and variations.
1.) Summary of “Consequentialism” – Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy(with picture)
a.Consequentialism: Consequentialism asserts that normative
properties depend solely on the consequences of an action.
It is the view that the best or right action is the one that
maximizes future well-being.

b .Classic Utilitarianism: This is the paradigmatic form of

consequentialism, championed by figures like Bentham, Mill,
and Sidgwick. It involves hedonistic act consequentialism,
where the moral rightness of an action depends on maximizing
the net amount of good (pleasure) for all people.

c. What is Consequentialism?: An explanation of the

fundamental concept of consequentialism and its denial of
moral rightness depending directly on anything other than
consequences.
 e. What is Good? Hedonistic vs. Pluralistic Consequentialisms: Discusses whether pleasure and pain, or
more complex values like friendship, knowledge, and justice, should be considered intrinsic goods within
consequentialist frameworks.

f. Which Consequences? Actual vs. Expected Consequentialisms: Explores the distinction between actual and
expected consequences in assessing the moral rightness of an action.

g. Consequences of What? Rights, Relativity, and Rules: Examines how consequentialism deals with
considerations like rights and rules and whether consequences depend on the observer’s perspective.

h. for Whom? Limiting the Demands of Morality: Addresses how consequentialists handle the distribution of
consequences and the potential for egalitarianism and fairness within a consequentialist fram
ework.
Arguments for Consequentialism: “Discusses some arguments in favor of consequentialism”
The article delves into the complexities and nuances of consequentialism, including different variations and
criticisms related to what is considered “good” within this ethical theory.
A. Classic utilitarianism raises epistemological issues because it appears to require agents to calculate
all consequences for all acts, which is impossible.
B. Most classic and contemporary utilitarians do not propose their principles as decision procedures, but
rather as criteria of moral rightness.
C. Utilitarians argue that it may not be morally right to use the principle of utility as a decision
procedure in all cases, as calculating utilities can lead to errors that reduce utility.
D. Some utilitarians introduce the concept of expected or expectable consequences, shifting the focus from
actual consequences.
E. Objective consequentialism focuses on actual or objectively probable consequences, while subjective
consequentialism considers intended, foreseen, or foreseeable consequences.
F. The legal concept of proximate cause is used to define consequences based on causal chains and limit the
need to predict non-proximate consequences.
G. Utilitarianism can be criticized for overlooking justice and individual rights, as illustrated by the
“Transplant” example.
H. Utilitarians may modify their theory to align with common moral intuitions, introducing concepts like
agent-relative value or indirect consequentialism (motive, virtue, or rule).
I. Rule consequentialism holds that the moral rightness of an act depends on the consequences of a rule,
and its indirectness allows for common moral intuitions to be preserved.
AConsequences for Whom? Limiting the Demands of Morality
J. Classic utilitarianism is criticized for demanding too much.
K. It suggests doing actions that are moral options (neither obligatory nor
forbidden), which some find overly demanding.
L. Utilitarians argue we are morally required to change our lives to increase
overall utility.
M. Some argue that an act is morally wrong only when it fails to maximize utility
and the agent is liable to punishment.
N. Rule-utilitarianism suggests that if internalizing rules demanding extreme
charity costs too much, it’s not morally required.
O. Agent-relative theories of value consider the value of benefiting oneself or
close ones over strangers.
P. Proximate causation and scalar consequentialism offer more personal leeway in
moral decisions.
Q. Satisficing and progressive consequentialism allow personal projects that don’t
maximize overall good.
i. Arguments for Consequentialism:
A. Consequentialists start with the presumption that we ought to make the world
better when possible.
B. Arguments address objections against consequentialism.
C. Criticism of other moral theories as part of disjunctive syllogism.
D. An inference to the best explanation of moral intuitions.
E. Deductive arguments from abstract moral principles.
F. Foundations in non-normative facts or non-moral norms.
G. Contractarian arguments, suggesting rational, impartial individuals would favor
consequentialism.
H. Various forms of arguments have been proposed in favor of consequentialism.
Conclusion:
Consequentialism remains a live option, and there may be no adequate reason to deny
or assert it.