Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the background for research into the efficacy of

identifying the students behavior with alcoholic beverages intake in the class setting.

Additionally, this section can show how this study relates to other literature and

research.

Local Literature

One of the reasons why young people drink alcohol is to be curious, to feel

better, to relieve stress and relax, and to adapt to society at a young age. Kids see ads

showing beautiful people enjoying life and drinking. And because many parents and

other adults drink socially, such as beer or wine with dinner, alcohol does not appear to

be a problem for many teens (Mosky and Hobey, 2008). Many people believe that

drinking is related to family, education, personal relationships, etc. It seems that it can

help avoid problems in matters, but this is not so. Obesity alcoholism can lead to more

serious and fatal illnesses, which can be life-threatening. (Unknown, n.a.).

According to a study conducted by the University of the Philippines (UP),

young Filipinos start drinking alcohol at the age of 16 or 17 on average. Valbuena stated

that many cases of children starting drinking alcohol as early as 12 years old. It was

estimated that 37% of respondents continue drinking, with 33% only drinking on special

occasions (Tacio, 2018) World Health Organization reports tobacco consumption

causes more disease burden than tobacco itself. According to the World Health
Organization, the consequences can lead to death and disability at a young age. Two

million people worldwide are heavy drinkers, and 76.3 million of them have been

diagnosed with alcoholism (World Health Organization, 2005). Youth drinking behavior,

etc., among 280 third- and fourth-grade students at a selected high school in Baguio,

Philippines, in January 2008. Most of the participants in this study (74.3%) were

between the ages of 15 and 16. Data were analyzed using MINITAB. Chi-square test

was used to evaluate the correlation between variables and independent variables, and

statistical significance was determined as ? = 0.05. Approximately 30.8% of students

are alcohol users. Of those who consume alcohol, 47.1 percent are men and 18.2

percent are women.

Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between alcohol

consumption and gender (chi-square 26.9; p-value = 1 bottle of alcohol per day).

Drinking to the point of intoxication is something most teenagers have done at least

once. A 1994 study by the University of the Philippines found that 60 percent of Filipino

youth, or 5.3 million people, consumed alcohol. Approximately 4.2 million of them are

men and 1.1 million are women. Studies show that most young Filipinos have

experimented with cigarettes, alcohol and drugs. Approximately 30.8% of students are

alcohol users. Young Filipinos start drinking at the average age of 16 or 17. But there

are many cases where children under 12 start drinking. Approximately 37% of

participants reported ongoing alcohol consumption, while 33% indicated that they

consumed alcoholic beverages exclusively for special events. About 17% said they had

already decided to stop drinking alcohol (Valbuena, 2001).

 Finally, these literatures are evident to co-existing variables in this study.

Definitely, this will serve as a guide of these problems about students behavior with

alcoholic beverage intake especially the students of Mercedes National High School

that are participants of this study.

Foreign Literature

Early alcohol consumption affects the health of people especially under the

age of 18. This article describes the history of underage drinking in the United States.

Nowadays, young people feel older and “cool” without knowing the consequences of

drinking alcohol. There are many reasons why teens drink out of curiosity, want to grow

up, or rebel against their parents. (Balza, 2014). According to Aertgeerts and Buntinx

(2002), they investigated the relationship between alcohol consumption among

freshmen in the United States. Aertgeerts and Buntinx found that 14.2% of students

drink and consume alcohol.

The rate of boys attending continuing education is 49.7% and the rate of

girls is 48.9%. As a result, about half of freshmen graduate by the time they enter their

sophomore year. But it is true that drinking is a big problem among students. Esketee

et. Al (2013) We use the International Study of Self-Reported Delinquency, or ISRD-2

(2006), to examine the purpose of this project. International data from European

countries also examines patterns of alcohol and drug use among young people (12-16

years old). Analysis shows that the rate of drinking among young people in Europe is

very high, but there are differences between countries.

 In general, 60.4 percent of young people consume beer, wine and spirits

at least once in their lives, while 34.2 percent consume alcohol. Incidents occurring in

the last month account for almost half as many, at 28.1% and 13.5% respectively. The

rate of excessive beer, wine and soft drink consumption is 28.1%, and the relapse rate

is 13.5%. These results are consistent with previous cross-country studies such as the

ESPAD study. Underage drinking causes many health and social problems; these

include traffic accidents (the greatest risk of death for adolescents and young adults

aged 12-20); suicide; and personal violence (such as murder, torture, torment);

Accidental injuries such as burns, falls and drowning; brain damage; sexual risks,

academic problems, and alcohol and drug use. Alcohol kills an average of 4,300 young

people each year in the United States and shortens their lives by an average of 60

years. Young people are involved in the criminal justice system for their alcohol

consumption, including being arrested for the crime of prohibiting minors from

consuming alcohol, as well as criminal and criminal mischief for their behavior when

intoxicated.

Additionally, alcohol consumption may be an important factor in

determining how much studying high school students do, but it does not have a

significant impact on their decisions to stay in school, get letters, or go to college. These

questions are important and timely because recent research shows that underage

drinkers are more vulnerable to the consequences of alcoholism, such as blackouts,

hangovers, and alcoholism, and are at increased risk for neurodegeneration (especially

in the area of the brain responsible for alcoholism). Learning.) and memory), poor brain

function, and cognitive impairment (Zeigler et al., 2004) Following Chatterji (2006),
bivariate probability models of alcohol use and academic performance were used to

assess the impact of predictions on various factors. It expresses the relationship

between unobservable determinants of variables. He concluded that there was no

evidence of a relationship between alcohol consumption and academic achievement

when the correlation was set at a reasonable level.

Additionally, these literatures greatly emphasize that teenagers’ alcohol

consumption is influenced by curiosity, social pressure, and societal norms. Despite its

normalization, early onset drinking poses health risks, as seen in the Philippines, urging

the need for comprehensive prevention efforts.

Local Studies

Many teenagers in the Philippines drink alcohol, which has both good and

bad consequences. Through effective policies, we can reduce the negative

consequences of teen drinking. Research shows that alcohol is popular among Filipino

youth. Although the number of students drinking regularly or excessively has decreased

over the past few years, teen drinking still exists. The number of students drinking

regularly or excessively has fallen over the past few years, but the proportion of young

alcoholics has risen to 16% since the pandemic began. (Roberts, 2022). According to

Gabat et al (2019), alcohol is an alcoholic beverage that can lead to addiction. Alcohol

or liquor is a liquid with a pungent odor.

Adolescents who perceive alcohol as easily accessible may be more likely

to drink alcohol. This approach can occur in a variety of ways, such as when a parent
offers alcohol during a vacation or family event. Additionally, situations such as

attending a party, hanging out with friends who drink, or asking older siblings or adults

to buy alcohol can make it easier for teens to obtain alcohol. With today’s modern

technology, even some experienced teens can go that far. It’s like forging your ID to buy

a bottle of alcohol. Some teenagers who are talkative and friendly may also make

friends.

Researcher Carlson G. (2022) found that if a student has a family member

struggling with alcohol abuse, the student can quickly progress from simply drinking to

serious problems related to alcohol abuse and dependence. Teens who do not have a

family history of alcohol abuse but try drinking can also develop abuse and

dependence problems. Adolescents with a family history of alcohol abuse are advised to

avoid experimentation and generally refrain from drinking alcohol. Some teens drink

alcohol regularly to compensate for anxiety, depression, or lack of positive social skills.

Teenage alcohol use should not be downplayed as it can often lead to the use of other

drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, and heroin. Factors such

as curiosity, risk taking, and social influence make it difficult for many teens to quit

drinking, leading them to wonder, “Will it hurt?” (Carlson G., 2022)

Students often report drinking for reasons such as social advancement or

enjoyment. And the family problems of drinkers can damage the household budget,

cause strife, and further harm the health and happiness of family members. People

often drink for fun. Drinking alcohol makes you feel good and energized, and drinking

with friends is a great way to have fun. Alcohol had little chance of getting students

closer to creative problem solving when their blood alcohol level was about 0.075%.
Therefore, it is possible that moderate alcohol consumption can enhance creativity.

(Amelia Sharp. 2022)

Finally, the research shows that related problems regarding students’ alcohol

consumption in the Philippines present both positive and negative consequences within

the country.

Foreign Studies

Alcohol consumption among high school students is a global issue that has

been extensively researched in recent years. According to Lee et al. (2019), the

prevalence of alcohol use among high school students varies across countries, with

some regions reporting higher rates of alcohol consumption during school hours. This

behavior can have detrimental effects on students’ academic performance and overall

well-being.

In a study by Kim and Park (2020), it was found that peer influence and social

norms play a significant role in high school students’ alcohol consumption behaviors in

the class setting. Students who perceived their peers as supportive of alcohol use were

more likely to engage in drinking during school hours. This highlights the importance of

peer relationships in shaping students’ behaviors. A study conducted by Wang et al.

(2021) shows the impact of alcohol consumption on high school students’ cognitive
abilities. They found that students who consumed alcohol in the class setting performed

poorly on cognitive tasks and had difficulty concentrating in class. This suggests that

alcohol use can impair students’ cognitive functioning.

Additionally, a study by Chen et al. (2022), it was found that high school

students who consumed alcohol were more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors.

This highlights the link between alcohol use and risky behaviors among adolescents,

which can have long-term consequences on their health and well-being. There was a

relationship between alcohol consumption and academic achievement among high

school students. They found that students who consumed alcohol during class hours

had a lower grades and were more likely to drop out of school compared to their non-

drinking peers. This underscores the negative impact of alcohol use on students’

academic success ( Nguyen and Tran 2023)

Overall, these related studies made a significant contribution to support this

research. It was proven that Alcohol consumption by high school students at school

negatively impacts academic performance and well-being. Prevention programs and

support services are essential to address this issue.