ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

Waste management is one of the primary problem that the world faces irrespective of the case of developed
or developing country. The key issue in the waste management is that the garbage bin at public places gets
overflowed well in advance before the commencement of the next cleaning process. It in turn leads to
various hazards such as bad odor & ugliness to that place which may be the root cause for spread of various
diseases. To avoid all such hazardous scenario and maintain public cleanliness and health our work is
mounted on a smart garbage system. The main idea of proposed work is to develop a smart intelligent
garbage alert system for a proper garbage management. A smart alert system is designed for garbage
clearance by giving an alert signal to the municipal web server for instant cleaning of dustbin with proper
verification based on level of garbage filling. This process is aided by the ultrasonic sensor which is
interfaced with Arduino UNO to check the level of garbage filled in the garbage bin and sends the alert to
the municipal web server once if garbage is 90% filled via IoT. Once the alert is received, Municipal
Corporation takes initiative to clean the same. After cleaning the garbage bin, municipal web server gets
updated about the garbage bin been cleaned. This system provides information regarding status of how
waste collection is being done and followed up by the municipality authority
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-1

1. INTRODUCTION

Waste management is the action required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal [1].
This includes collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring
and regulation. Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions.
Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities.

Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most countries, in which waste is
collected at regular intervals by specialized trucks. Waste collected is then transported to an
appropriate disposal area. Nowadays, cities with developing economies experience exhausted waste
collection services, inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites and the problems are
worsening [2]. Waste collection method in such countries is an on-going challenge and many
struggle due to weak institutions and rapid urbanization.

1.1 OBJECTIVE

The main objective of the project is to involve IoT technology to the current urban waste
management scenario and enable a two way communication between the infrastructures deployed in
the city and the Operators/administrators. A centralized system for real-time monitoring is our goal
to achieve. In this way both the municipal and citizens benefit from an optimized system which
results in major cost savings and less urban pollution

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

As we have seen number of times the trash cans are getting over flown and concern person don’t get
the information within a time and due to which unsanitary condition formed in the surroundings, at
the same time bad odor spread out due to waste, bad look of the city which paves the way for air
pollution and to some harmful diseases around the locality which is easily spreadable

1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY

[1.] “GSM and GPS Based Garbage and Waste Collection Bin Management System for Kitwe
City Council” Published by the International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology
(IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol.7 Issue 04, April-2018.

The Kitwe City Council in Zambia has had many challenges when it comes to garbage collection in
markets and other public places. Garbage bins remains uncollected for long periods of time putting
the lives of marketers at risk in an event that there is cholera outbreak especially during the rainy
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

season. This happens because of the Kitwe City Council does not have a system that monitors the
garbage levels and notifies the central office. In order to avoid such a situation, this project proposes
the design and implementation of the GPS and GSM based garbage and waste collection bin
overflow management system using GPS and GSM technology in providing real time information on
the status of the garbage bin, that is when they are full so that appropriate action can be carried out.
The system notifies the person (Truck Driver) in charge of garbage collection by sending a short
(SMS) and telling them where the full bin is exactly located. Again after some time the system
notifies the central office that the message has been send to the driver. This development will
ultimately save a lot of time especially when the council does not have to go and check the level of
garbage in the bin. Besides, it will timely prevent the overflow of garbage due to fact that garbage
will be collected on time. That is, the council will collect garbage only when it is time to do so rather
than routine where even half-full bins are collected.

[2.] “Automated Garbage Monitoring System Using ARDUINO” Published by Fetulhak

Abdurrahman and CheraaAsefa (Jimma University) in April 2019. Today, one of the challenges
of most cities and towns are confronting is the decline in condition of cleanness of the environment
regarding the garbage management. This occurs due to the mismanagement of the garbage
collection. This mismanagement creates the spread of garbage in community which in turn creates
unhealthy condition in the immediate area. It also stimulates several serious diseases amongst the
people in close proximity and degrades the beauty of the area. To avoid mismanagement of the
garbage and to improve the cleanness of the society, Garbage monitoring system is designed. In the
proposed system, the level of the garbage is detected with the help of ultrasonic sensor and sent to
the authorized agency for garbage collection through GSM system. PIR sensor is used to detect the
motion of the people coming to the garbage bin with trash while the bin is at full status and block
adding of any more garbage to the bin through informing them by speaker. The GSM and the
peripheral sensors used are interfaced through the Aurdino microcontroller. A GUI is also developed
to monitor the desired information related to the garbage bins for different selected locations.
Depending on the received messages through the GSM at control room it is displayed on LCD and
the authorized person inform the drivers to collect the garbage on time. This will capably help to
monitor the garbage collection to make the environment smart, clean and safe.

[3.] “Garbage Level Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi” Published By Ravi Kiran S C V S
L S (Independent Researcher) in International Journal of Advanced Research.

Now-a-days, in many cities/towns, we see that the garbage bins are filled with lot of waste which
won't take care by municipal people due to lack of information about it. In this paper, we present a
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

solution for garbage monitoring system using Raspberry Pi and Ultrasonic sensor. A central system
made up of Raspberry pi which monitors the garbage bins frequently and collects information about
the amount of waste present in the garbage bins with help of ultrasonic sensor placed over it. The
collected data will be updated to the municipal officer or to a user who is accessing it via an
application in the form of GUI. This system monitors the garbage bins and informs about the level of
garbage collected in the garbage bins in a web page or an application. Based on the information
collected, the bins which have waste above some prescribed level will be cleaned up. This solution
helps us to keep our city clean as well as to reduce traffic that occurs.

[4.] “IOT Based Garbage Monitoring System” Published by Ashma Bajaj and Sumanth Reddy
(SRM University Chennai) International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics.Vol.114-
No.12.2017,155-161. In the present
scenario, we see the garbage bins being overloaded and all the garbage spills out resulting in
pollution. The detection monitoring and management of waste is one of the primary problems of
the present area. The traditional way of monitoring the wastes in waste bins is complex, number
some process which takes more human effort, time and cost which is not comparable with the
present day technologies in any way. Hence our problem statement is to design a system based on
microcontroller using zigbee methodology for collection garbage from particular area whose
garbage bins are overflowing with prior concern. This method is advanced in which garbage
management is automated. These projects Garbage Monitoring system using IOT is a very
innovative system which will help take up the cities clean. This system makes use microcontroller,
LCD screen zigbee methodology for sending data. Ultra sonic sensors are used to detect the level
of garbage collected in the bins. The LCD screen is used to display the level of garbage collected in
the bins.

[5.] “Automation Of waste Segregation System using PLC” Published By RashmiM,Kitalli and
Ashok sutagundar (Basaveshwar engineering college Bagalkot-587102,INDIA).
With the growing population rate, the amount of waste being produced is also increasing at every
faster rate. It is also posing a very serious problem at the municipal level to manage the wastes being
dumped everywhere as landfill waste. So, it is very crucial to have some system to manage waste
automatically which is currently not there. Prime Minister Modi’s mission of Swaccha Bharat
Abhiyana can also be successfully implemented by the proposed system. The paper proposes a novel
method where the provision is given to separate out wet and dry waste into respective bins by the
sensing of different sensors incorporated along the conveyor belt on which initially crushed waste is
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

moving. Pieces of glass, paper, metallic materials, and wet waste are separated out from proposed
work. Using the segregated wet waste as the organic manure for growth of plants and recycling of
most of the dry components like paper, glass, plastic increases the economic value of the waste to its
best. We are using programmable logic controller (PLC) as main component and proposed system is
simulated using INDRA WORKS Engineering, which is firmware of BOSCH REXROTH PLC.

1.4 METHODOLOGY
As shown in Fig. 1, the proposed system consists of three ultrasonic sensors, an Arduino
microcontroller, The ultrasonic sensors so used in this project, are used for detecting whether the
trash can is filled with garbage or not. When the distance measured by the ultrasonic sensors is less
than the threshold value programmed in microcontroller it depicts that the thrash can is filled.
“Basket is Full” and if the distance will be more than the threshold value set, then the buzzer on and
displayed as “Basket is Empty”.

1.5 WORKING

The Block diagram shows the arrangement of different components used in the Smart trash can
system. Ultrasonic Sensor, Arduino Uno, Power Supply, The project module is divided into two parts
sensor section and microcontroller section. Sensors are attached to the trash can. Sensors are used to
detect the level in the trashcan whether the it is full or empty. The sensor senses the content of the
trash can and sends the signals or the data to the Arduino. In this project the ultrasonic sensor will
send the distance to Arduino and if the distance is less than threshold values it will send an alert
notification to the concerned authorities or users.

HARDWARE REQUIRMENTS

 16*2 lcd display

 Arduino
 Ultrasonic sensor
 Buzzer
 Pcb
 Power supply adapter

SOFTWATE REQUIREMENTS
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

 Arduino IDE Tool

 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-2

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The fig.1 shows block diagram which gives you the overview of the proposed system. The brief
description given bellow.
LCD 16*2 DISPLAY
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

ULTRASONIC
SENSOR Arduino
BUZZER
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

2.2 FUNCTIONAL UNIT DESCRIPTION:

In the figure 2.1 we shown the hardware requirements & Technical approach in the way to design the
system. The system consist of mainly parts like Arduino, Sensor networks, which are described
briefly below.

2.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

The Ultrasonic Sensor sends out a high-frequency sound pulse and then times how long it takes for
the echo of the sound to reflect back. The sensor has 2 openings on its front. One opening transmits
ultrasonic waves, (like a tiny speaker), the other receives them, (like a tiny microphone). The speed
of sound is approximately 341 meters (1100 feet) per second in air. The ultrasonic sensor uses this
information along with the time difference between sending and receiving the sound pulse to
determine the distance to an object.

SPECIFICATIONS

Supply voltage 5v

Global Current Consumption 15 mA

Ultrasonic Frequency 40k Hz

Maximal Range 400 cm

Minimal Range 3 cm

Resolution 1 cm

Trigger Pulse Width 10 μs

Outline Dimension 43x20x15 mm

 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

2.4 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino UNO is an open source prototyping platform based on ATmega328 microcontroller. It
consists of 14 digital input/output (I/O) pins, six analogue inputs, a USB connection for
programming the on-board microcontroller, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It is
operated with a 16MHz crystal oscillator and contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller.

2.5 PIEZO ELECTRIC BUZZER

The piezo buzzer generates sound ba of piezo-electric effect. The underlyi the production of pressure
or s application of electric potential across material. Here, the buzzer is used as a invalid credentials
or unauthorised use microcontroller,

2.6LCD (16X2) DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating
properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. They are used in a wide range of
applications including: computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays,
signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks,
watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most
applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable,
and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma
displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are more
energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it
to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device
made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source
(backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-3

MICROCONTROLLER

Figure 1: Stand-alone ATmega328 microcontroller

What is Arduino?

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, turn it into an output -
activating a motor, turning on an LED. We can tell your board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board.

History
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

It was in the year 2005 that the first ever Arduino board was born in the classrooms of the Interactive
Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy. Well, if you are not very familiar with the term, an Arduino is an
Open Source microcontroller based development board that has opened the doors of electronics to a
number of designers and creative engineers.

It was in the Interactive Design Institute that a hardware thesis was contributed for a wiring design
by a Colombian student named Hernando Barragan.

About Arduino

The new prototype board, the Arduino, created by Massimo Banziand other founders, is a low cost
microcontroller board that allows even a beginner to do great things in electronics. An Arduino can
be connected to all kind of lights, motors, sensors and other devices; easy-to-learn programming
language can be used to program how the new creation behaves. Using the Arduino, you can build an
interactive display or a mobile robot or anything that you can imagine.

David A. Mellis, the lead software developer of Arduino, states that this little board has made it
possible for people to do things they wouldn’t have done otherwise.

Advantages

 Inexpensive: Pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than Microcontroller

 Cross-platform: The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

 Simple, clear programming environment: The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners,
yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.

 Open source and extensible software: Same tool can be used for C, C++, AVR Code developers.

 Open source and extensible hardware: Experienced circuit designers can make their own version of
the module, extending it and improving it.

ARDUINO UNO BOARD

The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection,
a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about
doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few Rupees and start over
again.
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The
Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now
evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see
the Arduino index of boards.

Component Explanations:

 Analog input Pins: Pins (A0-A5) that take-in analog values to be converted to be represented with a
number range 0-1023 through an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).

 ATmega328 chip: 8-bit microcontroller that processes the sketch you programmed.

 Built-in LED: In order to gain access or control of this pin, you have to change the configuration of
pin 13 where it is connected to.

 Crystal Oscillator: clock that has a frequency of 16MHz

 DC Jack: where the power source (AC-to-DC adapter or battery) should be connected. It is limited to
input values between 6-20V but recommended to be around 7-12V.
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

 Digital I/O pins: Input and output pins (0-13) of which 6 of them (3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11) also provide
PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) output by using the analogWrite() function. Pins (0 (RX) and 1
(TX)) are also used to transmit and receive serial data.

 ICSP Header: pins for “In-Circuit Serial Programming” which is another method of programming.

 ON indicator: LED that lights up when the board is connected to a power source.

 Power Pins: Pins that can be used to supply a circuit with values VIN (voltage from DC Jack), 3.3V
and 5V.

 Reset Button: A button that is pressed whenever you need to restart the sketch programmed in the
board.

 USB port: Allows the user to connect with a USB cable the board to a PC to upload sketches or
provide a voltage supply to the board. This is also used for serial communication through the serial
monitor from the Arduino software.

Microcontroller ATmega328P

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O Pins 6

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P)

of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Length 68.6 mm

Width 53.4 mm

Weight 25 g
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

ATmeg328 MICROCONTROLLER

Arduino Pin-Map:

Technical Specifications

CHAPTER-5
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

SENSORS

5.1 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use electrical–mechanical energy transformation to measure
distance from the sensor to the target object. Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal mechanical waves
which travel as a sequence of compressions and rarefactions along the direction of wave propagation
through the medium. Apart from distance measurement, they are also used in ultrasonic material
testing (to detect cracks, air bubbles, and other flaws in the products), Object detection, position
detection, ultrasonic mouse, etc.

These sensors are categorized in two types according to their working phenomenon piezoelectric
sensors and electrostatic sensors. Here we are discussing the ultrasonic sensor using the piezoelectric
principle. Piezoelectric ultrasonic sensors use a piezoelectric material to generate the ultrasonic
waves.

Working of Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use electrical–mechanical energy transformation, the mechanical
energy being in the form of ultrasonic waves, to measure distance from the sensor to the target
object. Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal mechanical waves which travel as a succession of
compressions and rarefactions along the direction of wave propagation through the medium. Any
sound wave above the human auditory range of 20,000 Hz is called ultrasound. Depending on the
type of application, the range of frequencies has been broadly categorized as shown in the figure
below:
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

When ultrasonic waves are incident on an object, diffused reflection of the energy takes place over a
wide solid angle which might be as high as 180 degrees. Thus some fraction of the incident energy is
reflected back to the transducer in the form of echoes and is detected. The distance to the object (L)
can then be calculated through the speed of ultrasonic waves (v) in the medium by the relation

Where‘t’ is the time taken by the wave to reach back to the sensor and ‘ ’ is the angle between
the horizontal and the path taken as shown in the figure. If the object is in motion, instruments based
on Doppler shift are used.
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

5.2 COMPARATOR CIRCUIT

Figure 10.7: Comparator circuit diagram

The LM358 consist of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated
operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a
wide range of voltage. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply
current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include
transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks and all the conventional OP-AMP circuits which now can be
easily implemented in single power supply systems. Here we using LM358 as a comparator circuit.
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-6

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

6.1. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY UNIT

Definition:

A power supply (sometimes known as a regulated power supply unit or RPSU) is a device or
system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. The term
is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to
others.

6.1 Block diagram

 T
h
e

Figure 12.1 : Block diagram of Regulated Power supply Unit

first section is the transformer. The transformer steps up or steps down the input line voltage
and isolates the power supply from the power line.
 The rectifier section converts the alternating current input signal to a pulsating direct current.
However, as you proceed in this chapter you will learn that pulsating dc is not desirable.
 For this reason a filter section is used to convert pulsating dc to a purer, more desirable form
of dc voltage.
 78xx chip family gives different output voltage as regulator. The last numbers in the chip
code tells the output voltage.

6.2 More Output Current

 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

If you need more than 150 mA of output current, you can update the output current up to 1A
doing the following modifications:
 Change the transformer from where you take the power to the circuit to a model which can give
as much current as you need from output.
 Put a heat sink to the 7805 regulator (so big that it does not overheat because of the extra losses
in the regulator)

6.3 Other Output Voltages

If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805 chips with
another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family. The last numbers in
the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the input voltage must be at least 3V greater
than regulator output voltage to otherwise the regulator does not work well.

6.4

Figure 12.4.1 : Schematic/Circuit diagram of +5V RPS

Circuit description

Figure 12.4.2 : Schematic/Circuit diagram of +12V RPS

 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

6.5 Brief summary

 Output Voltages: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 ma
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets
too hot
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
 Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
 Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
 Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, We used this circuit successfully as part
of many electronics projects
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
 Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 ma
 Component costs: Few rupees for the electronics components + the input transformer cost.

1. TRANSFORMER:
A step-down type transformer is used to reduce the mains voltages to a suitable low voltage.
It is a device, which transforms the 230 volts 50 Hz, A.C mains voltage, to required small voltages.
Our design uses a full wave bridge rectifier with a center-tapped transformer, to obtain dual-tracking
voltages i.e., to get +Ve and –Ve voltages with respect to ground. A transformer with a power output
rated at at-lest 15 VA should be used. If the transformer is rated by output RMS-current then the
value should be divided by 1.2 to get the current, which can be supplied. For example, in this case a
1A RMS can deliver 1/ (1.2) or 830 ma.

2. RECTIFIER:
The rectifier is built using power diodes. For the maximum efficiency and low ripple, a full
wave or a bridge configuration is always preferred. The diodes chosen should have a peak inverse
voltage of at-least 200 volts. For safety, the diode voltage rating should be at-least 3 to 4 times that
of the transformer secondary voltage. The current rating of the diodes should be twice the maximum
load current.
3. FILTER:
The purpose of the filter is to eliminate the ripple from the rectified D.C voltage. Capacitor
filter has been used in this design from the viewpoint of compactness and economy. Though very
simple, capacitor filters provide excellent filtering action. The residual amount of ripple is
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

determined by the value of the filter capacitor: the larger the value the smaller is the ripple. The 2200
uf is a suitable value for most of the requirements. The other consideration in choosing the correct
capacitor is its voltage rating. The working voltage of the capacitor has to be greater than the peak
output voltage of the rectifier. For example, for an 18 V supply, the peak output voltage is 1.4 X 18V
=25V. So a capacitor with working voltage greater than 25V is required.
Filter design equations:

4. REGULATOR:

There are many designs possible for a voltage regulator. Many conventional regulators are best suited for
constant voltage supply, but the number of discrete components and circuit design makes it not much an
attractive choice, especially for the dual tracking type power supplies.
Fixed voltage regulator, which are very much efficient, compact and economic are available as three
terminal regulator chips. These chips needs no external components and provide up to 1A current and
operate well, even under worst situations of line, load and temperature. The 78XX series are the positive
fixed voltage regulators, with its output voltage specified by the last two digits. Similarly, the 79XX series
are the negative fixed voltage regulators.

6.6. PCB Layout design & Fabrication

A Printed Circuit Board doesn’t just connect electrical components using etched copper pathways,
but also provides mechanical strength to it. Printed Circuit Boards, or more appropriately, Printed
Wiring Boards are found in almost all of the commercial products as a packaging medium as
building blocks. PCBs are a composite of organic and/or inorganic dielectric materials with many
layers with wiring interconnects and also house components like inductors and capacitors. There
isn’t any standard printing board as such and each board is unique, often a function of the product
itself. There are industry standards for almost every aspect of PCB design, controlled by IPC, for
example the IPC-2221, ‘Generic Standard on Printed Board Design’.
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

History

PCBs have evolved from the electrical connection systems developed in the 1850s. The first patents
on Printed Wires were issued in 1903. Albert Hanson explained a layered structure of foil conductors
laminated to insulation boards. Arthur Berry patented a ‘Print-and-Etch’ method in 1913 and Max
Schoop patented Flame Spraying metal onto a board via a mask. Thomas Edison had experimented
with chemicals for plating conductors on linen paper way back in 1904, but the method of
electroplating circuit patterns was finally successfully patented to Charles Durcase in the year 1927.
Charles Ducas had earlier patented a technique of creating electrical paths directly using stencils and
electrically conductive ink in 1925.

World War II saw the invention of circuit boards that could withstand gunshots. But, the credit of
developing the first PCB is given to Paul Eisler in 1943, for developing a method of etching
conductive circuits on copper foil bonded to a non-conductive base reinforced by glass. The method
remained dormant until late 50s when the transistors were introduced for commercial use. The
presence of wire leads on electronic components led to the development of ‘Through Hole’
technology where holes were drilled into the PCB and the components soldered on to the board at
those points. It was patented by a U.S. firm Hazeltyne in 1961. However, this process being slightly
expensive and wasteful as the extra wire is cut off and not used much. Nowadays, ‘surface mount’
technology is gaining impetus as the demand for smaller, high density circuits is increasing.

Types of PCBs
A PCB can be of four types: rigid boards, flexible and rigid-flex boards, metal-core boards and
injection molded boards out of which the rigid board is the most popular. Further these may be single
sided, double sided or multilayered. The mechanical, electrical, chemical and thermal properties of
the material should be considered while making PCBs otherwise the reliability of the board suffers.
Presently, copper-clad laminates of different reinforced resin systems are used in rigid boards.
Examples include Fire resistant FR-4 epoxies, PTFE, cyanate esters, ployimides etc. Most commonly
used reinforcement material is continuous filament E-Glass. Flexible and rigid flex-boards have
random arrangements of conductors on a flexible base and may be with/without cover layers. Here,
the wiring is restricted to select areas of the plane. In case of constraining metal core technology, the
PCB can be of standard materials but the core materials must have low Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion and strength to constrain the PCB. Copper-Invar-Copper and Copper-Molybdenum-
Copper are two popular materials for this purpose. Molded boards have resins containing fillers
which are molded into a die to form the required shapes.
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

Before anything is drawn onto the PCB, it first has to be designed and verified by means of
simulation. The design process is hierarchical in nature and may follow either one of the two
approaches:
1. Top-Down Design. 2. Bottom-Up Design

flow Design

Throughout the
manufacturing process of a PCB, visual and electrical inspection is carried out to locate any flaws that might
have crept in due to process automation like ‘Tombstone effect’ when the solder is heated too quickly and
one end of the component lifts up from the board failing to make contact, or excess flow of solder or
bridging. Even after the manufacturing process, the boards are tested for the output levels under varying
conditions of environment, stress and strain.

Back in the olden days, when PCBs had just been introduced, military was the chief consumer. But
as the technology progressed and as the need grew, more and more interest was diverted towards
better PCBs and as of today, they serve as the base for a multitude of components, gadgets and
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

devices ranging from ever innovating computers and cell phones to basic equipment’s like television,
radio and toys for children. Soon there are going to be more mobile phones than there are people in
this world and the trend will continue to rise. This might be a convenience to the users, but isn’t
without hazards either, combating which offers great scope for people from diverse fields.

PCB Manufacturing

Artwork is generated by sending the design files in a particular format to plotters and transparencies
for PCB manufacturing are produced. After this the manufacturing of the PCB commences. There
are mainly five standard technologies used in PCB manufacturing:

1. Machining
This includes drilling, punching holes and routing on a PCB with standard existent machinery
and also new technologies like laser and water jet cutting. The strength of the board needs to
be taken into account while machining for accurate hole diameters. Small holes make this
method costly and less reliable due to reduced aspect ratio and also making plating difficult.
2. Imaging
This step transfers the circuit artwork onto individual layers. Single sided or double sided
PCBs may use simple Screen Printing technology for creating the patterns on a print-and-etch
basis. But this has a limitation on the minimum line width achievable. For fine line boards
and multilayer boards, Photo imaging is used which may be applied by flood screen printing,
dip coating, Electrophoresis, roller laminating or liquid roller coating. Recently, direct laser
imaging and liquid crystal light valve imaging have also been employed for the same.
3. Laminating
This process is mainly used for manufacturing multilayer boards, or the base laminates of
single/double sided boards. B-stage epoxy resin impregnated glass sheets are pressed between
layers using hydraulic press to bond the layers together. The pressing may be cold, hot,
vacuum assisted or vacuum autoclave nominated offering close control on dielectrics and
thickness.
4. Plating
It is basically the metallization process which may be brought about either by wet chemical
processes like electro less plating and electrolytic plating or dry processes like sputtering and
CVD. While electro less plating offers high aspect ratios and no external current thus forming
the core of additive technology, electrolytic plating is the preferred method for bulk
metallization. Recent developments like the plasma processing offer greater efficiency and
quality while taxing less on the environment.
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

5. Etching
The removal of unwanted metal and dielectric from the board takes place by either dry or wet
processes. The uniformity of etching is the prime concern in this stage and to extend the fine
line etching capabilities, new anisotropic etching solutions are being developed

CHAPTER-7

8. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

Installing ARDUINO IDE

To install the Arduino IDE for Windows, follow these instructions:
1. Download .exe file from website: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software/
2. Once the download is complete, double-click the file, and extract it. (Usually the file is
downloaded in .zip format)
3. The extracted “Arduino” named folder is to be copy and paste it into C-Drive, and Open the
folder, if you wish create the shortcut of Arduino.exe file on your desktop.

Installing DRIVERS
The next task is to install the drivers for your Arduino board’s USB interface.
1. Connect your Arduino to your PC with the USB cable. After a few moments an error
message will be displayed, which will say something like “Device driver software not
successfully installed.” Just close that dialog or balloon.
2. Navigate to the Windows Control Panel. Open the Device Manager and scroll down until you
see the ports or Arduino,
3. Right-click Arduino Uno under Other Devices and select Update Driver Software. Then,
select browse option and update the drivers.
Taking a look Around the IDE
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

The IDE is divided into three main areas: the command area, the text area, and the message window
area.

The Command Area

The command area includes the title bar, menu items, and icons. The title bar displays the sketch’s
filename. Below this is a series of menu items (File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, and Help) and icons.
The Icons
Below the menu toolbar are six icons. Mouse over each icon to display its name. The icons,
from left to right, are as follows:
1. Verify: Click this to check that the Arduino sketch is valid and doesn’t contain any
programming mistakes.
2. Upload: Click this to verify and then upload your sketch to the Arduino board.
3. New: Click this to open a new blank sketch in a new window.
4. Open: Click this to open a saved sketch. Save Click this to save the open sketch.
5. Serial Monitor: Click this to open a new window for use in sending and receiving
data between your Arduino and the IDE.
The Text Area
The actual code is written in this block.

The Message Window Area

The message window area is shown at the bottom side. Messages from the IDE appear in the black
area. The messages you see will vary and will include messages about verifying sketches, status
updates, and so on.

9. APPLICATIONS
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

 Providing free Wi-Fi for smart citizens after dumping the trash in the can.

 Compressing the waste inside the bin.

 Providing optimal routes which help in reducing collections

 Location based real time solutions through continuous tracking.

 Smart bins powered by solar energy.

 Providing free money depending on the weight of garbage/ waste.

 To stop beach erosions by Crushing & Converting glass bottles into sand near beaches.

 Efficient waste controlling for municipal wellbeing

 Instant alerts and automatic collection of data.

10. ADVANTAGES

 Keeps the environmental clean and fresh.

 Reduces the environmental pollution.
 In our system, if dustbin is relocated to another location, then its operation is automatically
registered with the server with a new GPS location.
 It reduces the man power requirements to handle the garbage collection process.
 Low operation and maintenance cost.

11. DISADVANTAGES

 System requires more number of waste bins for separate waste collection as per population in the
city.
 This results into high initial cost due to expensive smart dustbins compare to other methods.
 Sensor nodes used in the dustbins have limited memory size.

12. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed system leads to hygienic and cleaner environment by emptying the trash cans in streets
at the appropriate time unlike the existing system.
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

Our project also reduces fuel consumption as a garbage truck approaches a trash can only when its
full or if it has not been emptied for more than a couple of days. The diseases caused by germs due to
stagnant waste or garbage are prevented with the help of a pesticide sprinkler.

It puts an end to overflowing dustbin problem as dustbins are being cleared out as soon as they
become almost full and also optimizes the waste collection route so that garbage trucks need to go
only to specific places at a time and need not cover the entire locality at a stretch hence reduce traffic
caused by garbage trucks which comes to empty the trash cans which are not even filled. The
inhabitants as well as the garbage collectors are notified by the cloud website hence making the city
cleaner. The cost of implementation is less as the required local network is available, but the
maintenance is difficult when large amount data accumulated. When applying in the real world, the
power to run motor must be given as solar power considering the regular availability and cost.
These results go beyond previous reports, showing that IoT can make the future go smart

13. CONCLUSION
The implemented system assures the cleaning of trash cans once the garbage level reaches its
maximum limit. This system also helps to monitor the fake reports and hence can reduce the
corruption in the overall management system. This reduces the total number of trips of garbage
collection vehicle and hence reduces the overall expenditure associated with the garbage collection.
It ultimately helps to keep cleanliness in the society. Therefore, the smart garbage management
system makes the garbage collection more efficient. The implemented system was tested with five
iteration of alternative trash in the bins the system was found 100% accurate as it depicted exact
result of the trash can under test.

14. FUTURE SCOPE

With the help of proper technology (GPS & software applications) the lorry can be guided in
selecting the shortest path for garbage collection. This project can add an edge to the cities aiming to
get smart and eco-friendly.

15. REFERENCES

[1] P. Suresh, J. Vijay Daniel, Dr.V.Parthasarathy “ A state of the art review on the Internet of
Things (IoT)” International Conference on Science, Engineering and Management Research
(ICSEMR 2014).
 ARDUINO BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

[2] ArkadyZaslavsky, DimitriosGeorgakopoulos “Internet of Things: Challenges and State-of-the-art

solutions in Internet-scale Sensor Information Management and Mobile Analytics” 2015 16th IEEE
International Conference on Mobile Data Management.

[3] Theodoros.Anagnostopoulos1,Arkady.Zaslavsky2,1, Alexey Medvedev1, Sergei Khoruzhnicov

“1Top–k Query based Dynamic Scheduling for IoT-enabled Smart City Waste Collection” 2015 16th
IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management.

[4] Vikrant Bhor, PankajMorajkar, MaheshwarGurav, Dishant Pandya4 “Smart Garbage

Management System” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN:
2278-018 IJERTV4IS031175 Vol. 4 Issue 03, March-2015.
IOT BASED SMART TRASH CAN

Page 31