IOT BASED SMART DUSTBIN

ABSTRAT

Waste management is one of the primary problem that the world faces irrespective of the
case of developed or developing country. The key issue in the waste management is that the
garbage bin at public places gets overflowed well in advance before the commencement of the
next cleaning process. It in turn leads to various hazards such as bad odor & ugliness to that
place which may be the root cause for spread of various diseases. To avoid all such hazardous
scenario and maintain public cleanliness and health this work is mounted on a smart waste
management system. The main theme of the work is to develop a smart intelligent garbage alert
system for a proper garbage management. This work proposes a smart alert system for garbage
clearance by giving an alert signal to the municipal web server for instant cleaning of dustbin
with proper verification based on level of garbage filling. Every person looks for a place or a
plastic container to dispose that waste, that plastic container is the Dustbin which they look for.
Dustbin is a plastic container where everyone can dispose their waste. Dustbin is used as a
storage place to dispose waste, but we cannot estimate the exact amount of waste disposed by a
society, and the dustbin cannot take more waste as the space should be available in it to take
more. We need to know the level of waste in the dustbin and based on that we can intimate
people to use the dustbin or not. In this Smart Dustbin project, we have designed a prototype
where the lid of the dustbin is opened, on detection of human hand, and the level of waste
available inside the dustbin is sent as notification. The main components we used in making this
prototype are NODEMCU, Servo Motor, IR Sensor, Gas Sensor, Fire Sensor and Ultrasonic
Sensors. The software component is the application named as Blynk which is used to get
notification. This dustbin can be a start to Smart Waste Management System where the officials
can clean or empty the dustbin which depends on the notification received by them and not
waiting for a call from a person of a society who informs the garbage trucks to come and take the
waste from them.
INTRODUCTION

As the population is increasing the solid waste is additionally increasing in urban and
rural areas and waste management has become a worldwide concern. We need to require the
right call so as to manage this overflowing garbage. Mainly there are 3 areas of sources wherever
garbage is generated viz. residential, commercial and industrial. The garbage created within the
residential district is collected directly from home or by creating a meeting for mass assortment
in this area and might be upraised mistreatment vehicles.

Internet and its applications have become an integral part of today’s human lifestyle. It
has become an essential tool in every aspect. Due to the tremendous demand and necessity,
researchers went beyond connecting just computers into the web. These researches led to the
birth of a sensational gizmo, Internet of Things (IoT). Communication over the internet has
grown from user - user interaction to device – device interactions these days. The IoT concepts
were proposed years back but still it’s in the initial stage of commercial deployment. Home
automation industry and transportation industries are seeing rapid growth with IoT. This work
aims in structuring a state of the art review on IoT. The technology, history and applications have
been discussed briefly along with various statistics. Since most of the process is done through the
internet we must have an active high speed internet connection. The technology can be simply
explained as a connection between human computers-things. All the equipment’s we use in our
day to day life can be controlled and monitored using the IoT. A majority of process is done with
the help of sensors in IoT. Sensors are deployed everywhere and these sensors convert raw
physical data into digital signals and transmits them to its control center. By this way we can
monitor environment changes remotely from any part of the world via internet. These systems
architecture would be based on context of operations and processes in real-time scenarios.

Things (Embedded devices) that are connected to Internet and sometimes these devices
can be controlled from the internet is commonly called as Internet of Things. In our system, the
Smart dust bins are connected to the internet to get the real time information of the smart
dustbins. In the recent years, there was a rapid growth in population which leads to more waste
disposal. So a proper waste management system is necessary to avoid spreading some deadly
diseases. Managing the smart bins by monitoring the status of it and accordingly taking the
decision. There are multiple dustbins are located throughout the city or the Campus (Educational
Institutions, Companies, Hospitals etc.). These dustbins are interfaced with micro controller
based system with ultrasonic Sensor, fire sensor and wi-fi module. Where the ultrasonic sensor
detects the level of the dust in dustbin and sends the signals to micro controller the same signal
are encoded and send through Wi-Fi at the Central System and an Internet connection is enabled
through a LAN cable from the modem. The data has been received, analyzed and processed in
the cloud, which displays the status of the Garbage in the dustbin on the GUI on the web
browser.
PROBLEM DEFINITION

As we have seen number of times the dustbins are getting overflows and concern person
don’t get the information within a time and due to which unsanitary condition formed in the
surroundings, at the same time bad smell spread out due to waste, bad look of the city which
paves the way for air pollution and to some harmful diseases around the locality which is easily
spreadable.

This overflowing of garbage is a sanitary issue which might cause diseases like cholera
and dengue. Moreover it is a waste of fuel to travel around a complex or an area to find that
some of the garbage are filled and some are not. Also, on rare days, problems might arise that
there is so much garbage that the truck doesn’t have enough capacity.

Disadvantages of the existing system

 Time consuming and less effective: trucks go and empty containers whether they are full or
not.

 High costs.

 Unhygienic Environment and look of the city.

 Bad smell spreads and may cause illness to human beings.

 More traffic and Noise.

 THEME
The Internet of Things is the network of "things" that are connected to a common
network path to communicate, exchange data or control each other. The network path can be
interconnected or with the "things" being embedded software, hardware or any sensor. It
represents the state where the things can have additional data and information linked with them
and has an ability to communicate, create new information and become the integral part of the
free world wide web. It also features internet connectivity and all other fields concerned with the
era of internet. The Internet of Things is a new revolution of internet. It can transform a number
of areas such as home automation, transportation, energy, healthcare, financial services, and
logistics. IoT technology can also be useful to build a new model and extensive improvement
space for smart paddy crop field and greenhouses to provide intelligence, comfort and to
improve the quality of crops. Different devices and electrical appliances, sensors in the field for
monitoring and security systems are nowadays being connected to the Internet so that it can be
controlled remotely using the Smart phones or Tablets.

ORGANIZATION

The organization of the report is divided into following way:

Chapter 1 includes the introduction of the overall work of the system and objectives.

Chapter 2 includes the literature survey of the work.

Chapter 3 includes the system development in which block diagram and description and circuit
diagram is included.

Chapter 4 contains the component description used in the hardware of the system.

Chapter 5 contains advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system. Also includes
application of the system.

Chapter 6 contains conclusion of the work done.

SCOPE AND MOTIVATION

Scope

Our proposed system identifies the status of smart bin and detects whether it is empty or filled to
customize the waste collection schedule. Accordingly it alerts the authorities, thereby reducing
the cost and saving time. In Real time waste management system using smart dustbin the level of
the dustbin is checked to find whether the dustbin is filled or not. This system provides the
information status of the dustbins and can be accessed from any where you are and any point of
time by the concerned authorities. It will inform the status of each dustbin to the concerned
authority. So, the garbage collection vehicle can be sent only when it is needed. By
implementing this resource optimization, cost reduction and effective waste management can be
done.

MOTIVATION

Cleanliness is one of the most important things which any human being would cherish. In
order to be clean, we must preserve unclean places and make them tidy and neat. Dustbins are
often seen as filthy since it is filled with wastes and spreads foul smell around it. Hence we chose
this project which maintains a Fresh and untarnished environment around the dustbin. This also
goes well in protecting the serenity of the environment. The key motivation is in achieving
efficiency in the waste management sector at the national level. Issues in the waste management
Waste truck drivers need a navigation system and reporting problem system. Citizens want to
have better service, lower cost and having easily accessible reports. In order to maintain a clean
and hygienic environment in the area around us, we are using the technology for the better
garbage monitoring system.
LITERATURE SURVEY

Dynamic Solid Waste Collection and Management System Based On Sensors, Elevator and
GSM [1]

Solid waste management is one amongst the major side that needs to be thought of in
terms of constructing a geographical region atmosphere healthier. The common dustbins placed
by the municipal corporation and leading no. of health, environmental and social issues. Various
causes are there like improper trash can placement in town, the improper system of aggregation
waste by town Corporation, and additional specifically folks don't seem to be aware enough to
use dustbins in a proper way. These varied major causes are leading serious issues like Associate
in Nursing unsanitary condition, pollution, and unhealthy atmosphere making health sickness.
Up until currently, analysis has been applied by developing a software package Applications for
indicating trash can standing, another by Shortest path technique for garbage aggregation
vehicles by desegregation RFID, GSM, GIS system; however no any active efforts have been
taken being attentive towards managing such waste in the atomized method. Considering of these
major factors, a sensible solid waste management system is intended that may check to stand and
provides an alert of trash can fullness and additional considerable system incorporates a feature
to literate folks to use a trash can properly and to mechanically sense and clean garbage gift
outside the trash can. Thus given resolution achieves sensible solid waste management satisfying
goal of constructing Indian cities clean, healthy and hygienical.

Implementation of a Smart Waste Management system using IoT [2]

Waste assortment services, today, area unit exhausted and unable in touch the burden of
rising cities. It is one of the biggest on-going challenges, being faced by developing economies,
where a large variety of goods ranging from cars to metal and hardware end up in inadequately
managed and uncontrolled dumpsites, spreading diseases and increasing pollution. However,
most of these plans have been able to manage waste once it has already been created. We,
therefore, propose a system through a mobile application associated with a Smart Trash Bin. The
main aim of this application is to reduce human resources and efforts along with the
enhancements of a smart city vision. At regular intervals, dustbin will be squashed. Once these
smart bins are implemented on a large scale, by replacing our traditional bins present today,
waste can be managed efficiently as it avoids unnecessary lumping of wastes on the roadside.
Breeding of insects and mosquitoes will produce nuisance around promoting unclean setting.
This may even cause dreadful diseases.

Smart Garbage Monitoring and Clearance System using the Internet of Things [3]

The increase in population has a light-emitting diode to tremendous degradation within

the state of affairs of hygiene with regard to waste management system. The spill over of waste
in civic areas generates the polluted condition in the neighboring areas. It may worsen varied
severe diseases for the near folks. This will injure the appraisal of the affected space. For
eliminating or mitigating the garbage's and maintains the cleanness, it requires „smartness based
waste management system. This paper is planned IOT based mostly good waste clean
management system that checks the waste level over the dustbins by victimization detector
systems. Once it detected like a shot this method altered to concern licensed through
GSM/GPRS. For this method used Microcontroller as AN interface between the detector system
and the GSM/GPRS system. To monitor and integrate a golem application is developed for the
specified info that is expounded to the varied level of waste in several locations. This has
ensured the green within the atmosphere and support for swachh Bharat for cleanness.

Design and Implementation of a Smart Solid Waste Monitoring and Collection System
Based on Internet of Things [4]

Solid waste generated is an associate ever growing drawback at native regions or at

international levels. There is proper disposal of solid wastes pollute all the components of the
green environment (i.e., air, land, and water) at regional and global levels. Since there is a rapid
increase in producing or consumptions, the quantity of wastes generated by urban society has
increased. The problem is more faced in developing countries than in developed countries, as
economic growth, as well as urbanization, is more rapid. The continuous flow of garbage in all
places where public people move around creates unhygienic situations. It may invoke several
injurious diseases among nearby people. To avoid such a state of affairs and to enhance the
improvement, „smart waste management system‟ is projected. In the proposed system, the
completeness of waste in the dustbins is checked with the help of Sensors used in the system, and
the information is sent to the required control room through GSM/GPRS system. The
microcontroller is used to communicate the sensor system with the GSM system. An android
application is been designed to monitor the information related to the waste for different selected
locations. Through this, the collection of the garbage can be made efficiently.

Optimizing routine collection efficiency in IoT based garbage collection monitoring

systems[5]

Ubiquitous objects have gotten “smarter” and additional “connected”, every day. With
this ever-growing web of Things, each object will currently be unambiguously known and
created to speak with one another. This approach has been applied to dustbins too, to watch
garbage pickup, throwing lightweight on various valuable insights. Our project too employs an
identical approach, to not solely monitor garbage pickup however conjointly optimizes it,
exploitation machine learning. The tactic of unsupervised learning we have a tendency to utilize
is K means that cluster, widely employed in data processing and analytics. Our physical device
uses associate degree supersonic sensing element to bear in mind of a dustbin's current content
level. If the amount reaches or exceeds a threshold share of the entire capability of the bin, it
informs our servers, via a web application programming interface (API) developed for this
purpose. The API conjointly stores connected knowledge - fill time, cleanup time, and
placement, to call some. This dynamic dataset generated is analyzed by our algorithmic program,
to work out the days of the day, once a daily cleanup ought to be performed, specified the
dustbins are clean, for the most potential portion of the day. The algorithmic program conjointly
shows the locations, wherever another bin ought to be put in, for any optimization. This is often
known by inspecting every cluster severally and scanning out - things that are the furthest
removed from its highest centroid; and multiple things associated with an equivalent bin. In
either case, a replacement bin installation is suggested at such locations.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:

In the proposed method, a Sensor node is installed in every Smart-bin with a power
supply unit (It consists of a Step down transformer, Bridge Rectifier, a filter circuit and a Voltage
Regulator). The Sensor node senses bin fullness, reports readings and Sensor statuses by using
Wi-Fi from NODEMCU. The implemented design of the system is used to monitor garbage level
of dustbins. The main aim of the project is to effectively perform the internet data acquisition
process and using the Nodemcu accurately. This system monitors the garbage bins to detect the
garbage level and compare it with the garbage bins depth and informs the level of total garbage
collected in the garbage bins to the monitoring person at the different place. The one of the main
aim of this system is to stop overflow of garbage in dustbins which can be achieved by managing
the time of garbage collection. For this the system uses ultrasonic sensors placed over the bins to
detect the garbage level and compare it with the garbage bins depth.

This project could be a lead taken towards clean environment. NodeMcu controller is
used in this monitoring system. An IR sensor is used to detect human hands and automatically
open up the lid of the dustbin. Ultrasonic sensors HC-SR04 are used to detect the garbage level
of dustbin. Fire sensors are used in the system to detect the fire in dustbin if any. Also a gas
sensor used to detect the smoke in the dustbin due to any reason. A power supply circuit is used
for supplying power the circuit. Crystal oscillator is used for applying pulses to trigger the
process of level detection in the system.
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

METHODOLOGY

The presented system comprises various hardware component integrated into it, which
are: NODEMCU, Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04), GAS sensor, temperature sensor, fire sensor,
servo Motor and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. The proposed method for this smart dustbin is use of
Wi-Fi module which is more beneficial than using GSM module. These entire hardware
components together form a proposed system attaining desired objectives. The block diagram the
garbage management system is as shown in the figure.

In the existing system, the sensors being placed at the topmost level in the bin, sense the
level of the garbage in that bin. On reaching the threshold a command is generated and sent to
the central office through the Wi-Fi technology notifying for the collection of garbage. The
authority at the central office conveys this notification to the garbage collecting van.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESRIPTION

The block diagram of the proposed work “IOT Based Smart Dustbin” is as shown in the
figure above. This system consists of various sensors for the monitoring purpose. The system
consists of NodeMCU controller, which is the main block of the system and acts as brain of the
system. NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. This is used for making the things work
using Wi-Fi. This board includes firmware which runs on ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC Express Systems
and the hardware is based on ESP-12 module.

The power supply unit is used to provide the required power supply to the circuit
components in this system. This power supply unit provides regulated 5v power supply to the
microcontroller and other circuit components.
 The level detector consists of an ultrasonic sensor which is used to detect the level of the
garbage in the dustbin. Ultrasonic Sensor is an instrument which measures the distance to the
waste using ultrasonic sound waves. It has a transducer that helps to send and receive ultrasonic
pulses based on the object’s proximity. It detects the objects and the waste materials. The output
of ultrasonic sensor i.e. level of garbage in dustbin is given to controller unit. When the dustbin
is filled up to the highest level, the alert message is sent to the centre office.

The hardware of the system also consists of a fire sensor as shown in the block diagram
above. This fire sensor is used to detect the fire in the dustbin or garbage due to any reason. This
sensor is also interfaced with the microcontroller to provide the signal to it. This fire sensor
sends signal to the controller as soon as it detects the fire due to any reason.

The hardware of the system also consists of a servo motor interfaced with NODEMCU.
Servo Motor helps in opening the lid of the dustbin. The NODEMCU is programmed in such a
way that after detecting the human the lid should open automatically and this is done using this
servo motor. To detect the person for opening the lid of the dustbin automatically we have
interfaced an IR module with the board.

The load cell will provide information related to the weight of the garbage in the dustbin.
On checking for two of the parameters- level sensor and load cell, the error rate of false alarm
will greatly reduce. To avoid the danger of fire and to intimate the monitoring office about the
danger of fire a gas sensor and a fire sensor are interfaced with the NODEMCU board. Similarly
if there is presence of smoke due to the fire or after stifle the fire the gas sensor will detect the
gas or smoke and sends signal to the controller board.

The software requirements for this project are Arduino IDE and Blynk app. Arduino
IDE: The Arduino Integrated Development Environment is a cross platform application that is
used to upload programs into Arduino Compatible boards. The Arduino IDE supports C and C++
using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE employs the program AVRDUDE to
convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the
Arduino Board by a loader program in the board’s firmware.
 Blynk App: Blynk is a Platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino,
Raspberry Pi and the likes over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard where you can build a
graphic interface for your project by simply dragging and dropping widgets.
CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION

CIRCUIT INTERFACING AND DESIGN

The above diagram represents the circuit implementation of the IOT Based Smart
Dustbin. In this system all the circuit components require regulated power for their working
functionality. To fulfill this requirement of the circuit we have designed a power supply unit to
provide regulated power supply to the circuit components. The supply is provided through mains
i.e., 230v. The supply is stepped down to 12v from 230v through transformer. Hence at the
secondary terminal of the transformer we get 12v AC. This ac output of the transformer is
converted into DC with the help of the full bridge rectifier. The output of the rectifier is 12v DC.
This 12v is provided to the regulator IC. This regulator IC used is LM7805. The input to the
regulator is provided at pin no 1 of the regulator and the output is taken out at pin no 3 of the
regulator IC. The ground is provided at pin no 2 of the regulator. The 5v from one IC is provided
to the controller. The capacitor at the input and the output of the regulator is used to remove the
ripples in the signal i.e., this are filter capacitor.

At first the dustbin used in this system consists of a Fan. This fan is used to separate the
wet and dry garbage. This fan is mounted on the upper side of the dustbin and interfaced with the
NODEMCU board as shown in the circuit diagram of the system. When the user drops the
garbage in the dustbin the fan gets started to blow the dry garbage from wet garbage.

In this system we have used an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 to measure the level of the
garbage in the dustbin. In this system for demo purpose we have used a single dustbin. To
measure the level of the garbage in the dustbin the ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the top of the
dustbin. This ultrasonic sensor is connected to the analog pin 22 and 23 of the NODEMCU
board. This ultrasonic sensor provides the signal to the microcontroller based on the echo pulse
obtained. On the basis of this signal the microcontroller compares and makes decision about the
level of the garbage in the dustbin.

Also to measure the weight of the dustbin that is garbage weight we have used a load cell
in this system. This load cell is interfaced with the NODEMCU board and it is implemented
below the dustbin. The purpose of the load cell is to measure the weight if any person puts any
heavy material in the dustbin. Here we have used a load cell HX711 with 24-Bit Analog-to-
Digital Converter (ADC) for Weigh Scales as shown in the circuit diagram of the system. This
load cell is connected to the pin number 28 and 29 of the NODEMCU board as shown in the
circuit diagram of the system.

The hardware of the system consists of an IR sensor module mounted on front side of the
lid of the dustbin. This IR sensor is used to detect/sense the person coming near the dustbin so
that the lid of the dustbin will open automatically. This IR sensor is interfaced with the
NODEMCU board and connected to the GPIO pin 2 as shown in the circuit diagram of the
system.
 In this system a fire sensor is also interfaced with the NODEMCU and is mounted on the
dustbin for fire detection. This fire sensor provides the signal to the controller. This sensor is
connected to the GPIO pin 0 of the NODEMCU board. This sensor gives the signal to the
controller board after detecting the fire if there. The controller board receives the signal from the
sensor and after processing it will take the appropriate action to alert the authorized person about
the fire.

To provide more secure monitoring and controlling of the dustbins we have used a GAS
sensor used to detect the smoke after stifle of the fire in the dustbin or due to any other reason the
smoke generates the sensor will detect the smoke and provides the signal to the Arduino board.
This GAS sensor is connected with the analog pin A2 of the controller board. In this system we
have used MQ2 GAS sensor for the above mentioned purpose of smoke detection.

To send all the measured data over the internet on an IOT application inbuilt Wi-Fi
modem of the NODEMCU board is used in this system.
FLOW CHART
WORKING:

The module is divided into two parts Transmitter section and Receiver section. Here in
the transmitter section we are using NODEMCU microcontroller, fan and sensors these are
attached to the dustbin. When the IR sensor senses the person coming near to the dustbin, the
system will automatically opens the lid of the dustbin. When the person or user drops the
garbage in the dustbin the system will also turn the fan on to separate the dry and wet waste in
the dustbin.

Sensors are used to detect the garbage level in the dustbin, whether the dustbin is full or
empty. The sensor senses the content of the dustbin and sends the signals or the data to the
microcontroller. The microcontroller reads the data from the sensor and process the data received
from sensor, and the same data wirelessly transmitted to the internet.

Ultra sonic sensor is used to detect the level of garbage. The sonic waves emitted by the
transducer are reflected by an object and received back in the transducer. After having emitted
the sound waves, the ultrasonic sensor will switch to receive mode. The time elapsed between
emitting and receiving is proportional to the distance of the object from the sensor. Ultrasonic
sensors can detect movement of targets and measure the distance to them. Sensors can have an
on or off digital output for detecting the movement of objects, or an analog output proportional
to distance.

In this method we have placed the dustbins on load cells to monitor the weight of the
waste material in the dustbins. This is used if any one puts some heavy material in the dustbin or
sand or some solid heavy materials in it. In such case the ultrasonic sensor will provide the
normal level in the dustbin but the weight will be increased so that the monitoring person will be
notified about such malfunctioning.

Also a fire sensor detects fire if any and sends signal to the controller. Controller receives
the signal and by comparing it will take decision. The microcontroller reads the data from the
sensor and process the data received from sensor, and the same data wirelessly transmitted to the
internet. All the data will be seen on the webpage for this system. This webpage also contains
indications for fire and garbage level in the dustbin.
 Similarly a gas sensor is used to detect the smoke generated due to any reason or after the
stifle of the fire. This gas sensor detects the smoke and provides the signal to the microcontroller.
The microcontroller that is NODEMCU board receives the signal and updates the data on the
IOT application screen of the user.
HARDWARE COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

Node MCU:

NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on the
ESP8266WiFi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12
module. The term "NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the development
kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project, and built on
the Espress-if NonOS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson,
and spiffs.

Node MCU provides a way to connect different sensors to their controllers wirelessly via wifi.
Since, it is an improved version of the ESP8266 it has better and easier programming, with better
voltage stability and more reliability.

The NodeMCU (Node MicroController Unit) is an open-source software and hardware

development environment built around an inexpensive System-on-a-Chip (SoC) called the
ESP8266. The ESP8266, designed and manufactured by Espressif Systems, contains the crucial
elements of a computer: CPU, RAM, networking (WiFi), and even a modern operating system
and SDK. That makes it an excellent choice for Internet of Things (IoT) projects of all kinds.

However, as a chip, the ESP8266 is also hard to access and use. You must solder wires, with the
appropriate analog voltage, to its pins for the simplest tasks such as powering it on or sending a
keystroke to the “computer” on the chip. You also have to program it in low-level machine
instructions that can be interpreted by the chip hardware. This level of integration is not a
problem using the ESP8266 as an embedded controller chip in mass-produced electronics. It is a
huge burden for hobbyists, hackers, or students who want to experiment with it in their own IoT
projects.

But, what about Arduino? The Arduino project created an open-source hardware design and
software SDK for their versatile IoT controller. Similar to NodeMCU, the Arduino hardware is a
microcontroller board with a USB connector, LED lights, and standard data pins. It also defines
standard interfaces to interact with sensors or other boards. But unlike NodeMCU, the Arduino
board can have different types of CPU chips (typically an ARM or Intel x86 chip) with memory
chips, and a variety of programming environments. There is an Arduino reference design for the
ESP8266 chip as well. However, the flexibility of Arduino also means significant variations
across different vendors. For example, most Arduino boards do not have WiFi capabilities, and
some even have a serial data port instead of a USB port.

NodeMCU Specifications

The NodeMCU is available in various package styles. Common to all the designs is the base
ESP8266 core. Designs based on the architecture have maintained the standard 30-pin layout.
Some designs use the more common narrow (0.9″) footprint, while others use a wide (1.1″)
footprint – an important consideration to be aware of.

The most common models of the NodeMCU are the Amica (based on the standard narrow pin-
spacing) and the LoLin which has the wider pin spacing and larger board. The open-source
design of the base ESP8266 enables the market to design new variants of the NodeMCU
continually.
NodeMCU Pinout and Functions Explained

Power Pins

There are four power pins. VIN pin and three 3.3V pins.

VIN can be used to directly supply the NodeMCU/ESP8266 and its peripherals. Power delivered
on VIN is regulated through the onboard regulator on the NodeMCU module – you can also
supply 5V regulated to the VIN pin

3.3V pins are the output of the onboard voltage regulator and can be used to supply power to
external components.

GND

GND are the ground pins of NodeMCU/ESP8266

I2C Pins

These are used to connect I2C sensors and peripherals. Both I2C Master and I2C Slave are
supported. I2C interface functionality can be realized programmatically, and the clock frequency
is 100 kHz at a maximum. It should be noted that I2C clock frequency should be higher than the
slowest clock frequency of the slave device.

GPIO Pins

NodeMCU/ESP8266 has 17 GPIO pins which can be assigned to functions such as I2C, I2S,
UART, PWM, IR Remote Control, LED Light and Button programmatically. Each digital
enabled GPIO can be configured to internal pull-up or pull-down, or set to high impedance.
When configured as an input, it can also be set to edge-trigger or level-trigger to generate CPU
interrupts.

ADC Channel

The NodeMCU is embedded with a 10-bit precision SAR ADC. The two functions can be
implemented using ADC. Testing power supply voltage of VDD3P3 pin and testing input
voltage of TOUT pin. However, they cannot be implemented at the same time.

UART Pins

NodeMCU/ESP8266 has 2 UART interfaces (UART0 and UART1) which provide asynchronous
communication (RS232 and RS485), and can communicate at up to 4.5 Mbps. UART0 (TXD0,
RXD0, RST0 & CTS0 pins) can be used for communication. However, UART1 (TXD1 pin)
features only data transmit signal so, it is usually used for printing log.

SPI Pins

NodeMCU/ESP8266 features two SPIs (SPI and HSPI) in slave and master modes. These SPIs
also support the following general-purpose SPI features:

 4 timing modes of the SPI format transfer

 Up to 80 MHz and the divided clocks of 80 MHz
 Up to 64-Byte FIFO
SDIO Pins

NodeMCU/ESP8266 features Secure Digital Input/Output Interface (SDIO) which is used to

directly interface SD cards. 4-bit 25 MHz SDIO v1.1 and 4-bit 50 MHz SDIO v2.0 are
supported.

PWM Pins

The board has 4 channels of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The PWM output can be
implemented programmatically and used for driving digital motors and LEDs. PWM frequency
range is adjustable from 1000 μs to 10000 μs (100 Hz and 1 kHz).

Control Pins

These are used to control the NodeMCU/ESP8266. These pins include Chip Enable pin (EN),
Reset pin (RST) and WAKE pin.

EN: The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH. When pulled LOW the chip
works at minimum power.

RST: RST pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.

WAKE: Wake pin is used to wake the chip from deep-sleep.

USB to Serial Converter – CP2102 or CH340G

Incorporated into each NodeMCU is a USB to Serial Converter. The official design is based on
the CP2102 chipset and offers the best compatibility. Genuine boards use the CP2102 chipset
including the officially licensed Amica NodeMCU modules. The other common USB to Serial
Converter used is the CH340G which is common on the lower-priced modules including the
LoLin units. Other designs may use drivers including the FTDI chipset, but those designs are
rare.

The NodeMCU offers a variety of development environments, including compatibility with the
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment). The NodeMCU/ESP8266 community took
the IDE selection a step further by creating an Arduino add-on. If you’re just getting started
programming the ESP8266 or even an established developer, this is the highly recommended
environment. Visit our dedicated page on setting up and configuring the Arduino IDE for a
NodeMCU ESP8266.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

Ultrasonic transducers or ultrasonic sensors are a type of acoustic sensor divided into
three broad categories: transmitters, receivers and transceivers. Transmitters convert electrical
signals into ultrasound, receivers convert ultrasound into electrical signals, and transceivers can
both transmit and receive ultrasound. In a similar way to radar and sonar, ultrasonic transducers
are used in systems which evaluate targets by interpreting the reflected signals. For example, by
measuring the time between sending a signal and receiving an echo the distance of an object can
be calculated. Passive ultrasonic sensors are basically microphones that detect ultrasonic noise
that is present under certain conditions. Ultrasonic probes and ultrasonic baths apply ultrasonic
energy to agitate particles in a wide range of materials. HC-SR04 Sensor

Features

Operating voltage: +5V

Theoretical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 450cm

Practical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 80cm

Accuracy: 3mm

Measuring angle covered: <15°

Operating Current: <15mA

Operating Frequency: 40Hz

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor provides range from very short (2 Centimeters) to long-range
(5 Meters) for applications in detection and ranging. The sensor provides precise and stable non-
contact distance measurements from about 2 cm to 5 meters with very high accuracy. The
ultrasonic sensor can easily be interfaced to microcontrollers where the triggering and
measurement can be done using two I/O pin. The sensor transmits an ultrasonic wave and
produces an output pulse that corresponds to the time required for the burst echo to return to the
sensor. By measuring the echo pulse width, the distance to target can easily be calculated. This
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor is perfect for any number of applications that require you to perform
measurements between moving or stationary objects.
Equivalent distance measuring Sensors US transmitter Receiver pair, IR sensor module, IR
sensor pair, IR Analog distance sensor

How it works

You only need to supply a short 10uS pulse to the trigger input to start the ranging. The
sensor will send out an 8 cycle burst of ultrasound at 40khz and raise its echo line high. It then
listens for an echo, and as soon as it detects one it lowers the echo line again. The echo line is
therefore a pulse whose width is proportional to the distance to the object. By timing the pulse it
is possible to calculate the range in inches/centimeters or anything else. If nothing is detected
then the sensor will lower its echo line anyway after about 200mS.

As shown above the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US) sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin
names are Vcc, Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively. This sensor is a very popular sensor used
in many applications where measuring distance or sensing objects are required. The module has
two eyes like projects in the front which forms the Ultrasonic transmitter and Receiver. The
sensor works with the simple high school formula that Distance = Speed × Time.

The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when
it gets objected by any material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this reflected wave is
observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module as shown in the picture below
Now, to calculate the distance using the above formulae, we should know the Speed and time.
Since we are using the Ultrasonic wave we know the universal speed of US wave at room
conditions which is 330m/s. The circuitry inbuilt on the module will calculate the time taken for
the US wave to come back and turns on the echo pin high for that same particular amount of
time, this way we can also know the time taken. Now simply calculate the distance using a
microcontroller or microprocessor.

How to use the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor?

HC-SR04 distance sensor is commonly used with both microcontroller and microprocessor
platforms like Arduino, ARM, PIC, Raspberry Pie etc. The following guide is universally since it
has to be followed irrespective of the type of computational device used. Power the Sensor using
a regulated +5V through the Vcc ad Ground pins of the sensor. The current consumed by the
sensor is less than 15mA and hence can be directly powered by the on board 5V pins (If
available). The Trigger and the Echo pins are both I/O pins and hence they can be connected to
I/O pins of the microcontroller. To start the measurement, the trigger pin has to be made high for
10uS and then turned off. This action will trigger an ultrasonic wave at frequency of 40Hz from
the transmitter and the receiver will wait for the wave to return. Once the wave is returned after it
getting reflected by any object the Echo pin goes high for a particular amount of time which will
be equal to the time taken for the wave to return back to the sensor. The amount of time during
which the Echo pin stays high is measured by the MCU/MPU as it gives the information about
the time taken for the wave to return back to the Sensor.
PinNa Name Type Details
VCC
me +5V DCInput supply PowerIn Provide regulated+5VDC supply
TRIG Trigger Input Input 10 microsecondtriggerpulseinput.
Yourexternalmicrocontrollerwill usuallymakethispin
HIGHthendelayforabout 10microsecondandmake
ECHO Echo Output Output pinLOWagain
Outputpulsewithwidthdependingupondistaneinfront. After
thetrigger isgivenwithyourmicrocontroller it
measurespulseoutputonECHOpin.Themeasured
GND Ground Ground echopulsedurationisconverted todistance
Groundofpowerandshouldbecommongroundto
external microcontroller

Specifications:

Power supply :5V DC Quiescent current : <2mA Effectual angle: <15°

Ranging distance : 2cm – 500 cm

Resolution : 0.3 cm

Features:

Accurate and Stable range data Data loss in Error zone eliminated Modulation at 40 KHz

Triggered externally by supplying a pulse to the TRIG pin

5V DC Supply voltage and Current - <20mA

Can communicate with 5 V TTL or 3.3V CMOS microcontrollers

Echo pulse: positive TTL pulse, 87 µs minimum to 30 ms maximum (PWM)

Pinouts:

There are 4 pins out of the module : VCC , Trig, Echo, GND . So it’s a very easy
interface for controller to use it ranging. Method of programming will be :

Make the Trig pin to high level for more than 10us pulse and make it low again, so the
module start ranging and outputs echo pulse when it finish ranging.
Measure the high duration of echo pulse output.

Distance in cm(centimeter) = (Pulse Duration in microsecond)/58

Distance in in(inches) = (Pulse Duration in microsecond)/148

Applications

Used to avoid and detect obstacles with robots like biped robot, obstacle avoider robot, path
finding robot etc.

Used to measure the distance within a wide range of 2cm to 400cm

Can be used to map the objects surrounding the sensor by rotating it

Depth of certain places like wells, pits etc can be measured since the waves can penetrate
through water.
FIRE SENSOR:

The Fire sensor, as the name suggests, is used as a simple and compact device for
protection against fire. The module makes use of IR sensor and comparator to detect fire up to a
range of 1 metre. The device, weighing about 5 grams, can be easily mounted on the device
body. It gives a high output on detecting fire. This output can then be used to take the requisite
action. An on-board LED is also provided for visual indication.

Fig: fire sensor.

Pin Configuration:

Pin No. Symbol Description

1 O/P Digital output (High when firedetected)
2 VCC High
3 GND Low

Maximum Ratings:

Symbol Minimum Typical Maximum

O/P 4.2 4.5 4.7
VCC 4.5 5 5.5
GND - 0 -
MQ2 Gas Sensor Module

MQ2 gas sensor can be used to detect the presence of LPG, Propane and Hydrogen, also
could be used to detect Methane and other combustible steam, it is low cost and suitable for
different application. Sensor is sensitive to flammable gas and smoke. Smoke sensor is given 5
volt to power it. Smoke sensor indicates smoke by the voltage that it outputs. More smoke more
output. A potentiometer is provided to adjust the sensitivity. Sn02 is the sensor used which is of
low conductivity when the air is clean. But when smoke exist sensor provides an analog resistive
output based on concentration of smoke. The circuit has a heater. Power is given to heater by
VCC and GND from power supply. The circuit has a variable resistor. The resistance across the
pin depends on the smoke in air in the sensor. The resistance will be lowered if the content is
more. And voltage is increased between the sensor and load resistor.

Working Principle

The MQ2 has an electrochemical sensor, which changes its resistance for different
concentrations of varied gasses. The sensor is connected in series with a variable resistor to form
a voltage divider circuit (Fig 1), and the variable resistor is used to change sensitivity. When one
of the above gaseous elements comes in contact with the sensor after heating, the sensor’s
resistance change. The change in the resistance changes the voltage across the sensor, and this
voltage can be read by a microcontroller. The voltage value can be used to find the resistance of
the sensor by knowing the reference voltage and the other resistor’s resistance. The sensor has
different sensitivity for different types of gasses.
SPECIFICATIONS

 Power Supply: 4.5V to 5V DC

 High sensitivity to Propane, Smoke, LPG and Butane

 Wide range high sensitivity to Combustible gases

 Long life and low cost

 Analog and Digital output available

 Onboard visual indicator (LED) for indicating alarm

 Compact design and easily mountable

 Simple 4 PIN header interface

 Drive circuit is simple.

 Sensor Type : Semiconductor

 Concentration : 300-10000ppm ( Combustible gas)

 Supply voltage =5v

APPLICATIONS

 Safety of home

 Control of air quality

 Measurement of gas level

IR SENSOR

An IR sensor consists of an IR Receiver and an IR Emitter. IR emitter is an IR LED that

continuously emits infrared radiations while power is supplied to it. IR receiver can be thought of
as a transistor with its base current determined by the intensity of IR light received. Lower
intensity of IR light causes higher resistance between collector-emitter terminals of transistors
and limits current from collector to emitter. This change of resistance will further change the
voltage at the output of voltage divider. In others words, the greater the intensity of IR light
hitting IR receiver, the lower the resistance of IR receiver. Hence the output voltage of voltage
divider will decrease.
 Fig: IR sensor circuit diagram

At the point when the IR recipient does not get a flag, the potential at the reversing input goes
higher than that non-upsetting contribution of the comparator IC (LM339). In this way the yield
of the comparator goes low, yet the LED does not gleam. At the point when the IR beneficiary
module gets flag to the potential at the altering input goes low. Consequently the yield of the
comparator (LM 339) goes high and the LED begins sparkling. Resistor R1 (100 ), R2 (10k ) and
R3 (330) are utilized to guarantee that base 10 mA current goes through the IR LED Devices like
Photodiode and typical LEDs individually. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k ) is utilized to conform the
yield terminals. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is utilized to set the affectability of the circuit
Diagram.

Principle of Operation:

We have as of now examined how a light sensor functions. IR Sensors work by utilizing a
particular light sensor to distinguish a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) range. By
utilizing a LED which delivers light at an indistinguishable wavelength from what the sensor is
searching for, you can take a gander at the power of the got light. At the point when a question is
near the sensor, the light from the LED skips off the protest and into the light sensor. This
outcomes in a vast hop in the force, which we definitely know can be identified utilizing an edge.
Detecting Brightness Since the sensor works by searching for reflected light, it is conceivable to
have a sensor that can give back the estimation of the reflected light. This kind of sensor can then
be utilized to gauge how "splendid" the protest is. This is valuable for errands like line following.

Features

 Very low supply current

 Photo locator and preamplifier in one bundle
 Internal channel for PCM recurrence
 Supply voltage: 2.5 V to 5.5 V
 Improved invulnerability against surrounding light
 Insensitive to supply voltage swell and clamor
LOAD CELL

The load cell needs to be used to weigh dustbin. A load cell is a transducer that creates an
electrical signal whose magnitude is directly proportional to the force being measured. The load
cell ranges from few grams to 200 kg. The electrical signal output will be typically in the order
of a few millivolts and will require amplification before it can be used. The HX711 load cell
amplifier has to be used to get measurable data out from a load cell.

DESCRIPTION

Based on Avia Semiconductor’s patented technology, HX711 is a precision 24-bit

analogto-digital converter (ADC) designed for weigh scales and industrial control applications to
interface directly with a bridge sensor. The input multiplexer selects either Channel A or B
differential input to the low-noise programmable gain amplifier (PGA). Channel A can be
programmed with a gain of 128 or 64, corresponding to a full-scale differential input voltage of
±20mV or ±40mV respectively, when a 5V supply is connected to AVDD analog power supply
pin. Channel B has a fixed gain of 32. On-chip power supply regulator eliminates the need for an
external supply regulator to provide analog power for the ADC and the sensor. Clock input is
flexible. It can be from an external clock source, a crystal, or the on-chip oscillator that does not
require any external component. On-chip power-on-reset circuitry simplifies digital interface
initialization. There is no programming needed for the internal registers. All controls to the
HX711 are through the pins.
PIN DESCRIPTION

Analog Inputs

Channel A differential input is designed to interface directly with a bridge sensor’s

differential output. It can be programmed with a gain of 128 or 64. The large gains are needed to
accommodate the small output signal from the sensor. When 5V supply is used at the AVDD pin,
these gains correspond to a full-scale differential input voltage of ±20mV or ±40mV
respectively. Channel B differential input has a fixed gain of 32. The full-scale input voltage
range is ±80mV, when 5V supply is used at the AVDD pin.

Power Supply Options

Digital power supply (DVDD) should be the same power supply as the MCU power
supply. When using internal analog supply regulator, the dropout voltage of the regulator
depends on the external transistor used. The output voltage is equal to VAVDD=VBG*(R1+R2)/
R1 (Fig. 1). This voltage should be designed with a minimum of 100mV below VSUP voltage. If
the on-chip analog supply regulator is not used, the VSUP pin should be connected to either
AVDD or DVDD, depending on which voltage is higher. Pin VFB should be connected to
Ground and pin BASE becomes NC. The external 0.1uF bypass capacitor shown on Fig. 1 at the
VBG output pin is then not needed.

Clock Source Options

By connecting pin XI to Ground, the on-chip oscillator is activated. The nominal output
data rate when using the internal oscillator is 10 (RATE=0) or 80SPS (RATE=1). If accurate
output data rate is needed, crystal or external reference clock can be used. A crystal can be
directly connected across XI and XO pins. An external clock can be connected to XI pin, through
a 20pF ac coupled capacitor. This external clock is not required to be a square wave. It can come
directly from the crystal output pin of the MCU chip, with amplitude as low as 150 mV. When
using a crystal or an external clock, the internal oscillator is automatically powered down.

Output Data Rate and Format

When using the on-chip oscillator, output data rate is typically 10 (RATE=0) or 80SPS
(RATE=1). When using external clock or crystal, output data rate is directly proportional to the
clock or crystal frequency. Using 11.0592MHz clock or crystal results in an accurate 10
(RTE=0) or 80SPS (RATE=1) output data rate. The output 24 bits of data is in 2’s complement
format. When input differential signal goes out of the 24 bit range, the output data will be
saturated at 800000h (MIN) or 7FFFFFh (MAX), until the input signal comes back to the input
range.

Serial Interface

Pin PD_SCK and DOUT are used for data retrieval, input selection, gain selection and
power down controls. When output data is not ready for retrieval, digital output pin DOUT is
high. Serial clock input PD_SCK should be low. When DOUT goes to low, it indicates data is
ready for retrieval. By applying 25~27 positive clock pulses at the PD_SCK pin, data is shifted
out from the DOUT output pin. Each PD_SCK pulse shifts out one bit, starting with the MSB bit
first, until all 24 bits are shifted out. The 25th pulse at PD_SCK input will pull DOUT pin back
to high (Fig.2). Input and gain selection is controlled by the number of the input PD_SCK pulses
(Table 3). PD_SCK clock pulses should not be less than 25 or more than 27 within one
conversion period, to avoid causing serial communication error.
FEATURES

• Two selectable differential input channels

• On-chip active low noise PGA with selectable gain of 32, 64 and 128

• On-chip power supply regulator for load-cell and ADC analog power supply

• On-chip oscillator requiring no external component with optional external crystal

• On-chip power-on-reset

• Simple digital control and serial interface: pin-driven controls, no programming needed

• Selectable 10SPS or 80SPS output data rate

• Simultaneous 50 and 60Hz supply rejection

• Current consumption including on-chip analog power supply regulator: normal operation <
1.5mA, power down < 1uA

• Operation supply voltage range: 2.6 ~ 5.5V

• Operation temperature range: -40 ~ +85℃

• 16 pin SOP-16 package

APPLICATIONS

• Weigh Scales

• Industrial Process Control

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

BLYNK:

Blynk is a Platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi and the
likes over the Internet. Blynk IOT App Platform is most popular to make an Android or IOS App
based IOT system to monitor the sensor’s value or to turn On/OFF any device around the globe
via internet. Not only that Blynk app provides you with the Bluetooth connectivity for your
projects too and also a local server i.e. Wi-Fi connectivity for your projects to monitor and
control them within a local network.

It's a digital dashboard where you can build a graphic interface for your project by simply
dragging and dropping widgets. It's really simple to set everything up and you'll start tinkering in
less than 5 mins.

Blynk is not tied to some specific board or shield. Instead, it's supporting hardware of
your choice. Whether your Arduino or Raspberry Pi is linked to the Internet over Wi-Fi,
Ethernet or this new ESP8266 chip, Blynk will get you online and ready for the Internet Of Your
Things.
The features of Blynk:

 It supports many boards like Webmos, ESP-8266 based boards, Arduino, Raspberry pi,
particle.io and many more.

 The App is free to use with limited Widgets access at a time. That is, it comes with some
recharge value and each widgets you use need this recharge value when you add them to
your project. So,once you recharge value is not sufficient then you cannot add widgets
further. And, if you want them, you need to go for the paid version of it. But, the best
thing is that when you delete the widgets you get the recharge value back and thus you
can make many projects with the free version.

 Its offers free cloud server for your sensor’s data.

 Works in real time, so you can monitor your IOT system on the go.

 Blynk community offers you the full support when need for an project, once you make a
community account with it. Don’t worry, it is free.
DESIGN ASPECTS OF POWER SUPPLY:-

Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our project we
require +5V regulated power supply with maximum current rating1A.

Following basic building blocks are required to generate regulated power supply.

TRANSFORMER:

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little loss of
power. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most
power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer
low voltage.

FIG 4.1: A TYPICAL TRANSFORMER

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic
field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit
symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost)
equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down and current is stepped up.
 The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio
of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil
which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

TURNS RATIO = (Vp / Vs) = ( Np / Ns )

Where,

Vp = primary (input) voltage.

Vs = secondary (output) voltage

Np = number of turns on primary coil

Ns = number of turns on secondary coil

Ip = primary (input) current

Is = secondary (output) current.

Ideal power equation

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is
transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly
efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field
and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal
the outgoing power:

Giving the ideal transformer equation

Transformers normally have high efficiency, so this formula is a reasonable

approximation.

If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same factor. The
impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if an
impedance Zs is attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary
circuit to have an impedance of (Np/Ns)2Zs. This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance
Zp of the primary circuit appears to the secondary to be (Ns/Np)2Zp.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

Features

• Output Current up to 1A.

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.

• Thermal Overload Protection.

• Short Circuit Protection.

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

Description:

The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the

TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide
range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and
currents.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Absolute Maximum Ratings:-

RATINGS OF THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR

 RECTIFIER:-

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a
process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power
supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum
tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to
the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave
rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full
wave rectification. In positive half cycle only two diodes (1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct,
in negative half cycle remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward
bias only.
FILTER:-

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains
voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage
received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this
filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies
for cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply.
This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can
be relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor chages and discharges.
CALCULATIONS FOR POWER SUPPLY DESIGNING:

Specifications of 7805 vtg regulator:

Polarity = +ve

Output vtg : +5v

Output current :1.5A

Output of bridge rectifier for rectification :

Output: 12Vdc = vrms

Vm=vrms x sq. rt of 2

= 12x sq.rt of 2

= 16.97

Vm= PIV =16.97

Value of Filter capacitor :

C= (IxT)/V

T=1/2πf

= 1/2 x3.14×50 hz

Output current of 7805 =1.5 A

C=(1.5 x 3.1847 x10-3 )/5

= 955.41×10-6

=1000 µf

Advantages of the proposed system:

 Real time information on the fill level of the dustbin.

 Deployment of dustbin based on the actual needs.

 Cost Reduction and resource optimization.

 Improves Environment quality

-Fewer smells

-Cleaner cities

 Intelligent management of the services in the city.

 Effective usage of dustbins.

DISADVANTAGES

 The process is not always cost effective.

 The practices are often not done uniformly.
CONCLUSION

We have implemented a garbage management system by using smart dustbins to check

the level of smart dustbins whether the dustbins is full or not. In this system when garbage is full
the information is sent to the authorized person. By implementing this proposed system we can
develop the smart city concept and cost is reduced. By the effective usage of smart dustbins can
the resource is optimized. This system reduces the traffic in the smart city so that the
environment will be cleaned. The existed system will inform the status of the garbage in each
and every dust bin so that the concerned authority can send the garbage collection vehicle only
when the dustbin is full.

FUTURE SCOPE

The waste materials can be segregated into biodegradable, non-bio degradable and metals by
using more sensors. The discarded things can be processed to extract or recover materials in an
effective way and resources or convert them to energy as usable heat, electricity, fuels. The
large-scale introduction of automatic waste management in villages, platforms, hospitals,
industries, etc. Real time monitoring and controlling of waste management by using IoT. A
prediction system by the given data to predict the variation in the amount of waste and to adjust
the timing of management.
REFERENCES

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Collection and Management System Based On Sensors, Elevator and GSM”, International
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[2] P Haribabu1, Sankit R Kassa1, J Nagaraju1, R Karthik1, N Shirisha2, M Anila2,

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[4] Aaditya Jain, Ranu Bagherwal, “Design and Implementation of a Smart Solid Waste
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[5] Sayan Tapadar, Suhrid Krishna Chatterjee, Robin Karlos, Sudipta Saha, Himadri Nath Saha,
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[6] Sagar Wadhwa, Preeti Wadhwa, Richard Joseph, Sahil Mirchandani, “IoT enabled dustbins”,
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