RPE MODULE 4 AS PER VTU

Open Access Publishing

Open Science:
Open Science is an effort to make Science more
• Transparent
• Inclusive
• Democratic
• Collaborative

Open science encompasses unhindered access to

• Scientific articles (OAPublishing)
• Research data
• Open source software's / platforms
• OER

Open Research:
Emphasizes openness throughout the research cycle
• Collaborative working
• Sharing
• Researchmethodology
• Software
• Code
• Equipment freely available online, along with instructions for using it

Open Source Software’s:

Open-source software (OSS) is a computer software that is released under a license (GPL) with:
• Source Code
• Right to use, study, change and distribute
• Developed with decentralised & collaborative efforts

Openness to SCI Literature through:

• Open Access Publishing
• Open Data Repositories
• Open Access Rights (CC)
• Open Access Repositories
• Open Peer Review
• OA Aggregators
• OER Repositories
• OA Grey Repositories

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Scholarly Publication Lifecycle (Traditional Model):

Open Access:
Open Access is defined “as free, online, immediate, permanent access to the full-text version of a
scientific or scholarly article over Internet”
Anyone from anywhere in the world can access the content of articles published in Open Access.

OA History—Early Days:
• Late 1960s/early 1970s
– ERIC, Medline, and Agricola created; ARPANET launched
• 1971
– Project Gutenberg formed (Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive
cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks.")
• 1991-1994
– ArXiv, (Mathematics, Physics Preprint Archive), Project Bartleby, Perseus Project, et al.,
launched
• 1994
– Digital Libraries Initiative launched by National Science Foundation; Social Sciences Research
Network (SSRN) launched
• 1996
– Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD), Internet Archive created

OA History—Early 2000s:
• 2000-2003: Tools
– PubMed Central launched
– First Creative Commons licenses released
– Directory of Open Access Journals launched
• 2000-2003: Declarations
– Tempe Principles for Emerging Scholarly Publishing
– UN Economic and Social Council calls for “universal access to knowledge and information”
– Budapest Open Access Initiative
– Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing
– Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities

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OA History—Late 2000s:
• 2005
– NIH Public Access Policy goes into effect: Scientists receiving NIH grants are asked to deposit in
PubMed Central on a voluntary basis
– Welcome Trust implements Open Access mandate for Wellcome-funded research
– Columbia University, University of Kansas, and Case Western Reserve, adopt statements in
support of OA
• 2008
– Federal mandate takes effect requiring OA for NIH-funded research through deposit in PubMed
Central
– Harvard mandates OA deposit of faculty scholarly works
• 2009
– MIT mandates OA deposit of faculty scholarly works

2010 onwards:
Transformational changes in terms of
• Volume
• OA publishing models
• OA content aggregation and indexing
• OA discovery platforms
• OA publishing and archiving software platforms
• OA national and institutional policies

Notable milestones in OA (3Bs):

Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002): Declaration
Signed by 6000 + Scholars and 1300+ Organizations
Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003)
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the
Sciences and Humanities (2003)
OA Mantra: Publically funded research publications should be available freely to public

Bethesda OA Declaration:
Emphasized Two modes of Open Access:
• OA through Journals
• OA through Repositories
Berlin OA Declaration
Emphasized Internet as a functional instrument for a global scientific knowledge dissemination
through OA
The declaration defines two conditions that publications must meet in order to be open access: a
free, irrevocable right to access and a license to copy, use, distribute and make derivative works,
and a deposit in an online repository ensuring open access, interoperability and long term archiving.

Berlin OA Declaration:
Emphasised internet as a functional instrument for a global scientific knowledge dissemination
through OA.

Benefits of OA Publishing:
• Free/ Wider access
• Breaks the pay wall
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• Increased impact - increased publication metrics
• Greater visibility in the domain - Individual/ Instituion/ Country
• Quick accessibility and discoverability
• Bridge the gap between Have’s and Have Not’s
• Greater Societal impact

OA benefits to stake holders:

Authors/ Creators Readers/ Students/ Teachers Libraries/ Institutes

1. Open access provides
authors with a worldwide
audience
2. Open access increases the
visibility and impact of
their work
3. Increase Publication
metrics
4. Open access widens
opportunities for funding
and international
collaboration
1. Open access gives
researchers barrier free
access to the literature
they need
2. Open access also makes
text mining and other
forms of text processing
and analysis a possibility
3. Teachers can Reuse OERs
in class rooms
1. In the long term Open
Access may help alleviate
the problem of increasing
journal subscription costs
2. Open access helps
libraries provide what
their readers need
3. Open access helps
libraries to work closely
with authors and other
parts of the institutes to
make the research output
more visible
4. Savings on Budgetary
allocations

Funding Agencies / Public / Society Publishers

Government
1. Open access increases the 1. Equity in Access to 1. New Publishing Models
return on their investment knowledge fro Commercial Publishers
in research by making the 2. Support strong research 2. Attractive APCs
results of that research capacity needed for
more widely available economic growth of a
2. Open access gives public country
access to the results of 3. Support strong science
publicly funded research base for development
3. Open access encourages
faster developments and
innovation in research
4. Open access promotes
open democratic
government by making
information as freely
available as possible

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Open Access Publishing Channels / Models:

Gold OA Authors publishes their article in an online open access journal

Green OA Authors Deposits their article (preprint / postprint) in an OA institution
or subject repositories
Bronze OA Articles are free to read only on the publisher page, No APC charges
are imposed, (Covid19 articles)
Platinum / Diamond OA Articles are free to read by readers and published without APC
charges, but publisher generates
funding other sources
Hybrid OA Journal publishes both Closed and OA articles, APC charges imposed
to authors to make articles available in OA mode on publishers
platform
Black OA Unauthorized access to copyrighted & pay walled literature

Manuscript stages / Versions :

OA Opportunities: Gold Channel

OA Gold v/s Green:

Gold Green
Timing Immediate Immediately / After Embargo / publisher policy
Version Final Published Version Pre print / Post Print / Author Copy
Location and
Publisher platform / Search Engine Repository platforms, incomplete metadata
discoverability
Licensing Open License (Creative commons) Limited license (Publisher Copyright)
Sustainability Funding Institutions/ APC charges Institution funding

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Types of OA Journals:
• Traditional Open Access Journals
• Journals established by nonprofit publishers
• Typically utilize a Creative Commons Attribution License for publishing
• Authors usually retain their copyright.
• Different funding strategies used to support the journal:
– Advertising
– Membership fees
– Subsidies from institutions
• Hybrid Open Access Journals
• Journals where only some of the articles are open access
• Open access status requires the payment of a publication fee/ processing fee to the
publisher
• Definition of open access may vary according to publisher
• Delayed Open Access Journals
• Traditional subscription-based journal
• Provide open access or free access after the elapse of an embargo period
– Embargo periods vary from a few months to two or more years
• Model adopted by many scholarly society journals

Gold OA Journals - With APC:

Academy/ Societies Hybrid Delayed

Indian Academy of Sciences Elsevier With Embargo Period

INSA Springer
CSIR IEEE
PLOS One Wiley
T &F
SAGE
AIP
IOP
RSC

• Fully Open Access Journals

– Consists only Open Access articles
– ChargesAPC
• Partially / Hybrid Open Access Journals
– Accommodate both type of articles
• Open Access articles
• Closed access articles
• Major STEM publishers support

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Article Processing Charges (APC):
What is APC?
• Paid to Publisher by Creator / Author /Institutions
• The published article will be made OA on their platform
• Same Rigours review process followed
• APC Varies from Publishers to Publishers and Journals to Journals
– Average $1500 to $3500
• Copyright Retention with Publisher / Authors???

Why is APC?
• Editorial work:
– peer review, administrative support, commissioning content, journal development
• Technical infrastructure and innovation:
– development, maintenance and operation of online journal system and websites
• Production of articles:
– formatting and mark-up of articles and inclusion in indexing services
• Marketing of journal and content:
– making sure readers and authors know about the work published in the title
• Customer service:
– responding to authors and readers

Plan S: Principles (Alternatives to APC):

• Plan S is an initiative launched by Science Europe in September 2018
• Plan S is backed by cOAlition S, a consortium of (currently) 26 national and international
research funders.
• Mantra: No science should be locked behind paywalls!
• Principles / Mandates
• No publication should be locked behind a paywall
• OA must be immediate, i.e. no embargo periods
• No copyright transfer; publication under a CC-BY license by default
• Transparency about pricing and contracts (APC)
• Funders commit to support publication fees at a reasonable level
• Multiple routes to OA compliance

SCOAP3 (Consortium Approach) :

• Subject Specific OA Initiative in Particle Physics
• SCOAP3 is a one-of-its-kind partnership of over three thousand libraries, key funding agencies
and research centers in 43 countries and 3 intergovernmental organizations
• SCOAP3 has converted key journals in the field of High- Energy Physics to Open Access from
several publishers at no cost for authors
• Reduce subscription fees to all their customers, who can re-direct the funds to contribute to
SCOAP3

Funding Agencies across Globe & CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Will fund for the initiative

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SCOAP3 - Model :

Institution Membership (MSRIT) :

• MoU withT &F to publish in their Gold OA journals
• 30 articles of MSRIT Researchers will be published in T&F OA Journals
• To avail the facility Contact your librarian

Read & Publish Model (Licensing Terms):

Journal Subscription Fee Institution can subscribe Publisher journals allowing their
(Read) researchers to read full-text articles, use them for further research
& cite them in their articles
+
Open Access Fee (Publish) The Authors from the partnering institutions can publish their
articles as Open Access (Free- to-Download) in any journal of
agreed publisher
-
Discount on Subscription & The Institution and the publisher can mutually agree upon the
Open Access (Read & Publish) percentage discounts that may apply
.=
Total Price of ‘Read & The Price / Value of the read & Publish collaboration , therefore
Publish’ Agreement comprises of: the subscription value less any benefits that accrue
as discounts and waivers on the article processing Charges

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Beware of Predatory Publishers:
Predatory : Preying naturally on others / Seeking to exploit others
‘Predatory or deceptive publishers’ have taken the advantage of the open access author-pays
academic publishing model (APCs), as an opportunity to make money.
‘No value addition to your scholarly work’ Editorial, Review, Formatting, Ethical, etc.

International OA Initiatives:
• OA Directories, Aggregators, Discovery Platforms
• Electronic Thesis Repositories: NDLTD, DART
• OA Journals: Institutions, Societies, Publishers
• OA Policies & Mandates – NIH, SPARC, Funding Agencies
• Creative Commons rights to protect OA content
• OA Software: Digital repositories. OJS, OCS

Indian OA Initiatives (Few Notable):

• First Indian OA Repository established in 2001-02 at IISc – ePrints@iisc
• Journals of IAS (13), INSA (3) CSIR (18), DRDO (2) many more made open access
• Indian Thesis Repository “Shodhaganga” established by UGC-INFLIBNET
• Integrated all Indian OA Repositories content at NDLI by OAI-PMH harvester
• CSIR, DST & DBT mandated OA polices through Green Road OA
• CSIR-Central & Science Central infrastructure established
• In 2018-19 PlanS was conceived by PSA to PMO for Indian Higher Education

Notable Indian OA Initiatives:

Gold OA : 300 OA Journals at DOAJ: IAS, INSA, CSIR, IISc etc.
Green OA : 150+ OA Repositories at ROAR: CSIR, DST, IITs, IISc etc.

Shodhganga Thesis repository

National Digital Library
SWAYAM

CSIR Open Access Mandate:

• All research papers published from all CSIR laboratories and supported by a grant from CSIR
will be made open access either by depositing the full-text and the metadata of each paper in an
institutional repository or by publishing the papers in an open access journals in the first place
• Each CSIR laboratory will set up its own interoperable institutional open access repositories for
research papers, electronic thesis and dissertations. CSIR-URDIP will set up a central harvester
which would harvest the full-text and metadata of all these papers/documents
• CSIR and its constituent laboratories publish number of journals. All the CSIR journals published
by NISCAIR have been made open access. Progressively, all CSIR publications will be made
open access
• CSIR-NISCAIR will organize training programmes: (a) for scientists to change their perceptions
towards open access (b) for editors and journal production officers of CSIR and other scientific
agencies and (c) for personnel from CSIR laboratories who would be setting up institutional
repositories
• Every year each CSIR laboratory will celebrate “Open Access Day” during the International Open
Access Week (http://www.openaccessweek.org/) by organizing sensitizing lectures, programmes,
taking new OA initiatives, publicizing the statistics of downloads, etc
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• CSIR will lead the Open Access moment within the country and take on board other scientific
agencies to form a National Open Access Policy including legislation if necessary to mandate the
availability of output of publicly funded research in public domain
• CSIR will create a portal/database of the information resources subscribed by all the institutions
along with a federated search engine to effectively share the resources

CSIR Open Access Content :

Single window Open access content of CSIR laboratories
SCIENCE-CENTRAL : Single window Open access content of DST laboratories

Digital Repositories : Repositories:

• Repositories - where things are stored/preserved
• Software Repositories – GitHub, Docker, GitLab
• Publication Repositories:
– Scholarly literature
– Research Data
– Education Resources
– Grey Literature

What is Digital Repository??

• A digital repository is an online archive for the storage of digital objects
• Designated for the long term preservation of digital objects
• Organized Collection of Digital Objects
• Metadata - Describe digital objects
• Taxonomy – Classify digital objects
• Hierarchical - Organize Digital objects
• Access with Privileges
• Powerful Retrieval features – search / browse
• Interoperable

Digital Repositories: Objectives

1. Collect
• Capture - Born digital documents
• Digitize - Old print documents

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 • Aggregate – Harvest documents from multiple sources
2. Contribute
• Archive – Long term preservation
• Knowledge Base – Addition to existing knowledge
3. Discoverability
– Powerful Retrieval mechanism
• Browse- Hierarchical
• Search: Simple / Advanced / Filed Based
– Collaborate with aggregators
• Search Engines / Metadata Harvesters
4. Share
– Web / Social media Platforms

Why Digital Repositories for Research ??

• Authoritative Information
• Free Content (Largely)
• Seamless Access (any where / any time)
• Decentralized deposition / Centralized Curation
• Powerful Retrieval Functionalities
• Available under CC attributes – 6 Attributes
• Access to Unpublished (Technical) Information
• Permanent Source (long term preservations)

Contents of Digital Repositories:

• Raw research data/ datasets etc.
• Derived research data
• Full-text peer-reviewed scholarly papers
– Preprints
– Postprints
– Author final version (Publisher Version?????)
– Datasets / Technical Data
• Theses/Dissertations
• Full-textoriginalpublications–GreyLiterature
• Learning objects–Multimedia,Graphical

Classification of Digital Repositories:

• Institution based
– Objectives of organization
Ex: CSIR-NAL, MIT, Canfield etc,.
• Subject Based
– Dedicated to specific subject/s
Ex: ChemRxiv, BioRxiv, MedRxiv
• Access Type
– Based on Access restrictions
Open, Partially open, closed
• Document Type
– Based on type of Content- Data, Technical Reports
Ex.: NTRS, HAL, OSTI etc
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Digital Repositories: Institution Based :
• Institution Specific Content
• OA based (Access control)
• Decentralized Document Deposition (Authorized users)
• Wider Accessibility & Visibility - Individual / Institute
• All types of Institutional Publications
• Long term preservation of institution IP
• Personal Digital Library / Digital Space for Faculty

Digital Repositories: Subject Based:

• Preprint Publishing Framework
• Plan U – Research Funders Requirements
– PlanS for OA Journal Publishing
– PlanU for OA Repository Publishing
• OA based – Preprint Servers
• Subject / Domain Specific Content
• Decentralized Deposition / Centralized Moderation / Curation
• Wider Accessibility & Visibility
• Robust Retrieval functionalities
• Content Aggregators

Subject based Repository: ChemRxiv

• ChemRxiv is a free submission, distribution, and archive service for unpublished preprints in
chemistry
• No Peer Review only Curation
• Technology Platform: Cambridge University Press
• ChemRxiv partners: is co-owned and collaboratively managed by
– AmericanChemicalSociety(ACS)
– ChineseChemicalSociety(CCS)
– RoyalSocietyofChemistry(RSC)
– GermanChemicalSociety(GDCh)
– ChemPubSocEurope(CPSE)jour

• Rapidly disseminate work to a wide audience of chemical domain

• Boost the visibility of research findings
• Make research work more discoverable
• Find potential collaborators and hold interdisciplinary discussions
• Document research results for grant reviewers in advance of publication
• Facilitate rapid evaluation of results
• Spot trends and encourage a broad range of constructive
feedback
• Directly push to collaborative publishers Journal

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Preprint Acceptance Polices: ChemRxiv

Content policies to Accept Content policy to Reject

is scholarly in nature
is written in English
is the length and structure of a standard
scientific manuscript
is the original work of the author or coauthor(s)
includes new research results and analysis
includes a thorough overview of prior research
from multiple sources with references
does not infringe the intellectual property right
of any person(s) or entity(ies)
does not contain any unlawful statements
does not contain inappropriate, confidential, or
harmful statements or materials
does not include excessive self-citation
falls broadly in the ChemRxiv subject
categories
has not been formally accepted or published
following a peer review process
is not also posted to another preprint server
It cannot be identified as scholarly content
It does not fit one of our accepted manuscript types
It cannot be reasonably categorized using one of the
ChemRxiv subjects
It is found to be wholly or partially plagiarized
It is found to have already been accepted for publication
following peer review
It is not written in English
It contains infringing material and/or has not been
uploaded by an authorized individual
It is found to contain inappropriate, confidential, or
harmful statements or material

Preprint Publishing – eLife Model:

• Eliminate Accept / Reject (Frustration)
• Involve Expert Review / Public Review • InvolvesFee
• eLife Assessment for each articles
• Author Choice - Preprint version
• Preprint Published with Review Comments
• Later can communicate to Journals for Publishing

Preprint Content @ Citation Databases:

• Usefulness to the research community (Domain Based)
• ClearlyDefinedRepository(Archive)policies
– scope, preservation and storage plan, availability of curation and retraction processes,
documentation, etc.
• Preprint Metadata quality
– bibliographic elements, DOIs, etc
• No metrics (Citations, H-Index, CiteScore etc)

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 Preprint servers included are:
arXiv, ChemRxiv, bioRxiv, medRxiv, SSRN, TechRxiv, Research Square

Commercial DR for Scholarly Publishing: F1000 Research:

• Launched in 2013 - Repository framework
• Innovative Open Access research publishing platform (‘Mega Journal’) for researchers, scientists,
scholars and clinicians.
• Offers Rapid & Transparent Publishing of research articles and other research outputs, without
editorial bias.
• All articles benefit from transparent peer review and editorial guidance on making all source data
openly available.
• APC Charges
• Key objectives:
o Acceleratingaccess,reach&impact
o Supportingcareers&capacitybuilding
Acquired by T & F Group in 2020

Rigorous pre-publication checks include:

– Author/s affiliation & credentials
– Plagiarism
– Image manipulation
– Ethical approval
– FAIR data/materials/software compliance
– Open materials & methods

Digital Repositories: Access Based:

• Fully Open Access
• Partially Open Access
– Metadata
– Full text
• Sherpa-Romeo Publisher OA archiving rights
• Request a Copy - (Fair Use Clause for Copyrighted content)
• Closed access
– Access only to authorized members

Digital Repositories: Document Type:

Dedicated Repositories based on Document type
– Reports servers
– Thesis & Dissertations
– Data Sets
– Grey Literature servers

Electronic Thesis Repositories:

Special type of Open access repositories whose objective is to archive only Thesis and Dissertations
and enable access on OA Channel
• NDLTD (5+ million Thesis )
• DART-Europe E-theses Portal
• Shodhganga (Indian Thesis)
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Dataverse: Research Data Repository Platforms:
• Service by Harvard University
• Free data repository open to all researchers, all disciplines
• Research Data Repository to
– Archive, Share, Cite, Explore & Access
• Customizable: Organize & manage, Access control
• Export as standard data citation format
• Dataverse for
– Researchers
• Archive up to 1GB
• Personalize
– Journals
• Allows to upload associated files with seamless access
– Organizations
Can create and customize a Dataverse Collection where researchers, departments, and
faculty can share their research data

Dataverse: Features:
• Support for FAIR Data Principles: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable
• Interoperability through – OAI(PMH) / APIs
• DataCite integration – provides persistent Identifiers to digital objects (DOI assignment)
• Access Control – Open / Restricted
• Embargo Assignment
• Custom licensing – Creative Commons (CC- Attributes)
• Discoverability – Search / Advanced Search / Faceted search
• Data Export – Several formats

FigShare: Research Data Repository Platforms:

• For Individuals
– Cloud based platform to upload Research work
– 20GB of Free space for individuals
– Individuals can make research outputs available in
• citable, shareable & Discoverable
– DoI for Datasets
• For Institutions
– Provide Repository platform (SaaS)
– A custom-branded portal- Interface, Metadata
– Track Metrics: Altmetric Scores, Citations
• For Publishers
– Provides platform to upload associated data
• Datasets, simulations, Images, etc.

Mendeley Data Sets Repository:

• Mendeley Data is a secure cloud-based repository service
• Facilitate Store, Share, Discover & Cite data
• Launched by Elsevier in the years 2015
• Provides a DOI which makes easy connect to cited datasets (DataCite integration);

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• Datasets license under open licenses
• Data access control (full text)
• Interoperability through OAI-PMH
• Data types like: Text documents, Markup language, Spreadsheets, Statistical data, Raster Images,
Audio, Video, Geographical Information (GIS), RDF, CAD etc

Zenodo:
• Zenodo is a general-purpose open-access repository developed under the European OpenAIRE
program and operated by CERN and was launched in May 2013.
• Zenodo was first born as the OpenAire orphan records repository, with the mission to provide
open science compliance to researchers without an institutional repository, irrespective of their
subject area, funder or nation. It provides a DOI to datasets
• Files may be deposited under closed, open, or embargoed access. Files deposited under closed
access are protected
• Upload upto 50GB

Open Science Framework (OSF):

• Open platform to support research & enable collaborations
• Discover Public research: projects, papers, data, materials etc.
• Collect & Analyse data – store data, code etc. @ OSF Storage
• Publish reports, preprints etc.
• Track metrics for the your contributions

Repository Aggregators :
Registry of Data Digital Repositories: re3Data :
• Re3data is a global registry of research data repositories
• Funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG)
• More than 3000 + digital data repositories registered
• To register with re3data
– be run by a legal entity, such as a sustainable institution (e.g. library, university)
– clarify access conditions to the data and repository as well as the terms of use
– have focus on research data

Aggregators of Digital Repositories: CORE

• Aggregator of open access research papers from repositories and journals
• CORE currently contains 207M OA articles collected from 11K data providers
• Evolving as powerful discovery platform – Scholarly content
• Data harvested through APIs
• Repository integration and discovering documents without a DOI
• Data is largely governed by Open Data Commons (ODC) Attribution License

Digital Repositories Work Flow (Scholarly content)

• Content Deposition
– Decentralized document deposition
• Authorized Users / Creators
– Centralized Data Curation
– Centralized Moderation / Review

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 • Content Access
– Global Access (Anonymous Access)
– Authorized Access (Institutional access)
• Repository Administration
– Centralized
– Customization
• Metadata, Workflow, Interface

Digital Repositories in RDM Workflow (Research Data):

• Research Data Management
– Data Collection / Capturing
– Data organization and curation
• Metadata
– Data Sharing & Dissemination
• Discovery / Retrieval Technologies
• Interoperability
– Protocols (Z39.50, OAI-PMH)
• Content Policies
– Data Preservation
– Data Metrics / Visualization

Open Education Resources (OER) Repositories :

OER are teaching, learning and research resources that reside in the public domain or are released
under an intellectual property license (creative commons) that permits their free use and
repurposing by others.

• Open Text Books Repositories – DOAB,OTN

• Open CourseWare Repositories – MITOpenCourseWare
• Projects Repositories – Wikiversity
• Teaching Materials Repositories – TeachingCommons
• OER Multimedia Repositories
• OER Search Platforms – OASIS (Openly Available Sources Integrated Search)

To Conclude
• Scholarly literature in digital format is a NewNormal, & access to it is challenge
• Variety of Information sources on Web
• Digital repositories are evolving as promising source scholarly literature (Research Information)
• The volume of Repository content is growing
• Awareness about sources go a long way in knowledge acquisition
• LIS professionals should facilitate these resources for research community

OA: Copyright & Self Archiving Rights

Copyright
• Copyright is concerned with protecting the work of the human intellect
• Copyright protects ‘expression of thoughts’, and ‘not ideas’.
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 • No need to Register
• Mainly focus on
– Original Literary, Dramatic, Musical and Artistic Works
– Cinematograph Films
– Sound Recordings

Rights protected by copyright:

1. Moral Rights
To protect personality of author
• Right of Attribution
• Right of Integrity
Digital Manipulation
No Distortion
Inalienable Rights (Rights can’t takeout of creator)

2. Economic Rights
A. Right of Reproduction
- Making copies e.g. an edition of a novel
- Storage in computer memory
B. Right of Distribution/Issuing Copies
Digital Distribution
C. Right of Communication to the Public
- Public Performance
- Internet Communication
D. Adaptation Rights
- Conversion into another form e.g. literary to drama
- Abridgement
- Picturizations, comic formats
E. Right to make a cinematograph film or sound recording
F. Translation Rights
G. Rental Rights
H. Resale Rights for original artistic works.

Ownership of Rights:
• Literary – Author
• Drama – Dramatist
• Music – Composer
• Artistic work – Artist e.g. Painter, sculptor, architect
• Photograph – Photographer
• Author of Computer Programme – Person who causes the work to be created
• Cinematograph film – producer
• Sound Recording - producer

Author as Owner of Rights: Exceptions:

• In the course of employment – employer
• Employment by newspaper, magazine – employer has publishing right; other rights with author
• Photograph, painting, cinema for valuable consideration – person who pays money
• Lecture delivered in public – Person delivering
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 • Government Work – Government
• Public Undertaking Work – public undertaking
• Work of International Organization – International Organization
• Work of apprentice – to Teacher
• Question Papers – Paper setter
• Encyclopedia, dictionary – editor for collection
• Music under contract by film producer – film producer

Copyright Duration:
• Literary, dramatic, Musical and Artistic Works published during lifetime of author: Life + 60 years
• All Other Works: 60 years from date of publication
- Posthumous, Anonymous Works
- Works of Government and Organizations
- Cinema and Sound Recording
- Photograph

Copyright & India:

• Copyright work is protected by Indian Copyright act 1957 (latest amendment 2012)
• Copyright can be registered at the office of Registrar of Copyrights by paying requisite fee
• Infringement remedies under Copyright Act 1957 & TRIPS

A. Civil remedies - these provide for injunctions, damages, rendition of accounts, delivery and
destruction of infringing copies and damages for conversion;
B. Criminal remedies - these provide for imprisonment, fines, seizure of infringing copies and
delivery of infringing copies to the owner; and
C. Border enforcement - the Act also provides for prohibition of import and destruction of
imported goods that infringe the copyright of a person with the assistance of the customs
authorities of India

Copyright & Fair Use:

• Fair use is a doctrine in the law that permits limited use of copyrighted material- supported by
copyright laws of all countries
• The four factors judges
- the purpose and character of your use
- the nature of the copyrighted work
- the amount and substantiality of the portion taken, and
- the effect of the use upon the potential market.
• Non commercial purpose
• Scholarly communication – Research & Education with certain restrictions

Author (Reader) Rights: Access Rights:

• Subscribed Content- Governed by Copyright
– Publishers own copyright
– Institution Authorized User: Faculty, Staff, Students, etc.
– Can access through off campus service
– Reuse – written permission from publisher – STM Guidelines
– ILL – Fair use for Research & Education, for commercial use need to clear copyright
– Not permitted / unethical practices
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 • Systematic download
• Sharing over network / with unauthorized users
• Reproduction any format
• Redistribution
• Remix, tweaking

Reuse Permission for Copyrighted Materials :

• When is permission required?
– When you reuse of Copyrighted materials
• figures, illustrations, charts, tables, photographs, and text excerpts
– Borrowed material must be properly acknowledged
• If it is open source also
• When is permission not required?
– Public domain works
– Open access content published under a CC-BY user license
– Creating an original figure or table from data or factual information that was not
previously in figure or table format
• From whom do I need permission?
– From copyright holder
• Publishers

Reuse Permission for Copyrighted Materials:

• How do I obtain permission from another publisher?
– Rights Link’s automated permission-granting service
• Integrated to Copyright Clearance Center
– STM signatory publishers
• Can I include/use my article in my thesis/dissertation?
– Yes.Authors can include their articles in full or in part in a thesis or dissertation for non-
commercial purposes
• Do I need permission to redraw a figure? How should I credit the figure?
– Percentage of Similarity
• Do I need permission to use figures/tables/excerpts from the previous edition of this book?
– If original work–Not required
– If third party–depends on what kind of rights obtained previously

How much I can Reuse without Permission:

• Use up to three figures (including tables) from a journal article or book chapter, but:
• not more than five figures from a whole book or journal issue/edition;
• not more than six figures from an annual journal volume;
• not more than three figures from works published by a single publisher for an article;
• not more than three figures from works published by a single publisher for a book chapter; and in
total not more than thirty figures from a single publisher for republication in a book, including a
multi-volume book.
• Single text extracts of less than 400 words from a journal article or book chapter, but:
• not more than a total of 800 words from a whole book or journal issue/edition.

STM Guidelines are : Voluntary & Reciprocal:

Quantity limit for gratis permission:
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Subject to formal approval by the individual publisher when required (please refer to the specific
requirements of each publisher under the list of Signatories to the STM Permissions Guidelines),
gratis permission is granted to use the following quantities of Licensed Content in a journal article
or book being prepared for publication by another Signatory:

For use in a single journal article:

• A maximum total of 3 (three) figures/tables/images from works published by a single STM
Signatory
• A maximum of 400 (four hundred) words from an individual journal article or book chapter.
• A maximum total of 800 (eight hundred) words from a single book or journal issue/edition.

For use in a book:

• A maximum total of 3 (three) figures/tables/images from works published by a single STM
Signatory for a single chapter.
• A maximum total of 30 (thirty) figures/tables/images from works published by a single STM
Signatory for the entire book or volume set, not dependent on the number of authors or
contributors.
• A maximum of 3 (three) figures/tables/images from an individual journal article or book chapter.
• A maximum of 400 (four hundred) words from an individual journal article or book chapter.
• A maximum total of 5 (five) figures/tables/images from a single book or journal issue/edition.
• A maximum total of 800 (eight hundred) words from a single book or journal issue/edition.
• A maximum total of 6 (six) figures/tables/images from an annual journal volume.

Author Rights:
Open Access Content: Governed by Copy left – Creative commons
–Author / creator will own copyright
–Free to access as per Creative Commons (CC)
–Broader Reuse permissions – Author consent
–Share over Network
–Reproduction & redistribution is permitted
–Remix, tweak etc. permitted

Author Rights : Creative Commons

● Started in 2001 @ Stanford US by NGO
● Founder: Lawrence Lessig
● Nonprofit “dedicated to building a globally-accessible public commons of knowledge and
culture”
● Supplies copyright licenses, including legal framework that allows creators to share work more
openly
● Licenses work within existing copyright law
● Licenses variations of the 6 permissions

Author Rights: CC Types

CC BY - Attribution
● Distribute, remix, tweak, build upon work
● Commercial use permitted
● Credit creator
● Most accommodating CC license
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● Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials

CC BY SA - Attribution-ShareAlike:
● Distribute, remix, tweak, build upon work
● Commercial use permitted
● Credit creator
● Must license new creations under the identical terms
● New works will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use

CC BY-NC - Attribution Non Commercial:

● Allows redistribution, non-commercial use, with credit to creator.

CC BY-ND - Attribution-NoDerivs:
● Allows redistribution, commercial and non-commercial use, as long as original is passed along
unchanged and in whole, with credit to creator.

CC BY-NC-SA - Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike :
● Remix, tweak, and build upon a work non-commercially
● Credit creator and license new creations under the identical terms

CC BY-NC-ND - Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs:
● Most restrictive license
● Only allows download and sharing (with attribution)
● Can’t change work in any way or use it commercially
attribution)
● Can’t change work in any way or use it commercially

Why Publisher need Rights:

• A non-exclusive right to publish and distribute a work and receive a financial return
• Proper attribution and citation as journal of first publication
• Right to Archive
• Right to Archive, migrate the work to future formats

Publisher Contract:
• Publishers depend on authors for content
• Publisher add value by designing, producing and bringing works to market to generate revenue
• Publishers need a clear grant of rights from each author
• Contract sets out rights and responsibilities of each party and is legally enforceable
• Contracts are longer and more complex

Publishing Rights/ Agreements:

Transfer the copyright to someone (Publisher)
– Economic Rights
• Right to Reproduction
– To publish, distribute, - Commercially Exploit
• Rights to Public Performance, Broadcasting & Communication
– Distribute: Print & Electronic Media, Market
• Rights of Translation and Adaptation
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 – Moral Rights (with author)
• Right of Attribution
– Status of Author, Recognition
• Right of Integrity
– Author right to object any sort of distortion

Author Rights:
Copyright transfer agreements often asks you to transfer all of your rights.
The Author(s) assigns to Publisher exclusive copyright and related rights in the Article, including
the right to publish the Work in all forms and media including print and all other forms of electronic
publication or any other types of publication including subsidiary rights in all languages.

Author will lose:

• Right to distribute copies
• Right to use copies in your classroom
• Right to make derivative works
• Right to archive the published copy into a disciplinary or institutional repository

Author Options:
• Transfer all rights to publisher (traditional)
• Author no longer has control over work
• Licensing (Creative Commons
• Enables the copyright holder, whether author or publisher, to license partial rights to other
parties
• Addenda(SPARC,ScienceCommons)
• Added to copyright transfer agreements and refer the desired rights to the author.
• Leads to negotiations between author and publisher

What is Author Addenda?

• Author addenda are legal instruments used to modify a publisher's Copyright Transfer Agreements
(CTAs)
• Author addenda have been in existence since the mid-2000s
• Contain standardized legal language which has been tested over time
• Generally to retain copyright and to protect an author's rights to their work
– keep non-exclusive rights for the author (some limited to scholarly uses, some limited to
noncommercial uses)
– give authors the right to use the published version of the manuscript
– acknowledge the potential for existence of prior non-exclusive licenses, either for funder
policies, institutional policies, or both
– some details differ in each addenda but the basics are the same

Archiving Rights:
• Institutional OA Repositories
• Subject Repositories
• Author Home Page
• Institution Homepage
• Social Media Platforms
• Third Party Websites
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Archiving Rights: Sherpa Romeo Project:
• Not for Profit Initiative
• It aggregates and presents publisher and journal open access policies
• Reviewed and analyzed by specialist team
• Provide summaries of self-archiving permissions
• Rights given to authors on a journal-by-journal basis

Why Am I Publishing ?
Motivation to publish:
– Dissemination (54% 1st choice)
– Career Prospects (20% 1st choice)
– Improved funding (13% 1st choice)
– Ego (9% 1st choice)
– Patent protection (4% 1st choice)
– Other (5% 1st choice)

Why Scholarly Journal / SCI Journals??

• Focus on Qualitative & Authoritative publishing
• Well Established Editorial Standards
• Robust Review Process
• Definite Periodicity
• Indexed at many reputed databases
• Will have targeted audience

Major Reasons for Rejection:

Common Reasons
• Aim & Scope
• Bad Grammar & Language
• Lack of Organization of Content
• Writing Style Mismatch
Technical Reasons
• Lack of Novelty, originality
• Flaws in methodology
• Lack of interpretations
• Incomplete statistics
• Old References
• Publication Misconduct
- Plagiarism
- Fabrication & Falsification

Things I need to consider before publishing:

• Scope of the journal
– Discipline or Multi-discipline
– Age & frequency
– Audience (National / International)
– Publication Affiliation
• Review Process

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 – Method of peer review (single/double/triple blind review)
– Time from submission to decision
– Rejection rate and reason
– Correction and retraction history
• Access type
– Open access (Gold or Green)
– Closed access
– Hybrid access

Things I need to consider before publishing:

• Coverage, Scale & Size
– Frequency ( number of issues/ volumes)
– Article Length (page or word restrictions)
– Reference styles
– Language
– Geographical coverage
• Impact
– Journal Metrics – H-index, Impact Factors, etc.,
– Altmetrics scores
– Article downloads stats

Journal Selection – Best Practices:

• Make a List of the Journals Available – sources, guides, friends,
• Determine the Impact of the Journal – Consult Metrics
• Make Sure the Journal Scope and Policies match your research findings
• Check the Journal Requirements and Distribution- Reference styles, page/word limits etc.,
• Collect Information about the Journal’s Peer Review Process
• Check the “Instructions for Authors”

Journal Selecting Tools:

• Free Journal Selecting Tools
• Publisher Journal selecting tools
• Citation Databases
• Bibliographic Databases
• SJR Index (Scimago Journal Ranking index)

Free Journal Selecting Tool: Manuscript Matcher:

• From Clarivate
• Free Registration
• Use Web of Science platform
• You can search Journal List also
• Key Words Matching

Free Journal Selecting Tool: Journal Guide :

• 46k Journals
• Journal Metrics
• SCOPE of the journal
• Similar articles from last 10 years
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• Check similar articles for 10 years
• Match manuscript Title/Abstract

Let’s Check

Free Journal Selecting T ool: Journal Guide

Free Journal Selecting T ool: Journal Guide

Free Journal Selecting Tool: Edanza

https://www.edanzediting.com/journal-selector
• 28000 + Journals • Various Filters
• Journal Metrics

Vanity press:
• Author Need to pay APC
• No peer-review is promised by the publisher
• No Editing
• Author Needs to do all jobs
• Self-publishing outlets, such as on Amazon
• Physical copies will be outrageously high prices

What is Predatory Publishing??

Preying naturally on others / Seeking to exploit others
‘Predatory or deceptive publishers’ have taken the advantage of the open access author-pays
academic publishing model, as an opportunity to
make money.

Why Predatory Publishing??

• For my PhD Requirement
• For Rewards
• Pressure to Publish
• Lack of Awareness
• Inferior Research quality
• Unhealthy Competitions
• Stringent acceptance from SCI Journals

Principles of Transparence & Best Practices in Scholarly Publishing (COPE):

1. Website of a publication:
• Clearly defined Aims & Scope
• Ensure high ethical and professional standards
• No misleading information to its audience
• Clear Cut publication policies about
• Authorship criteria
• Multiple submissions
• Redundant publications
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 • ISSNs should be clearly displayed (Print & Electronic)
2. Name of the Journal:
• Unique
• No room for ambiguity / confusion
• Should not mislead Authors & Readers
3. Peer review process:
• Clear Peer Review Polices
• Method of Peer Review
4. Ownership and management:
• Information about the ownership and/or management
5. Governing body:
• Editorial boards
• Recognized domain experts - names and affiliations
6. Editorial team/contact information
• Editorial Team contact Information
7. Copyright and Licensing:
• Clearly stated copyright polices in the author guidelines
• Clear licensing terms - Creative Commons license
8. Author fees:
• Clearly stated Charges for manuscript processing and/or publishing materials
• If No fee, also need to be stated clearly
9. Steps against Research Misconduct:
• Clearly stated steps towards
• Plagiarism, Citation manipulation, Data falsification/fabrication, so on
10. Policies on publishing ethics
• Journal policies on authorship and contributorship
• How journal will handle complaints and appeals
• Journal policies on conflicts of interest / competing interests
• Journal policies on data sharing and reproducibility;
• Journal’s policy on ethical oversight
• Journal’s policy on intellectual property
• Journal’s options for post-publication discussions and corrections
11. Publishing schedule:
• Periodicity
• Number of Volumes per year
• Number of Issues per year
12. Access to published content:
• Individual articles are available to readers
• Subscription / Pay per View / Open Access
13. Archiving:
• Electronic backup and preservation of access to the journal content
14. Revenue sources
• Business models or revenue sources
• Author fees, subscriptions, advertising, reprints, institutional support, and organizational
support

Traits of Predatory Publishers??

• Camouflage titles (journals names, reputed Institutions etc.)
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 • Limited editorial support
• No Peer Review Standard
• Irregular frequency
• Editorial boards
• Dubious claims about the quality or credentials of a journal (pseudo ‘journal impact factor’ )
• False Claims – Indexing databases
• Solicit papers from authors directly via E-mail
• Lack of journal polices, APC, etc

Predatory Publishers / Journals Evaluation

Criterion Observation Decision

Journal name The journal name cannot be confused with another journal. Good
The editorial board is listed with their full names and institutional
Editorial board Good
affiliation.
The journal states whether it is peer reviewed/edited and has a review
Review process Good
policy listed.
The journal thoroughly and clearly states a conflicts of interest policy,
Conflicts of
including how it will handle potential conflicts of interest of editors, Good
interest
authors, and reviewers.
The journal website is competently designed and functional.
Journal website Good
(examples: no broken links, easy navigation, no missing information)
The journal clearly states its business model. This includes any
Revenue
revenue sources, like author fees, subscription, advertising, reprints, Good
sources
institutional support, and organisational support
The journal website contains an archive of its past issues with links to
Journal archive Good
full text articles.
Publishing The journal clearly states how often its issues will be published each
Good
schedule year and this agrees with the archive.
The journal clearly states the amount of money an author will pay to
Author fees Good
have each article published.
The journal clearly describes its copyright and licensing information
Copyright
on the journal's Web site, and licensing terms are indicated on the Good
information
published articles (HTML/PDF).
The journal is indexed in more than one subject database. (examples:
Journal index Good
ERIC, Google Scholar, Web of Science, SCOPUS)
Access to
The journal provides full text access to all published articles Good
journal articles
No of articles
The journal has published articles consistently Good
published

Resources to Judge Predatory Publishers / Journals??

• DOAJ – Directory of Open Access Journals
• COPE: Committee On Publication Ethics Guidelines
• OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association
• WAME- World Association of Medical Editors Guidelines
Page 28 of 32
 • AMWA–EMWA–ISMPP Joint position statement on predatory publishing (American Medical
Writers Association, European Medical Writers Association, International Society for Medical
Publication Professionals)
• Think.Check.Submit- An online guide to help researchers identify trusted journals for their
research
• UGC-CARE – University Grants Commission – Consortium for Academic & Research Ethics

COPE Practices:

Ethical Ethical oversight should include, but is not limited to, policies on consent to publication,
oversight publication on vulnerable populations, ethical conduct of research using animals, ethical
conduct of research using human subjects, handling confidential data and ethical business/
marketing practices
Intellectual Policies on intellectual property, including copyright and publishing licenses, should be
property clearly described
Clarity on plagiarism and redundant/overlapping publication should be specified
Journal A well-described and implemented infrastructure is essential, including the business
management model, policies, processes and software for efficient running of an editorially independent
journal, as well as the efficient management and training of editorial boards and editorial
and publishing staff
Peer review All peer review processes must be transparently described and well managed
processes
Post publication Journals must allow debate post publication either on their site, through letters to the
discussions and editor, or on an external moderated site.
corrections They must have mechanisms for correcting, revising or retracting articles after publication.

SPPU identified software tools/ Databases/ to detect predatory journals:

• Guidelines committee: COPE, WAME
• Indexes: SCOPUS, WoS, PubMED, Chemical Abstracts, SciFinder, Biological Abstracts
• Social Science & Humanities: SSCI, Social Science Research Network (SSRN)
• Local language: Local Committee
• Predatory Journal List: Beall’s list
• Journal metrics: Concentrate on DORA (Declaration on Research Assessment)

Plagiarism tools:
• PlagScan
• DrillBit
• Turnitin
• iThenticate
• PlagiarismDetection.org • Academic Plagiarism
• The Plagiarism Checker Many More !!!!

Free Plagiarism Checking Platforms

• Resource Coverage – Coveronlyfreecontent
• Manuscript safety – Can publish, store, or even sell the content of submitted texts
• Customer Support
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 • False positive reports
• Fails to handle different citation styles

Turnitin / iThenticate:
• Several Products with targeted use:
– Turnitin Originality: Student focussed- Detect AI generated text, Contract cheating,
Citation support etc.
– Turnitin Gradescope: helps is student assessment grades
– ExamSoft: Offers many digital question types including multiple choice, hot spot, matching,
and more
– Feedback Studio: Combined pack for Higher Education Institutions- Similarity check, Auto
detect of replaced character, hidden characters, Manipulated text etc.
– iThenticate: Similarity check by Publishers and organizations

iThenticate / Turnitin: Resources:

• Crossref Content: STEM Publishers & organizations (17K+)
• CORE: 278 Million Research articles (OA based content)
• Manuscript Tracking Systems: Submitted manuscripts from Major publishers
• Internet Content: 99.3 billion webpages

iThenticate / Turnitin: Subject Coverage

Agricultural & Biological Arts & Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics &

Sciences Molecular Biology
Business, Management & Chemical Engineering Chemistry
Accounting
Computer Science Decision Sciences Dentistry
Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Energy
Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions
Immunology & Microbiology Law & Government Materials Science
Mathematics Medicine Neuroscience
Nursing Pharmacology, Toxicology & Physics & Astronomy
Pharmaceutics
Psychology Social Sciences Veterinary

iThenticate (turnitin)
• Over 200 Crossref (STM Publishers) members share Full- text content
• CORE Repository for Open Access Content
• Free Internet Content
• Detects textual similarities which could indicate plagiarism/ duplicate publication
• Comapres uploaded file against growing database of scholarly literature and web based sources:
49 million articles and books donated by 590+ publishers, 10 million web pages crawled per day
• Accepts many file types and zip file uploads

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Similarity Percentage: Options
• Include / Exclude options
• Definitions / Quotations
• Bibliography & References
• Smaller Matches, Common words etc....
• Filters : Number of words, % sources, self papers
• Content Tracking

Similarity Detection Techniques:

Extrinsic Detection
• Text matching of External Sources
– References / Citations mentioned
– Indexed Content
– Local repository content
• Clustering / Bundling of words, data mining techniques etc.
• Fails to identify If source is not available in Digital format

Intrinsic Detection
• Analyzing of document itself
– Stylometric features: text statistics, syntactic features, part-of-speech, special words, sentence
structures, etc.

AI Generated Text Similarity Detection – Plagiarism Tool

• Percentage is Indicative
• highlights the text segments that turnitin model predicts were written by AI
• List out the Text generative AI tool used

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Drillbit :
• Empanelment with AICTE NEAT 3.0
• Wide Coverage
• Allows to build and curate organization specific repository • Similarity in 15 Regional
Languages
• Grammar Check
• Track and trace original sources

Drillbit Report:

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