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net/publication/221258339

An Architecture for Mobile Social Networking Applications

Conference Paper · July 2009


DOI: 10.1109/CICSYN.2009.73 · Source: DBLP

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Juwel Rana Johan Kristiansson


Varner Luleå University of Technology
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Josef Hallberg Kåre Synnes


Luleå University of Technology Luleå University of Technology
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2009 First International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks

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