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Publisher: Routledge
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Journal of Homosexuality
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wjhm20

Homosexuality and the American Left:


a
David Thorstad
a
NAMBLA, P.O. Box 174 Midtown Station, New York, NY 10018
Published online: 19 Oct 2010.

To cite this article: David Thorstad (1995) Homosexuality and the American Left:, Journal of Homosexuality, 29:4, 319-350,
DOI: 10.1300/J082v29n04_03

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v29n04_03

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