TITLE AUTHOR YEAR COUNTRY JOURNAL

NO. OF REPONDENTS STATISTICAL METHOD FOCUS CONCLUSION REFERENCE

This article focuses on several areas of

piezoelectric device-based oceanic wave
The researchers look for the previous energy conversion technology, such as The Article produces promising results
designs and compare all the studies prospects, historical development, regarding using piezoelectric as the
Progress in
Mahbubur Rahman with mathematical modeling. The categorization, working principle, electric harvester of oceanic energy
Piezoelectric
Kiran, Omar Farrok, researchers also took the factors of configuration, arrangement, model, particularly in wave energy. With the
Material Based
MD. Abdullah-Al- 2020 Bangladesh Article 10 putting the device offshore and processing, post-processing, and test sets. help of the article, the researchers talk https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/91
Oceanic Wave
Mamun, MD. Rabiul nearshore. In addition, the researcher In addition, technological obstacles, future about all the possible ways to collect
Energy Conversion
Islam, Wei Xu compares based on the power density research directions, and critical review are energy from Ocean waves as the
Technology
between different types of coastal and discussed. It is expected that this publication offshoer the most effective and talked
sea configurations. will have a substantial impact on the future specific model.
development of piezoelectric OWECs and
researchers working in this area.

The Researchers used a Mathematical A floating energy harvester employing the

method based on the Lagrangian- piezoelectric effect is created to gather
Euler method and solved the root energy from intermediate and deep sea The Researchers come up with the
Energy harvesting
N.V. Viet, X.D. Xie, mean square value of the generated waves. The harvester consists of a mass- idea to use the ocean waves to
from ocean waves
K.M. Liew, N. 2016 Greece Study None electric power. The Researchers made spring system that converts wave generate energy with the help of a Energy harvesting from ocean waves b
by a floating energy
Banthia, Q. Wang a mass-spring system to transfer wave movements to mechanical vibrations, as well floating energy harvester being
harvester
motion into mechanical vibrations as two piezoelectricity-lever devices that piezoelectric as its main collector.
which will activate the piezoelectricity- amplify and convert the gathered mechanical
lever devices. vibrations to electrical power.

The researchers utilized the device's

mass factor to determine that efficiency
rises with increased mass and falls
with decreasing mass. Furthermore,
The interaction of waves with an
Analytical Analysis efficiency improves as stiffness
oscillating wave energy converter was The main focus is to measure the efficiency
of The Efficiency of Sebastian Sorek, reduces, but in deep water, the law is
2022 Jordan Study None explored, and an analytical solution of wave energy concerning mass, deep, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10
Wave Energy Wojciech Sulisz reversed: as stiffness increases,
was developed to evaluate the shallow, and intermediate water.
Converter efficiency increases. The researchers
device's efficiency.
collected data using analytical analysis
using the device and concluded that
the maximum power capture efficiency
cannot surpass 50%.
 The research reveals a strong link
between the wave pressure and the
Piezoelectric Energy Harvester system
designed by the researchers. As the
Wave Period increases, so does the
“The study employs a Simple Linear wave pressure, which in turn increases
Regression statistical model, using a the Wattage (measured in milliwatts).
The study aims to explore the impact of
variety of variables, both independent This increase in wattage leads to an
Wave Power coastal waves and their pressures on
and dependent. This model is used to increase in the voltage captured by the
Generation by K.-H. Kim, S.-B. piezoelectric energy harvesting. It seeks to
illustrate the relationship between system. Observations of wave forms
Piezoelectric Cho, H.-D. Kim, & 2018 South Korea Journal None identify any significant relationships between https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/20
independent factors such as wave and motion are crucial in
Sensor Attached to K.-T. Shim these factors to assess whether constructing
pressures and wave motion pressure, understanding how the environment
a Coastal Structure such a system could be a feasible solution to
and their impact on the dependent should interact with the system to
challenges in energy use and distribution.
factors of the system, namely wattage produce optimal results. The findings
and voltage.” of this research suggest that the
Piezoelectric Energy Harvester system
can be a viable source of renewable
energy for coastal areas, especially in
regions with high wave activity and
pressure.

Ocean models assessed the wave

energy and tidal current energy
resources surrounding the test field.
Spectral wind-wave and two-
dimensional hydrodynamic models
were employed to simulate wave and
Assessment of tidal current energy. The simulation
wave energy and Linsheng Han, Yi findings were checked against the
tidal current energy Wang, Jing Wang, measurements, and the results agreed
2020 Singapore Study
resources at the He Wu, Xin Wang, well with the measured wave, surface
sea north of Xiang Rao elevation, and tidal current.
Chudao Island Furthermore, wave characteristics and
wave energy resources were
examined, and the findings revealed
that the spatial distribution of the wave
field was virtually identical to an
isobath, progressively decreasing from
the open sea to coastal zones.
“Primarily, the project focuses on the
The evaluation of tidal current energy
deployment and testing of small-scale
resources revealed a micro-tidal zone
prototypes of wave energy and tidal current
with relatively little tidal current energy.
energy converters. These prototypes are
The tidal current energy density of the
designed to harness the immense power of
test field closest to the island was
ocean waves and tidal currents, transforming Assessment of wave energy and tidal c
significantly higher than that recorded
them into a sustainable and renewable
in the north, with a maximum tidal
source of energy. By doing so, the project
energy density of roughly 125-200
contributes to the global efforts in mitigating
W/m 2 that could only be utilized to test
climate change and promoting energy
small-scale tidal energy converters.
security.”

The Researchers selected a design

with a speed bump embedded with 50
piezoelectric sensors wired together.
This project is focused on making a device The sensors were able to charge a
They built an outer casing using 2021ASEESE26.pdf
Harvesting or new technology that gets powers from battery. The battery’s voltage go up
Alireza Sarvestani, welded steel sheets and carbon steel
Vehicular Kinetic cars driving on roads. They are using over time, it shows that the sensors
Jennifer Andrews, rods. A mold was made to cast a https://sites.asee.org/se/wp-
Energy Using 2021 USA Capstone Project None sensors to do this. The electricity they collect were working and generating electricity
Caitlyn Patton, Holly silicone pad to protect the sensors. content/uploads/sites/
Peizoelectric can be used for like traffic lights. This way, like they were supposed to. Means the
Wells They wired the sensors in parallel and 56/2021/04/2021ASEESE26.p
Sensors they can use natural energy to make the project was successful in showing that
tested them for voltage and current df
roads work better. the sensors can power a battery.
output. A buck converter design was
used to convert the sensor output to
charge a battery.
 The wave energy harvester they talked
The spring in the model represents about seems to work well. It can
Performance how much the harvester can bend or The focus is to study everything about generate enough power to be useful,
Ming Liu, Hengxu
Analysis for a Wave stretch. The mass stands for how coastlines. It covers topics like rocks, especially for big structures like the
Liu, Hailong Chen,
Energy Harvester of 2018 China Journal None heavy the different parts of the animals, weather, ocean currents, mapping, cantilever beam they mentioned. Their https://www.jstor.org/stable/26543085?
Yuanchao Chai and
Piezoelectric harvester are. The damper is like building near the coast, and using satellites analysis and calculations support this
Liquan Wang
Cantilever Beam something that slows down the to learn about coasts. idea, suggesting that this kind of
movement of the harvester. harvester could be a good way to get
electricity from ocean waves.

The paper presents a mathematical

A piezoelectric ceramic disc with a
diameter D is exposed to waves of
height H, length L, and period T. The
waves exert a total force F at an angle
An Ocean Wave θ at a depth of z meters below the still
Energy Harnessing Md. Arshadul Karim, water level (SWL), with the water
2020 Bangladesh Research Study None
Model Using Piezo- Dr. Zobair Ibn Awal depth being d meters. The figure also
Electric Device depicts drag coefficient C_d, inertia
coefficient C_m, and fluid density ρ.
model for harnessing wave energy
using piezoelectric devices. It explores
the impact of various factors such as
The article discusses a model for harnessing
applied force, types of piezoelectric
ocean wave energy utilizing piezoelectric
materials, wave characteristics (height,
devices. The focus would likely be on the
wavelength, period), and water density
design, implementation, and potential
on the energy generation of a
benefits of such a model in converting wave
piezoelectric disc. The findings indicate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md
energy into usable electrical power using
that voltage generation is higher near
piezoelectric technology. It may also cover
the water surface compared to the sea
aspects such as efficiency, feasibility, and
bottom, suggesting that floating ocean
potential applications in renewable energy
structures may be more practical for
systems.
wave energy harnessing than fixed
ones. The study underscores the
potential of this technique for wave
energy extraction.

The study focuses on analyzing the

The study uses a computer-based
interaction between surface gravity waves In conclusion, the significant reduction
model to understand how ocean waves
Surface gravity and a floating dock with a submerged in wave forces on a floating dock
interact with a floating dock and wavy
wave interaction composite wavy porous plate. It investigates through the integration of a submerged
plate. They divide the problem into
with a floating dock key parameters, such as reflection and composite wavy porous plate. The
sections, validate their approach, and
in the presence of a A.K. Mohapatra, T. Sahoo2023 India Research Study None transmission coefficients, wave force, and optimal placement of the wavy porous https://www.sciencedirect.com/science
analyze factors like reflection and
submerged the impact of structural features, to plate at a finite distance plays a crucial
transmission. The goal is to see how
composite wavy understand the mitigation of wave forces on role in dissipating incident wave
placing a wavy plate near the dock
porous plate the dock, particularly emphasizing the energy, as supported by the calculated
affects wave forces, helping in coastal
significance of placing the wavy porous plate coefficients.
and offshore structure design.
at a finite distance from the floating dock.
 The researchers aimed to test a new kind of
The experiments provided valuable
wave energy converter, specifically a flexible
The researchers invents a new kind of insights into optimizing the converter's
bag filled with water, to see how well it
Design and underwater flexible bag that could performance under varying wave
generates electricity. They conducted
experimental study convert wave energy into electricity. conditions. Further improvements can
X. Chen, J. Wei, S. experiments to understand how the bag
of a novel type They conducted experiments to enhance its efficiency, marking a
Sheng , W. Wang, K. responds to waves, optimized the part that
water-filled 2023 China Research Study None understand how well it worked under positive step towards utilizing flexible https://www.sciencedirect.com/science
Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. converts wave energy into electricity, and
submerged flexible different wave conditions, aiming to structures for wave energy conversion.
Wang looked at how it performs under different
bag wave energy make sure the design was effective The study successfully tested a water-
wave conditions. The goal is to improve how
converter and setting the stage for further filled flexible bag as a wave energy
efficiently this converter turns waves into
enhancements. converter, demonstrating its ability to
power and learn how to make it even better
generate electricity.
in the future.

The paper introduces a low-frequency

non-resonant harmonic rotary
piezoelectric motor, detailing its
structure and addressing issues of
traditional motors. It establishes an
electromechanical dynamic model,
analyzes natural frequencies and
Electromechanical coupling
Chong dynamics
Li, Kang Liang, Wei2023
for a novel
Zhong,
non-resonant China
Jiwen Fang,
harmonic
Jichun Xing Journal
piezoelectric motor None modal characteristics, and validates
the theoretical model through
experimental modal analysis,
confirming a 3% maximum error
between theoretical and tested natural
frequencies. The research aims to
enhance the motor's performance
based on these findings.
In conclusion, the research confirms
the stable performance of the low-
The goal is to understand the
frequency non-resonant harmonic
electromechanical coupling dynamic
rotary piezoelectric motor. Thorough
characteristics of the proposed motor
analysis, both theoretical and
through the establishment of a dynamic
experimental, validates the model with
model, analysis of natural frequencies, and https://www.sciencedirect.com/science
a maximum 3% error in natural
experimental validation. Ultimately, the
frequencies. The study provides a
research aims to lay a theoretical foundation
foundation for optimizing the motor's
for improving the performance of this specific
performance and understanding the
type of piezoelectric motor.
impact of different parameters on its
dynamics.

The wave interaction with the front and

coastal structure components of the
The researchers got the findings about
OWC is monitored using an array of The research concentrated on the influence
the durability of the wave energy
pressure and strain gauges that span of waves on coastal defense structures,
Assessment of the converter. this study found factors on
the entire panel length. The using experiments to gather local data on a
Impact of Waves on F. C. Korkmaz*, S.T. when the wave energy converters will
2023 Turkey Research Study 3 experimental setup consisted of a model scale of OWC. The objective was to Assessment of the Impact of Waves on
a Model Wave Ince*, E. D. Gedikli* reach their breaking point. The study
plexiglass frame, an aluminum plate, a explore how various wave types and
Energy Converter will open opportunities for other
linear motion table, and various parameters impact the structural behavior
researchers to prolong the wave
sensors and cameras to measure and and longevity of the OWC device.
energy converters.
record the wave characteristics and
loadings.
 Several approaches were used,
including the analytical, classification,
The researcher completed a study on
functional, statistical, and synthesis The goal of the project is to make
the most efficient technique to deploy
Converting the Assylkanym methods, among others. The study recommendations for reducing design and
offshore power plants. This creative
energy of sea Kassayeva, Aknur examined the features and differences implementation mistakes in wave energy
2024 None Research Study None innovation has the potential to change https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio
waves into electrical Balekova, Kalyy of ocean waves, as well as an conversion systems, particularly for offshore
the renewable energy market by
energy Yerzhanov examination of the mistakes that can power plants, and to evaluate their
streamlining the offshore power plant
arise during the operation of offshore performance.
installation process.
power plants built for wave energy
production and their related causes.

This research investigates a unique

beam-column piezoelectric-based
energy harvesting device that may be
best employed as an Ocean Wave "The researchers obtained a
Energy Harvester (OWEH). In doing resourceful finding as installing the
Anooshiravan The focus of the study is to get the efficiency
Novel piezoelectric- so, the electromechanical equations of Ocean Wave Energy Harvester
Farshidianfar, of the wave energy using a beam-column
based ocean wave motion for the energy harvesting (OWEH) into an Offshore Buoy is not
Seyedeh Fatemh 2018 None Research Study 1 piezoelectric-based energy harvesting Novel piezoelectric-based ocean wave
energy harvesting system are correctly determined. The only efficient, but also a sustainable
Nabavi, Aref system attached to an Offshore Buoy as an
from offshore buoys conclusions derived using the solution for harnessing renewable
Afsharfard Ocean Wave Energy Harvester.
governing equations are confirmed by energy as they will study next attaching
experimental findings. Then the OWEH to self tuning buoy.
application of the presented energy
harvesting system, which is installed in
offshore buoys

The floating energy harvester can

Energy harvesting N.V. Viet a, X.D. Xie
from ocean waves b, K.M. Liew c, N.
2016
by a floating energy Banthia d, Q. Wang
harvester c and how it behaves.
generate electricity effectively from
it's all about creating a math model
it's all about creating a math model using a deep water waves using the
using a method called Lagrangian-
method called Lagrangian-Euler to study piezoelectric effect. They mention how
None Article None Euler to study how well the floating https://www.sciencedirect.com/science
how well the floating energy harvester works well it worked under different wave
energy harvester works and how it
conditions and suggest ways to make it
behaves.
even better. This could be useful in the
future.
 Derona Lagarde Navarro Punzal

TITLE AUTHOR YEAR COUNTRY

Kamal Abdelrazek,
Saltwater Battery Development Karim Mohsen, 2023 None
Ahmed Elsheikh

Desalination technologies and

S Almasoudi, B
their environmental impacts: A 2024 None
Jamoussi
review

Applications of Geothermal
Energy for Desalination: A
Review Technological
Advancement and Water
Security
: M Vishagan, M R N
S Kularathna, S K V
V D Perera, S K V V
D Rathnayaka, C. P. 2024 None
Jayasekara, I. P.
Dissanayake, B. K. a.
Bellanthudawa

E Fernandez, R M
Design Optimization of Autriz, G A Madrigal,
Saltwater Magnesium – Air D Limdy, M V Padilla,
2019 Philippines
Battery Using Activated C A Merin, L K
Carbon Derived Tolentino, R M
Sabete, A Uddin
 Integrated solar seawater
A G Saad, A Md
desalination and power
Gebreil, D Kospa, S
generation via plasmonic 2022 None
A El-Hakam, A A
sawdust – derived biochar:
Ibrahim
Waste to wealth

F Alnaimat, J
Solar Desaslination 2018 None
Klausner, B Mathew

Capacitive deionizatiopn for

M Al-Rajabi, F A
water desalination: Cost
Abumadi, T Laoui, A 2024 None
analysis, recent advances, and
Ma, A Khalil
process optimization

Water in Polymer Salt

D Kumar, X Crispin,
Electrolyte for Dendrite free Zn 2023 None
Z Khan
Lignin Battery
 Water in Synergistic
modulation of alkaline Z Chong, L Yan, Y
aluminum-air battery based on Han, L Lou, J Guo, B
2024 None
localized water-in-salt Ziang, Y Zhou, X
electrolyte towards anodic self- Zou, L Guo, Y Bai
corrosion

A High Voltage Aqueous Zn – Z A Zafar, G Abbas,

Graphite Battery Utilizing “ A Wahab, J 2023 None
Water in Salt” Electrolyte Cervenka

A System for Recharging Zn-

air battery with high
N kadam, A Sarkar 2022 None
Revesibility using a water in
salt electrolyte

Yifei Wang, Wending

Pan, Kee Wah Leong
Paper-based aqueous Al ion
, Yingguang Zhang ,
battery with water-in-salt 2023 Hongkong
Xiaolong Zhao ,
electrolyte
Shijing Luo , Dennis
Y.C. Leung
Sodium Triflate Water-in-Salt
Electrolyte in Advanced Majid Rezaei, Sung
Battery Applications: A First- Sakong, and Axel 2024 Germany
principles Based Molecular Gross
Dynamics Study

Eunmi Im, Jong Hun

“Water-in-Salt” and Nasicon
Ryu, Kyungeun Baek,
Electrolyte-Based Na-CO 2 2021 Korea
Geon Dae Moon,
Battery
Seok Ju Kang
 Namhyeok Kim,
Continuous desalination and Chang-Min Kim,
high-density energy storage: Sanghoon Park,
2023 Korea
Na metal hybrid redox flow Jiyoung Park, Kyung
desalination battery. Hwa Cho, Youngsik
Kim
 Ramiro
NO. OF
JOURNAL REPONDE STATISTICAL METHOD
NTS

The researcher used copper wire as the

cathode and aluminum foil and chip as the
anode. 4 single cells are then prepared to
Research Study None
connect to a series while a Light Emitting
Diode (LED) is connected to the external
electrode connection.

The study examined the existing world water

Journal None needs and other desalination processes to
determine their environmental impact.

The researchers selected 50 peer-reviewed

scholarly communications published using
Research Study 50 Google Scholar from 2000 to 2022, focusing on
impactful English-language publications within
esteemed scientific journals.

The researchers designed a portable metal-air

battery and collected in capability to store
electricity and proceeded to examine the
Research Study None
product on how efficiently the waste coffee
grounds as activated carbon and saltwater as
electrolytes.
 The researchers used wood waste particularly
sawdust and turned it into biochar. With the
Research Study None use of biochar, the saltwater is then heated and
proceeded to desalination to produce drinkable
water and electricity

The Researchers used a chamber covered in

glass, inside the chamber is saltwater
connected to a saltwater tank. As Solar
Research Study None
Radiation starts to evaporate the seawater, the
glass cover collects the molecule and waits for
it to condense and flow to the freshwater tank.

An analytical cost framework for CDI, MCDI,

and FCDI based on the levelized cost of water
is presented. In addition, current breakthroughs
in CDI are reviewed, such as hybrid CDI-
Research Study None desalination technology and CDI's
sustainability and environmental effect
approach. Finally, process improvement and
the existing market for CDI technology are
discussed.

The Researchers used the saltwater

electrolytes to face the hydrogen and dendritic
Research Study None growth during Zn deposition. With these
attempts, the Researchers acquired the answer
they suggested.
 The researchers used an experimental
approach to determine the effect of the ionic
Research Study None liquid-ethylene glycol system as a local water-
in-salt electrolyte on the typical aqueous
solution.

The Researcher used the experimental method

Research Study None and tested their hypothesis which gave them
the finding they were looking for.

The researchers used an experimental

approach to demonstrate the effectiveness and
operation of the proposed Zn-air battery
Research Study None system and present some insights on
electrochemical behavior of Na2V6O16 in both
ZnCl2 water-insalt electrolyte and a ZnSO4
based dilute electrolyte.

This research used an experimental approach

Research Study None to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed Ai ion Battery.
 Performing and analyzing detailed molecular
dynamics simulations, we identify several very
promising properties of the sodium triflate as a
Research Study None
WiS electrolyte, but also indicate some
potential stability challenges associated with its
use as a battery electrolyte.

This research used an experimental approach.

Preparation of WiS Electrolyte: Anhydrous
sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) salt was
purchased from Alfa Aesar (Korea). NaClO4
solution was prepared with concentration by
molality (the number of moles of salt per
Research Study None
kilograms of solvent, denoted by m). The 1 m,
10 m, 17 m, and 20 m aqueous electrolyte
solutions were prepared by dissolving
appropriate amounts of NaClO4 salt in
deionized (DI) water (18.2 MΩ cm at 25 ℃,
Milli-Q) at room temperature.
 The researchers designed a study replacing
liquid electrodes with sodium metal in Redox
Flow Desalination Batteries (RFDBs), to
enhance energy efficiency and environmental
Research Study None
sustainability. They implemented continuous
desalination using exchange membranes,
targeting 95% ion removal during cyclic
operation.
 FOCUS

The study's objective is to create electricity from

seawater, and saltwater might eventually be
employed as a storage device, indicating a viable
option for sustainable energy solutions and
environmental conservation.

The purpose of this analysis was to give thorough

information on desalination technology and their
environmental impact.

The review's main goals are to spread information

on geothermal-driven desalination, to investigate
the possibilities and challenges of
geothermaldriven desalination, and to assess the
future environmental and socioeconomic
implications of this technique.

The initiative aims to create a portable metal-air

battery using configurable air-cathode stacking
technology, employing activated carbon generated
from discarded coffee grounds and salt water as
electrolytes. The design approach employs a
genetic algorithm to maximize both performance
and dimensions.
 The focus of the study is to save money when it
comes to making drinking water, producing large-
scale electricity, and minimizing wood waste.

The main of the study is to produce drinkable water

out of saltwater by performing desalination with the
help of solar radiation.

The study critically examines the state of the art in

CDI technology and its evolution from its inception
in the mid-1960s. Furthermore, two important forms
of CDI technology, membrane capacitive
deionization (MCDI) and flow electrode capacitive
deionization (FCDI) are addressed in depth.

In this work, the researchers suggest the use of a

"water-in-polymer salt" electrolyte (WIPSE) to
overcome the issues faced by Zn-ion batteries and
propel this technology toward becoming one of the
most economical, ecologically friendly, and
sustainable solutions. The Researchers specifically
recommend employing a lignin-carbon electrode,
which is extremely promising and has a high
potential for attaining these objectives.
The researchers use an ionic liquid-ethylene glycol
system as a local waterin-salt electrolyte to change
the typical aqueous solution. Simultaneously, a
synergistic effect between morin and ionic liquid is
used to lower salt content while improving
performance.

This study presents a low-cost aqueous zinc-

graphite dual-ion battery that uses a Zn(ClO 4 ) 2
water-in-salt electrolyte with a wide electrochemical
window of 2.80 V

The researchers suggest a dual chamber

rechargeable Zn-air battery that only uses a water-
in-salt electrolyte for the zinc plating reaction, while
the oxygen evolution process occurs in the typical
dilute electrolyte.

In this work, a paper-based aqueous Al ion battery

was developed for the first time, which stored a
water-in-salt (i.e. AlCl3) inside a paper as
electrolyte. Low-cost materials such as a piece of
99.9% pure Al foil was employed as the negative
electrode while the positive electrode can be
printed on the paper with a graphite ink, and the
whole battery was encapsulated in a thin plastic
film. The battery performance was evaluated at
room temperature by different electrochemical
techniques, and the battery electrodes were
characterized by SEM, EDX and XPS. In addition,
the battery's flexibility was examined under
different types of deformation, such as bending,
rolling, and puncturing. Furthermore, a two-cell
battery pack was developed successfully to
accommodate the voltage output to commercial Li
ion batteries.
 Performing and analyzing detailed molecular
dynamics simulations, we identify several very
promising properties of the sodium triflate as a WiS
electrolyte, but also indicate some potential stability
challenges associated with its use as a battery
electrolyte.

To expand the electrochemical stability window of

aqueous electrolytes, sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)
salt was dissolved in deionized (DI) water. We
choose NaClO4 as the solute because it has a high
solubility in DI water and is inexpensive [35,36]. To
observe the maximum concentration of NaClO4
salt in DI water, we prepared the aqueous
electrolyte in the concentrations of 1–20 m.
 This research primarily aims to improve Redox
Flow Desalination Batteries (RFDBs) by focusing
on increasing energy density through the use of
sodium metal electrodes and enable continuous
desalination with alternating membranes, and
advancing the practical adoption of these batteries
for sustainable energy and environmental
solutions.
 CONCLUSION REFERENCE

The researchers' findings suggest that seawater may be

used as a source despite its low current output. The Saltwater Battery
saltwater battery would be useful in locations where there Development 1
isn't much energy accessible, and it could use the power (researchgate.net)
created to charge smartphone.

Reviewing the desalination methods will be a huge help to Desalination

the study since it will not only help to produce fresh water technologies and
but the researchers may also correlate the processes to their environmental 2
produce effective power storage out of the electricity impacts: A review
produced by the saltwater. (researchgate.net)

The researchers devise several practical methods for

maximizing the use of geothermal energy for desalination,
highlighting the promise of combining renewable energy
sources with water purification technology to solve major
global issues such as water shortages and climate
change. These pioneering approaches, which harness
10.31357/fesympo.v28.7012
3
natural heat from the Earth's core, not only provide
sustainable freshwater production options but also reduce
the environmental effect of traditional desalination
operations. Such breakthroughs highlight the value of
interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing energy, water,
and environmental science.

This study shown that activated carbon obtained from

discarded coffee grounds possesses important features
for the development of air-cathode and batteries, such as
microporosity and absorption property. The constructed 10.1109/HNICEM48295.2019.9072915
4
aircathode improves conductivity, reduces cost, and
encourages the flow of ambient air essential for
electrochemical reactions to occur.
 The researchers used a thermoelectric generator to
produce electricity as the desalination takes place. The
study produced promising results as it was able to light a
blue LED, showcasing the feasibility of this approach for 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115824
5
practical applications and highlighting its potential to
provide clean energy solutions while addressing water
scarcity challenges.

With rising energy costs and unavailability in the future,

there is a need for a low-cost desalination system suitable
for small-scale applications. Solar desalination is
Solar Desalination | IntechOpen
6
expected to be a promising approach of alleviating water
scarcity. The interest in solar desalination technology has
significantly expanded during the previous few decades.

The researchers provided a worthy study about

desalination, well explaining its efficiency and the
optimization process, thus contributing invaluable insights 10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104816
7
to the field and paving the way for further advancements
in sustainable water treatment technologies.

As the Researchers conduct their proposal they record

promising values as the Zinc Lightning battery with a
maximum energy of 23 Wh/kg and a maximum power of 10.1149/MA2023-021121mtgabs
8
610 W/kg, low self-discharge, and 82% retention in
capacity after 8000 cycles.
The Study shows that the performance of the assembled
aluminum-air battery is greatly improved with an excellent
10.1016/j.cej.2024.1496009
specific capacity of 2010 mAh g1, reliable cycle stability,
and anode utilization

As the researcher provides the findings, the battery can

deliver a maximum discharge capacity of 45 mA h g ⁻¹ at
a discharge rate of 100 mA g ⁻¹ with a mean discharge A High Voltage Aqueous 10
Zn-Graphite Battery U
voltage of around 1.95 V vs Zn ² ⁺ /Zn and can be used for
over 500 cycles.

The development of water-in-salt electrolytes has made it

feasible to generate a zinc anode that is reasonably A system for recharging Zn-air
11 battery with high
reversible in terms of plating and stripping.

In this work, a paper-based aqueous Al ion battery was

developed for the first time by storing a water-in-salt AlCl3
electrolyte inside a paper substrate. The battery consists
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00463
12
of a graphite electrode which was directly printed onto the
paper surface, and an Al foil electrode which was either
attached on the paper or embedded inside it.
The investigations underscore the importance of explicitly
incorporating polarization effects into classical force field
potentials to enhance simulation accuracy. This can be
effectively achieved by modeling the dipole moments of
ion species using the Drude oscillator model. The WiS
electrolyte owes these promising transport characteristics
to its nano-scale heterogeneity, which gives rise to the
Song, J. Y.; Wang,
formation of a water-rich pathway for charge carriers. This
Y. Y.; Wan, C. C.,
pathway primarily facilitates the movement of fully
Review of gel-type
hydrated cations and, to a lesser extent, supports the
polymer electrolytes
movement of anions and potential cation-anion
for lithium-ion 13
complexes. At extremely low temperatures, however, the
batteries. Journal of
channel-like structure disappears due to enhanced
Power Sources
homogeneity within the electrolyte. This, in turn, leads to a
1999, 77 (2), 183-
significant reduction in cation diffusivity, thereby
197
negatively influencing the battery performance. This
research also highlights the potential stability challenges
associated with the use of WiS electrolytes in batteries
operating under extreme temperature conditions: very
high temperatures may compromise anodic stability, while
very low temperatures could impact both cathodic and
anodic stability

The researcher demonstrated the ability of a WiS and

NASICON electrolyte-based Na–CO2 battery to utilize
CO2 gas and serve as an energy storage cell. The
NASICON separator allowed us to fabricate a hybrid Na–
CO2 battery comprising cost-effective Na metal as the
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104318
14
anode material and WiS as the cathode electrolyte. In
addition, LSV with corresponding DEMS measurements
rendered the direct observation of H2 evolution
retardation with increasing WiS concentration. They
observed an expanded electrochemical stability.
 In summary, the study demonstrates that using sodium
metal electrodes boosts Redox Flow Desalination
Batteries' energy density. Continuous desalination
15
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1
achieves 95% ion removal, making the battery competitive
and advancing its practical adoption for sustainable
energy solutions.
 Derona Lagarde Navarro
TITLE AUTHOR YEAR

Initial Study of Converting

Sound Energy into Electrical Hamizah Muhammad Salleh 2022
Energy

Konstantinos Marakakis
Shunt Piezoelectric Systems
Georgios K. Tairidis Panagiotis
for Noise and Vibration 2019
Koutsianitis Georgios E.
Control: A Review
Stavroulakis
 Noise utilization as an
Yasser A. Farghaly, Fahd
approach for reducing energy 2019
Abdel Aziz, Sahar Salah,
consumption in street lighting

Feasibility study of embedded

Lumbumba Taty-Etienne
piezoelectric generator system
Nyamayoka, Lijun Zhang, 2018
on a highway for street lights
Xiaohua Xia
electrification
 Catherine S. Salvador, Mary
Development of a Traffic Noise
Charlemaine A. Abas, Jun A.
Energy Harvesting Standalone
Teresa, Michelle Castillo,
System using Piezoelectric 2017
Kristoffer Dimaano, , Christian
Transducers and Super-
Luis Velasco, Jomari
Capacitor
Sangalang

Acoustic energy harvesting

using piezoelectric generator Hee-Min Noh 2018
for railway environmental noise
 Single-layer piezoelectric
nanofiber membrane with H Shao, H Wang, Y cao, X,
substantially enhanced noise- Ding, R Bai, H Chang, J Fang, 2021
to-electricity conversion from X Jin, W Wang, Tong lin
endogenous triboelectricity

: Piezoelectric Energy
Conversion and its K Brahim, A Telmcani, Younes
2023
Applications: Sensors and Chiba, Noureddine Henini
Actuators

A Novel Self-Powered, High-

Sensitivity Piezoeletric Sajad Hadidi, Alireza
2023
Vibration Sensor Based on Hassanzadeh
Piezoelectric Combo Effect

UNLOCKED CASE STUDY:

Christopher Brosse and
Harvesting energy from urban 2021
4REVS
noise
 Kirsten Dianne Delmo, Nico
Young inventors create device Andrei Serrato, Joecile Faith
that converts noise to Monana, Frelean Faith 2019
electricity Engallado, and Raphael
Francis Dequilla

Sound to electric energy Maricel G. Dayaday, Jordan-

2021
generating device James S. Olivo

Noise Energy Harvester:

Don C. Opada 1, Elmer S.
Analysis and classification
Maravillas2 and Chris Jordan 2020
of frequency produced by boat
G. Aliac 3
engine
 Punzal Ramiro
NO. OF
COUNTRY JOURNAL
REPONDENTS

malaysia Research Study None

Greece Article None

Egypt Research Study None

China Feasibility Study None

Philippines Research Study None

Korea Article None

 China Journal None

Algeria Research Study None

Iran Research Study None

Philippines Article None

Philippines News None

Philippines Research Study None

Philippines Research Study None

 STATISTICAL METHOD

An electronic circuit was designed to achieve and fulfill the objectives of the
studies. Electrical components are primarily purchased from a nearby business
that offers electronic components. In addition, the laboratory decibel metre is
costly and only usable in the laboratory, it is replaced with digital decibel meter
apps from devices.

This study used an experimental approach.

 The noise measurements are carried out at the three selected stations on
working days (Monday to Thursday) as they are the most crowded days, in
addition to taking noise level readings on a weekend (Friday) at Cleopatra Station
(CLS) as a sample to compare the resulting readings between working days and
weekends.

This Study used an experimental approach to test the efficiency and

effectiveness in terms of piezo converting waste energy such as noise.
 it starts to vibrate. When the diaphragm vibrates, the coil moves along with
it. The movement of the coil creates a varying magnetic field around it. This
varying magnetic field induces a current into the coil. Jamal et al. also
produced usable electric power from available random sound energy and
charge a rechargeable DC battery so as to store this energy [5]. Twenty
circular piezoelectric transducers (collected from acoustic-electric guitars) –
super-capacitors parallel setup have been used to charge a small 9 V DC
battery fully recharged within half an hour from fully discharged stage using
medium sound sources coming from train whistle in railway station, sound
produced from a running hydraulic pump, and sound produced from
construction piling. Choice of good and efficient piezoelectric transducers can
reduce the number of stages of the circuit set up to produce the same
output voltage. Gain, Melegrito, Ramirez, Tuazon, and Dysangco from (2015)
designed a power bank where sound pressure level is converted into an
electric energy to be an alternative energy for charging mobile phones along
with displaying the amount of stored energy in the power bank and
controlling the current output through USB ports. “The parameters measured
by the device were noise or any kind of sound that was present and can
be detected. For harvesting of the sound pressure level into a reusable form
of energy, the designers used a set of piezoelectric sensors - an electric
component which can detect sound pressure level and can produce voltage in
proportion to the amount of compression. This would be used as the input
device like an oversized microphone for the sound pressure levels to be
converted. The information presented from literature review motivated the
researchers to provide an alternative way to utilize existing traffic noise into
usable electrical energy for lighting up the streets. Thus, this paper presents a
technical guide on how vehicle traffic noise can be converted to produce
electricity using piezoelectric transducers. The researchers obtained data on
the flow of traffic through Metro Manila Development Authority along the said
intersections , to validate the choice of location of the testing of the
prototype. This is because the volume of traffic is analogous to the noise
generated from various vehicles and other noise producing systems in its
surrounding, thus, an estimation is drawn on the amount of noise that will
be converted to electrical energy

A study aimed at identifying the noise characteristics produced by a high-speed

train in motion. Noise sensors were strategically placed within the train's cab,
passenger areas, and between carriages to gauge the noise levels during
operation.
 The researchers used an experimentation method with airborne noise by
applying the nanofiber membrane to enhance noise energy harvesting.

The approach seeks to identify current advances in the field of piezoelectric

sensors and actuators, such as the creation of flexible and wearable devices,
integration with wireless communication technologies, and miniaturization for
micro- and nanoscale applications.

The Researchers used experimental method with the idea they come up.

When sound hits a speaker, it gets converted into electricity through a process
called reverse engineering. This is how a device turns noise into energy.
Sound is measured in units called decibels (dB). Different places have different
rules about how loud noise can be. For example, in some quiet neighborhoods,
noise shouldn't go above 50dB between 6 and 10 pm. But in busy areas with lots
of traffic, it can be as high as 90dB. In places like subways, the average noise
level is around 100dB, and at rock concerts, it can reach 130dB.
 The students made the "S-Light" by figuring out how sound waves can create
electricity in speakers. They designed a simple device to capture this energy,
using inexpensive materials like capacitors. Their goal was to create a practical
and affordable solution for areas without electricity, focusing on simplicity and
effectiveness.

They made a device using simple materials like a diaphragm, magnets, and basic
electronics. Testing it with a loudspeaker, they measured how well it worked.
They used specific values like an 8-inch diaphragm and neodymium magnets
with certain dimensions

Since the main objective of this study is to know

the frequency that occurs most often and when the
frequency is available. The method divided into two,
conversion and classification, and analysis of
frequency. The recorded sound is then processed
using computing software created in the Matlab
Platform. Protective gear needed since the
sound pressure level inside an engine room may
reach the threshold of pain, which is above 130 dB
and can cause permanent hearing damage.
 FOCUS

This study concerns finding an alternative source of energy by finding

out the method of converting available and unused sound energy into
electrical energy. The environmental issue including noise from the
devices, factory etc has been increasing from year-to years. The
purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of converting sound
waves in a range between 70 dB to 80 dB into electrical energy by
determining the effectiveness of the method to transform sound waves
into electrical energy and study the percentage error between the
theoretical and experimental output voltage produced. An electronic
circuit-based experiment was conducted to fulfil the objectives of the
study. Sound energy was converted into electrical energy by using a
microphone transducer, then the brightness of the bulb and the voltage
reading was observed and tabulated. Theoretical and experimental
voltage values were compared and were represented in percentage
error value. The data shows that there is potential of converting sound
into electricity through the suitable electrical circuit and the output
voltage increases linearly with the sound pressure levels(SPL)of the
sound sources.Further research should include the study of relationship
between distance of sound sources and the transducer, and the output
voltage produced

Smart materials, such as piezoelectrics, piezoceramics, shape memory

alloys, fiber optics, electrostrictive materials, magnetostrictive materials
etc. can be integrated in structural models to provide them with smart
behavior. In principle, the initial stress or strain produced by some smart
element can be controlled and leads to controlled, i.e., smart, behavior of
the whole composite structure. Piezoelectrics constitute a suitable
technology for testing smart structure concepts, since they have almost
instantaneous reaction time without hysteresis and they work in most
cases within the linearity range.
 Noise is considered as one of the challenging problems in big cities.
However, this noise could be utilized in producing energy especially in
dense urban areas. Sound as a form of mechanical energy, it can be
converted to electric energy through many approaches including heating,
by using the diaphragm and through using piezoelectric materials. This
research aims at utilizing noise through using piezoelectric materials as
an approach of conversion to produce green sustainable electric energy
that can be used to decrease the energy consumption from non-
renewable sources and utilizing this energy in street lighting. The study
was carried in three bus stations in Alexandria by having measurements
during weekdays and weekends in order to study the noise produced in
the selected stations and the amount of electric energy that could be
produced and utilized in street lighting.

Energy harvesting is a method of generating electrical energy using the

energy surrounding the environment such. as the wind, solar, energy of
the gas, temperature gradients, vibration, liquid flows, etc. [1]. Thermo-
electric, electromagnetic, photovoltaic and piezoelectric technologies are
the four energy extraction technologies that attract the most attention
among energy conversion technologies. However, energy formed from
various objects in motion, vibration machines or any other source of
mechanical energy is not being captured. Therefore, this source of
energy is dispersed and thus wasted.
The main objective of the study is to develop a working noise-converting
standalone prototype using a piezoelectric transducer with a super-
capacitor as storage for the electrical energy harvested from traffic
noise. Specifically, this study focuses on determining the noise level
produced at the intended flow location, building the prototype,
testing its functionality, defining the optimum positioning of the
prototype to achieve maximum power, and assessing and
evaluating the performance of the prototype. The study also
investigated the characterization of a standalone prototype, the step-
by-step procedure on how the sound is harvested, and conversion
into an electrical form using the piezoelectric transducer. The prototype
was tested on the side of the street along España Boulevard,
Manila. With this, the delimitations of the study are: prototype will
harvest sound energy (–30 decibels to 110 decibels) during regular
working days along the streets of España Boulevard, particularly the
intersection between the streets of Lerma and Nicanor Reyes, power
up LED light/s during nighttime; and there is no monitoring of the
electrical energy harnessed.

The suggestion is to collect energy from the sounds produced by traffic,

which people usually hear every day. More precisely, they're focusing on
the noise from fast-moving trains, which tends to be louder compared to
other forms of transportation, except for the noise made by airplanes.
 The study aims to produce a sufficient way to gather energy from
airborne noise. The researchers focus on using the nanofiber membrane
to collaborate with triboelectricity within single-later multi-component
piezoelectric material.

The paper presents a thorough examination of the concepts,

applications, and developments in the field of piezoelectric sensors and
actuators. It goes on the basic operating principles, materials utilized,
fabrication procedures, and many applications in diverse sectors.

The study focuses on the effectiveness of the ideas of the Researchers

as they perform experiments.

To make electricity out of noise, running and Converting sound into

electrical energy involves flipping around how speakers usually function.
Their focus is on making a simple and affordable device that turns noise
into electricity. They aim to help rural communities without electricity by
providing a practical lighting solution.

Their main goal is creating a device that turns noise into electricity. They
want to see if it works well and if it can produce enough electricity to be
useful.

Their main focus is to study the different frequencies found in boat

engine noise. They want to know which frequencies occur most often
and if they can be used to generate energy efficiently using resona
 CONCLUSION

From the research and the studies, it is confirmed that there is high
potential of converting sound waves in a range between 70 dB to
80 dB to electric. The investigation has successfully proved that the
transforming sound propagation into electrical energy for the
harvesting objective is not impossible with the aid of a microphone
transducer. However, this study has shown and proves that a
microphone can be used to convert sound to electrical energy to
light up an LED.

Shunt piezoelectric systems have been extensively used for

vibration and noise control during the last several years. In fact,
resonant shunts are proved to be very efficient and stable for the
reduction of vibration on smart piezoelectric structures, such as
beams and plates. Moreover, it is proven that if the values of the
electrical parameters (e.g., of the inductance, the resistance etc.)
are tuned properly, a minimum number of piezoelectric patches
can be sufficient. In this direction, the optimization of shunt
parameters has also been an object of study in the current state of
the art, either for single-mode, as well as for multi-mode shunt
circuits as presented in the present review.

From the numerous applications which are reviewed in the present

paper, it is clear, as well, that shunt piezoelectric systems can be
very effective for several different purposes such as among others,
the control of vibrations on hard drives, the noise reduction on
acoustic applications, the improvement of the image quality and
scan rate of tapping mode Atomic Force Microscopy and so on and
so forth.
 The results show that the noise levels in all of the three selected
stations exceeded the permissible limit for noise levels allowed by
the Environmental Egyptian Law No. 4/1994. At the three stations
the maximum noise level values were recorded at time interval of
3–5 pm and the highest value was at ROS with 97.7 dB on a
working day, while the minimum noise level values were recorded
at time interval of 3–5 am and the lowest value was at SGS with
60.1 dB on a working day. As for the weekend CLS was monitored
as a sample to compare between noise levels on working days and
weekend. Generally the noise levels through weekend is lower
than working days, only the evening time interval (7–9 pm) could
be nearly the same with working day noise levels.

Energy harvesting from the embedded piezoelectric generator is

an attractive technology that can harness the excess energy
wasted on the highway caused by moving vehicles. From the
information collected on the N1 highway at the Pumulani Plaza
tollgate station in Pretoria, the potential electrical energy
generation was demonstrated and the numerical results were
presented. The energy output of the embedded piezoelectric
generator was 1.576587613 kWh per day, which is quite enough to
light 6 high-pressure sodium (HPS) street lights of 250 W. The
result of this paper is a useful guideline for future simulation and for
the physical implementation of the system.
 The researchers were successful in demonstrating that traffic
noise, which is regarded as nuisance, can be utilized as a source
of electric energy. Piezoelectric transducer and super-capacitor
were the main components of the study. Eight piezoelectric
transducers served as the input sensor for harvesting the sound
pressure levels, and a super-capacitor was used as the storage of
the harvested energy. The maximum power was obtained and
demonstrated to test the prototype's functionality. The functionality
was based upon the amount of harvested sound pressure level to
be converted

This research made a system that gathers energy from the sound
of a fast-moving train. First, they studied the train's noise to figure
out where it comes from and what kind of noise it is. They found
out that most of the noise is low-pitched and comes from different
parts of the train. Then, they used this information to create a
special device called a Helmholtz resonator, which reduces noise
at a specific frequency. They tested this device using computer
simulations and different types of piezoelectric materials to see
how much energy they could collect from the train's noise. They
found that they could generate about 0.7 volts of electricity from the
noise when it was at a certain level.
 As the Researchers introduced 2 different nanofibers to the
system, it boosted the voltage output 3.9 times higher with the use
of single component Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and 4.9 times with
single component Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).

The researchers considered the aspects as these devices continue

to develop and address issues like as hysteresis, temperature
dependency, and long-term durability of piezoelectric materials.

As the study provides promising results this model of Piezoelectric

sensor will improve as the research will also be conducted using
piezoelectric. Using this model and collaborating with the other
study will help to improve the performance of the urban lights.

Dealing with loud noise in big cities is a task for everyone,

including governments and different sectors. While there are
devices that can turn noise into electricity, they won't solve the
main problem: noisy city environments are harming people's
health.
However, these devices could offer an alternative way to generate
energy. It will take a long time to reduce noise from things like
trains, cars, and airplanes. Even with better technology, places like
restaurants, concerts, and markets will likely remain noisy. These
are some of the loudest activities in cities, often exceeding safe
sound levels.
Using technology to turn noise into energy could be promising.
Prototypes and gadgets are already showing potential. Could noise
power more than just light bulbs soon? Authors Cesario Bacosa
and Mia Ariane Baldovino believe it's possible, suggesting that
noise pollution could become a secondary source of electricity on a
large scale.
 They offer a straightforward and cost-effective solution for
generating electricity from noise. With its practical design and
affordability, it holds promise for addressing energy poverty in rural
areas and improving the lives of those without access to electricity

the study shows that the device they made is capable of

successfully converting noise into electricity. This suggests that it
could be a practical solution for generating power from
environmental noise.

The conclusion is that boat engine noise contains specific

frequencies that could potentially be harnessed for energy
generation. By analyzing the data, researchers identified common
frequencies and clusters, providing valuable insights for the
development of noise energy harvesters
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Piezoelectric Energy Conversion and

8 Its Applications: Sensors and Actuators | IEEE Conference Publicatio

10.1109/JSEN.2023.3317445 9

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2019/10/22/young-inventors-
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