Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 1– Module1:
Concept of Disaster

Compiler/Contextualizer: VIVIAN E. EMPING

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 Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction– Grade 11/12
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist
in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of
the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be
necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may,
among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

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brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by
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and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education-CEBU CITY DIVISION

Region VII

Development Team of the Module

Compliers/Contextualizers:
Vivian E. Emping- Master Teacher 1, Apas NHS
Vellen G. Delfin – Teacher 1- Mabolo NHS

Editors / Reviewers:
Alice Ganar, Allan Pancho, John Paul Lisondato, Daisy Von Dy
and Florenda Geyroza

Illustrator:
Ryan C. Tolentino- Teacher 2, Apas NHS

Management Team:
RHEA MAR A. ANGTUD, EdD
Schools Division Superintendent

DR. GRECIA F. BATALUNA

Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

DR. LUIS DERASIN, Jr.

EPS- Araling Panlipunan/SHS Division Coordinator

VANESSA L. HARAYO,LLB
EPS-in-charge of LRMS

Department of Education – School Division of Cebu City,

Region VII Office Address: New Imus Ave., Barangay Day-as
Cebu City Telephone No: (032) 253 2559
E-mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph

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 11/12

Disaster Readiness
&
Risk Reduction

Quarter 1- Module 1:
Concept of Disaster

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 Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction, a

specialized subject for General Academic Strand and a core subject for
another tracks and strands offered either in grade 11 or grade 12. Module
1 entitled Concept of Disaster.

This module was collaboratively designed to assist learning delivery

mode of senior high school curriculum following the set of competencies
based on Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs) released by DepEd
central office. As facilitators for learning, teachers will guide and assist
students to achieve the required learning set of standards in the K-12
curriculum while keeping learners safe in their respective homes in this time
of pandemic.

This learning resource material will enable the learners to engage

themselves in a guided and independent set of learning activities at their
own pacing. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the
needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs
and circumstances.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to

use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction, a specialized

subject for General Academic Strand and a core subject for another tracks
and strands offered either in grade 11 or grade 12. Module 1 entitled
Concept of Disaster.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This part includes an activity that aims to check
What I Know what you already know about the lesson to take.
If you get all the answers correct (100%), you
may decide to skip this module.
What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or
Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

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 In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
What’s New
song, a poem a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson.
What Is It This aims to help you discover and understand new
concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent practice to
solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.
What’s More You may check the answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph
Learned to be filled into process what you learned from the
lesson.
This section provides an activity which will help
What I Can Do you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level
Assessment of mastery in achieving the learning competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be given to
Activities you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.

At the end of this module, you will also find:

References: This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can
do it!

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 First Quarter
Week 1-Module1:
Concept of Disaster

Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of

Concept of disaster and disaster risk.

Performance Standard : The learners should be able to relate the concept

of disaster with daily life.

Competency/Code : 1. Explain the meaning of disaster

2.Differentiate the risk factors underlying
disasters.

Learning Outcomes : Compare and contrast hazard from a disaster

through a Venn Diagram.

What I Know
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on separate
sheet of paper.

1. A volcano erupting in isolation in the middle of the Pacific Ocean is considered

as___.
A. Disaster B. Hazard C. Exposure D. Vulnerability

2. A threat or harm that has the potential to cause damage (e.g. injury,
destruction of properties, environmental degradation) to a community.
A. Hazard B. Vulnerability C. Disaster D. Risk Factor

3. An event that causes widespread human, economic and environmental losses

or impacts that seriously disrupt the normal functioning of a community.
A. Hazard B. Vulnerability C. Disaster D. Risk Factor

4. Which of the following is an example of natural disaster?

A. Covid-19 Pandemic C. Deaths from bomb explosion
B. Chemical spills on ocean D . Industrial pollutions

5. Which of the following group of people in society is considered the most

vulnerable to disaster?
A. Indigenous people C. Professionals
B. Politicians D. Religious group

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6. Covid-19 Pandemic is considered as natural disaster would result to the
following effects.
A. Displacement of workers C. Public health emergency
B. Disruption of global economy D. All of the above

7. Which of the following is considered as elements-at-risk?

A. People B. Property C. Crops D. All of these

8. Which of the following statement is NOT true about disaster?

A. It usually follow hazards that are not anticipated.
B. It is based om the amount of income gain from work.
C. It may be prevented if proper and effective disaster plans are in place.
D. The affected community may lose its ability to cope with the loss
and damage using its own resources.

9. All of the following statements are considered as characteristics of disaster

except____.
A. It knows no political boundary.
B. It does not require restructured and new responding organizations.
C. It worsens confusion in understanding roles of people and
organization.
D. It renders inutile routine emergency responses equipment and
facilities.

10. Why is the Philippines considered as most vulnerable to natural disaster?

I. It lies in the Ring of Fire
II. It is rich in natural resources
III. It is an archipelago with 3 island group
IV. It lies along typhoon belt
A. I and II B. I and III C. I and IV D. II and IV

11. All the following are examples of natural disasters except ___.
A. Marawi siege displaced 200,000 children and their families in 2017.
B. Typhoon Ondoy struck southwest Luzon which causes fatalities,
injuries and damages buildings
C. Taal Volcano eruption displaces a lot of families and affected the
livelihood of people living in nearby areas.
D. Bohol earthquake affected over 1.2 million people and destroys
structures including churches, roads, school buildings, homes and
affected the economic activity.
12. Which of the following statements below is not an example of a disastrous
events?
A. Landslide in remote mountain with no residences living nearby.
B. Covid-19 Pandemic decimated jobs and placed millions of livelihoods
at risk.
C. Strong typhoons can cause flooding that drown people, houses to be
completely destroyed and farms to lose aal of their crops to winds and
relentless rains.
D. Conflicts among nation that results to war would lead to forced
migration, destructions of infrastructure and permanent damage to
social, political, and economic institutions.

13. Natural Disaster : Volcanic Eruptions ; Man-Made Disaster :______________.

A. Epidemics C. Tectonic Quakes
B. Train Accidents D. Super Typhoon
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 14. Disaster creates new tasks and requires more people as disaster
respondents.
A. True B. Maybe C. False D. incorrect

15. Which of the following statements below best describes hazards?

I. A dangerous situation or event that poses a threat to humans.
II. An event that harms human’s life, property and disrupts social
activities.
III. A potential source of harm or adverse effects on lives and properties.
IV. An event that cause widespread human, material, economic
or environmental losses and impacts exceeds the ability of the affected
community.
A. I, II, III, IV B. I, II, III C. I, III D. II, IV

Lesson 1 Concept of Disaster

What I Need to Know

The module contains the following lessons for discussion:

• Basic Concept of Disaster
• Concept of Disaster Risk
• Underlying Disaster Risk Factors

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• explain the meaning of disaster;
• differentiate the risk factor underlying disaster; and
• compare and contrast hazard from a disaster through a
Venn Diagram.

What’s In

The Philippines is situated

just above the equator facing the
Western Pacific basin which is
along typhoon belt and it also
lies in the Pacific Ring of Fire,
this location makes it vulnerable
to natural hazards like volcanic
eruptions, strong typhoons,
drought, earthquakes both from
tectonic and volcanic origin.
The topography, location and climate are among the reasons why every
now and then we are experiencing severe weather disturbances, ground
shaking and other natural phenomena’s that pose hazards to us and if not

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properly anticipated this would turn into disasters.
The planet Earth that we live in, has gone through a lot of rebuilding
and reshaping process from the beginning until the present time. Natural
phenomena would pose hazard to the vulnerable populations and if not
properly dealt with this might result to disasters.
Now let us review what you have learned from your previous science on the
different natural processes that is taking place in our planet.
Activity: Identifying processes that is taking place in nature
Instructions: Inside the box below are the some of the processes that occur
which contribute to the rebuilding and reshaping of the surface of planet earth.
Choose which of these processes is being described in each number. Write the
correct answer on your answer sheet, choices can be answered more than one.

Weathering Human Activities

Biological Accumulation
__________1. Oceanic trenches
___________ 2. Colony formation
________3. Breaking of rocks
________4. Geoengineering
________5. Spreading ridges
Plate Tectonics
_______6. Mountain building
__7. Urbanization
________8. Reef building
________9. Erosion by glaciers
________10. Deforestation

What’s New
The Philippines location along Ring of
Fire makes it vulnerable to occurrences
of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions,
according to Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology
(PHILVOCS) the country has a total of
300 volcanoes and 22 of them are
active volcanoes.

Located also along typhoon belt, the

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAG-ASA) reported
that every year, an average of twenty
(20) tropical cyclones enter the
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
and five (5) of which shall be most
destructive.

For the record, here is the list of recent major disasters that hit our
country as quoted from Philippine Disaster Risk Management System.
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ADRC Visiting Researcher Program 2018B. Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
Disaster that Date Reported Casualties and Damages
hit the
country
1. Naga Landslide September -1, 972 affected families; 8, 252 in
2018 barangays, 77 dead, 7 injured, 57
missing
2. Typhoon September -730, 596 affected families, 82 dead,
Ompong 2018 138 injured, 2 missing
-210,500 houses damaged
-7.2 B damaged infrastructure and
26.8 B on agriculture.
3. Mayon January -23, 705 affected families,
Volcano 2018 -61 Barangays were affected
Eruption
4. Super November -3, 424,593 affected families, 28, 689
Typhoon 2013 injured and 1,061 missing
Yolanda -89,598,068,634.88 worth of damages
to infrastructure, productive, social
and cross-sectoral.
5. Covid-19 March -as of September 02, 2021 (source
Pandemic 2020- DOH covif-19 case bulletin #537)
present Total cases = 2,020,484
Active cases = 146,510
Recovered cases = 1,840,294
Death = 33,680
Examining the report presented above, what are common to these events?
Why do you think these events are being remembered?
These events are being remembered because of the impact it gave us,
the damages it brought to us, death and injuries, destruction of properties
and the loss of livelihood.
Typhoons and earthquakes are considered as natural phenomena and
would remain a natural event if it does not pose threat to elements at risk
(e.g. people, property, animals, crops, etc.). These will become hazard if it
causes threat along potential path. Disasters happens when the probable
destructive agent, the hazard, hits a vulnerable population.
Activity: Identifying Hazard and Disaster
Instructions: Identify if the following event is considered as a Hazard or a
Disaster. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. A volcano erupting in isolation in the middle of the Pacific Ocean

2. Covid-19 pandemic
3. A landslide in a remote mountain
4. US civil unrest in June 2020
5. A strong typhoon passing an inhabited island
6. A landslide in Naga, Cebu in September 2018
7. Super typhoon Yolanda 2013
8. A tsunami hit a remote island in the Pacific
9. Taal Volcano eruption in 2019
10. Ebola outbreak in June 2020.

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When does a hazard become a disaster?

NO DISASTER
When a hazard does
Vulnerable not hit a vulnerable
Hazard (ex. Population population.
. Typhoon)

Natural DISASTER
Vulnerable
phenomena/ When a Hazard hit a
Hazard Population vulnerable
(ex. Typhoon) population.

What Is It
Concept of Disaster

Disaster is defined as any event that causes widespread human,

material, economic or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the
ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources
according to United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR).
When an event causes a significant number of dead or missing person, it is
considered as disaster. The severity of disaster will be determined on the
number of human lives missing or lost and on the condition of the survivor/s.
Hazards that are not properly anticipated would likely result to disaster,
disruption of economic activities is one of the many aspects that is affected
when disasters strike. Covid-19 Pandemic is considered a worldwide disaster
that greatly affect economic mobility, serious global public health safety
concerns, political crisis, and education modalities or simply this pandemic
changes the way we live nowadays.
Types of Disaster
Types Definition Examples
Natural - events that results from -volcanic eruptions, tectonic
Disaster natural processes of the and volcanic earthquakes,
Earth epidemics, and pandemics,
other geologic, atmospheric,
and biologic process
Man-made -event caused directly -air crash, train accidents,
Disaster and principally by one or building collapse, warfare
more identifiable deliberate (conventional, chemical,
or negligent human actions. biological or nuclear)

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 Characteristics of Disaster:
1. It knows no political boundaries.
2. Requires restructured and new responding organizations.
3. It creates new tasks and requires more people as disaster
respondents.
4. It renders inutile routine emergency responses equipment and
facilities.
5. It worsens confusion in understanding roles of people and
organization.
6. It exposes lack of disaster planning, response and coordination,
oftentimes inexperienced disaster organizations fail to see what
their proper roles are.

Disaster risk drivers are processes or conditions, often development-

related that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of
exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity this also is referred as
underlying disaster risk factors that includes poverty and inequality,
climate change and variability, unplanned urbanization and lack of
disaster risk considerations in land management, unsustainable uses of
natural resources, pandemics and epidemics-according to United Nations
Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) published in February 2,
2017.

Pandemics such as Covid-19 is considered as disaster risk drivers or

underlying disaster risk factors that greatly affect the normal operations of
economic activity, social and mental state of people and public health. This
Covid-19 pandemic somehow changes the landscape of how nations around
the world manages and address disaster risks, create a systematic policies
from local to global interconnectivity which is somehow challenged by
political and social unrest, food shortages, financial difficulties and
increasing inequality among rich and poor
Poverty and inequality are also considered as disaster risk drivers or
underlying disaster risk factors, marginalized society are vulnerable since
more people are forced to encroach along riverbanks, under bridges or along
potential hazard paths and have little or no access to social services like
sanitation facilities, healthcare services, clean potable drinking water and
many others. Labor migrants are relocating to cities because of job
opportunities and often considers the risk acceptable for them than losing
their jobs.

What’s More

Activity 1- Classify Me
Instruction: Classify if the given examples below are Natural Disaster or Man-
Made Disaster. Write the correct answer in your answer sheet.

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 1. September 11 bombing _____6. Terrorist attack
______2. Covid-19 pandemic _____7. Taal Volcano eruption
3. Bohol Quake ______8. Israel-Afghanistan war
_____4. Dengue Outbreaks 9. Train collision
_____5. Typhoon 10. Mindanao Flood
Activity 2- True or False
Instructions: Read the sentences carefully. Write T if the statement is true
and F if the statement is false. Write your answer in your answer sheet.

1. Disasters knows no political boundaries.

2. Hazards that are properly anticipated will likely result to disaster.
3. The poor and marginalized society are considered most prone to disaster.
______4. Disasters are processes or conditions, often development-related that
influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and
vulnerability.
5. Disaster creates new tasks and requires more people as disaster
respondents.
6. Climate change is considered as disaster risk drivers.
7. Biological warfare design to destroy humans are considered as natural
disasters.
8. Natural Disaster is a disastrous event caused directly and principally by
one or more identifiable deliberate or negligent human actions.
9. Disaster is defined as any event that causes widespread human,
material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds
the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own
resources.
10. Covid-19 pandemic affects global economy.

What I Have Learned

In this module, I have learned that disaster is defined as an event that ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________.

I also learned that the underlying risk factors of disasters are: ________________,
_______________________, ____________________, _____________________, ________________________________.

What I Can Do

Activity 3- Let us compare same situation placed in different location

Instructions: In this activity, you are to imagine what will you do if you are in
each situation and how would you act if you were placed in a different location.
List the possible things that you can do to avoid getting harmed.

Situations Location
Covid -19 pandemic Inside a hospital Inside a public
school
A strong typhoon Family living Family living
in coastal in highlands
area

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 Guide Question:
1. Are your actions the same in each situation and location?
2. What was your basis in deciding what course of action you would
take in each situation?
3. In your own little way as a student, how will you help your family
in this time of Covid-19 pandemic?

Activity 4 Venn Diagram

Instructions: Compare and contrast Hazard and Disaster. At the sides list the
characteristics of hazard and disaster, at the middle list what is common to both.
Copy the sample Venn diagram in your paper and write your answer.

Hazard Disaster

Assessment

Instructions: Write the letter and word/s of the correct answer in your
answer sheet.

1. A strong typhoon hit a densely populated area is considered as .

A. Hazard B. Vulnerability C. Disaster D. Risk Factor

2. Which of the following is classified as man-made disaster?

A. Typhoon washed away rice fields
B. Tsunami affecting coastline residents
C. Earthquake that kills people and destroys buildings
D. Atomic bomb explosion that caused casualties and fatalities

3. Which of the following major disaster in the Philippines was brought about by the
occurrence of a massive landslide and affected 1,972 families or 8,252 persons in
barangays, with 77 dead, 7 injured and 57 missing?
A. Super Typhoon Yolanda C. Naga Landslide
B. Typhoon Ompong D. Mt. Mayon eruption

4. These are processes or conditions, often development-related that

influence the level of disaster risk.
A. Hazard B. Vulnerability C. Disaster risk drivers D. Vulnerability

5. Super typhoon Yolanda is considered as_____.

A. Natural hazard C. Man-made Disaster
B. Man-made hazard D. Natural Disaster

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6. A threat or harm that has the potential to cause damage (e.g. injury, destruction of
properties, environmental degradation) to a community.
A. Hazard B. Vulnerability C. Disaster D. Risk Factor

7. Which of the following statement is TRUE about disaster?

A. Disaster usually follow hazards that are anticipated.
B. Disaster is based on the amount of income gain from work.
C. Disaster may be prevented if proper and effective disaster plans are in place.
D. The affected community may gain ability to cope with the loss and damage using

8. Why is it that the Philippines is considered as most vulnerable country to natural

disasters?
A. It lies along typhoon belt C. It has active volcanoes
B. It lies along the ring of fire D. All of these

9. “The poor and marginalized society are considered most prone to disaster” this
statement would be _____ .
A. True B. False C. Maybe D. Cannot be determined

10. The reason why poverty is considered as one of the disaster risk drivers because
poor people are _______.
I. more resilient to disaster
II. likely to have standard way of living
III. forced to live in areas that exposed to potential hazards
IV. likely to have lesser resources to coop when disaster strikes
A. I and III B . II and IV C. III and IV D. II and III

11. An agency that principally mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami, and other related geotectonic
phenomena.
A. PHILVOCS B. PAGASA C. NDRRMC D. DOST

12. Which of the following events best describes a hazard is likely occurring?
A. An avalanche in a remote mountain.
B. Strong typhoons can cause flooding, massive mudslides, and power outages.
C. Volcanic eruption forced affected population to be relocated and often causes
food shortage.
D. An earthquake destroys buildings, factories, roads, bridges, schools and
resulted to the disruptions of public services.

13. Covid-19 is considered as a worldwide disaster because it _________.

I. greatly affect economic mobility III. Pose serious global public health safety
II. political crisis IV. Open online business opportunity
A. I, II B. III, IV C. 1, II, III D. II, III, IV

14. Biological Warfare : Man-Made Disaster; Super Typhoon :___________.

A. Hazard B. Natural – Disaster C. Phenomena D. Event

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15. All the following are examples of natural disasters except ___.
A. Marawi siege displaced 200,000 children and their families in 2017.
B. Typhoon Ondoy struck southwest Luzon which causes fatalities,
injuries and damages buildings
C. Taal Volcano eruption displaces a lot of families and affected the
livelihood of people living in nearby areas.
D. Bohol earthquake affected over 1.2 million people and destroys
structures including churches, roads, school buildings, homes and
affected the economic activity.

Additional Activities

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC) of the Philippines declares July as National Disaster Resilience
Month, this year’s theme is “Tamang Pamamahala't Kahandaan, Kaalaman at
Pagtutulungan sa Sakuna at Pandemya'y Kalasag ng Bayan.”

Activity: Poster Making

Instruction: Create a poster using this year’s theme for National Disaster
Resilience Month 2021.

Guidelines: Materials to be used for Poster: 1pc. long size bond paper,
measurement is 1 inch in each side, landscape orientation, crayon or oil
pastels will be used as coloring materials.
Criteria for rating poster: Relevance to the theme- 40 %, Creativity – 30% and
Originality- 30 %. (Total= 100%)

Congratulations!
You’re done with module 1 for this quarter

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 Answer Key (Q1-MODULE 1)

WHAT’S IN WHAT’S NEW

1. Plate tectonics
2. Biological accumulations 1. HAZARD
3. Weathering 2. DISASTER
4. Human Activities 3. HAZARD
5. Plate tectonics 4. DISASTER
6. Plate tectonics 5. HAZARD
7. Human Activities 6. DISASTER
8. Biological Accumulations 7. DISASTER
9. Weathering 8. HAZARD
10. Human Activities 9. DISASTER
10. DISASTER

WHAT’S MORE WHAT’S MORE

Activity 1 Activity 2
1. MAN-MADE DISASTER 1. T
2. NATURAL DISASTER 2. F
3. NATURAL DISASTER 3. T
4. NATURAL DISASTER 4. F
5. NATURAL DISASTER 5. T
6. MAN-MADE DISASTER 6. T
7. NATURAL DISASTER 7. F
8. MAN-MADE DISASTER 8. F
9. MAN- MADE DISASTER 9. T
10. NATURAL DISASTER 10. T

WHAT’S I HAVE LEARNED

1. event that causes widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

2. includes poverty and inequality, climate change and

variability, unplanned urbanization and lack of disaster risk
considerations in land management, unsustainable uses of
natural resources, pandemics and epidemics

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 References:
Books:
1. Calilung, Froilan Cruz. (2016). Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (for Senior
High School). Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City
2. -Quebral, Villamor S. Ed.D. (2016). Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Lorimar
Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
3. Janice Montez Padagdag (2018). Philippine Disaster Risk Management System.
ADRC Visiting Researcher Program 2018B. Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
Online Sources:
www.doh.gov.ph/2019-nCov
www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph
www.ndrmc.gov.ph
www.philvocs.dost.gov.ph
https://geology.com/world/philippines-satellite-
image.shtml http://www.un-spider.org/risks-and
disasters#:~:text=As%20stated%20by%20the%20United,the%20affected%20community%2
0or
%20society
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972032399
8 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/man-made-
disaster.html
https://www.adrc.asia/publications/TDRM2005/TDRM_Good_Practices
/PDF/PDF-2005e/Chapter1_1.2.pdf
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/524569/10-deadliest-natural-disasters-in-the
philippines#ixzz6QLmTSZcW
https://www.preventionweb.net/news/view/71228
https://ehs.unu.edu/blog/opinion/cities-drivers-of-risk-or-resilience.

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