MODE OF INTERMEDIATE
PARASITES DEFINITIVE HOST
TRANSMISSION
• Feco-oral route (most
common)
E. histolytica
• Sexual contact (rare)
• Vector (very rare)
• Feco-oral route (most
common)
E. coli • Sexual contact (rare)
• Vector (very rare)
• Feco-oral route (most
common)
E. nana • Sexual contact (rare)
• Vector (very rare)
• Feco-oral route (most
Iodamoeba butschlii common)
• Sexual contact (rare)
(bull’s eye appearance)
• Vector (very rare)
• Ingestion of
Balantidium coli contaminated food and
water
• Inhalation of
Naegleria fowleri
contaminated water
• Inhalation of
Acanthamoeba contaminated aerosol
or dust
• Ingestion of
contaminated food and
Giardia lamblia
water (10 cysts)
• Sexual contact (rare)
Trichomonas vaginalis • Sexual route
INFECTIVE STAGE DIAGNOSTIC STAGE PARASITIC DISEASE TREATMENT
HOST
• Amoebic dysentery
• Amoebic liver abcess
• Amoebic ulcer
• Amoebic appendicitis
• Intestinal perforation and
Cysts and Trophozoites amoebic peritonitis Metronidazole or
Man Mature quadrinucleated cyst
passed in feces • Toxic megacolon and tinidazole
intussusception
• Perianal skin ulcers
• Ameboma
• Chronic amoebiasis
• Fulminant colitis
Cysts and Trophozoites
Man Mature octanucleated cyst
passed in feces
Cysts and Trophozoites
Man Mature quadrinucleated cyst Non – Pathogenic Non – Pathogenic
passed in feces
Cysts and Trophozoites
Man Mature quadrinucleated cyst
passed in feces
Metronidazole or
Man Mature Cyst Trophozoite, cyst • Balantidiasis
tinidazole or Tetracycline
Trophozoite in CSF and
• Primary Amebic
Man Ameboid Trophozoite brain tissue (flagellated Amphotericin B
Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
forms)
• Granulomatous Amebic
Cyst and Ameboid Cysts and Trophozoites in Biguanide or
Man Encephalitis
Trophozoite Tissue chlorhexidine
• Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Metronidazole or
• Acute giardiasis tinidazole
Man Mature quadrinucleated cyst Cyst passed in feces
• Chronic giardiasis Nitazoxanide
Furazolidone
• Acute infection
Trophozoite in vaginal and (vulvovaginitis, Colpitis
Man Trophozoite prostatic secretions and macularis – Strawberry Metronidazole
urine mucosa)
• Chronic infection
 MODE OF
PARASITES DEFINITIVE HOST
TRANSMISSION
• Bite of Tsetse fly
• Punctured wound from
Trypanosoma brucei Man and other
the saliva of the tsetse
gambiense
fly
• Bite of Tsetse fly
• Punctured wound from
Trypanosoma brucei Man and other
the saliva of the tsetse
rhodesiense
fly
INTERMEDIATE
INFECTIVE STAGE DIAGNOSTIC STAGE • PARASITIC DISEASE TREATMENT
HOST
• West African sleeping
sickness - chronic course
with slow progression
• Trypanosomal Chancre (Less
common)
Stage 1
○ Systemic febrile illness
Male and Female ○ Winterbottom's sign
Trypomastigotes in the Suramine and
Tsetse fly (Glossina Metacyclic Trypomastigote ○ Pruritis, maculopapular
animals blood Pentamidine
palpalis group) rashes and transient edema
Stage 2 (Sleeping Sickness)
○ Invasion of the CNS
○ Progressive daytime
somnolence with
restlessness and insomnia
at night.
• East African sleeping
sickness - acute course with
rapid progression and early
death
• Trypanosomal Chancre
(More common)
Stage 1
○ Systemic febrile illness
Male and Female ○ Winterbottom's sign
Trypomastigotes in the Suramine and
Tsetse fly (Glossina Metacyclic Trypomastigote ○ Pruritis, maculopapular
animals blood Pentamidine
morsitans group) rashes and transient edema
Stage 2 (Sleeping Sickness)
○ Invasion of the CNS
○ Progressive daytime
somnolence with
restlessness and insomnia
at night.
 MODE OF INTERMEDIATE
PARASITES DEFINITIVE HOST INFECTIVE STAGE DIAGNOSTIC STAGE PARASITIC DISEASE TREATMENT
TRANSMISSION HOST
• Bite of infected female
L.L. donovani sandflies Female sand fly • Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-
Systemic Therapy
• Needle sharing or Man, dog and vector azar or Dum-dum fever)
Metacyclic Promastigote Specific antileishmanial
blood transfusions other mammals (Phlebotomus • Post kala-azar dermal drugs (antimonial prep)
L.L. infantum • Congenital species) leishmaniasis
transmission
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis:
Oriental sore (aka Delhi Boil,
Man Aleppo Boil and Baghdad
Female sand fly
L.L. tropica (anthroponotic - Button)
vector P. sergenti
man to animal) - Anthroponotic urban type
causing painless dry
ulcerating lesions, leading to
Amastigotes in cells of
disfiguring scars, caused by
• Bite of infected female various tissues
the species L. tropica.
sandflies
Female sand fly - Zoonotic rural type causing Pentavalent Antimonial
L.L. aethiopica • Needle sharing or Hyraxes (zoonotic)
vector P. longipes Metacyclic Promastigote moist ulcers (inflamed) are Compound and
blood transfusions
caused by L. major. Amphotericin B
• Congenital
• Leishmaniasis recidivans
transmission
- Granulomatous response -
occurs after healing of
primary sore due to L. tropica
Female sand fly • Diffuse cutaneous
L.L. major Rodents (zoonotic) leishmaniasis
vector P. papatasi
- Caused by L. amazonensis
and L. mexicana and by L.
aethiopica
 • MODE OF INTERMEDIATE
PARASITES DEFINITIVE HOST INFECTIVE STAGE DIAGNOSTIC STAGE • PARASITIC DISEASE TREATMENT
TRANSMISSION HOST
• Cerebral malaria
• Acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)
• Acute renal failure
• Severe Normochromic,
Normocytic Anemia
• Metabolic acidosis
• Pernicous Malaria
• Black Water Fever
P. falciparum • Algid Malaria
• Septicemic Malaria
• Pulmonary Edema and Adult
Respiratory Distress
Syndrome • Chloroquine
• Bite of infected female • Human: Sporozoites • Sulfadoxine
• Hypoglycemia
anopheles mosquito present in salivary gland of • Pyrimethamine
Female Anopheles Immature Trophozoite • Bleeding / Disseminated
• Blood transfusions Man mosquito • Primaquine
mosquito (Ring form) Intravascular Coagulation
• Congenital • Mosquito: Gametocytes • Quinine
• Severe Jaundice
transmission • Artemisinin
• Acidosis

• Splenomegaly
• Rupture of the spleen
P. vivax
• G6PD deficiency hemolytic
anemia

• Nephrotic syndrome
P. malariae • Quartian Malarial
Nephropathy

• Bite of Ixodid ticks

• Sporozoites enter Oral atovaquone and
Nymph stage of
through the site of bite Human: Sporozoites • Mild babesia Microti illness azithromycin
Babesia spp. the deer tick Man Trophozoite, cyst
and discharged into
Ixodes scapularis
Tick: Gametocytes • Severe babesia microti illness IV clindamycin and Oral
circulation quinine