PRACTICUM REPORT

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
TOPIC
ALKALINITY
Complied by:
Nama : Gabriella Mahanaim Nababan
NIM : 225100907111062
Kelompok : ME4
Asisten :
Abiyyu Rizky Adita Normalitasari

Alhamdra Andika S Alifia Rossa A

Aryanti Fitriyah Fadlilah Ayu Maharani

Fahildha Zulfa Galuh Egalita Adliya

Ian Damian S Kana Nawafila Rizki K

Khalista Nayla Muhamad Fakhri R

Nabila Al-Fathikasari Reyvanna Nadira

Tjokorda Istri Mahagita

WASTE TREATMENT LABORATORY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY
BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
MALANG
2023
 CHAPTER I ABSTRACT
1.1 Background
Water as an environment in which aquatic organisms live must be able to support it the life
and growth of the organism. Clean water is one basic human needs obtained from various
sources, depending on conditions local area. The condition of water sources in each area
depends on the situation nature and human activities in the area. The people who live in lowland
and swampy areas such as in Sumatra and Kalimantan experience difficulty obtaining clean water
for household use, especially drinking water. Matter This is because the source of water in the
area is peat based water parameters of water quality standards do not meet the requirements for
clean water quality.
One of the air quality parameters that can affect fish life is alkalinity. The capacity of water to
accept protons is called alkalinity. Very alkaline water or alkaline often have a high pH and
generally contain dissolved solids tall one. Alkalinity plays an important role in purchasing the
ability of water to support the growth of algae and other aquatic life. In generally, the main
components are held. Each of the determining factors of quality air interact and influence each
other.

1.2 Purpose
a. To understand the principles of Alkalinity
b. To comprehend the measurement methods of Alkalinity
c. To analyze the concentration of Alkalinity in waters
d. To understand the application of Alkalinity in Environmental Engineering
 BAB II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of Alkalinity
Water quality is the nature of the water and the content of living things, energy substances or
other components in the water. Water quality is expressed by several parameters, including the
first physical parameter, consisting of temperature, turbidity, dissolved solids, etc. Furthermore,
chemical parameters consist of pH, DO (oxygen demand), BOD (biochemical loxygen demand),
metal content and so on. The next parameter is a biological parameter consisting of the presence
of plankton, bacteria, etc. In addition to the parameters mentioned above, there is another
important parameter, namely the alkalinity parameter. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to
neutralize added acid, without lowering the pH of the solution. Alkalinity is a buffer against the
effects of acidification. Alkalinity is expressed in mg CaCO3/liter of air or parts per million
(Sitanggang and Amanda, 2019).
According to Bintoro and Abidin. (2016), water alkalinity is a description of the capacity of
water to neutralize acids or the quantity of anions in water that can neutralize hydrogen cations.
Alkalinity is also interpreted as a buffer capacity against a decrease in water pH. In particular,
alkalinity is often referred to as the quantity indicating the buffering capacity of bicarbonate ions,
and to a certain degree, also indicating the buffering of carbonate and hydroxide ions in water.
The higher the alkalinity, the higher the ability of water to buffer. This will cause an increase in the
pH of the water to be lower.

2.2 Definition of Titration

According to Pratama (2013), titration is a way to determine the concentration of acid or
alkaline using standard solutions. Standard solutions can be acidic or a base whose concentration
is accurately known. Acid standard solution Required to ignite, base concentration and break
down the required standard base to adjust the acid concentration. A state with the same number
of acid equivalents with a base is called the equivalence point. The pH of the solution changes
during the titration and The titration is terminated when the pH equivalence point is reached.
Titration is also referred to as an analytical process in which a volume of solution Standard is
added to the solution with the aim of knowing which components are not known. In this titration
involves the addition of an indicator that serves to help Determine the equivalence point marked
by observing the change in color at the end of the titration. Indicators used in neutralization
titrations are called indicators acid base. Indicators are very special chemicals that can change
the color of the solution with changes in pH after adding acid or base (Yazid dan Munir, 2018).

2.3 Basic Principle of Titration

Titration based on a reaction obtained by adding or react a certain amount of volume. This
reaction mixes the standard solutions usually from a burette whose concentration is known with
certainty to confront completely with a solution of unknown concentration. For Knowing that the
reaction is perfect, then an indicator solution is used added to the solution being titrated. Indicators
used in titrations cid-base is an indicator whose color changes are influenced by pH. Try to add
as few indicators as possible and generally around two or three drops. To obtain the target titration
results, the end point of the titration is chosen as close as possible maybe with the equivalent
point (Cartika, 2016).
2.4 Standard Solution
2.4.1 Primary Standard Solution + Example
A standard solution is a solution whose concentration is known Certain. Based on the
purity of the solution is divided into solutions primary standard and secondary standard
solution. Primary standard solution is a standard solution prepared by weighing and dissolving
a substance certain high purity or unknown concentration solutions mass and volume of
solution.
A primary standard solution is a solution that fulfills the conditions, it has high purity, has
a definite molecular formula, is nonhygroscopic and easy to weigh, the solution must be
stable, have a high equivalent weight (BE). This primary standard solution has a known
concentration and used to standardize a solution that has unknown concentration Examples
of primary standard solutions include: Na2CO3, Na2C2O4.2H2O, and Na2B4O7.10H2O
(Cartika, 2016).

2.4.2 Secondary Standard Solution + Example

According to Hudaya (2016), secondary standards are standard solutions the solute
does not have to be a substance with a high level of purity of the solute. This secondary
standard solution concentration value can be determined based on Standardization by titration
against primary standard solution. Solution standard Secondary can be used alkaline or acidic
solutions of inorganic compounds. This secondary standard solution is prepared from solids
of high purity low. In addition, if it will be used for standardization, standard solution.
This secondary must be standardized in advance with a standard solution / primary
standard. Examples of secondary standard solutions include NaOH, Ba(OH)2, KMnO4
(Cartika, 2016).

2.5 Material Overview

2.5.1 H2SO4
Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4 is a strong mineral (inorganic) acid. he sulfuric acid used can be
concentrated (concentrated) or diluted commonly used as a secondary standard solution in
the titration process. In aqueous state, has not shown its nature as an oxidizing agent, so it
still has like ordinary acids, such as acid halides. Although dilute, solution Sulfuric acid can
make our skin itchy. In a concentrated state, properties the oxidizing agent of this acid
appears. Concentrated sulfuric acid is usually used reactions of organic compounds, because
organic compounds are slow to react (Wilandari, 2015).
Sulfuric acid has stronger acid ionization power so that sulfuric acid is stronger easier and
more in action with substances in the skin. sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a liquid that is corrosive,
colorless, odorless, highly reactive and able to dissolve various metals. These chemicals can
miscible with water in all proportions, has a melting point of 10.31 oC and the boiling point at
336.85 oC depends on concentration and temperature 300 oC or more decomposes to
produce sulfur trioxide. sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can be made from sulfur (S), pyrite (FeS) and
some metal sulfides (CuS, ZnS, NiS). In general sulfuric acid is produced
with levels of 78% - 100% and various concentrations of oleum (Aura, 2015).
 2.5.2 Phenolphthalein Indicator
Phenolphthalein indicator is an indicator that is often used in reactions titration.
Phenolphthaein is used to find the end point of titrations with strong acids strong language.
The pH range of phenolphthalein itself is 8.3-10.00. Discoloration what happens is colorless -
red. If the pH is in the range at below 8.3 then the solution will not change color. Meanwhile,
if the pH range is above 10 then the solution will turn red. Properties of phenolphthalein is a
weak acid because it is a compound that has a phenol group (Hudaya, 2016).

2.5.3 Methyl Orange Indicator

Methyl orange indicator is an azo compound in the form of crystals reddish yellow, more
soluble in hot water and alcohol. pH route it ranges from 3.1 - 4.4. The color of the solution
will be red if the pH range is below 3.1 and will turn yellow if the pH range is above 4.4.Methyl
orange is used to titrate mineral acids with strong bases. determines the alkalinity of air, but
cannot be used for organic acids. Methyl orange is a one-base acid, electrically neutral, but
has a positive or negative charge (Madjid et al., 2015).

2.6 Application of Alkalinity in Environmental Engineering

One of the applications in environmental engineering is alkalinity neutralizes the acidity in the
water. This is important because of the excess acid contained in water will endanger the health
of its users and various kinds who live in the air. Optimal alkalinity at a value of 90-150 ppm.
Alkalinity is a quantity that indicates the buffering capacity of bicarbonate ions, ions carbonate,
and hydroxide in water. The third ion in water will be analyzed with hydrogen ions thereby reducing
acidity and increasing pH (Pantemareta, 2014).
The next application, the alkalinity of this water is a description of the capacity of water to
neutralizing acids or the quantity of anions in water that can neutralize cations hydrogen. Alkalinity
is also defined as a buffer capacity against deterioration water pH. In particular, alkalinity is often
referred to as the quantity that shows the buffering capacity of bicarbonate ions, and up to the
stage In particular, it also exhibits resistance to carbonate and hydroxide ions in air. The higher
the alkalinity, the higher the ability of water to buffer it the lower the pH of the water. Alkalinity is
usually expressed in terms of calcium carbonate in ppm (mg/L). This measurement of alkalinity
values can be used to measure in the waters to know whether the waters are suitable or not for
living org or not. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the level of alkalinity (Bintoro and
Mukhtarul, 2014).
 BAB III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Tools and Materials

No. Alat dan Bahan Gambar

1. Buret dan statif

Gambar 3.1 Buret dan statif

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
2. Gelas ukur

Gambar 3.2 Gelas ukur

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
3. Gelas beaker

Gambar 3.3 Gelas beaker

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
4. Corong kaca

Gambar 3.4 Corong kaca

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
5. Labu erlenmeyer

Gambar 3.5 Labu erlenmeyer

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
6. Indikator Phenolphtalein

Gambar 3.6 Indikator PP

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
7. Indikator Methyl Orange

Gambar 3.7 Indikator MO

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
8. Larutan H2SO4 0.02 N

Gambar 3.8 H2SO4 0,02 N

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
 9. Sampel air sungai

Gambar 3.9 Sampel air sungai

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
10. Sampel air kran

Gambar 3.10 Sampel air kran

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023

11. Pipet Tetes

Gambar 3.11 Pipet tetes

Sumber: Dokumentasi pribadi, 2023
Tabel 3.1 Gambar alat dan bahan
Sumber : Data diolah, 2023

3.2 Tools and Materials with Functions

No. Alat dan Bahan Fungsi

1. Buret dan statif Untuk melakukan proses titrasi
2. Gelas ukur Untuk mengukur volume sampel
3. Gelas beaker Sebagai wadah sampel
 4. Corong kaca Untuk membantu memindahkan larutan ke wadah yang
memiliki mulut kecil
5. Labu erlenmeyer Untuk menghomogenkan larutan
6. Indikator PP Sebagai indikator basa
7. Indikator MO Sebagai indikator asam
8. Larutan H2SO4 Sebagai titran
9. Sampel air sungai Sebagai bahan perlakuan
10. Sampel air kran Sebagai bahan perlakuan
11. Pipet tetes Untuk meneteskan larutan
Tabel 3.2 Fungsi Alat dan Bahan
Sumber: Data diolah, 2023
3.3 Method

Prepare tools and materials

that will be used

Place 100mL of each water

sample an put it into Erlenmeyer
flask

Add some drops of phenolphthalein indicator into samples and

observe the color change on each water samples

If color change could be spotted,

proceed the procedure into the next
step

If there’s no color change (PP = 0),

then add some drops of Methyl
Orange indicator to continue

If the color change occurred,

proceed to the next step which is
titration

Record the volume of H2SO4 used

 BAB IV RESULT AND STUDY

4.1 Practicum Result Data

Sample Volume Sample Volume H2SO4 Alkalinity (mg
CaCo3/L)
Sample of Tap Water 100 ML 3 ML 151,2
Sample of River Water 100 ML 2,8 ML 141,2

4.2 Calculation
𝐴
Alkalinity = 𝐶 × 100 × 50,4
3
Tap water = 100 × 100 × 50,4 = 151,2 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
𝟐,𝟖
River water = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 100 × 50,4 = 141,2 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

4.3 Practicum Result Data Analysis

In the alkalinity practicum there are 2 samples used, namely the first sample of tap water
where the sample volume is 100 mL and the volume of H2SO4 is 3 ml. From these data, an
alkalinity of 151.2 mg CaCO/L was obtained. Whereas for the second sample, namely a river
water sample with a sample volume of 100 mL and the volume of H2SO4 is 2.8 ml. From these
data, an alkalinity of 141.2 mg CaCO/L was obtained.

4.4 Result Analysis

This practicum aims to calculate the value of the alkalinity of the two samples which exists.
The samples used are tap water and river water. Both samples are taken with the same volume
of 100 ml. After that the two samples were dripped PP indicator to see the color change but the
result is no change color. After that the two samples were dripped again with the MO indicator
and the results both samples experienced a color change changed to the color orange. After a
color change occurs, the two samples are titrated with the solution H2SO4. In testing pool water
samples, the volume of H2SO4 used was 3 ml. The alkalinity value for the pool water sample is
151.2 mg CaCO3/L. Meanwhile, on testing river water samples, the volume of H2SO4 used was
2.8 ml. Mark The alkalinity for river water samples is 141.2 mg CaCO3/L.

4.5 Calculation Analysis

Calculations are made using units of mg CaCO3/L, which is the formula A/C x 1000 x 50.4.
Where A is the volume of H2SO4 and C is the volume sample. The sample volume (C) is 100 ml
each and the volume of H2SO4 is for water 3 ml of faucet and 2.8 ml of river water. The formula
used is alkalinity (mg CaCO3/L) namely A/C x 1000 x 50.4. So, for the first sample tap water,
Enter a number in the formula, namely 3/100 x 1000 x 50.4, and get the results of 151.2 mg
CaCO3/L. Meanwhile, for river water, enter the number on the formula, which is 2.8/100 x 1000 x
50.4, and a yield of 141.2 mg CaCO3/L is obtained.

4.6 Literatur Analysis

Testing the level of alkalinity can be calculated using the titration method. Where this titration
uses H2SO4 0.02 N. The MO indicator is an indicator sour. When a color change occurs, the
endpoint of the titration has been obtained. When alkalinity is based on carbonate and
bicarbonate content, hence the pH value at the point of the titration balance is determined by the
amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) formed at the time of titration. As long as CO2 cannot make
water not more acidic than pH 4.5 then the pH value is used to determine the end point of the
alkalinity titration. Total alkalinity can also be calculated using the formula V H2SO4 x normality
H2SO4 x 50 x 1000 and divided sample volume (Bintoro and Mukhtarul, 2014).

4.7 Questions
4.7.1 The Functions of Methyl Orange and Phenolphthalein in Titration Process
Methyl orange (MO) or methyl orange in the alkalinity titration process works as an acid
determination indicator. This indicator includes azo compounds that can be used as an acid
buyers because they can function as an acid a weak color difference between the acid and its
salt. The Methyl orange pH line is 3.1 to 4.4. Where this indicator will change color from red to
orange (Silviyanti, 2012).
The indicator phenolphthalein (PP) is used as a comparison indicator in a strong base-
strong acid titration process. The results obtained show the pH range between 9.8 3-4.20.
There is a color change that was originally red young to be colorless. Usually used in titrations
of strong acids and bases strong ((Apriyani et al., 2016).

4.7.2 The Maximum Capacity of Alkalinity in Water

The function of alkalinity is to affect the level of hardness and pH of water. Elements of
alkalinity (carbonate and bicarbonate) act as buffers (pH buffers) in maintaining pH stability.
Good alkalinity values range in the range of 30-500 mg/l. While the value of alkalinity in fresh
waters is 40 mg/l, if > 40 mg/l it will be called hard water, and if <40 mg/l is called soft water.
The alkalinity value is called the natural alkalinity value if it does not exceed 500 ppm (Selvinus
et al., 2013).

4.7.3 Impact of High Alkalinity in Water

An increase in the level of alkalinity in the water will cause It also increases the level of
danger to living things in its waters. Release acids can liberate sufficient carbon dioxide from
the bicarbonate in the air toxic with a pH range of 5-6. This level of poison would be very
dangerousfor fish or other waters. Ecosystem productivity will reduce. This causes the results
of fisheries will also be lower (Alabaster and Steven, 2013).
Alkalinity in water also plays an important role as a parameter determinant of natural water
fertility. If it has a high level of alkalinity it will be causing a decrease in daily pH fluctuations.
Alkalinity causes Phytoplankton productivity in water increases with increased availability Of
nutrients in the air. If in water has a high level of alkalinity If it is too much, there will be blooming
of phytoplankton in these waters (Supono, 2018).
 BAB V CLOSURE
5.1 Conclusion
The purpose of the alkalinity practicum is that the practitioner is able to determine the levels
alkalinity in a waters, know the method of measuring alkalinity levels, understand the principle of
alkalinity and know its application in an engineering environment. Alkalinity itself is the capacity
of water to neutralize additions acid without lowering the Ph. Alkalinity is a buffer against
acidification effect. Alkalinity is expressed in mg CaCO3/L (ppm) as well mq/L.
In the alkalinity practicum, there are 2 samples used, the first is tap water samples where the
sample volume is 100 mL and the volume of H2SO4 is 3 ml. From these data, an alkalinity of
151,2 mg CaCO/L was obtained. Whereas for the second sample, namely the river water sample,
the sample volume is 100 mL and the volume of H2SO4 is 2,8 ml. From these data obtained an
alkalinity o141,2 mg CaCO/L.

5.2 Suggestion
After doing this practicum, some suggestions are proposed to the practitioner it is hoped that
practitioners will apply work safety culture and thoroughness when doing practicum. Other than
that, be wary of the moment see the measurement results, because these errors can affect the
level of validity of the practicum that has been carried out.
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ATTACHMENT
ADDITIONAL ATTACHMENT
PRACTICUM RESULTS DATA ACC