14.

Pakistan in twenty years following the Decade of Progress

1 How successful was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan? Explain [14] Jun 00
your answer.
Nov 00
2 Give three reasons why Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was executed in 1979? [7] Nov 07
Jun 14
Was the promotion of Islamic values / Islamic reforms the most important
achievement of General Zia ul Haq between 1977 and 1988? Explain your answer. Nov 00
OR Jun 10
3 [14]
To what extent was the Islamization programme the most significant policy Nov 14
introduced by the government of Zia ul Haq between 1977 and 1988? Explain your Nov 21
answer.
Which of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies;
i. Liaquat Ali Khan
4 ii. Ayub Khan [14] Jun 01
iii. Zia ul Haq
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
How successful have governments been in the Islamization of Pakistan between Jun 02
5 [14]
1947 and 1988? Explain your answer. Nov 09
In which of the following did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto have most success?
i. reform and control of the armed forces
Nov 02
6 ii. constitutional reform [14]
Nov 18
iii. education and health reforms
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
In which of the following did Zia ul Haq have most success between 1977 and
1988:
i. Islamization; Jun 03
7 [14]
ii. economic affairs; Nov 05
iii. political affairs?
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto fall from power in 1979?
Jun 03
8 OR [7]
Jun 17
Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s rule ended in 1977?
‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic Jun 04
9 [14]
policies between 1971 and 1977.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. Nov 11
10 Describe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s health reforms of 1972. [4] Jun 16
11 Why did Zia ul Haq find it difficult to rule Pakistan during the late 1980s? [7] Jun 16
Why did Pakistan face so many problems in the provision of education between Nov 04
12 [7]
1947 and 1988 / 1999? Jun 13
Why did Zia ul Haq introduce his Islamic reforms between 1977 and 1988? Jun 06
OR Jun 08
13 Why did Zia ul Haq introduce a series of Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? [7] Jun 11
Jun 23
‘Social reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic Jun 06
14 [14]
policies
between 1971 and 1977.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
‘Zia ul Haq’s foreign policy was more successful than his domestic reforms.’ Do Jun 07
15 [14]
you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
Why did education reform become such an important issue between 1947 and Nov 07
16 [7]
1988/1999? Nov 18
‘The low rate of literacy was the most important social problem facing Pakistan Jun 08
17 [14]
between 1947 and 1988.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
‘Education reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic Nov 08
18 [14]
policies between 1971 and 1977.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in 1971? Nov 09
19 [7]
 What was the Simla Agreement? Nov 10
OR Jun 13-
20 Describe the terms of the Simla Agreement. [4] C
Jun 21
Describe Bhutto’s downfall from power. Nov 12
21 [4]
‘Economic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies Nov 12
22 [14]
between 1977 and 1988.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
What difficulties did Zia-ul-Haq find in ruling Pakistan during the late 1980s?
OR Jun 13
23 Explain why it became more challenging for Zia ul Haq to govern Pakistan [7] Nov 20
effectively during the late 1980s?
What were the Hudood Ordinances? Nov 13
24 [4]
Describe the terms of 1973 constitution. Nov 14
25 [4]
Jun 23
What was the Afghan Miracle? Jun 15
26 [4]
How successful were Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policies between 1971 and
1977? Explain your answer. Jun 15
27 OR [14] Jun 22
Assess the effectiveness of the domestic policies introduced by Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto between 1971 and 1977? Explain your answer.
How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution between 1947 and Nov 15
28 [14]
1973? Explain your answer.
Explain why Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s rule ended in 1977? Jun 17
29 [7]
According to Source A, what were the effects of the High Court judgement Jun 18
30 [3]
regarding Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto on the people of Pakistan?
How does Source B help us to understand the way Zia-ul-Haq governed Pakistan? Jun 18
31 [5]
Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his Islamisation reforms? Jun 18
32 [7]
How successful was Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy between 1978 and 1988? Explain Jun 18
33 [10]
your answer.
What was the Eighth Amendment? Nov 18
34 [4]
Describe the Zakat Ordinance. Jun 19
35 [4]
Describe the Security of Tenure scheme. Nov 20
36 [4]
Describe the main events of Muhammad Khan Junejo’s political career. Jun 21
37 [4]
Describe the Cricket Diplomacy of 1987. Nov 21
38 [4]
Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto reformed education between 1971 and 1977? Nov 21
39 [7]
 4 MARK ANSWERS

Q.10: Describe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s health reforms of 1972.

Ans: In 1972, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto introduced a comprehensive health scheme in
Pakistan, which involved the establishment of Rural Health Centres and Basic
Health Units in both rural and urban areas, with the ambitious goal of setting up 1
Rural Health Centre for every 60,000 people and 1 Basic Health Unit for every
20,000 people. The reform also emphasized merit-based admissions to training
colleges for doctors and nurses, with qualified professionals being strategically
placed by the government. To reduce healthcare costs, the sale of branded
medicines was banned, and unbranded medicines became available without
prescription. However, these reforms encountered significant challenges, including
their high cost, a shortage of healthcare professionals, and the closure of
international drug companies due to a lack of profits from unbranded medicines.

Q.20: What was the Simla Agreement? / terms of Simla Agreement.

Ans: The Simla Agreement, signed in July 1972, was a bilateral agreement between
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, representing Pakistan, and Indira Gandhi, representing India.
India agreed to return imprisoned soldiers to Pakistan, which was a crucial aspect
of the agreement, emphasizing the release and repatriation of prisoners of war
from both sides. Additionally, both countries promised to discuss the Kashmir issue
bilaterally, as specified in the agreement, rather than involving external
organizations like the United Nations. This agreement marked an important step in
addressing the post-conflict situation between India and Pakistan and laid the
foundation for future discussions on the complex Kashmir dispute.

Q.21: Describe Bhutto’s downfall from power.

Ans: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's downfall from power in 1977 was precipitated by a series
of events that included allegations of electoral fraud during the elections,
widespread protests, and the refusal to conduct a fresh election demanded by the
Pakistan National Alliance (PNA). As tensions escalated, Bhutto declared a state of
emergency and resorted to negotiating with the PNA to quell the unrest. However,
his leadership weaknesses became evident as the Federal Security Force (FSF)
proved ineffective in maintaining order. Simultaneously, the military, under
'Operation Fairplay,' saw an opportunity to seize control, resulting in Bhutto's arrest
and the imposition of martial law, with General Zia-ul-Haq taking charge, thereby
bringing an end to Bhutto's tenure as the leader of Pakistan.

Q.24: What were the Hudood Ordinances?

Ans: The Hudood Ordinances, implemented as part of General Zia-ul-Haq's
Islamisation programme in Pakistan from 1977 onwards, were a series of Islamic
laws that included the Offences against Property, Zina, Qafq, and Prohibition
Ordinances. Under these ordinances, Islamic punishments were prescribed for
offenses such as gambling, drinking alcohol, theft, and adultery. For instance, the
punishment for theft could involve amputation of the right hand, and 80 stripes of
the cane could be administered for alcohol consumption. Additionally, the 1980
Zakat Ordinance imposed a 2.5% wealth tax (Zakat) to be given to the poor, aiming
to support charitable causes. Furthermore, the Ushr Ordinance imposed a 5% tax on
agricultural income, the proceeds of which also supported the Zakat fund. These
ordinances were implemented to enforce Islamic laws and establish a more
stringent legal framework in alignment with Islamic principles in Pakistan.
Q.25: Describe the terms of 1973 constitution.
Ans: The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, made when Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was in
charge, brought in some important rules. Pakistan was said to be a federal republic,
which means it's made up of different areas with their own rules, but they all follow
the main government. The main leader was the Prime Minister. The constitution
also said that Pakistan is an Islamic country, with Islam as the main religion. Both
the Prime Minister and President had to be Muslims. The constitution also promised
to protect people's basic rights, like freedom of speech and religion. The top courts
could make sure these rights were respected. The Prime Minister had to listen to
the President, but the President had to think about the Prime Minister's advice. This
way, they worked together. There was also a special group called the Senate that
was elected and couldn't be dissolved. The government could take extra powers
during emergencies. The army couldn't get involved in politics, which was meant to
keep them out of government affairs.

Q.26: What was the Afghan Miracle?

Ans: The 'Afghan Miracle' was a special time in Pakistan during the 1980s. It
happened because the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Pakistan became
an important friend to other powerful countries like the United States. They gave
Pakistan a lot of money and support because Pakistan was helping them against
the Soviets. This made Pakistan a big player in world politics. With the money,
Pakistan took care of Afghan refugees and improved its own army. The leader of
Pakistan, General Zia, used some of the money to make the economy better and
bring in changes. This was a time when Pakistan had a lot of positive things happen
because of its role in the Afghan conflict.

Q.34: What was the Eighth Amendment?

Ans: The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was introduced in
1985 during the rule of General Zia-ul-Haq after the lifting of martial law. This
amendment solidified the authority of the President, granting them the power to
appoint the Prime Minister, Governors of Provinces, and other officials. It also gave
the President the authority to dismiss the Prime Minister and dissolve the National
Assembly. The Eighth Amendment firmly established a system of presidential rule
in Pakistan, concentrating significant power in the hands of the President and
weakening the parliamentary system of government.

Q.35: Describe the Zakat Ordinance.

Ans: The Zakat Ordinance, introduced in 1980 during the rule of Zia-ul-Haq,
imposed a 2.5% wealth tax on savings over a certain amount in Pakistan. The
money collected through this tax was intended to be given to Zakat committees in
villages and towns to help the poor and those in need. While this tax was designed
to support charitable efforts and social welfare, it faced objections from some
Muslim groups who believed that giving should be a voluntary act rather than a
government-imposed tax. In 1984, due to protests and demonstrations by these
groups in Islamabad, Zia-ul-Haq accepted their objections and exempted them from
paying the Zakat tax. This exemption was a response to the concerns raised by
those who believed that Zakat should be a matter of personal choice and not a
mandatory government tax.
Q.36: Describe the Security of Tenure scheme.
Ans: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Security of Tenure scheme, introduced to provide tenant
farmers with greater security, offered them the first right of purchase for the land
they cultivated, protecting them from potential eviction when landowners sold the
land to third parties. This measure aimed to encourage tenant farmers to make
improvements on the land they worked, knowing they wouldn't face displacement.
However, the scheme faced challenges, as some landowners found ways to evade
its provisions and evict tenant farmers, underscoring the considerable power
imbalances between landowners and tenants. Despite its noble intent, the
scheme's effectiveness was hindered by the entrenched influence and control of
landowners, highlighting the complexities of agrarian reform in Pakistan.

Q.37: Describe the main events of Muhammad Khan Junejo’s political career.
Ans: Muhammad Khan Junejo's political career featured several notable events. He
was chosen as the Prime Minister by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1985, serving in that
role. During his tenure, he actively worked to develop the new Muslim League party.
In 1988, he called for an all-Party Conference to discuss the Afghan situation,
reflecting the region's geopolitical dynamics during the Afghan war. Additionally, in
the same year, he announced an inquiry into the explosion at the army weapons
dump in Ojhri Camp, promising justice for those affected. However, his political
career took a significant turn when he was abruptly dismissed from office by
General Zia-ul-Haq on May 29, 1988, marking a critical moment in Pakistani
politics.

Q.38: Describe the Cricket Diplomacy of 1987.

Ans: The 'cricket diplomacy' of 1987 involved General Zia-ul-Haq's attendance at a
test match between Pakistan and India in Jaipur, where he had a significant
meeting with the Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. The primary purpose of their
meeting was to discuss Indian army exercises taking place in the Rajasthan desert,
which had raised concerns in Pakistan. The cricket match and the subsequent
meeting played a vital role in reducing tensions and frictions between Pakistan and
India at the time. It was an example of how sports, in this case, cricket, could be
used as a diplomatic tool to improve relations and address important issues
between the two neighboring countries.

7 MARK ANSWERS

Q.2: Give three reasons why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was executed in 1979?
Ans: The execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1979 marked a critical chapter in
Pakistan's political history and was driven by a confluence of factors. At the heart of
the matter was Bhutto's formidable political power. During his tenure as Prime
Minister, he exercised considerable control and authority, which not only
streamlined decision-making but also concentrated power in his hands. This
centralization of political power had its advantages in terms of implementing
policies and maintaining order, but it also made Bhutto the focal point of
responsibility when things went wrong. Criticism and allegations were often directed
at him, which eroded his political standing.
The pivotal element leading to Bhutto's execution was the accusation of his
involvement in a murder conspiracy. He was alleged to have orchestrated the
assassination of a political opponent through the Federal Security Force (FSF), and
these charges were substantiated in a court of law. Bhutto's conviction for these
allegations played a decisive role in his eventual execution. Importantly, he chose
not to seek clemency from the President, a stance that further heightened the
gravity of the situation. His decision reflected his unwavering commitment to his
cause and his refusal to compromise on his principles, even in the face of a death
sentence.

Additionally, General Zia-ul-Haq, who held the reins of power in Pakistan at the
time, had his own motivations for Bhutto's execution. Zia aimed to solidify his
authority and demonstrate his unyielding control, particularly in the context of
Pakistan's complex political landscape. By removing Bhutto, a prominent political
figure and former Prime Minister, Zia sought to signal his growing power and
assertiveness to various stakeholders, including the military. The execution of
Bhutto, therefore, had not only legal and judicial dimensions but was profoundly
influenced by the complex interplay of power, political rivalries, and the shifting
dynamics in Pakistan's political sphere.

Q.8: Why did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto fall from power / rule ended in 1979?
( also answer for Q.29 )
Ans: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's rule came to an abrupt end in 1977 due to a confluence of
complex factors. Firstly, Bhutto's centralized political power was a significant reason
for his downfall. His leadership and the Pakistan People's Party held substantial
authority, making him the key decision-maker. However, this concentration of
power also meant that when things went wrong or policies faced criticism, the
blame was squarely placed on his shoulders. This led to growing public discontent,
which eroded his political support and contributed to his downfall.

Another crucial factor was Bhutto's controversial educational reforms. While they
aimed to improve education in Pakistan, they faced significant challenges. The
reforms resulted in overcrowded existing schools while new ones were still under
construction. This created dissatisfaction and frustration among the public. The slow
pace of progress and the high cost of implementation added to the discontent, and
families dependent on the informal education sector for their livelihoods felt that
the reforms threatened their income, further fueling opposition.

The 1977 elections marked a critical turning point. Bhutto and his party faced
allegations of election manipulation, leading to widespread protests and allegations
of rigged elections. The government's response, which involved suppressing protests
and imposing martial law in major cities, added to public unrest. The strikes by bus
and truck drivers in Karachi, known as Operation Wheel Jam, paralyzed the city and
escalated the crisis. Moreover, the deteriorating economy, marked by inflation and
economic hardship, contributed to rising discontent and further undermined
Bhutto's support. In sum, it was this intricate web of political, social, and economic
issues that ultimately led to the end of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's rule in 1977.
Q.11: Why did Zia ul Haq find it difficult to rule Pakistan during the late
1980s? ( also answer for Q.23 )
Ans: During the late 1980s, General Zia-ul-Haq's rule in Pakistan was marred by a
series of daunting challenges that made effective governance exceptionally difficult.
One of the primary issues was the widespread breakdown of law and order.
Violence and unrest escalated throughout the nation, particularly in major cities like
Karachi, where frequent incidents of killings and clashes became the norm. The
deteriorating law and order situation not only created an atmosphere of fear and
insecurity among the populace but also severely undermined the stability and
cohesion of the society at large.

Simultaneously, Zia-ul-Haq grappled with the troubling rise in drug trafficking and
escalating corruption levels within various sectors of society. The surge in drug trade
not only contributed to a rise in criminal activities but also led to a rise in addiction-
related issues and drug-related crimes. The pervasive corruption eroded public trust
in the government and institutions, further deepening the crisis. These issues
collectively created a climate of social unrest, making it increasingly challenging for
Zia-ul-Haq to maintain control and stability in the country.

Moreover, provincial tensions added another layer of complexity to Zia-ul-Haq's

governance woes. In Sindh, violent outbreaks were a regular occurrence, and a
separatist movement seeking independence from Pakistan gained momentum.
This separatist sentiment posed a serious threat to national unity, making it difficult
for the central government to maintain a cohesive national identity. Additionally, the
North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) became increasingly critical of the
government's policies, adding to the challenges of managing dissenting voices
within the country.

The situation reached a boiling point with the explosion at the arms dump at Camp
Ojhri in 1988. In response, Prime Minister Junejo initiated an inquiry into the
incident, aiming to investigate the matter thoroughly. However, Zia-ul-Haq perceived
this inquiry as a threat to his administration. Consequently, he took drastic
measures by dismissing the Prime Minister and dissolving the National Assembly,
triggering a significant political crisis. These multifaceted challenges, including
social unrest, provincial tensions, and political crises, made it extremely arduous for
Zia-ul-Haq to govern effectively, marking a turbulent period in Pakistan's history.

Q.12: Why did Pakistan face so many problems in the provision of education
between 1947 and 1988/1999? ( also answer for Q.16 )
Ans: Pakistan encountered a myriad of challenges in the provision of education
from 1947 to 1999, rooted in a complex interplay of socio-economic factors. Firstly,
the persistently high illiteracy rates, affecting a substantial portion of the
population, posed a significant hurdle. This lack of basic education perpetuated
poverty, limited economic opportunities, and hindered social mobility for millions of
Pakistanis. Illiteracy also contributed to a cycle of ignorance, making it difficult for
the society to break away from traditional norms and embrace progressive attitudes
towards education.
A fundamental issue contributing to Pakistan's education woes was the chronic lack
of government investment in the sector. The limited allocation of funds, primarily
due to the disproportionately high military expenditure, left the education system
severely underfunded. This scarcity of resources affected the quality of education,
teacher training programs, and the establishment of new schools. Insufficient
financial support hindered the improvement of infrastructure, provision of learning
materials, and the overall educational experience for students, particularly those in
rural and underprivileged areas.

Additionally, the financial burden placed on families further exacerbated the

problem. The expectation that parents and students had to cover the costs of
education, including textbooks and other school-related expenses, created barriers
for many households, especially those with limited financial means. As a result,
numerous children, especially from marginalized backgrounds, were forced to
abandon their education, perpetuating the cycle of illiteracy and limited
opportunities. These challenges underscored the urgent need for comprehensive
reforms, increased government investment, and equitable educational policies to
address the persistent issues plaguing Pakistan's education system during this
period.

Q.13: Why did Zia ul Haq introduce his Islamic reforms / Islamic laws
between 1979 and 1988? ( also answer for Q.32 )
Ans: General Zia-ul-Haq's introduction of a package of Islamic laws between 1979
and 1988 was motivated by his aspiration to establish a robust and stable
government rooted in Islamic principles. Zia believed that the existing political
process in Pakistan had led to a weakened government, and he sought to rectify
this perceived weakness by implementing strict Islamic laws. His aim was to create
a disciplined society and a strong governance structure managed by individuals
deeply committed to Islamic values. By imposing stringent legal codes, Zia intended
to instill a sense of control and order within the country, fostering stability and
societal harmony.

One of the key elements of Zia's Islamic reforms was his emphasis on protecting
the sanctity of Islam, particularly regarding the Holy Prophet. He introduced laws
that penalized individuals for showing disrespect towards the Prophet, reflecting his
staunch religious convictions and his commitment to upholding Islamic reverence
within society. This move was not only a demonstration of his religious zeal but also
an attempt to foster a stronger sense of Islamic identity and respect among the
Pakistani populace.

Furthermore, Zia-ul-Haq focused on enhancing Islamic education in schools as a

crucial component of his reforms. By promoting Islamic awareness and
understanding among students, he aimed to imbue the younger generation with a
deep-rooted sense of Islamic values. This educational emphasis was integral to his
broader strategy of creating a devout and disciplined society, ensuring that Islamic
principles were ingrained in the hearts and minds of the youth. Additionally, Zia
implemented Islamic taxes to address economic disparities, emphasizing social
justice principles derived from Islamic teachings. These measures were part of his
vision to transform Pakistan into a more equitable, disciplined, and religiously
devout nation, underpinned by a strong foundation of Islamic laws and values.
Q.19: Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in 1971?
Ans: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ascended to power in 1971 as a culmination of several
intertwined factors and strategic maneuvers. At the heart of this transformation was
the significant backdrop of Pakistan's loss in the war against India. The military had
been defeated, and morale within the army was at an all-time low. General Yahya
Khan, who had presided over the disastrous conflict, was widely discredited. Bhutto
astutely seized this opportune moment to position himself as a promising political
figure who could navigate Pakistan through its challenges.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's rise to power in 1971 was significantly influenced by the loss of
East Pakistan and the emergence of Bangladesh. The defeat and disintegration of
East Pakistan led to a deep national humiliation, with the military and political
leadership, particularly General Yahya Khan, held responsible. Bhutto skillfully
tapped into the widespread discontent and desire for change stemming from this
loss, positioning himself as a symbol of hope and transformation. He successfully
harnessed the sentiment of a disillusioned nation, offering a new direction and
promising to heal the wounds of the past. Bhutto's political appeal, combined with
his charisma and oratory skills, resonated strongly with the electorate, leading to his
sweeping victory in the national elections and establishing him as Pakistan's leader.

Bhutto's political appeal also played a significant role. His reform-oriented program
resonated with the electorate, and his charisma and oratory skills won him
considerable support. In the national elections, his party secured an overall majority
in the National Assembly, further solidifying his path to power. Moreover, Bhutto
took proactive measures to establish his authority, including gaining control of the
military and appointing his own loyalists to key positions. The formation of the
Federal Security Force (FSF), a secret police unit, further bolstered his power base,
ensuring his ascendancy to the highest echelons of political leadership in Pakistan.
These multi-faceted strategies and the context of a weakened military after the war
collectively contributed to Bhutto's rise to power in 1971.

Q.39: Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto reformed education between 1971 and
1977?
Ans: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's educational reforms, enacted between 1971 and 1977,
were driven by a multifaceted vision to transform Pakistan's educational landscape.
One of the paramount objectives was to increase literacy levels throughout the
country. Bhutto recognized the prevailing crisis of illiteracy that plagued a
significant portion of the population. Illiteracy not only hindered individual progress
but also impeded the overall socio-economic development of the nation. By
elevating literacy rates, Bhutto aimed to empower citizens with the essential skills
of reading and writing, enabling them to make informed decisions and contributing
to the nation's collective progress.

Expanding access to education emerged as a central goal of Bhutto's reforms. At

the outset of the 1970s, only about half of Pakistan's children were attending
school, revealing a stark educational divide. Bhutto understood that to secure a
brighter future for the country, it was imperative to increase enrollment rates and
ensure that children from all backgrounds had access to quality education. This
objective not only aimed to benefit individual students but also had far-reaching
implications for the nation's overall human capital development.
Moreover, Bhutto's educational reforms were deeply rooted in the pursuit of gender
equality. Historically, women in Pakistan had limited access to education,
perpetuating gender disparities in various aspects of society. Bhutto's vision
included rectifying this imbalance by creating educational opportunities for women.
Empowering women through education was a crucial step toward achieving gender
equality, breaking down societal barriers, and enabling women to actively
participate in the socio-economic and political spheres.

Additionally, Bhutto recognized the historical underinvestment in education and

school infrastructure. The educational system suffered from neglect, with
inadequate resources allocated to schools, resulting in poor facilities and subpar
educational quality. To address this issue, Bhutto's reforms sought to correct this
long-standing problem by directing resources toward the education sector. This
investment aimed to improve school facilities, enhance the curriculum, and elevate
the overall quality of education, ensuring that students received a meaningful and
impactful learning experience.

Lastly, Bhutto's educational reforms were motivated by his vision of fostering a

unified 'Pakistani' culture and identity. He recognized that Pakistan's diverse
regions and ethnicities required a common thread to bind them together. To
achieve this, Bhutto developed a common school curriculum that was 'fit for
purpose.' By standardizing the educational content, he aimed to nurture a shared
set of values, cultural identity, and a sense of national unity among the diverse
population. These reforms were instrumental in shaping Pakistan's educational
landscape, rectifying historical disparities, and creating the foundation for a more
inclusive and equitable educational system that would benefit the nation's future
generations.

14 MARK ANSWERS ( NOT FULL ANSWERS,ONLY POINTS FOR

WRITING THE ANSWER YOU HAVE TO DEVELOP YOURSELF)

Q.1: How successful was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan?
Explain your answer.
Ans: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's leadership as Prime Minister of Pakistan, spanning from
1973 to 1977, was characterized by a combination of successes and challenges,
each having a lasting impact on the country's political landscape. His most
significant achievement during this period was the introduction of the 1973
Constitution. Under Bhutto's leadership, Pakistan underwent a fundamental
transformation, transitioning into a federal republic with a parliamentary system of
government. This transition not only solidified the democratic foundations of
Pakistan but also established the framework for the functioning of key democratic
institutions. Bhutto's role in crafting this constitution was pivotal, and it provided a
blueprint for subsequent governments, ensuring a system that upholds the
separation of powers and maintains checks and balances among the branches of
government.

Another notable accomplishment under Bhutto's leadership was the nationalization

of key industries and institutions. While this policy was contentious, it held the
potential to address income inequality and empower the working class. Bhutto's
commitment to social justice and the welfare of the underprivileged was evident in
these initiatives. Nationalization aimed to reduce the influence of the elite, create a
more equitable distribution of wealth, and bring essential sectors of the economy
under state control. This move was in line with Bhutto's vision of a more egalitarian
Pakistan.

On the foreign policy front, Bhutto demonstrated diplomatic acumen during his
tenure. The 1971 war with India and the subsequent signing of the Simla
Agreement in 1972 were significant milestones. The agreement paved the way for
the release and repatriation of Pakistani prisoners of war held in India and helped
ease tensions between the two neighboring nations. Bhutto's leadership in these
critical diplomatic negotiations played a pivotal role in normalizing relations with
India after a period of conflict and mistrust.

However, Bhutto's time as Prime Minister was not without its challenges and
criticisms. One of the most prominent concerns was his authoritarian tendencies.
Bhutto's centralization of power and the dismissal of provincial governments during
the Balochistan crisis raised questions about his commitment to the principles of
federalism. These actions raised tensions in various regions of Pakistan and led to
further demands for regional autonomy and recognition of local identities.

Bhutto's economic policies, which included nationalization and land reforms, faced
criticism for their impact on economic stability. The nationalization of industries and
banks created inefficiencies, discouraged private investment, and contributed to
economic challenges during his tenure. While his intent was to reduce economic
disparities, these policies had unintended consequences on Pakistan's economic
landscape.

Moreover, Bhutto's rule saw an increase in political polarization and civil unrest,
particularly in Sindh and Balochistan. His handling of these regional disputes,
including the use of force in some cases, raised concerns about human rights
violations and infringements on civil liberties. These issues generated tensions and
unrest, challenging the government's ability to maintain law and order effectively.

In conclusion, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan was marked
by a mix of significant achievements and considerable challenges. His contributions
to the 1973 Constitution and his diplomatic efforts in the Simla Agreement
represented notable accomplishments that contributed to the nation's political
legacy. However, Bhutto's authoritarian tendencies, economic policies, and handling
of regional issues prompted criticisms and controversies during his rule. Whether
Bhutto's leadership is viewed as successful or not hinges on the balance between
recognizing his accomplishments and acknowledging the criticisms of his
governance. His legacy remains a subject of ongoing debate and scrutiny in
Pakistan's political history.

Q.3: Was the promotion of Islamic values / Islamic reforms the most
important achievement of General Zia ul Haq between 1977 and 1988?
Explain your answer.
OR
To what extent was the Islamization programme the most significant policy
introduced by the government of Zia ul Haq between 1977 and 1988? Explain
your answer.
Ans: The domestic policy of Islamisation, introduced by General Zia-ul-Haq's
government between 1977 and 1988, undoubtedly held significant importance
during his tenure, but its status as the most significant domestic policy is a subject
of debate. This response will explore the key elements of the Islamisation program,
agree with its importance, and provide counterarguments to consider the broader
context.

One cannot understate the significance of Zia's Islamisation program in shaping

Pakistan's socio-political landscape. Zia introduced Islamic laws, such as the
Hudood, Zina, and Zakat Ordinances, with the intention of embedding Islamic
principles into the daily lives of Pakistanis. This not only signaled a commitment to
Islamic values but also aimed to bring Pakistan in line with a more conservative
interpretation of Islam. These policies were designed to create a legal framework
rooted in Islamic jurisprudence. Zia-ul-Haq's decision to adopt these laws marked a
clear shift towards a more conservative and Islamic-oriented Pakistan. This policy
was also instrumental in winning support from influential religious groups, such as
Jamaat-i-Islami, thereby strengthening the government's position.

Additionally, the Islamisation program was intended to establish a strong and stable
government. By promoting Islamic values and principles, Zia aimed to create a
more cohesive and morally upright society, which he believed would contribute to
political stability. In this context, the policy was viewed as a tool to reinforce his rule
and ensure public adherence to Islamic ethics. Furthermore, Zia's focus on
Islamisation was a response to the social and political challenges faced by Pakistan
at the time. It allowed him to gain popularity among conservative segments of the
population, which was crucial for maintaining his grip on power.

However, while Islamisation was indeed a significant aspect of Zia's governance, it

was not the sole defining domestic policy of his era. The introduction of the Eighth
Amendment to the Constitution gave Zia-ul-Haq increased powers, strengthening his
position as both President and Chief Martial Law Administrator. This amendment
granted him the authority to dissolve the National Assembly and dismiss the Prime
Minister, which had a substantial impact on Pakistan's political dynamics.

Furthermore, Zia's government encouraged private sector investment in

denationalized industries, which had a direct impact on the country's economy. This
economic liberalization contributed to the increase in GDP and the growth rate,
demonstrating that economic policies played a pivotal role in shaping Pakistan's
domestic landscape during his rule.

Zia-ul-Haq also made significant changes to the governance of the civil service,
implementing reforms that altered the recruitment and promotion policies. These
changes influenced the efficiency and functioning of the government and had a
lasting impact on Pakistan's bureaucracy.

Moreover, Zia increased the visibility of women in Pakistani society by

enhancing their representation in the National Assembly in 1985. This move was
aimed at promoting women's participation in politics and society, marking a shift
towards a more inclusive and progressive approach.
In conclusion, while the Islamisation program introduced by Zia-ul-Haq was
undoubtedly a significant domestic policy during his rule, it should be viewed within
the broader context of his governance. The program aimed to promote Islamic
values, gain support from religious groups, and establish a strong government.
However, other policies, such as the Eighth Amendment, economic liberalization,
civil service reforms, and the promotion of women's representation, were equally
impactful in shaping Pakistan's domestic landscape. Therefore, it is more accurate
to view Zia-ul-Haq's governance as a combination of these policies, each
contributing to the multifaceted transformation of Pakistan during his time in
power.

Q.4: Which of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic

policies;
i. Liaquat Ali Khan
ii. Ayub Khan
iii. Zia ul Haq
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
Ans: Liaquat Ali Khan, Ayub Khan, and Zia-ul-Haq, each made substantial
contributions to Pakistan's domestic policies during their respective tenures as
leaders of the nation. In evaluating which of these leaders had the most significant
impact, it is essential to consider their unique policy approaches and the broader
implications of their governance.

Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan's first Prime Minister, was instrumental in establishing
the foundations of the newly independent nation. His domestic policies were deeply
rooted in democratic principles and institution-building. Khan's government
introduced the Objectives Resolution in 1949, emphasizing the importance of
Islamic values in governance. This resolution was a pivotal step in shaping
Pakistan's identity as an Islamic state. His commitment to democratic principles
and institution-building played a crucial role in setting the stage for the nation's
democratic system. However, Khan faced significant challenges, including the
Kashmir conflict, which hindered the full realization of his domestic agenda.
Nonetheless, his contributions in laying the democratic groundwork are noteworthy.

Ayub Khan's era, spanning from 1958 to 1969, marked a significant shift towards
military rule and the introduction of extensive economic and social reforms. His
domestic policies aimed at economic development and modernization. Ayub Khan
introduced the Basic Democracies system, which aimed to devolve power to local
governments and increase political participation at the grassroots level. His policies,
including the Green Revolution, significantly increased agricultural productivity,
leading to economic growth. However, the concentration of power in his hands and
the suppression of political opposition resulted in growing economic disparities and
societal discontent. The 1965 war with India further strained Pakistan's resources.
Ayub Khan's domestic policies were impactful, particularly in the economic realm,
but were marred by authoritarianism and rising inequalities.

Zia-ul-Haq's rule from 1977 to 1988 marked a shift towards the Islamisation
program, which aimed to embed Islamic values into the fabric of Pakistan's society
and governance. The introduction of Islamic laws, such as the Hudood and Zina
Ordinances, significantly impacted the legal system and social norms. Zia-ul-Haq's
policies aimed to create a more conservative and Islamic-oriented Pakistan,
bringing about profound societal changes. His focus on Islamisation had a far-
reaching influence on Pakistan's cultural and social landscape, marking a
substantial contribution. However, his rule was marked by authoritarianism and
curtailment of democratic processes.

In evaluating the most significant contribution, Zia-ul-Haq's Islamisation program

stands out for its profound and enduring impact on the cultural and social aspects
of domestic policy. While each leader made noteworthy contributions within their
specific timeframes and contexts, Zia-ul-Haq's policies have left a lasting imprint on
Pakistan's societal and cultural norms, even though they were not without their
controversies. Thus, Zia-ul-Haq's Islamisation program is deemed the most
significant domestic policy among the three leaders.

Q.5: How successful have governments been in the Islamization of Pakistan

between 1947 and 1988? Explain your answer.
Ans: The Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947 and 1988 represents a
multifaceted process that saw various governments attempting to infuse Islamic
values into the nation's legal and societal framework. Evaluating the success of
these efforts reveals a nuanced picture of both achievements and shortcomings,
driven by different leaders and historical contexts.

One of the notable periods of Islamic reforms occurred during the regime of General
Zia-ul-Haq, who ruled from 1977 to 1988. Zia introduced a set of Islamic laws that
aimed to enforce moral and ethical standards in society. The Hudood and Zina
Ordinances, for example, imposed severe penalties for offenses such as theft,
adultery, and drinking alcohol. These laws represented a significant step towards
the Islamisation of Pakistan's legal system. They were designed to create a society
committed to Islamic values, demonstrating a clear commitment to Islamic
principles. The enforcement of these ordinances aimed to curb behaviors contrary
to Islamic teachings and to establish a society that adhered to the principles of
Sharia law. However, these ordinances were not without controversies, and their
implementation raised concerns about potential human rights abuses and
injustices.

Moreover, the inclusion of Islamic provisions in the 1956 and 1973 Constitutions
reflected an effort to embed Islamic values in the constitutional framework of
Pakistan. The 1973 Constitution, in particular, declared Pakistan to be an Islamic
Republic and made Islam the state religion. This constitutional incorporation of
Islamic principles demonstrated a strong desire to institutionalize Islamic values
within the government. However, the mere inclusion of such provisions in the
constitution did not necessarily guarantee the practical realization of these values in
everyday life. The gap between the constitutional recognition of Islamic principles
and their actual implementation remained a significant challenge.

While the governments of the time showed a clear commitment to Islamisation, the
success of these efforts was often overshadowed by challenges and failures. Prior
to Zia-ul-Haq's rule, the 1962 Constitution failed to establish a comprehensive
Islamic system, and martial law was imposed in 1969, reflecting an interruption in
the Islamisation process. The political instability and changes in government during
this period hindered the consistent pursuit of Islamisation policies. Moreover, Zia's
authoritarian rule and curtailment of democratic processes during his tenure raised
concerns about the true democratic nature of the Islamisation efforts. His ultimate
failure was evident in the controversial aspects of the Islamic laws, which faced
significant criticism, including issues related to gender equality and human rights.
Critics argued that the strict interpretation and enforcement of these laws often
resulted in unjust punishments and infringements on personal freedoms.

In conclusion, the success of governments in the Islamisation of Pakistan between

1947 and 1988 is a complex and contested matter. While there were significant
strides towards infusing Islamic values into the legal and constitutional framework,
these efforts were often marred by challenges, setbacks, and controversial aspects.
The commitment to Islamic principles was evident, but the effectiveness of these
policies in achieving a truly Islamic society remains a subject of debate, marked by
both achievements and limitations. The extent of success in Islamisation can be
debated from different perspectives, highlighting the complexities and controversies
surrounding this process.

Q.6: In which of the following did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto have most success?
i. reform and control of the armed forces
ii. constitutional reform
iii. education and health reforms
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
Ans: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977, introduced a
range of policies that left a significant impact on Pakistan's domestic landscape.
When assessing his contributions, it's vital to analyze the various policy areas to
determine where Bhutto had the most success.

1. Reform and Control of the Armed Forces:

Bhutto's approach to reforming and asserting control over the armed forces was
one of his key achievements. In 1972, soon after taking office, he made a bold
move by asking the military and air-force chiefs to resign, thereby eliminating
potential sources of opposition. Bhutto's success in establishing civilian control over
the military was evident as he appointed new leaders who were loyal to his
government. This move bolstered his influence and marked the beginning of a
period of civilian rule.

Furthermore, Bhutto's vision for the military was not only about control but also
about fostering national unity and pride. His reforms aimed to reduce the military's
political role and shift its focus toward national defense. His policies in this regard
facilitated the army's withdrawal from political activities, contributing to political
stability and civilian supremacy.

2. Constitutional Reform:
Another area of Bhutto's significant success was constitutional reform. In 1973, he
introduced a new constitution that laid the foundation for Pakistan's political
structure for decades. This constitution created a Senate, an upper house of
parliament, which allowed for a more inclusive legislative process. The Senate's
establishment marked an essential step toward improving the quality of
governance in Pakistan.

One of the most notable achievements of this constitutional reform was the equal
representation of minority provinces in the Senate. By ensuring the smaller
provinces had a voice in the legislative process, Bhutto addressed regional
disparities and promoted political equity, fostering a sense of unity in Pakistan's
diverse society. These reforms were instrumental in creating a more inclusive
political system.
3. Education and Health Reforms:
While Bhutto's success in controlling the armed forces and his constitutional
reforms were significant, his contributions to education and health reforms were
also notable. His education policies aimed to increase access to education and
elevate academic standards. The introduction of free primary education was a
remarkable step in this direction. Bhutto's plan to build new schools and nationalize
private sector schools represented a commitment to addressing educational
disparities and providing a more equitable system.

In the health sector, Bhutto established Rural Health Centers and Basic Health
Units, expanding healthcare services to underserved areas. His regulation of
pharmaceutical companies and control of medicine prices aimed to make essential
medicines more affordable to the general population, prioritizing public health.

However, Bhutto's education and health reforms encountered practical challenges.

The rapid expansion of educational infrastructure and the recruitment of qualified
teachers posed implementation challenges. Similarly, adapting healthcare systems
to a changing landscape was a complex process, impacting the pace of reform and
immediate outcomes.

In conclusion, Bhutto's impact on Pakistan's domestic policies was significant

across multiple fronts. His effective reform and control of the armed forces,
constitutional innovations, and initiatives in education and health laid the
groundwork for a more stable and inclusive Pakistan. While each area had its
achievements and challenges, Bhutto's legacy is marked by his vision of a stronger,
more democratic, and united Pakistan.

Q.7: In which of the following did Zia ul Haq have most success between 1977
and 1988:
i. Islamization;
ii. economic affairs;
iii. political affairs?
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
Ans: Zia-ul-Haq's domestic policies during his rule from 1977 to 1988 were marked
by a complex interplay of Islamic reforms (Islamization), economic affairs, and
political measures. To evaluate the extent to which Islamic reforms were the most
significant, it is crucial to delve deeper into each of these areas.

1. Islamic Reforms (Islamization):

Zia-ul-Haq's emphasis on Islamic reforms aimed to redefine Pakistan's identity as
an Islamic state and ensure the supremacy of Islamic values in the legal system.
The introduction of laws such as the Hudood, Zina, and Qafq Ordinances was a
cornerstone of this effort. These laws had far-reaching implications for society,
attempting to establish a moral framework in which individual behavior was
regulated according to strict Islamic principles.

The significance of Islamization was two-fold. First, it aligned Pakistan with its
Islamic identity and was intended to foster a more morally upright society. Zia
believed that implementing such laws would contribute to social cohesion and
reduce societal ills. Second, these reforms were aimed at securing Zia's regime by
co-opting religious groups, particularly Jamaat-i-Islami, which would lend him
political support and legitimacy.
However, these policies were not without controversy and had significant
shortcomings. The strict interpretation of Islamic laws, particularly the Hudood
Ordinance, was criticized for disproportionately affecting women and vulnerable
segments of society. In practice, these laws sometimes led to injustices, and Zia's
regime was accused of using them to suppress political opposition. Thus, while
Islamization played a pivotal role during Zia's rule, its significance remains a matter
of debate.

2. Economic Affairs:
In parallel with Islamic reforms, Zia embarked on economic policies to stimulate
growth and investor confidence. These policies were intended to reverse the
previous nationalization of industries and create a more business-friendly
environment, particularly in the private sector.

The success of these economic measures was mixed. On the one hand, there were
some positive outcomes, with investments flowing into denationalized industries
and improved efficiency in certain sectors. Nevertheless, challenges such as
bureaucratic hurdles and corruption remained pervasive. Zia's economic reforms
were sector-specific and did not lead to comprehensive economic development or
alleviate the issue of economic inequality, which continued to be a significant
problem in Pakistan.

3. Political Affairs:
Zia-ul-Haq consolidated his power over political affairs through various means,
including the introduction of the Eighth Amendment in 1985. This amendment
granted the President the authority to dismiss the Prime Minister, effectively ending
martial law while allowing Zia to remain in power unchallenged.

The Eighth Amendment marked a significant shift in Pakistan's political landscape.

It gave Zia considerable control over the political process, leading to a system where
the President held substantial power. This consolidation of authority ensured that
his regime could continue without significant internal opposition.

However, it is essential to note that the lifting of martial law was more symbolic
than substantive. Zia's regime continued to operate with an authoritarian approach.
The political process and democracy remained tightly controlled, and the military's
influence on political decisions was significant.

In conclusion, Zia-ul-Haq's domestic policies were indeed multifaceted, making it

challenging to determine which aspect was the most significant. The debate
regarding the importance of Islamic reforms (Islamization) versus economic and
political affairs ultimately depends on the criteria for evaluation. While Islamization
played a crucial role in defining Pakistan's identity and consolidating religious
support, it was met with controversy. Economic reforms generated some success
but had limitations, and political affairs were marked by Zia's authoritative rule. The
significance of each area varies based on individual perspectives and the specific
criteria applied for assessment.
Q.9: ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s
domestic policies between 1971 and 1977.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer. (also answer for Q.14,18)
Ans: The assertion that "constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto's domestic policies between 1971 and 1977" is a subject of debate and
merits careful consideration. While constitutional reforms were indeed a significant
part of Bhutto's domestic policies, we must evaluate their importance in the
broader context of his reforms in education, health, and other areas.

1. Constitutional Reforms:
Bhutto's most prominent constitutional reform was the drawing up of the 1973
Constitution. This constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic Republic and
introduced an Upper House called the Senate. The creation of the Senate aimed to
foster cooperation among professionals, academics, and specialists while
safeguarding the interests of minority provinces. It was Bhutto's attempt to return to
a form of parliamentary democracy and formed the basis upon which Pakistan was
governed throughout the 20th century.

The 1973 Constitution marked a significant shift in Pakistan's political landscape,

emphasizing democratic principles and ensuring a more inclusive political structure.
The establishment of the Senate was particularly vital for minority provinces, which
gained an equal status in the legislative process. However, it's crucial to recognize
that Bhutto's government, under this constitution, also centralized political power,
concentrating authority within the party leadership and Bhutto himself. The
centralized power structure made Bhutto vulnerable to criticism when things went
wrong, as all blame was laid squarely at his feet.

2. Health and Pharmaceutical Reforms:

Bhutto's reforms in health and pharmaceutical sectors were aimed at improving
healthcare accessibility and affordability for Pakistanis. He introduced Rural Health
Centers and Basic Health Units to enhance healthcare facilities in rural areas.
Furthermore, pharmaceutical companies were banned from charging exorbitant
prices for specific brand-name medicines, making healthcare more affordable for
the public.

These reforms had a tangible impact on the healthcare system, leading to

improvements in infant mortality and life expectancy rates. They aimed to address
pressing public health issues and alleviate the financial burden on citizens by
ensuring reasonably priced medicines. Nevertheless, the pharmaceutical reforms
faced resistance from chemists and international drug companies who saw their
profits dwindle.

3. Education Reforms:
In parallel, Bhutto introduced significant educational reforms, including free primary
education. His goal was to increase the literacy rate and elevate academic
standards in Pakistan. This policy represented a laudable effort to make education
more accessible, particularly to children from underprivileged backgrounds. New
schools were planned, and private sector schools were nationalized.

Despite these commendable intentions, the educational reforms faced challenges.

The rapid expansion of educational facilities led to overcrowding in existing schools
while the construction of new schools and the recruitment of teachers proved to be
time-consuming and expensive. Many families, particularly those who depended on
earnings from child labor, resented these reforms.

4. Rural Development:
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's government recognized the significance of rural development
as a fundamental aspect of his domestic policies. His administration implemented
various measures to uplift rural areas by investing in agriculture, rural infrastructure,
and rural electrification. These policies aimed at enhancing the standard of living in
rural regions, empowering rural communities, and fostering agricultural growth.

Rural development initiatives were instrumental in reducing disparities between

urban and rural areas. Investments in agriculture led to increased crop production,
thereby contributing to food security and improving the livelihoods of rural
communities. Infrastructural development and electrification facilitated economic
activities and improved the overall quality of life in rural Pakistan.

5. Social Welfare Programs:

To address the challenges of poverty and inequality, the Bhutto government
initiated social welfare programs aimed at providing financial assistance to
marginalized and underprivileged segments of the population. These programs
were designed to alleviate poverty, improve living conditions, and ensure a safety
net for the poor.

The implementation of social welfare programs was a critical step towards reducing
socioeconomic disparities and enhancing the well-being of the most vulnerable
citizens. These programs contributed to a more equitable society and demonstrated
the government's commitment to improving the lives of its citizens.

6. Agricultural Reforms:
Recognizing the importance of agriculture in Pakistan's economy, Bhutto introduced
measures to promote agricultural development. These reforms included incentives
for increased crop production and support for small-scale farmers. By providing
support and incentives to the agricultural sector, the government aimed to enhance
food production, boost the income of rural farmers, and strengthen the backbone of
Pakistan's economy.

Agricultural reforms played a pivotal role in addressing food security and

stimulating economic growth. By promoting increased crop production and
supporting small-scale farmers, the government contributed to improving food
availability and economic stability.

In conclusion, while constitutional reforms were undoubtedly pivotal in shaping

Pakistan's political structure and promoting inclusivity, Bhutto's domestic policies
also made notable strides in the health and education sectors. The 1973
Constitution laid the foundation for Pakistan's democratic governance, but its
centralized power structure had limitations. Bhutto's healthcare and educational
reforms were aimed at improving the well-being of the populace, even though they
encountered challenges and opposition. The significance of each area depends on
one's perspective and criteria for evaluation, making it challenging to assert
definitively that constitutional reforms were the most important aspect of Bhutto's
domestic policies during this period.
Q.15: ‘Zia ul Haq’s foreign policy was more successful than his domestic
reforms.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
Ans: The evaluation of whether Zia-ul-Haq's foreign policy was more successful than
his domestic reforms necessitates a comprehensive analysis of both aspects of his
governance. Zia's leadership from 1977 to 1988 was marked by distinctive foreign
policy initiatives and significant domestic reforms. To provide an informed
assessment, we will examine the achievements and consequences of his foreign
policy and domestic reforms, followed by an evaluation of their relative success.

Zia's Foreign Policy:

1. Alliance with the West: Following the Soviet invasion, Pakistan forged a strategic
alliance with the Western powers, particularly the United States. Zia's close
alignment with the West was instrumental in securing substantial military and
economic support for Pakistan. This included weapons, financial aid, and diplomatic
backing.

2. Base for Anti-Soviet Activities: Pakistan emerged as a vital base for anti-Soviet
activities in Afghanistan. This allowed the Afghan resistance, known as the
Mujahideen, to receive training, weapons, and funding. The U.S. and its allies used
Pakistan as a conduit to support these groups in their fight against the Soviet
forces. This role placed Pakistan at the forefront of the global Cold War, where it
functioned as a key player.

3. Impact on Regional Balance: Zia's foreign policy played a critical role in shaping
the regional balance of power. Pakistan's alignment with the Western bloc balanced
India's close ties with the Soviet Union. The Soviet-Afghan War, with Pakistan as a
key participant, effectively forced the Soviet Union to divert significant resources to
Afghanistan, weakening its grip on other parts of the globe.

4. Labor Migration and Economic Stability: An unintended consequence of this

foreign policy was the significant labor migration to the Middle East. The United
States and Arab states in the Middle East, appreciative of Pakistan's support,
provided employment opportunities for Pakistani laborers. By 1985, over 50,000
Pakistanis were working in the Middle East, contributing to economic stability
through remittances sent back to Pakistan.

5. Elevation of Global Standing: Zia's foreign policy elevated Pakistan's global

standing. It brought Pakistan into the center of international geopolitics and
provided a platform for international recognition and influence.

6. Successful Execution of Foreign Policy: Zia's ability to effectively execute this

foreign policy, secure international support, and manage Pakistan's pivotal role in
the Afghan conflict can be considered a major success during his rule.

Zia's Domestic Reforms:

1. Islamic Laws and Legal Reforms: Zia introduced a series of Islamic laws,
including the Hudood, Zina, and Qafq Ordinances. These laws aimed to instill a
stricter adherence to Islamic values within Pakistan's legal system. They covered a
wide range of issues, from theft and adultery to gambling and drinking. These legal
changes were intended to create a more morally upright and disciplined society, in
line with Islamic principles. However, their application often led to controversies and
misuse, impacting individuals' rights and due process.
2. Constitutional Reforms: Zia played a pivotal role in drafting and passing the 1973
Constitution of Pakistan, which declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and laid the
foundation for the country's federal structure. It established the Senate, offering
opportunities for professionals, academics, and specialists to collaborate, while also
safeguarding the interests of minority provinces. This constitutional reform marked
a return to a form of parliamentary democracy, where representatives had an equal
say in legislative matters. However, the concentration of power in the party
leadership, particularly Zia himself, was a significant weakness, as blame for any
shortcomings was directed at him.

3. Educational Reforms: Zia's government implemented policies to enhance

educational accessibility and affordability. This included introducing free primary
education, planning new schools, and nationalizing private sector schools. The
primary objective was to raise literacy rates and improve academic standards
across Pakistan. Nevertheless, these reforms were challenged by practical
constraints, such as overcrowding in existing schools and the slow expansion of new
ones. Additionally, the recruitment and training of teachers faced difficulties and
high costs. Many families, particularly those reliant on earnings from private
schools, resented these educational reforms for causing income loss.

4. Rural Development and Agriculture: Zia's administration invested in rural

development by channeling resources into agriculture, rural electrification, and
infrastructure improvements. These measures aimed to enhance living standards in
rural areas and reduce disparities between urban and rural regions. By boosting the
agricultural sector and supporting small-scale farmers, the government sought to
ensure food security and economic growth in rural communities.

5. Healthcare and Social Welfare: Zia's government implemented healthcare

reforms, including the establishment of Rural Health Centers and Basic Health
Units. These initiatives aimed to reduce infant mortality rates and improve
healthcare services in rural areas. Additionally, Zia's administration initiated social
welfare programs to provide financial assistance to marginalized and
underprivileged segments of the population. These welfare programs sought to
alleviate poverty and enhance the living conditions of the economically
disadvantaged.

Evaluation:
Assessing the relative success of Zia's foreign policy and domestic reforms is a
complex endeavor. On one hand, his foreign policy during the Afghan conflict
significantly enhanced Pakistan's global standing and economic stability through
labor migration and international support. It also had a direct role in defeating the
Soviet Union's expansion.

On the other hand, Zia's domestic reforms aimed at establishing an Islamic state
with a strong government, but they often faced challenges, especially in the
interpretation and application of Islamic laws, which led to controversies and social
tensions. Economic reforms, while encouraging private investment, did not entirely
resolve Pakistan's economic challenges.

Therefore, evaluating whether foreign policy or domestic reforms were more

successful is subjective and context-dependent. While foreign policy yielded tangible
economic and geopolitical benefits, domestic reforms struggled with challenges.
The success of either aspect depends on the perspective from which one views Zia-
ul-Haq's governance.

In conclusion, Zia-ul-Haq's foreign policy and domestic reforms each had distinct
outcomes and challenges, making it challenging to definitively state whether one
was more successful than the other. The relative success of these policies depends
on the specific criteria used for assessment and individual perspectives on the
priorities of Pakistan during that era.

Q.17: ‘The low rate of literacy was the most important social problem facing
Pakistan between 1947 and 1988.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer.
Ans: The assertion that the low literacy rate has been the most significant issue in
Pakistan's education system between 1947 and 1988 deserves a detailed
evaluation. While literacy rate is undoubtedly a crucial concern, the educational
landscape of Pakistan is characterized by a multitude of interconnected challenges,
reflecting a more complex situation.

1. Funding Constraints: One of the core problems in Pakistan's education system

has been the lack of sufficient financial investment by successive governments.
Pakistan's defense budget historically overshadowed its allocation for education. As
a result, limited financial resources were directed towards improving educational
infrastructure, teacher quality, and access to quality learning materials.

2. Primary Education Neglect: The primary education sector, which forms the
foundation of the education system, has suffered from chronic under-funding. A
significant portion of the available funds has been channeled towards secondary
and higher education, leaving meager resources for the primary sector. This led to a
considerable gap in quality between primary and advanced levels.

3. High Dropout Rates: Dropout rates, particularly in primary schools, have been
alarmingly high. Estimates indicate that almost half of the children entering primary
schools drop out within five years. This disheartening trend is exacerbated by factors
such as economic constraints, lack of access to schools in remote areas, and social
norms that discourage female education. The dropout issue further exacerbates the
low literacy rate problem, as a significant portion of the population never completes
basic education.

4. Gender Disparities: The literacy rate is affected by stark gender disparities.

Female literacy rates have been notably lower, with estimates suggesting a dismal
14%. Sociocultural norms, especially in rural and conservative regions, have often
hindered girls' access to education. Gender disparities have perpetuated the low
literacy problem, resulting in a less-educated female population.

5. Private vs. Public Education: The growth of private schools, catering

predominantly to more affluent segments of the population, has emphasized the
educational gap between the rich and the poor. Public schools, which are primarily
responsible for providing education to the masses, have faced issues of under-
funding, teacher quality, and infrastructural constraints. The emergence of a two-
tiered education system perpetuates disparities in literacy rates.
6. Social Challenges: The education system in Pakistan has also grappled with a
range of interconnected social problems. These include cultural differences, refugee
issues, healthcare challenges, language barriers, population growth, life expectancy,
and infant mortality rates. These challenges intersect with the low literacy problem,
making it a multifaceted issue.

7. Underinvestment in Human Capital: The focus on defense at the expense of

education has not only impacted the literacy rate but has also hindered the
development of human capital. With an inadequately educated workforce,
Pakistan's economic growth has been hindered, perpetuating a cycle of
underdevelopment.

In conclusion, while the low literacy rate is undoubtedly a central concern in

Pakistan's education system, it is intertwined with a web of other interrelated
challenges. The underfunding of education, high dropout rates, gender disparities,
the growth of private education, and a host of social issues have collectively
contributed to the educational woes in Pakistan. Hence, it is essential to view the
low literacy rate in the broader context of these connected challenges to
comprehensively address the educational issues faced by the country.

Q.22: Economic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic

policies between 1977 and 1988.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer.
Ans: 1. Economic Reforms:
Zia-ul-Haq's economic policies were aimed at revitalizing Pakistan's economy. His
government took several measures to encourage economic growth. Firstly, he
reversed many of the nationalization policies that had been introduced by previous
governments. This allowed the private sector to reinvest in industries, which in turn
stimulated economic activity.

Additionally, efforts were made to increase the efficiency of government-run

industries. The focus was on improving productivity and reducing wastage. These
measures, though well-intentioned, were met with mixed success. There were
instances of industries becoming more productive, but there were also challenges,
such as the closure of international pharmaceutical companies due to restrictions
on pricing. This led to a decline in income and foreign investments in the
pharmaceutical sector.

Moreover, the investment in economic development often overshadowed the social

welfare aspects. Economic growth during Zia's era primarily benefited urban areas
and the industrial sector, leaving rural areas and agriculture somewhat neglected.

2. Islamic Reforms:
Zia-ul-Haq's Islamic reforms were characterized by the introduction of Islamic laws,
including the Hudood, Zina, and Qafq Ordinances. These reforms aimed to create a
more Islamic society in Pakistan, aligning the legal system with Islamic principles.
The Hudood Ordinances, for instance, dealt with crimes such as theft, adultery, and
drinking, prescribing strict punishments in line with Islamic jurisprudence.

While these reforms aimed to foster a more pious and morally upright society, they
also sparked significant controversy and criticism. Some argued that the laws were
too strict, leading to alleged human rights abuses and discrimination against
women, who were disproportionately affected.

Nevertheless, the drive towards greater adherence to Islamic values was a defining
feature of Zia's regime and left a long-lasting impact on Pakistan's social and legal
landscape. It also significantly influenced the country's political and ideological
discourse.

3. Political Developments: Zia's most prominent political development was the

introduction of the Eighth Amendment in 1985. This constitutional change granted
the President the power to dismiss the Prime Minister, effectively giving Zia the
authority to control the executive branch of government. This consolidation of power
was a significant departure from previous democratic principles.

The Eighth Amendment was part of Zia's broader effort to legitimize his rule and
establish his authority, as well as that of the military. It allowed him to hold the
position of President while effectively governing the country. This consolidation of
power also saw the lifting of martial law, but Zia continued to rule unchallenged.
The change had a profound impact on Pakistan's political landscape, further
entrenching military rule and centralizing power in the executive branch.

In summary, Zia-ul-Haq's domestic policies included economic reforms aimed at

revitalizing the economy, Islamic reforms that sought to establish a more Islamic
society, and significant political developments that centralized power in the
executive branch. These policies collectively shaped Pakistan's socio-political
landscape during his rule and continue to have enduring effects on the country's
governance, legal system, and society.

Q.27: How successful were Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policies between
1971 and 1977? Explain your answer.
OR
Assess the effectiveness of the domestic policies introduced by Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto between 1971 and 1977? Explain your answer.
Ans: The effectiveness of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's domestic policies between 1971 and
1977 is a topic of significant historical debate. While some may argue that his
policies were effective in addressing various issues, others contend that there were
substantial limitations and challenges. To assess the effectiveness of his policies, it
is crucial to consider both their positive impacts and their shortcomings.

Agreeing:
1. Safeguarding Minority Interests: The new constitution introduced in 1973
included provisions that aimed to safeguard the interests of minority provinces. By
establishing the Senate, it ensured that professionals, academics, and specialists
from across Pakistan had the opportunity to participate in the legislative process.
This not only enhanced representation but also promoted a sense of inclusion and
federalism, which was significant in a diverse country like Pakistan.

2. Health Policy: Bhutto's health policy had the goal of improving infant mortality
and life expectancy rates. The introduction of Rural Health Centers and Basic Health
Units expanded healthcare access, particularly in rural areas. Moreover, by
regulating pharmaceutical companies to prevent them from charging exorbitant
prices for essential medicines, Bhutto's policies contributed to making healthcare
more affordable for the general population.
3. Education Reforms: Bhutto's education policy was instrumental in expanding
access to education. The introduction of free primary education for all children was
a crucial step in increasing literacy rates and raising academic standards. By
advocating for education accessibility, Bhutto sought to create a more educated
and informed citizenry, which is essential for national development.

4. Economic Reforms: Bhutto's economic reforms aimed at reversing previous

nationalization programs and encouraging private sector investment. These policies
led to improvements in industrial efficiency and contributed to a reduction in
inflation rates from 25% in 1972 to 6% in 1976. As a result, economic stability and
growth were achieved during his tenure.

5. Agricultural Reforms: Bhutto introduced security of tenure for agricultural tenants

and implemented a ceiling on land ownership. These land reforms sought to
address historical issues related to land distribution and alleviate the burden on
landless farmers. By doing so, Bhutto aimed to promote more equitable
landownership and strengthen rural communities.

Counter-Arguments:
1. Concentration of Political Power: Bhutto's introduction of the 1973 constitution,
while having elements of inclusivity, was criticized for concentrating significant
political power in his hands. The new constitution essentially made him the central
figure in the political landscape, leaving limited room for checks and balances. This
concentration of power raised concerns about the erosion of democratic principles
and a lack of political pluralism. Critics argue that a truly democratic system should
distribute power more evenly to avoid authoritarian tendencies.

2. Land Reforms and Elitist Challenges: Bhutto's land reforms, intended to address
landownership issues, often encountered resistance from the influential landowning
elite. Landowners, especially those with political connections, found ways to
circumvent the land reforms, retaining their large estates and perpetuating
economic inequality. The land redistribution process faced legal disputes, creating
delays and hindrances in achieving equitable land ownership.

3. Bureaucratic Challenges: The nationalization of industries, although an important

aspect of Bhutto's economic reforms, led to an increase in bureaucratic inefficiency.
State ownership of various industries often resulted in mismanagement, red tape,
and slow decision-making processes. This hindered economic growth and
productivity, limiting the effectiveness of Bhutto's economic policies.

4. Overcrowding in Schools: Bhutto's education reforms aimed at providing free

primary education for all children, a noble goal in principle. However, the rapid
expansion of schools and the influx of students led to overcrowding in existing
institutions. The building of new schools and recruitment of teachers to
accommodate the increased number of students were challenging tasks and
couldn't be achieved quickly. This overcrowding negatively impacted the quality of
education, affecting the overall effectiveness of the education policy.

5. Long-Term Impact and Delays: Some critics argue that many of Bhutto's policies,
while well-intentioned, would take decades to become fully effective. For instance,
land reforms and the redistribution of landownership would require substantial time
to bring about comprehensive change, making it difficult to assess their immediate
impact. Similarly, the full impact of healthcare and education reforms would only be
realized over an extended period.

In conclusion, the effectiveness of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's domestic policies between

1971 and 1977 is a complex issue with both positive and negative aspects. His
policies did address certain social and economic issues, but they also encountered
limitations and challenges. Ultimately, evaluating their overall impact requires a
balanced consideration of their accomplishments and shortcomings, and historical
perspectives on this matter may vary.

Q.28: How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution

between 1947 and 1973? Explain your answer.
Ans: The efforts to establish a new constitution in Pakistan between 1947 and
1973 were marked by a combination of successes and failures, shaping the
nation's political landscape. These constitutional developments played a crucial role
in defining Pakistan's identity and the governance framework.

On one hand, there were notable successes. The Objectives Resolution of 1949 was
an essential early step towards the establishment of an Islamic Republic in
Pakistan. It outlined the foundational principles of the nation, emphasizing the
importance of Islamic values in its constitutional framework. This resolution was a
critical milestone in shaping Pakistan's identity as an Islamic state.

In 1952, the revised Basic Principles Committee's report furthered the progress
toward an Islamic constitution. It proposed that the Head of State should be a
Muslim and recommended the formation of an Islamic committee to ensure that all
legislation complied with Islamic law. These recommendations indicated a
commitment to aligning the state's laws with Islamic principles, a vital aspect of
Pakistan's constitutional development.

The 1956 Constitution marked a significant achievement by declaring Pakistan an

Islamic Republic. This step reaffirmed the nation's dedication to Islamic principles.
Furthermore, recognizing Urdu and Bengali as official languages was an attempt to
address the grievances of different linguistic communities, particularly in East
Pakistan. This move acknowledged the diversity within the nation and aimed to
ensure inclusivity.

The introduction of Basic Democracies in 1959 under Ayub Khan's rule allowed for
elections at various levels, fostering a sense of participation among the citizens. The
success of these councils led to the lifting of martial law in 1962 and the
introduction of a new constitution, reflecting a transition towards a more
democratic system.

However, these successes were accompanied by notable challenges and

shortcomings. The Objectives Resolution faced criticism from East Pakistan due to
issues related to language and representation. The imposition of Urdu as the official
language, instead of Bengali, and the unequal representation in the National
Assembly created resentment among the Bengali-speaking population.

The sudden death of Liaquat Ali Khan delayed the constitutional reform process as
the nation needed time to find a new leader who could guide the country through
this important phase.
The 1956 Constitution, despite its significant declaration of Pakistan as an Islamic
Republic, fell short in resolving the political problems of the nation. While it
promised a parliamentary system of government, it also granted substantial powers
to the President, including the ability to intervene in or suspend the Assembly. East
Pakistan felt marginalized due to unequal representation in the Assembly,
considering its significant population.

The 1962 constitution increased the power of the ruling elite, particularly the major
landlords, who dominated the elections to the Basic Democracies. This system
allowed for irregularities, force, and bribery, undermining the democratic nature of
the elections. Furthermore, it left East Pakistan feeling marginalized, as power
seemed to be concentrated in the military and civil officials of West Pakistan.

In summary, the process of establishing a new constitution in Pakistan during this

period was marked by a mix of successes and failures. These constitutional
developments aimed to shape Pakistan's identity as an Islamic state and address
linguistic and political grievances. However, challenges related to language,
representation, and political power-sharing underscored the complexity of
Pakistan's constitutional journey. The road to crafting an effective constitution was
filled with notable achievements and enduring issues that would continue to shape
Pakistan's political landscape in the years to come.

Q.33: How successful was Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy between 1978 and
1988? Explain your answer.
Ans: Zia-ul-Haq's foreign policy during his tenure from 1978 to 1988 exhibited a
mixture of successes and challenges, which collectively shaped Pakistan's position
on the world stage. In assessing the effectiveness of his foreign policy, it is essential
to consider the various aspects of his approach, ranging from regional diplomacy to
international involvement in the Afghan conflict and the consequences of these
policies.

One of the most significant successes of Zia-ul-Haq's foreign policy was the
strengthening of Pakistan's relationship with China. The landmark achievement
occurred in 1978 with the opening of the Karakoram Highway, a vital transportation
route connecting Pakistan and China. This infrastructure development not only
facilitated trade and commerce but also fostered regional cooperation. It bolstered
diplomatic ties between the two countries, creating opportunities for mutual
economic growth and collaboration.

Another notable accomplishment was the support and financial aid Pakistan
received from Western countries in response to the Afghan conflict. When the
Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Pakistan played a pivotal role in
supporting Afghan resistance fighters. In return, the United States provided
substantial financial assistance amounting to $3.2 billion over six years. This
financial support, commonly referred to as the "Afghan Miracle," was instrumental
in helping Pakistan manage the influx of Afghan refugees and provided crucial
resources to the Afghan resistance movement.

Furthermore, Zia-ul-Haq's foreign policy led to fruitful negotiations with neighboring

Bangladesh. These negotiations encompassed various aspects, including tourism,
culture, and trade. By 1986, these diplomatic engagements resulted in an
additional $40 billion per year flowing into Pakistan's economy. Such successes in
regional diplomacy contributed to economic growth and strengthened diplomatic
ties within the region.

However, it is important to acknowledge the challenges and less successful aspects

of Zia-ul-Haq's foreign policy. Pakistan's support for Afghan fighters against the
Soviet Union resulted in the country becoming a direct target of Russian aggression.
This aggressive response included bombings of border villages and incidents of
unrest and violence within Pakistan's borders. These developments significantly
strained regional stability and negatively impacted Pakistan's security.

In addition to external challenges, Pakistan faced internal issues related to law and
order. The Afghan Miracle led to a massive influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan,
exerting tremendous pressure on the country's resources and infrastructure. This, in
turn, contributed to internal security challenges and law and order issues, which
created obstacles to the effective implementation of foreign policy.

In conclusion, Zia-ul-Haq's foreign policy during the period of 1978 to 1988

exhibited a nuanced mix of successes and challenges. While the strengthening of
Pakistan's ties with China, international support in response to the Afghan conflict,
and improved relations with Bangladesh were significant achievements, they were
coupled with the consequences of aiding Afghan resistance, including tensions with
Russia and domestic law and order challenges. The overall assessment of the
effectiveness of Zia-ul-Haq's foreign policy depends on how one weighs these
achievements against the associated challenges and their implications for
Pakistan's regional and global standing.