1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Foster parents are the group providing care for children in the foster care system.

In the course of caring for the children, foster parents also experienced hardships as they

taking care of the students under their costudy.

Understanding government residents at Custodial Care Program can assist

communities and educators and supporting these children to survive. Ward/Orphaned

students face myriad challenges and problems (Ogina & Nieuwenhuis, 2015). (Hunter &

Willamson 2016) have documented problems of children who are orphans; specifically;

lack of caring and warmth provided by parents, development of behavioural problems

and little has been written about the successful out- come in these children.

The researcher conducted this study to gain some information about the

management of the custodial care program, specifically the implementation of the rules

and regulations and how the foster parents implement their good parenting in their

custody. This study also emphasized the different behaviours of the government ward

students.
 2

In the previous study, they studied the policies, rules, and regulations of the

Custodial Care Program (CCP), so this study has some similarities regarding the

parenting experiences of the government ward residents.

Purpose of Study

This study focused on the lived experiences of government wards towards their

foster parents who are enrolled in custodial care program as government ward.

Research Questions

1. What are the most challenging experiences by the ward towards their foster

parent?

Theoretical Lens

This study was anchored on the theory of Government Ward Residents. The

Custodial Care Program (CCP) is one of the care trusts of the Children’s Educational

Foundation Village (CEFV), now the Cotabato Foundation College of Science and

Technology (CFCST), amended by Batasang Pambansa Btg. 408 and created by virtue of

Republic Act 3801 enacted on 1963. Wherein accepting poor people who have low

income and children who have no presence of their real parents because, for some reason,

their parents have died or been separated.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will help researchers gain a better understanding of the

lives and experiences of selected respondents, including the government ward students'

experiences towards their foster parents. And it also serves as a reference and source of

information for other researchers who desire to undergo future studies related to this

study so that they can conduct extensions to my study.

 3

Limitation and Delimitation of the Study

This study was limited only in determining the lived experiences of Government

Wards towards foster parents. The Result of this study was determined from the

responses of the 10 Participants as the main source of data.

Operational Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined operationally.

Experiences- the experiences of the government ward with their foster parent

regarding how they give discipline while under their care.

Government ward- refers to the enrolled in the custodial care program because

they have no parents to care for them and provide financial support.

Foster parents- who are parents to the children who are enrolled in the custodial

care program, their task is to monitor their custody every day and night.

Custodial Care Program- the program of the government, which accepted poor

children to help them with their basic education.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the research flow, significance of the study, and related

literature with direct bearing to the presents study. Custodial Care Program (CCP) Foster

Parents

Foster Parent Discipline on government ward

Parent should explain to children what expected to them. And help them

understand what good behaviour instead of focusing only what they wrong UNICEF

(2016).

In a report on the discipline and guidance of children. Discipline was confined to

the guidance of children’s moral, emotional, and physical development. Enabling

children to take responsibility for them when they are older.

According to the study, disciplined involves making children aware of the

boundaries of what not, and teaches them the values and action that are acceptable in

their family and society (Budhwar, 2015).

Foster Parenting of Children

According to Makhonza (2017), added that they could even more vulnerable

because of the absence of their parents. They who are at the intermediate phase of

learning need more guidance and support in academic work since it is the middle phase

of their schooling. At this stage, some children still struggle to take care of their basic

needs.

Children in Foster Care

 5

Children in foster care are more likely than their peers to display behavioural

problems (Lohaus et al., 2017). Certainly, foster parents perform many duties common to

all parents, but carry additional responsibilities inherent for caring children who have

experienced loss of parents or half orphaned. Further, they carry out these duties as

temporary caregivers operating under the supervision of the child welfare system

(Lanigan & Burleson, 2017). These additional challenges may lead to stress over and

above that experienced by other parents (Gabler et.,al., 2018). While the role of foster

parent is vital to the operation of this system, relatively little is known about what factors

promote resilience within this challenging role.

Custodial Care Program

The Custodial Care Program (CCP) is one of care trust of the children’s

educational foundation village (CEFV) now the Cotabato Foundation College of Science

and Technology (CFCST) amended by Batasang Pambansa Btg. 408 and created by

virtue of Republic Act 3801 enacted on June 22, 1963. The Charter provides the

establishment of Education and vocational training institute and custodial program for

children of adversity as care program of the institution gearing towards the holistic

development of Mindanao’s children (Krcevski-Skvarski, Well & Huaser, 2018).

Orphaned Children (Government Ward)

According to (Skinner et al. 2016) argue that the dehumanization and

vulnerability of orphaned children are caused by factors that include: direct experience of

physical or sexual violence, severe chronic illness, severe chronic illness of a parent or

caregiver, poverty, hunger, lack of access to services, inadequate clothing or shelter,

 6

overcrowding, deficient caretakers, and factors specific to the child, including disability.

Orphaned children have been suffering from a lot of problems associated with these

vulnerability factors. Some of the problems they face include hunger, a lack of access to

health and education, physical and psychological abuse, a lack of love and affection, and

a negative community's attitude towards them (Skinner et al., 2017),

According to Thurman & Kidman (2018), conducted a study in Kwazulu Natal

among 1782 orphaned children ages 10-17 and their primary caregivers. They found that

nearly half (43%) of orphans sampled reported experiencing some form of maltreatment

from an adult in their household in the 12 months preceding interview. Orphaned children

most commonly reported being disciplined with hard objects (31%); a smaller but still

notable number reported having been slapped or punched by an adult (13%). One in four

orphaned children experienced verbal maltreatment, such as name calling or threats of

being expelled from the home. While analyses considered anything other than “not at all”

as affirmative of maltreatment, it is notable that as many as 21% of orphaned children in

the sample reported more frequent maltreatment: 14% reported experiencing at least one

form of maltreatment “some” and another 7% reported experiencing at least one form “a

lot.”

Foster care

In the year 2017, the United States Department of Health and Human Services

reported a total of 442,995 children in the foster care system in the United States (U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services, 2017). Children are placed into the foster

care system for an array of reasons including physical abuse, sexual abuse and or neglect
 7

(Hayek et al., 2015). Unfortunately, many times the very system that was created to save

children from abuse and neglect, fails to do more good than harm (Havlicek & Courtney,

2016). Children in foster care face many adverse experiences during their childhood

(Bruskas & Tessin, 2019). Regrettably, for many foster children, their lack of access to

equitable opportunities remains constant from childhood through adulthood. Studies have

found that former foster youth experience a multitude of challenges during their adult

years including early pregnancy, dependence on government assistance, and involvement

in the criminal justice system (Ahrens, Garrison & Courtney, 2015). In addition to these

challenges, individuals who have experienced the foster care system also face adversity

in their efforts to obtain an education.

According to the Administration for Children and Families under the Department

of Health and Human Services, in year 2017, 442,995 children were in foster care, the

largest number of children in foster care since 2018 (U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services, 2017). Research tells us that children who are placed into the foster care

system are amongst the most academically vulnerable population of students (Altshuler,

2019). Even when compared to other vulnerable populations of students including

English learners and low-income students, students in foster care fare far worse in regards

to academic outcomes. Unfortunately, for many children who have been placed into

foster care, the lack of opportunity continues to follow them throughout their adult life.

Studies show that young adults who emancipate from the foster care system are at

a greater risk of homelessness, have higher involvement with the criminal justice system,

have poor access to health care, and have high rates of pregnancy (Ahrens, Garrison &
 8

Courtney, 2015). Given the many adversities encountered by individuals who have

experienced the foster care system, it would be beneficial 16 to gain an understanding

about the elements that contribute to the academic success of individuals who were

placed in foster care and were able to obtain graduate level degrees.

Negative experiences of government ward towards their foster parents

According to the researcher many biological children feel that

their parents have little time for them and they even sometimes feel neglected by their

own parents. Moreover many government wards feel that their foster parents have little

time for them and they even sometimes feel neglected by their own parents. Some of

them find it challenging when social workers come to take out the fostered child for a

“treat” and ignore them (Cosis-Brown, Sebba & Luke, 2015).

Positive experiences of government ward towards their foster parents

Literature highlights personal development as one of the positive effects that

fostering has on the biological children of fostering parents. They acquired skills and

techniques from their parents on how to take care of foster children (Hojer, Sebba &

Luke, 2015).

Some of these government ward were involved in the caring role and they felt

committed and significantly contributing to the lives of foster children. They found that

government ward developed warm relationships with foster parent and referred to them

as their own parents (Noble-Carr, Farnham, & Dean, 2019).

 9

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, role of the researcher, research

participants and materials, data collection, locale of the study, and research instrument.

Research Design

The researcher used qualitative research using phenomenology analysis. The

qualitative study focuses on the participant’s perspective and their multiple subjective

views.

The purpose of this study is to illuminate the specific, to discover phenomena

through how they are seen by the actors in a situation according to (Creswell & Path

2018). In the human sphere, this usually entail acquiring knowledge and perspectives

through inductive, qualitative procedures like interviews, discussions, participant

observation, and then expressing them from the perspective of the study participant(s). As

a result, they're useful for personal knowledge and subjective experience, obtaining

insights into people's intentions, and cutting through the clutter of presumptions and

common wisdom.

Locale of the Study

 10

This study was intended to be conducted in Barangay Doroluman, in the

Municipality of Arakan, in the Province of Cotabato. Its population, as determined by the

2020 Census, was 4,077. This represented 8.06% of the total population of Arakan. The

household population of Doroluman in the 2015 Census was 3,963, broken down into

929 households, or an average of 4.27 members per household. The population of

Doroluman grew from 2,424 in 1990 to 4,077 in 2020, an increase of 1,653 people over

the course of 30 years. The latest census figures for 2020 denote a negative growth rate of

1.40%, or a decrease of 283 people from the previous population of 4,360 in 2015.

Fig. 1. Location Map of School in Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology (CFCST),
Doroluman, Arakan, North Cotabato
 11

Research Participants

The selected participants were government wards, particularly the Custodial Care

Program in Doroluman, Arakan, Cotabato. On the other hand, I used individual

interviews using the researcher's set interview schedule. However, the number of

participants in this research study was limited to ten students. As researchers, I sincerely

decided to conduct this study in accordance with our observation that there are selected

participants to be interviewed because we have noticed and observed that there are

students related to our studies.

Role of Researcher

As a researcher, my role is to personally interview the participants and key

informants. The researcher interviewed the government ward students in the Custodial

Care Program regarding the experiences they encountered with their foster parents. The

researcher directly conducted a one-on-one interview method to execute the essential

motives and goals, and the research materials are responsible for gathering the relevant

data and information for the study.

Research Instrument

The researcher formulated and developed an open-ended questionnaire and a

comprehension test material that was validated, checked, and approved by the research

panel before the study was conducted. Audio recording was used during the interview for

future reference and as a proof of conduct. I also administered an in-depth interview with

the participants and the responses were transcribed and interpreted into a narrative

discussion.

Data Gathering Procedure

 12

I used the approval of the research committee before the conduct of the study and

all the necessary communication letters were forwarded the concern offices/ individuals.

Data Analysis

College students were the major source of information through in depth interview

utilizing prepared research questionnaire. The participant’s statements and responses

were collected and recorded through audio and video recording of cell phone. During

interview, native language was used to initiate better understand and afterwards translated

into English.

Moreover, the collected informants' response was categorized and arrange. The

thematic representations of data were extracted into tables presenting the themes,

frequency of responses and the core ideas. Furthermore, to justify the themes and to

interpret the answer to the problem of the study, I presented the discussion of findings in

a narrative form, it was supported by the extracted some views in the review of related

literature that corresponds to each theme and research questions. Moreover, I drawn the

conclusion base from the data and responses of the research participants and the board of

experts verified and analyzed the data and result presented in this study.

Trustworthiness

The trustworthiness of this study was more obscure because it is put in different

terms. Since qualitative researchers do not use instruments with established metrics about

validity and reliability, it is pertinent to address how qualitative researchers established

that the study's findings are credible, transferable, confirmable, and dependable. In the
 13

same manner, we ensure that all the details of our research undertook through observation

to find out the lived experiences of government wards towards their foster parents.

Ethical Consideration

I followed the different protocols in order to conform to ethical standards and

consideration in conducting the research. Prior to the interview process, I let participants

read the informed consent agreement stating our main purpose and rationale, the

procedures that would take place during the interview process, and other details. Once

they agreed with the terms and conditions, I let them affixed their signature in the consent

form as an evidence of their approval to be part of our study.

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CHAPTER 4

Discipline and Behavior Management

Discipline and Behavior Management as a challenging experience for wards

towards their foster parents highlight the struggle to strike a balance between discipline

and understanding. The foster parents' methods, such as spot reports, withholding

supplies, or potential removal from the program, can create an environment of fear and

uncertainty for the wards. These disciplinary approaches may not always consider the

diverse backgrounds, circumstances, and individual needs of the children.

This statement proven by the participants as he started that;

Ang pinaka effective talaga na strategies ng house parent naming based

lang san a observed ko is pina spot report kami tapos kapag matigas na
talaga yung mga ulo nila is isinusombong na sa office at kapag hindi na
talaga kaya is drop na talaga( The most effective strategy our house
parents employ, based on what I've observed, is to request spot reports
from us. When the kids become exceptionally difficult, they report them to
the office. If the behavior doesn't improve, they consider removing them
from the program.)RQISQIP1
Further, another participants said that;

Yung mga strategies na nakikita ko na ginagawa NG mga house parent

para ma disiplina yung mga government wards, first talaga is tinuturo
talaga kung paano maging disiplinado, pag hindi ka parin maniwala sa
kanila is pina pa punta kana sa office pag tatlong beses kana napunta sa
office I drop ka talaga nila(From what I've seen, the strategies used by
house parents to discipline government wards involve teaching discipline
first. If the wards still don't comply, they're sent to the office, and if this
happens three times, they're removed from the program.)RQISQIP3
Moreover, one of the participants also agreed, as she stated that;

So yung na iincountered ng mg house parent is ano talaga, yung mga bata

na pasaway na ayaw maniwala sa kanila kailangan balikbalikan pa sila sa
room para lang mag linis ng area, napaka tigas ng ulo(The most common
problem house parents encounter is dealing with defiant children who
 15

refuse to listen and need to be repeatedly reminded or even sent back to

their rooms to clean up.)RQ1SQ2P4
Ensuring a conducive and nurturing environment for the wards requires a

revaluation of disciplinary strategies. Foster parents should strive for a more empathetic

and personalized approach, tailoring discipline according to each child's unique

circumstances and needs. Open communication, active listening, and fostering a trusting

relationship can enhance discipline strategies, promoting a sense of safety and

understanding among the wards. It's vital to balance discipline with empathy and

individualized support to foster a positive and healthy relationship between foster parents

and the wards.

Discipline and behavior management are essential aspects of creating safe and

productive learning environments for students. In a study conducted by the National

Education Association, researchers found that “teachers who provide clear expectations,

consistent rules, and appropriate consequences for misbehavior can create an orderly

classroom and support student learning” (NEA, 2017). This is an important reminder for

teachers that providing clear expectations and rules can help to create an environment

that is conducive to learning. Additionally, research conducted by the National

Association of School Psychologists (NASP) suggests that “positive behavior support

systems, such as behavior contracts and peer coaching, can help students learn to take

ownership of their behavior” (NASP, 2018). By fostering a supportive learning

environment and providing students with the resources to take ownership of their

behavior, teachers can ensure that their students are well-disciplined and behave

appropriately in the classroom.

Communication and Cultural Differences"

 16

"Communication and Cultural Differences" emerges as a significant theme in

understanding the most challenging experiences faced by wards in their relationship with

foster parents. This theme highlights the struggles that arise when children from diverse

cultural backgrounds interact with foster parents who may not fully understand or

appreciate their unique perspectives and ways of communication. The challenges often

stem from misinterpretations, misunderstandings, and varying expectations between the

two parties.

This statement proven by the participants as he started that;

Isa sa mga na incountered ko supoosed marami talaga, but then magsasabi

lang ako ng some example na na encountered ng house parent sa mga bata,
kasi nga we are the tri- people here so may ibat-ibang norms cultural
differences tapos may ibat-ibang perspective ng mga bata, so one of the first
nan a encounter ng house parent is kung paano mag adjust by that certain
behaviour ng mga bata, kase hindisila mag kaka pareho may ibat- ibang
ugali, ibat-ibang paniniwala so yun yung pinaka the best, pinaka worst na
naincounter ng house parent kung paano nila eh adjust kung paano nila
equal trait yung isa kasi nga may ibat-ibang paniniwala yung mga bata so
by that mag kakaroon minsan ng misunderstanding kasi mostly sa mga bata
hindi mabigyan ng equal trait imbis nan a madisiplina yung mga bata
lumalaban na( One of the major challenges faced by house parents is
adjusting to the diverse behaviors and beliefs of children, especially since
we come from different cultural backgrounds. This can lead to
misunderstandings and difficulties in disciplining us.)RQ1SQ2P5
Further, another participants said that;

Ang problema na eencountered ng house parent namin ay kapag may mga

bata na tamad mahihirapan talaga sila kase paulit-ulit pang sabihan at
saka kapag may nangyare masama sa bata sa kanila talaga binabalik kung
bakit Hindi nababantayan NG maayus Kaya malaki talaga Ang
responsibility NG mga house parent sa ccp(House parents face challenges
when dealing with lazy children who require constant reminders.
Additionally, if something negative happens involving a child, the
responsibility often falls on the house parents for not supervising them
adequately.)RQ1SQ2P6
 17

The presence of communication and cultural differences can hinder the

development of a nurturing and supportive relationship between wards and their foster

parents. To address this challenge effectively, foster parents should receive training and

guidance on cultural sensitivity and effective communication with children from diverse

backgrounds. By fostering an environment that embraces cultural diversity and

encourages open, respectful communication, both wards and foster parents can work

together more harmoniously, promoting the well-being and growth of the children in their

care.

Cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and

difficulties in communication between foster parents and wards, especially when they

come from diverse backgrounds. Research by Goemans, Van Geel, and Vedder (2015)

found that children in foster care from different cultural backgrounds often experience

cultural mismatches with their foster parents, which can result in feelings of alienation

and frustration. The study highlighted the importance of cultural sensitivity and

competence among foster parents to bridge these communication gaps.

Accountability and Supervision

The theme of "Accountability and Supervision" sheds light on one of the most

challenging experiences faced by wards in their relationships with foster parents. In this

context, accountability refers to the responsibility of the foster parents to ensure the well-

being and proper behavior of the wards, while supervision pertains to their duty to

oversee the daily activities and actions of the children under their care. These challenges

arise when foster parents are held accountable for any misbehavior or incidents involving

the wards, even if they occurred outside their immediate control or awareness. This
 18

creates a complex dynamic where foster parents must maintain a high level of vigilance

and supervision, which can be emotionally taxing and overwhelming, as they are

responsible for a significant number of children.

This statement proven by the participants as he started that;

Ang na eencountered ng mga house parent sa mg bata sa government

ward is minsan may mga bata na tumatakas SO sila yung tatanungin kung
bakit hindi binabantayan maayos(One of the challenges house parents
face with government ward children is that some of them try to run away.
They have to question why these children are not being supervised
properly.)RQ1SQ2P2.
Further, another participants said that;

Ang na eencountered NG house parents kapag may mgabata na tamad

umuuwi na Hindi nag paalam sila Yung napapagalitan NG director namin
Kaya Ang laki NG responsibility nila (One issue that house parents
encounter is when some children return home without notifying them, and
they can face reprimands from the director due to this lack of
supervision.)RQ1SQ2P8.
The implication of this theme is that foster parents need not only support and

resources to effectively supervise and manage the wards but also recognition and

understanding from the authorities overseeing the child welfare system. Acknowledging

the challenges they face in maintaining accountability and supervision can lead to

improved training, support systems, and realistic expectations for foster parents,

ultimately benefiting the wards' well-being and the overall success of the foster care

system.

"Accountability and Supervision are essential aspects of the juvenile justice

system as they provide the structure and guidance necessary for juvenile offenders to

reform and reintegrate into society (Whitman, 2002). Ward experiences with

accountability and supervision can be beneficial in helping them to understand the

 19

consequences of their actions, develop positive relationships with authority figures, and

learn to make responsible decisions (Redding, 2007). Furthermore, effective

accountability and supervision can help juvenile offenders to develop self-regulation

skills, build self-esteem, and gain an improved sense of self-efficacy (Redding, 2007).

Ultimately, positive experiences with accountability and supervision are essential for

successful juvenile reentry and long-term rehabilitation."

Table 1: Express lives Experiences of Government Wards Towards their Foster

Parents

Themes Frequency Core ideas

Discipline and General .....consider removing children from the program

Behavior if their behavior doesn't improve.
Management
..Children are sent to the office and may face
removal if they repeatedly don't comply with
rules.
 20

...encounter challenges dealing with defiant

children who require repeated reminders.
Communication and Typical ... struggle to adjust to the diverse behaviors and
Cultural Differences beliefs of children from various cultural
backgrounds.
.,..face difficulties when dealing with children
who may not communicate effectively or require
constant reminders....
Accountability and Typical ....House parents have to question why some
Supervision children attempt to run away...
..Lack of proper supervision results in children
returning home without notification, leading to
consequences.

Legend:
General -Most of the participants agree on the idea.
Typical -Some of the participants agree on the idea
Variant -Few of the participants agree on the idea

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, IMPLICATIONS, AND CONCLUDING REMARKS

Summary

This study explores the lived experiences of government wards towards their

foster parents, with a specific focus on the Custodial Care Program (CCP). It aims to shed

light on the challenges and issues faced by these children who have experienced poverty

and the loss of their parents. The research emphasizes the need to understand these
 21

government ward residents and their unique struggles, offering insights into the

development of behavioral problems and the implementation of rules and regulations

within the CCP.

The significance of this study lies in its potential to improve the understanding of

government ward students' experiences and their relationship with foster parents. The

findings can serve as a valuable reference for future researchers interested in delving

deeper into this field, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of the foster care

system. However, it is important to note that the study has limitations, focusing solely on

the experiences of government wards within the CCP and involving a limited number of

participants.

The research design incorporates qualitative methods, particularly

phenomenological analysis, to provide a participant-centric perspective. The locale of the

study is Barangay Doroluman in the Municipality of Arakan, Cotabato, with government

wards from the CCP as the primary research participants. The role of the researcher

involves conducting one-on-one interviews, recording responses, and interpreting the

gathered data.

The study's research instrument includes an open-ended questionnaire,

comprehension test materials, and audio recordings during interviews. Data analysis

involves categorizing and arranging responses into themes, which provide insights into

the challenges faced by government wards, including issues related to discipline and

behavior management, communication, cultural differences, and accountability and

supervision.
 22

Implications for Further Study

Further study in the realm of foster care, particularly focusing on the challenges of

"Discipline and Behavior Management" experienced by wards, could yield valuable

insights into the effectiveness of current disciplinary practices and their impact on the

well-being of children in foster care. This research could inform the development of more

tailored and evidence-based interventions, training programs for foster parents, and

policies that address the unique needs of foster children. Understanding the implications

of different disciplinary approaches and their long-term consequences on the

psychological and emotional development of wards could contribute to more supportive

and successful foster care systems, ultimately benefiting the children involved.

Implications for Future Researcher

The exploration of the challenges experienced by wards in the context of

"Discipline and Behavior Management" highlights the need for future researchers to

delve deeper into the impact of disciplinary strategies within foster care systems.

Understanding how these strategies influence the well-being and development of wards is

crucial. Additionally, researchers should investigate the effectiveness of various

disciplinary approaches, considering the unique needs and backgrounds of foster

children. Such studies could lead to the development of more tailored and evidence-based

approaches to discipline in foster care, ultimately improving the overall quality of care

and outcomes for the children involved.

Concluding Remarks
 23

Conducting this study on the experiences of wards in foster care, particularly

focusing on "Accountability and Supervision," has been both enlightening and eye-

opening. I've gained valuable insights into the challenges faced by foster children as they

navigate the complex dynamics of accountability and supervision within the foster care

system. It's evident that foster parents play a pivotal role in these young lives, and their

responsibilities are immense. However, it's equally essential to recognize the need for

support and understanding for these foster parents who undertake such a demanding role.

As I conclude this study, I believe there is a pressing need for continued research

and advocacy in the field of foster care. The welfare and well-being of foster children

should remain a priority, and a comprehensive understanding of their experiences is

crucial in shaping policies, training programs, and support systems that can enhance their

quality of life. By shedding light on these challenges and experiences, we can work

towards building a more compassionate and effective foster care system that truly

benefits those it is meant to serve.

 24

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