Kinship Care: Understanding the Challenges and Coping Strategies

of Growing Up Without Parents of Grade 11 Students in

Camarines Norte Senior High School

Factor, Ma. Ronaley Mae A.

Matsusaki, Kate C.

Pajarillo, Alexamae V.

Silva, Emil Vaughn Simon C.

Yadao, Mary Anne B.

2023
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Chapter 1

The Problem and its Setting

Introduction

Kinship care has become increasingly important in recent times, particularly

for children who grew up without parents. This research aims to understand the

challenges and coping strategies for these children growing up in kinship care. By

addressing gaps in our knowledge about kinship care, this research can help inform

policies and practices to better support children and families in these situations.

The University of the Philippines Population Institute conducted a study that

found that one in three Filipino youth grew up without both parents, with death,

migration, and marital separation cited as the primary reasons for parent absence.

Growing up without both parents was found to have negative effects on the health,

education, and well-being of the children, as well as increased burdens on the

caregiver. The study emphasizes the need for policies and programs to support

parents and children in these situations.

Furthermore, growing up without parents, particularly in kinship care, possess

unique challenges for children and caregivers. Limited research exists on the specific

challenges and outcomes associated with kinship care for children who grew up

without parents. Further exploration of the experiences, needs, and outcomes of this

specific population can inform more effective interventions and support mechanisms

to optimize the well-being and development of children in kinship care who grew up

without parents.

Living with no parent but with grandparents or other relatives is a less

common living arrangement for children, but one that has increased over time. In
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1968, approximately 2.0 million (3%) children in the United States lived without any

parent. This number rose to approximately 3.0 million (4%) in 2020 (U.S. Census

Bureau, 2021). Among those living without any parent, more than half (55%) had a

grandparent in the household (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021).

Moreover, children growing up in alternative care, including those who grew

up without parents and live with extended family or other caregivers, are at increased

risk of experiencing abuse, neglect, and exploitation (UNICEF, n.d.). These obstacles

can lead to adverse developmental outcomes, making it essential for effective

intervention and support mechanisms to be put in place to optimize the well-being

and development of these children.

Growing up without a parental base can be a challenging experience for

children and young adults, particularly when it comes to navigating life’s various

obstacles. According to the SOS Children’s Villages organization (2020) entitled

Global Issue: Young People Growing up Without Parental Care are Worse Off in

Youth Unemployment Crisis, this experience can have a profound impact on

children’s growth and development, often leading to feelings of loneliness,

helplessness, and anxiety.

One of the most significant challenges faced by children growing up without

home support is related to youth unemployment. Young people who don’t have a

stable family support system are more likely to struggle to find employment or

access educational opportunities. This problem is compounded by the fact that a

lack of parental guidance often leads to a lack of career direction or vocational skills

development.

Furthermore, children without a parental base may miss out on valuable

opportunities to build social connections and cultivate relationships, which can be

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essential for building a sense of self-esteem, confidence, and security. In many

cases, these young people may also be at a higher risk of experiencing poverty,

trauma, or abuse, as they lack a stable support system to fall back on during difficult

times.

The study entitled “Children in nonparental care: health and social risks”,

stated that growing up without a parent, whether due to abandonment, death, or

other reasons, can be a challenging experience for children and young adults. The

absence of a parental figure can have a profound impact on children’s emotional and

psychological development, often leading to feelings of loneliness, isolation, and low

self-esteem. Children who lack a parental base may also struggle with issues related

to identity formation, attachment, and trust, as they may not have a role model to

look to or rely on for guidance and support.

While growing up without a parent can be difficult, there are many

organizations and resources available to help children and young adults navigate

these challenges. From foster care programs to mentorship initiatives and support

groups, these resources provide a vital safety net for young people without a

parental base. Furthermore, many children and young adults who grew up without a

parent have gone on to achieve remarkable success, demonstrating that with the

right support and determination, anything is possible.

It also examines the health and well-being of children who are being taken

care of by relatives or close family friends due to the absence of a parent. The article

focuses on the results of a national survey and discusses the various challenges that

children in kinship care may face, including emotional and behavioral problems,

academic difficulties, and a lack of access to healthcare.

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The study findings highlight the importance of providing support to both the

children and the caregivers in kinship care arrangements. The article recommends

that policies and programs be developed to recognize and address the unique needs

of children in kinship care, including education, housing, financial assistance, and

mental health services. The authors note that while kinship care can be a positive

alternative to foster care or institutionalization, additional resources and services are

needed to ensure the best possible outcomes for children in these arrangements.

Overall, the article underscores the challenges faced by children who are

growing up without a parent and highlights the need for continued research and

support to address these issues.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to understand the challenges and coping strategies of Grade

11 students in Camarines Norte Senior High School living with relatives without their

parents.

Specifically, this research seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the challenges do Grade 11 students experience because of lack of

parental guidance development?

2. What are the coping strategies of Grade 11 students to overcome the lack of

parental guidance development?

3. How

Scope and Limitation

This study will use a Case Study design and is a Qualitative Research. It aims

to provide a detailed study of specific subject, such as a person, place, or

phenomenon. This study is focuses on understanding the challenges and coping

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strategies of Grade 11 students that growing up without parents. The struggles faced

by the students without parent and how they overcome them will be covered in this

study. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effective method which is later

used for providing necessary resources of foster care for Grade 11 students. Also, to

identify if infomercial is an effective program in understanding the challenges of

growing up without parental guidance. This research will be conducted through

interviews and observations. Researchers’ respondents will get in Camarines Norte

Senior High School, the grade 11 students aged 16-18 years old.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to understand the challenges and coping strategies of Grade

11 students, who grew up without parents. In which the researchers believe that it

will be beneficial to the following individuals and groups:

Students growing up without their parents. They are the major

beneficiaries of this study as primarily they are the target respondents. This research

will help them understand the reasons behind growing up without the care and

guidance of their parents. This research will also help them to better cope with their

situation/s.

Students growing up with their parents. They will also benefit from the

study as it will help them to appreciate how lucky they are to grow up with the care

and guidance of their parents.

Teachers. This study will give the teachers perspective on the real condition

of students who grew up without their parents.

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School Administrator. The result of this study can help the school

administrator (guidance counselor) to craft program targeting the problems and

solutions of the students.

Parents. This study will help the parents to know a child’s coping mechanism

and how they face challenges when they grew up with a relative and not with their

parents.

Future Researchers. This study will be a useful reference for the research

who would like to make a similar or related study about understanding the

challenges and coping strategies of growing up without parents.

Definition of Terms

To facilitate the understanding of this study, different terms are defined herein.

Challenges. As use in this study, challenges refer to the problems and issues

that interfere with the quality of life of the students who grew up without their parents.

These challenges could affect the well-being of the students and would make it hard

for them to reach their goals in life.

Coping Strategies. This refers to the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions the

students who grew up without parents use to adjust to the changes that occur in their

life. This is their direct approach to problems and issues they are experiencing.

Kinship Care. This refers to arrangement in which children live with and are

taken care of by another family member, because their parents are unable to take

care of them.

Students growing up with their parents. This refers to those students who

grew up with their parents and not were not handed over to their relatives. They grew
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up experiencing the care and guidance of their parents. These students are residing

with their parents and their parents are the ones responsible for their needs.

Students growing up without their parents. In this study, this refers to

those students who grew up with their relatives and not with their parents. They grew

up not experiencing the care and guidance of their parents. These students are not

residing with their parents, and under the care of their relatives. Their relatives are

the ones who support their needs.

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End Notes
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CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This part of the study contains the presentation of gathered related literatures

and studies taken from different sources. It also reviews and discusses the synthesis

of the state-of-the-art, gaps to be bridged by the study and the theoretical and

conceptual frameworks of the research.

Related Literatures

Kinship Care

The article titled Grandmothers raising grandchildren should be lifted up,

supported by Carlton Wilfrey (2023), discusses the challenges and experiences of

grandparents who are raising their grandchildren in the United States, and advocates

for increased support for these families. Kinship care, which refers to the care of

children by relatives or close family friends, is a common form of alternative care for

children who cannot live with their parents. The article describes how the number of

grandparents raising grandchildren in the United States has increased in recent

years, often due to factors such as parental substance abuse or incarceration. The

author argues that these families face unique challenges and stresses, and that they

deserve greater recognition and support from society. Additionally, the article

highlights the importance of policies and programs that can improve the economic

and health outcomes of these families, such as financial assistance, affordable

housing, and access to healthcare.

The article entitled “Relative and Kin Connections Keep Families Strong” by

Aysha E. Schomburg (2022), highlights the unique familial and cultural connections
11

that children in kinship care may have and discusses the potential for these

connections to promote stability and well-being for children and families. This

perspective may be particularly relevant to the present study’s goal of understanding

the challenges and coping mechanisms of growing up without parents, as it

underlines the value of familial support and kinship care arrangements in providing

continuity and connection to family and culture. Overall, this article provides valuable

insights and context for exploring the topic of kinship care and its implications for

children and families.

The article entitled ‘The Share of Children in Foster Care Living with Relatives

is Growing’ (Sarah & Kristin, 2019), published on the Child Trends website is highly

relevant to the research question of ‘Kinship Care: Understanding the challenges

and coping mechanisms of growing up without parents. The article presents several

statistics and trends related to kinship care, including the increasing trend of children

in foster care being placed with relatives, and the overall growth of kinship care

placements in recent years. Furthermore, the article discusses the benefits and

drawbacks of kinship care, highlighting its potential to provide children with continuity

of care and connection to their family and culture, while also acknowledging the

potential challenges of navigating complex legal and family dynamics in such

arrangements. Overall, this article provides valuable insights and context for

exploring the topic of kinship care and its implications for children and families.

Parenting NI (2018), entitled Parent-Child Relationship: Why it’s important,

underscores the importance of a positive parent-child relationship during a child’s

development, as it can improve their ability to manage difficult situations and

decrease stress. This information has relevance to the research question of

analyzing the effects of children who grew up without parents placed under kinship
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care, who likely did not have an opportunity to develop a positive relationship with

their biological parents. Conducting research on the impact of a positive parent-child

relationship on children’s well-being and coping mechanisms could help researchers

identify effective interventions or support mechanisms to promote positive outcomes

among children who grew up under kinship care.

Challenges

The article entitled The Emotional Impact of Absent Parents on Children by

Laura Mohsene, examines how the absence of parents can have a significant impact

on a child’s emotional, psychological, and relational development. Drawing on

personal experiences and a range of studies, the article provides a detailed overview

of the negative effects that can result from absentee parenting. Additionally, the piece

offers suggestions for ways in which parents or caregivers can support children who

are living without their parents. Although the article is not solely focused on the topic

of living without parents, its insights into the emotional effects of parental absence

can be particularly relevant to the study.

According to the article by Edubirdie (2022) entitled The Effects of Absent

Parents, explores the effects of absent parents on children’s emotional behavior and

development. The article notes how parents’ absence can result in children feeling

abandoned, which may negatively affect their emotional well-being, social

relationships, and lead to psychological issues such as depression and anxiety.

Additionally, the article observes that without parental guidance, children may be

susceptible to engaging in harmful behaviors, leading to unresolved conflicts that

may persist into adulthood.

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The article by Michael Kismet (2022) titled Psychological Effects of Growing

Up Without a Father, discusses the challenges and psychological effects faced by

men who grew up without a father present. The article cites research that has found

correlations between father absence and negative outcomes such as lower

academic achievement, higher rates of depression, and increased likelihood of

engaging in criminal behavior. The author notes that growing up without a father can

result in feelings of abandonment or insecurity, as well as a lack of positive male role

models to guide behavioral development. The article provides insights into the long-

lasting impacts of familial separation and the importance of supportive relationships

and social connections for children’s well-being.

The article “Parental Absence and Effects on Children” by Tabitha Mwai

(2018) discusses the challenges faced by children who experience parental absence

and the impact it can have on their development, education, and future opportunities.

Absentee parenting can lead to negative psychological and emotional outcomes for

children, such as feelings of abandonment, low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.

This can result in academic and social difficulties, including struggles with school,

behavioral issues, and difficulty forming relationships with peers and authority

figures. However, with the right support and resources, children can develop

resilience and overcome many of these challenges. Suggestions for supporting

children facing parental absence include providing a stable and nurturing

environment, connecting them with positive role models, and encouraging open

communication and healthy coping strategies.

The article “Children Who Grow Up Without a father” published on Step to

Health discusses the negative effects of paternal absence on child development,

including increased risk of behavioral problems, reduced academic achievement,

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and higher likelihood of experiencing emotional and mental health issues. The article

suggests that children who grow up without a father may benefit from a positive male

role model, such as an uncle, grandfather, or mentor. Although the article does not

directly address the research question concerning the impact of kinship care for

children who grew up without parents, it provides valuable insights into a specific

factor that can affect a child’s development and well-being. Understanding the

various factors that contribute to positive or negative outcomes for children is crucial

in developing effective interventions and support mechanisms to promote their well-

being and success in life.

Coping Strategies

According to Stacey Bouchet (2020) entitled We Rise by Lifting Others:

Coping with my Father’s Absence, states that the challenges of growing up without a

father and the impact that parental absence can have on a child’s development.

Coping mechanisms are crucial in managing the negative thoughts and emotions

associated with this experience. The author emphasizes the importance of cultivating

a support system, including the influence of extended family members, mentors, and

role models. The author also discusses the role that education played in building

resilience and the power of therapy in processing the pain of parental absence. In

conclusion, the author highlights the essentiality of turning one’s pain into purpose

and becoming a role model for future generations experiencing similar challenges.

Related Studies

The phenomenon of kinship care, in which children are placed in the care of

their relatives or close family members due to different circumstances, has drawn
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attention in recent years. Growing up without parents led children to experience

challenges which affect their overall well-being, social development, and their coping

strategies.

This section consists of information gathered from thesis and dissertations

which aims to explore the challenges and coping strategies experienced by Grade 11

Students in Camarines Norte Senior High School who grew up without their parents

in a kinship care arrangement. The study aims to provide light on the unique

circumstances and difficulties faced by these students, as well as the varied ways

they adapt and cope with their circumstances. By examining the available research,

this review hopes to provide a comprehensive understanding of the specific

challenges and coping strategies in this particular context, contributing to the

development of effective support system for these students.

Kinship Care

From the study conducted by Berrick et al. (2022), entitled Positive Attributes

of Foster Care that Promotes Access to Higher Education, states that emotional,

psychological, academic, or material support they get from foster parents, social

workers, educators, and others was influential to the educational path of some of the

respondents. Support from significant others can be essential to students’ overall

well-being. Findings from this study show that foster youth may take advantage of

the support and positive encouragement they get from kin and non-kin caregivers,

which resulted from their deprivation of support other students take for granted.

The findings also suggest that recruiting highly effective foster caregivers, as

well as teachers and educational professionals is important to support students on

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their academic journey. Effort to engage foster youth in their education and to

support their opportunities for higher education must continue to be pursued.

Challenges

According to Dominguez and Hall (2022), entitled The Health Status and

Related Interventions for Children Left-Behind due to Parental Migration in the

Philippines: A Scoping Review, revealed that in Filipino households, the degree of

family cohesion is a significant predictor of the severity of children’s mental illness,

suicidal thoughts, and help-seeking behavior. Therefore, regardless of whether a kid

is separated from one or both parents, family rifts that start in early childhood may

have an impact on their long-term behavior, cognition, and mental health.

From the study of Abasola (2022), entitled Bill Proposes Intervention for ‘left-

behind’ Families of OFWs, children of migrant workers suffer from a wide range of

bad physical and mental health issues as a result of being apart from their parents,

most of which start in early childhood and may have long-term effects on their

physical, cognitive, and emotional health.

Relatively, according to Bashir et al. (2021), in his study entitled Effects of

Presence and Absence of Parents on the Emotional Maturity and Perceived

Loneliness in Adolescents, indicates that perceived loneliness and emotional

maturity are associated with the presence or absence of both parents. Adolescents

who were living with their guardian only had greater perceived loneliness than those

who were living with their parents. However, the emotional maturity of adolescents

who were living with their parents was lower compared to the adolescents living with

their step parents or single parents. This study suggests that in the absence of

parents, there are challenges that the adolescents have to face alone, making them
17

responsible for the possible consequences. Moreover, the study shows that

emotional maturity and perceived loneliness of adolescents differ according to their

parental status.

Likewise, according to Mao et al. (2020) in the study entitled The Effects of

Parental Absence on Children Development: Evidence from Left-Behind Children in

China, states that parental absence negatively affect the short term in-school

outcomes and long-term educational achievement of left-behind children. It shows

that left-behind children have lower scores in cognitive and academic tests, which is

why they are less likely to enroll to college. The study also shows that parental

absence, particularly a mother’s absence, has a negative impact in the development

of left-behind children. Mechanism analyses show that without parental guidance

and care, their performance in class is greatly affected and could result to less

healthy mental status. However, there is no evidence that suggests that exposure to

left-behind children in class lowers the in-school outcomes of children.

On the other hand, Qi et al. (2020) stated in the study entitled Emotional and

Behavioral Problems of Left-Behind Children in Impoverished Rural China: A

Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of Fourth-Grade Children, shows that parents’

migration for work negatively affects left-behind children’s social function, leading to

development of emotional and behavioral problems among Fourth-Grade Children.

The study found that left-behind children group experienced more emotional and

behavioral problems than non-left behind children group due to parental absence

because of work. Compared to non-left behind children, left-behind children were at

higher risk of experiencing depression, anxiety and behavioral problems,

hyperactivity-inattention issues, and emotional symptoms.

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Moreover, from the study of Herrera (2019), entitled A Phenomenological

Research Study on the Effects of Paternal Abandonment on Hispanic Women in

South Florida and their Conflict Management Skills, shows that father abandonment

has a negative impact on women as it creates development problems, relationship

problems as well as problems on the families of the abandoned children. These

problems associated with father abandonment brings negative impacts on women.

Findings from the interview show that the participants were greatly affected by father

abandonment that up until now, they still show hurt expressions while talking about

their experiences. The negative effects of father abandonment were used by some of

the participants to bring hope and positive outcomes into their lives. They used their

experiences to cope and start anew. Conflicts experienced by women who were

abandoned by their father was explored in this study. The way in which participants

dealt with conflict differ from each other. Some participants dealt with conflict in

defensive, hurtful manner while others dealt with conflict by avoiding it or dismissing

it.

Furthermore, according to the study conducted by Lobos et al. (2019), entitled

Consequences of Parental Absence due to Migration: A Qualitative Inquiry into

Adolescent Students’ Well-being, stated that although working abroad has negative

consequences, particularly for the children who are left behind. There was emptiness

when they realized something was missing from their lives as a result of the gap in

their relationship with their parents, loneliness, grief, anxiety, and fear.

In addition, from the study of Angeles et al. (2018), entitled Uncertain Living:

Problems of Orphans in the Philippines, as an orphaned child, the orphans had

social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and physical hardships. Along with other things,
19

their fears posed a significant challenge for them as they went about their daily lives.

And the lessons they learnt from life influence on how they see life now.

Aside from that, the study conducted by Lam and Yeoh (2019), entitled

Parental Migration and Disruptions in Everyday Life: Reactions of Left-Behind

Children in Southeast Asia, while some kids expressed their suffering openly, others

pretended to be unconcerned or uncaring while truly feeling “broken hearted.” While

enjoying the fruits of their parents’ labor, the children don’t seem to fully understand

the necessity of familial separation as a means of subsistence. Children’s happiness

and ability to enjoy childhood depend not only on those who migrate but also on the

kind of care they receive.

Coping Strategies

According to the study of Abe (2022), entitled Kinship Care: A Lived

Experience of Young Adults, despite of the challenges encountered by the students

who grew up with kinship care, they were able to deal with it with the help and

support of the kinship caregiver. It showed how support, acceptance and concern

help the students on how to cope with the challenges.

Likewise, from the study conducted by Cheng et al. (2021), entitled Self-

esteem, Social Support and Coping Strategies of Left-Behind Children in Rural

China, and the Intermediary Role of Subjective Support: A Cross-Sectional Survey,

states that left-behind children’s level of self-esteem, social support, and tendency to

use mature coping strategies such as problem-solving and help-seeking is lower

compared to non-left behind children. The study shows that self-esteem was

significantly positively linked with subjective support, objective support, and coping

strategies of left-behind children. Self-esteem served as an intermediary in the

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relationship between adolescents’ subjective support and their coping strategies.

These findings show the need to further improve the left-behind children’s coping

strategies (problem-solving and help-seeking ability), as well as the support they get

from other people.

Synthesis of the State-of-the Art

This part of the study reviews and analyzes the similarities and differences

between the gathered related studies and this present research. In the context of

Grade 11 students at Camarines Norte Senior High School, this aims to synthesize

existing studies to understand the challenges faced by these students and the

coping strategies they employ while growing up without parents. The analysis is

done for the research variables challenges, coping strategies, and kinship care in

comparison with the recent study.

In terms of challenges, it can be gleamed that the separate studies of Lobos

et al. (2019) and Abasola (2022) relevantly examined the effects on both physical

and mental health of children as a result of being apart from their parents, focusing

that although working abroad can help the family financially, it has negative

consequences particularly on the children who are left behind. The present study

also included the identification of different challenges of growing up without their

parents. On the other hand, the separate studies of Angeles (2018), Lam et al.

(2019) and Dominguez (2022) relevantly examined the social, emotional, mental,

spiritual and physical health status of these children. Moreover, and the related

interventions for children left behind due parents’ migration, that regardless whether

a kid is separated from one or both parents, other factors such as family rifts can

impact on the behavior, cognition and mental health of a child. Comparatively, the
21

present research also included the effective methods for providing necessary

resources to children who did not grow up with their parents. In addition, it can be

viewed that the separate studies of Herrera (2019), Mao et al (2020), Qi et al (2020)

and Bashir et al (2021) similarly identified the problems and challenges brought by

the of absence of one or both parents and its effects on the emotional, psychological

and academic development of their children, for whatever reasons it could be.

Coherently, the present study also included the challenges experienced by those

children because of the absence by one or both of their parents.

In terms of coping strategies, the study of Cheng et al. (2021) relevantly

examined the relationship between self-esteem, social support, and coping

strategies of left-behind children. Moreover, it is identified that self-esteem,

subjective and objective support, as well as support-seeking behaviors of left-behind

children is lower compared to non-left behind. Likewise, each child has different

coping strategy when it comes to facing challenges, some are evident, some are

seemed unconcerned and uncaring yet they are broken hearted inside. Aside from

that, the study of Abe (2022) relevantly evaluated how important it is to show support

and concern to students in kinship care arrangement for them to be able to cope with

the challenges of growing up without their parents. The present study also included

the identification of coping strategies in overcoming the challenges of growing up

without their parents.

Finally, in terms of kinship care, the study of Berrick et al (2022) relevantly

evaluated the importance of emotional, psychological, academic or material support

from other people is an essential to students’ overall well-being. Whether it is from a

kin or non-kin, these supports should be at an advantage and should serve as

22

positive encouragement to them. The present study also initiates methods for

providing necessary support and resources to these students.

Bridged the Gap

As can be gleaned from the thorough and comprehensive discussion of the

literature and studies presented, none of these had particularly delved into the

discussion of how the students who grew up with parents understand the challenges

the students who grew up without parents. It is rather important for someone to

understand or be sensitive to the needs and challenges of others, needless to put

themselves into other people’s shoes. Hence, the uniqueness of this present study. It

is in this area that the researchers attempted to bridge the gap in knowledge with this

topic.

The studies and literature mentioned are all about the children that grew up

without parents or lived with their relatives, it also discussed the effects of parental

absence in the development of a child. The topic of the current research will deal

with the topic that hasn’t been fully discussed. These are the gaps that the present

study seeks to fill; the coping strategies of children that grew up without parents, the

challenges they faced, and how they affect their life in different kinds of fields in life

like academic and daily life.

Parental Absence
and Effects on
Children by Tabitha
Mwai (2018)
23

Kinship Care:
Understanding the
Challenges and
Coping Strategies of
Growing Up Without
Parents of Grade 11
Students in
Camarines Norte
Senior High School

Evaluation of the
Relevance of Piaget’s
Epstein Model of Cognitive Principles
Parental Involvement among Parented and
work in a high- Orphan Children in
minority, high-poverty Belagavi City,
elementary school: A Karnataka, India: A
case study by Comparative Study by
Heather Bower Badakar, C, Thakkar,
(2011) P, Hugar, S, Kukrerja,
P, Assudani, H 2017

Figure 1: Theoretical Paradigm

Theoretical Framework

Theories about “Kinship Care: Understanding the Challenges and Coping

Strategies of Growing Up Without Parents of Grade 11 Students in Camarines Norte

Senior High School” are presented in this section. These theories will help and guide
24

the researchers to attain their goals. The information that is collected is necessary

data and will serve as a guide to the researchers throughout the study.

This study is founded on the theory of Family System Theory by Bowen

(1946), it is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit

and uses systems. Thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. It is

based on the idea that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one

another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit. The

theory suggests that changes in one part of the system will affect the other parts of

the system. It also suggests that family members are interdependent and that each

member has an effect on the other members. Bowen’s theory emphasizes the

importance of understanding the family as a whole rather than focusing on individual

members. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding the family’s history

and dynamics in order to understand current behavior. Bowen’s Theory is used to

help families understand their dynamics and to help them make changes that will

improve their relationships. This theory relates to the researchers’ study because of

how the relatives of the student help them to grow as an individual. In Bowen’s

Theory involves

The study is anchored by the theoretical support of the Epstein’s Six Types of

Involvement by Epstein’s et al. (1997) where in this theory describes the many ways

in which parents may be involved in their children’s education and lives. The six

types include parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision

making, and collaborating with the community. Parenting involves providing a safe

and nurturing environment and setting expectations for academic success.

Communicating involves exchanging ideas and information with school staff.

25

Volunteering involves helping with school related events. Learning at home refers to

providing resources and support for learning outside of school. Decision making

involves providing input on educational policies. Collaborating with the community

involves connecting students to resources available in the community. This theory

relates to the researcher’s study in terms of the parental involvement the students

are capable of overcoming the challenges they are encountering in their lives.

Parental involvement also affects the performance of the students in school and all

aspects of life. Without parental involvement, it results to students constantly facing

challenges. Without the parents' guidance it may lead to students taking a path that

is not for them.

The study is supported by Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development by

Piaget (1936), it is a theory of psychological development that proposes that children

progress through four distinct stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor,

preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage is

characterized by increasingly complex and abstract thinking and the ability to

understand and use more sophisticated concepts and reasoning. Piaget believed

that children, actively construct their own understanding of the world through their

experiences and interactions with it. This theory relates to the researchers’ study

because of how students cope up with the challenges they faced without their

parents. Growing up without their parents' guidance mold them to understand and

experienced the situation they were in. As the students get older, their understanding

and interacting to a certain situation led them to have a stronger mind and cope up to

the challenges they are facing.

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Input Process
Output

- Kinship Care - Conducting a

- Challenges
- Coping Strategies
The Challenges and
Interviewa and
Coping Strategies of
observing the
Growing Up Without
respondents.
Parents of Grade 11
Students in CNSHS.
- Gathering data

3. How would the - Analyzing the

students who grew gathered data
up with parents
understand the
challenges the - Interpreting the
students who grew gathered data
up without parents is
experiencing
through the
infomercial?

Figure 2: Conceptual Paradigm

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Conceptual Framework

This study revolves around four variables; kinship care, challenges and

coping strategies and children without parents as the dependent variable.

Challenges as independent variable pertain to the problem and issues that

interfere with the quality of life of the children who grew up without their parents.

Coping strategies as independent variable refers to the behaviors, thoughts, and

emotions the children who grew up without parents use to adjust to the changes that

occur in their life. Another variable, children without parents refers to the children’s

who grew up with their relatives and not with their parents. These children did not

experience the care and guidance of their own parents. These three variables relate

to each other as it is the focus of the researcher’s study. These variables will be the

guide of the researchers to meet its goals and attain the success of the study. This

research studies’ purpose is to know and understand the things children have gone

through without their parents by their side and their guidance.

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End Notes

Berrick et al 2022. “Positive Attributes of Foster Care that Promotes Access to Higher

Education”

Dominguez and Hall 2022. “The Health Status and Related Interventions for Children

Left-Behind due to Parental Migration in the Philippines: A Scoping Review”

Abasola 2022. “Bill Proposes Interventions for ‘left-behind’ Families of OFWs”

Bashir et al. 2021. “Effects of Presence and Absence of Parents on the Emotional

Maturity and Perceive Loneliness in Adolescents”

Mao et al. 2020. “The Effects of Parental Absence on Children Development:

Evidence from Left-Behind Children in China”

Qi et al. 2022. “Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Left-Behind Children in

Impoverished Rural China: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of Fourth-Grade

Children”

Herrera 2019. “A Phenomenological Research Study on the Effects of Paternal

Abandonment on Hispanic Women in South Florida and their Conflict Management

Skills”

Lobos et al. 2019. “Consequences of Parental Absence due to Migration: A

Qualitative Inquiry into Adolescent Students’ Well-Being”

Angeles et al. 2018. “Uncertain Living: Problems of Orphans in the Philippines”

Lam and Yeoh 2019. “Parental Migration and Disruptions in Everyday Life: Reactions

of Left-Behind Children in Southeast Asia”

Abe 2022. “Kinship Care: A Lived Experience of Young Adults”

29

Cheng et al. 2021. “Self-esteem, Social Support and Coping Strategies of Left-

Behind Children in Rural China, and the Intermediary Role of Subjective Support: A

Cross-Sectional Survey”

Epstein’s et al. 1997. “Epstein’s Six Types of Involvement”

Piaget 1936. “Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development”

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CHAPTER III

Research Design and Methodology

(Gawa ni Chavez)

Research Design

The research design used is case study to acquire the information needed for

the research. The design said yet to be used are questionnaire’s, interview and

observations for the researchers to deeply understand the study that is available on

the respondents.

Respondents:

Five students who grew up without parents in CNSHS we’re given

questionnaire’s and interviewed to be answered from the researchers, to gather what

we’re their opinions, experience and effects of growing up without parents and how

they cope from the challenges on their lives.

Methodology:

The researchers are going to use step by step procedure to determine the

factors that affect students who grew up without parents experiencing in CNSHS and

how they cope with the challenges that they are facing. First is to form questions on

our interview to ask the respondents about their challenges to observe and also to

identify the challenges, they are facing and how they cope with them. Second is to

give the questionnaires after the interview to the students of CNSHS that are

qualified for the topic. Third, gather the data from the respondents that answered the

questionnaires. Lastly form a conclusion

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Date Gathering Procedure

The researches will observe and construct a questionnaire to interview with

the students who grew up without parents. This study will partake in CNSHS and the

researcher will explain to the respondent; the importance of their response to the

study. The researcher will clarify some terms to the respondents so that the

respondent will be aware and have full knowledge of their responsibility as the

subject of the study. After the respondents answered the questionnaire, the data

that’s been collected and tallied will be used in interpretation. The collected data will

be the basis in making the conclusion and recommendation for this study.

(Gawa ni Silva)

Research design

This study is a Qualitative – Case study that aims to provide a detailed and practical

understanding of the phenomena under investigation. The data collection procedure

will involve a semi-constructed interview, allowing the researchers to gather data

according to pre-made questions and to the participant response. Additionally,

indirect observation of the participant will complement the interview process.

Methods and stuff

The research process will be divided into three parts, first finding a

willing participant who met the predetermined criteria, data collection will be carried

out through interviews and observations conducted by the researchers to the

participant.
32

Once the data is collected, the second part will commence, this

involves analysis and interpretation of the gathered data. The researchers will

transcribe and analyze the collected data.

Lastly the third part focuses in the application of the research findings.

Instrument stuff (ata)

The researchers will use an interview and observation to collect data

for this study. This interview will consist of the parts: Their challenges and coping

strategies of grade 11 students. The first part will identify the challenges experienced

by the students who grew up without their parents, While the second parts will

determine the coping strategies used by the participant.

(Gawa ni Mary)

Research Design

This study will use the qualitative case study design, which focuses on a detailed

examination of a specific subject, such as a person. This research design will

provide insight into the researchers’ problem and develop a solution that applies to

the said problem. The researchers will conduct an interview and observation of the

research participant. And after the data is collected will then the researchers will

analyze it to draw a conclusion.

Research Methodology

The methods that the researchers will be using are a step-by-step procedure. The

researchers will find a research participant that is willing to participate in the study.

The data will be collected through interviews and observation from the response of

the research participant. After the researchers collected the data, they will analyze it.
33

Then, after analyzing and interpreting, the researchers will input their findings to

draw a conclusion.

Sources of Data

The sources of data that researchers will be getting will be coming from primary and

secondary data. The primary data will be the collected data from the research

participant. The secondary data are the review of related literature and studies stated

in Chapter II of this research paper. These primary and secondary data will prove

that this study is credible.

Research Instrument

The research instruments that the researchers will be using are interviews

and observation to collect the data that the researchers will need. The researchers

will provide an interview guide that is aligned with their statement of the problem. It

will be an open-ended question to further learn and get the data that the researchers

need to complete this paper (Shuta! Hindi ‘ko na alam). The other instrument is the

observation guide. It can provide a structure to observation in order for the

researchers to be able to make more accurate and informative observations, as well

as allow for follow-up investigations.

Data Gathering Procedure

Sampling

Analysis of Data
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