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1. Ethical behavior
a. pertains to the researcher.
b. is a critical component of research design.
c. is a critical component of conducting research studies.
*d. All of the above
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Introduction
Question type: MC
2. Studies in these fields nearly always include data collection from humans as study
participants.
a. Medicine
b. Education
c. Psychology
*d. All of the above
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: MC
3. There are _______ categories of ethical issues as noted by Leedy and Ormrod (2013).
a. three
*b. four
c. six
d. nine
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: MC
5. According to Leedy and Ormrod (2013), it is assumed that the associated risk for
participants in a study is
a. related only to the topic of study.
b. evaluated with specific criteria.
*c. not greater than day-to-day risks.
d. All of the above
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: MC
8. Informed consent
a. denotes the time commitment required.
b. is a formally provided statement or form.
c. requires a signature from participants.
*d. All of the above
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: MC
Mertler Instructor Resource
Introduction to Educational Research Chapter 4
9. It may be difficult to know in advance what sorts of activities or tasks will be
required/requested of potential participants in which type(s) of study?
a. Qualitative
b. Quantitative
*c. Qualitative or mixed-methods
d. None of the above
Cognitive domain: Analysis
Answer location: Ethics in Qualitative Versus Quantitative Studies
Question type: MC
10. According to Gay and colleagues (2009), researchers sometimes observe unethical
participant behavior; in these instances, researchers should
a. report the observations.
b. remain silent.
*c. make the decision whether to report observations or remain silent.
d. None of these
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Ethics in Qualitative Versus Quantitative Studies
Question type: MC
13. In the 1970s, the federal government set forth legislation intended to monitor research
activities because
*a. humans in the past had been treated unethically.
*b. research is often conducted in conjunction with colleges or universities.
c. the number of research studies multiplied.
d. None of the above
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Mertler Instructor Resource
Introduction to Educational Research Chapter 4
Answer location: Institutional Review Boards
Question type: MC
19. Leedy and Ormrod (2013) point out the types of reviews conducted by IRBs, which are
a. exempt.
b. expedited.
c. designed to specify the anticipated outcome.
*d. exempt, expedited, or full.
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Institutional Review Boards
Question type: MC
20. Which of the following is recommended for completing the IRB process?
*a. Familiarize yourself with the process
*b. Determine what information about your study the IRB needs
c. Ensure hypotheses are stated in null and alternative forms
d. State hypotheses in directional and nondirectional forms
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Institutional Review Boards
Question type: MC
24. What is considered to be one of the most important aspects of designing and
implementing research studies in the field of education?
*a. Ensuring the ethical behavior of the researcher
b. Ensuring the ethical behavior of the participants
c. Educating participants on the design details
d. Educating the researcher on the treatment or intervention
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Introductory Paragraph
Question type: MC
25. According to Leedy and Ormrod (2013), most ethical issues in research fall into which
of the following categories?
a. Multiple interests
b. Research sites
*c. Honesty with professional colleagues
d. Inconsistency
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: MC
26.__________ is the act of participants—or their parents or legal guardians, in the case of
children and other sensitive or vulnerable populations—agreeing to participate in a study
once they know its nature and what their involvement will include.
a. Formal consent
b. Decidedness
c. Insistence
*d. Informed consent
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: MC
27. Colleges and universities were mandated to create __________ that review and approve
both student and faculty research.
a. institutional research boards
*b. institutional review boards
c. institutional regulation boards
d. institutional ruling boards
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Institutional Review Boards
Question type: MC
28. If substantial changes are made to the methodologies for data collection after having
already been approved by the IRB, the researcher
a. must notify the participants of the changes.
Mertler Instructor Resource
Introduction to Educational Research Chapter 4
b. is not required to resubmit a modified research proposal to the IRB.
*c. must resubmit a modified research proposal to the IRB.
d. must report the changes in the conclusion section only.
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Institutional Review Boards
Question type: MC
29. If your IRB proposal is denied, you should be given __________ so you can revise and
resubmit your research proposal application.
a. instructions
b. new paperwork
c. assistance
*d. feedback
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Institutional Review Boards
Question type: MC
30. When research participants over the age of __________ agree to participate in a study,
they are providing their __________.
a. 18; assent
*b. 18; consent
c. 21; assent
d. 21; consent
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: MC
31. Minors involved in any research study can provide only __________, because they are not
of legal __________ age.
*a. assent; consenting
b. consent; assenting
c. verbal permission; consenting
d. verbal permission; assenting
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: MC
33. Researchers have the important ethical obligation to report their findings in a complete
and honest manner __________.
a. to the participants only
b. when it positively supports their research
* c. all of the time
d. to their employer only
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: MC
34. Ethical issues may be difficult to identify at the outset of a(n) __________ study, due to its
emerging nature.
a. quantitative
*b. qualitative
c. experimental
d. quasi-experimental
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: MC
35. Two __________ courses for formal preparation to conduct research with human
participants are offered by the National Institutes of Health and the Collaborative
Institutional Training Initiative.
a. on-site
b. hybrid
*c. online
d. costly
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: MC
37. Researchers must ensure that their involvement and investment in the research setting
do not jeopardize the __________ of the research.
a. results
*b. quality
c. final outcome
Mertler Instructor Resource
Introduction to Educational Research Chapter 4
d. usefulness
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: MC
38. IRBs are committees at colleges, universities, or research institutions that review and
__________ research studies.
a. conduct
*b. approve
c. update
d. enhance
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: MC
39. __________ research participants must be protected from unnecessary and atypical
physical or psychological harm.
a. Elderly
b. Adolescent
*c. All
d. Disabled
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: MC
40. Regardless of the approach used to conduct research, researchers must ensure that
participants receive __________.
a. financial compensation
b. special treatment
*c. the right to voluntary and informed consent
d. the right to selective privacy
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: MC
43. It is required for __________ to pass one of the two research training courses that are
administered either through The National Institutes of Health or the Collaborative
Institutional Training Initiative.
a. graduate students
b. faculty members
c. full-time researchers
*d. all researchers
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Formal Preparation for Research With Human Participants
Question type: MC
44. __________ researchers are personally and intimately invested in the research setting.
a. Quantitative and qualitative
b. Quantitative
*c. Qualitative
d. Quasi-experimental
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Ethics in Qualitative Versus Quantitative Studies
Question type: MC
45. If a researcher knows the participants’ identities, the participants should be assured of
__________.
a. anonymity but not confidentiality
*b. confidentiality but not anonymity
c. both confidentiality and anonymity
d. neither confidentiality or anonymity
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: MC
True/False: 15 questions
Directions: Select the accurate response.
Correct responses are marked with an asterisk (*).
Mertler Instructor Resource
Introduction to Educational Research Chapter 4
1. Educational researchers must adhere to ethical considerations and ensure that the
participants in their studies are protected in a variety of ways.
*a. True
b. False
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: TF
4. Potential participants in a research study only need to know the details that will directly
affect them as participants.
*a. True
b. False
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: TF
5. Imagine you are going to conduct a study using a web-based survey instrument. In this
instance, an informed consent cover letter would suffice as a type of participant consent.
*a. True
b. False
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: TF
6. Researchers are required by law to report findings completely with utmost honesty.
a. True
*b. False
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: TF
9. Research studies nearly never involve the collection of data from human beings as the
main study participants.
a. True
*b. False
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: TF
10. When a study involves human participants, it is generally assumed that the risk
associated with participating in the study should not be greater than the normal risks of
day-to-day life.
*a. True
b. False
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: TF
11. Protection of research participants from harm includes protection from negative
physical effects—not psychological effects.
a. True
*b. False
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: TF
13. The formal consent form actually describes what participation in a study will entail.
Mertler Instructor Resource
Introduction to Educational Research Chapter 4
a. True
*b. False
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: TF
14. Children cannot legally give consent to participate in research; therefore, the parent or
legal guardian must give permission for a child to participate.
*a. True
b. False
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: TF
1. According to the text, research participants do not need to know every detail of a
research study. With this in mind, demonstrate how to accurately disclose details of a study
to potential participants.
(Answers will vary)
Example:
“Accurate disclosure to participants simply means that the researcher is obligated to
accurately inform them about the general topic of research, the nature of their
participation, and any unusual tasks in which they may engage” (Mertler & Charles, 2011).
If a researcher wanted to study the academic impact of an intervention with students who
have low ACT scores, the researcher should explain the following. First, the intervention
and its purpose should be clear to potential participants. Next, the researcher should
explain what would be expected of participants in the study; if the intervention entails a
variety of student services, the researcher should explain those services and the purpose of
each. Finally, the researcher should describe in full detail any unique or unusual tasks
participants will complete. If none are required, the researcher should simply state that.
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: SA
3. Explain the following statement, as excerpted from the text: “Regardless of whether our
research results turn out to be what we expected or even wanted to see, we have still
learned something meaningful and beneficial about our topic of interest.”
(Answers will vary)
Example:
This statement means that all research findings are important. As researchers, we
shouldn’t merely look for the results we want to see; to do so would be a biased, ignorant,
and unethical approach. We can learn from all sorts of research study results, whether
good or bad, strong or weak. Each study has a unique combination of factors that affected
the results we obtain; by examining those factors in light of the results, we glean valuable
information we can use to design and conduct future studies.
Cognitive domain: Analysis
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: SA
4. Explain how qualitative studies differ from quantitative studies regarding ethical
considerations in research with human participants.
(Answers will vary)
Example:
The nature of qualitative studies is such that researchers interact much more closely with
participants than in quantitative studies. Because qualitative studies, typically, employ a
much more close-knit environment and perspective, participants’ questionable personal
behaviors may be observed. Additionally, results of the study will be less objective due to
more interaction among the researcher and the participants. Finally, ethical concerns may
not be readily apparent at the outset of qualitative studies. Therefore, researchers must be
prepared for unforeseen ethical issues that may arise at any time while utilizing qualitative
methods.
Cognitive domain: Analysis
Answer location: Ethics in Qualitative Versus Quantitative Studies
Question type: SA
5. The text states, “In educational research settings, concern related to the protection of
participants from potential harm is often a larger issue when dealing with participants
from vulnerable populations.” Explain what is meant by “vulnerable populations.”
Examples of vulnerable populations might include individuals belonging to a particular
gender, cultural background, or sexual orientation. It might also include pregnant teens,
homeless students, students with exceptionalities, and very young children. Depending on
Mertler Instructor Resource
Introduction to Educational Research Chapter 4
the nature of a given study, these individuals might feel embarrassed, targeted, or
otherwise uncomfortable.
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Research
Question type: SA
7. Provide at least four pieces of information an informed consent form should always
include.
(Answers will vary but can include any of the following)
• A brief description of the study
• A description of participant activities and duration of involvement
• A statement indicating that participation is voluntary and may be terminated at the
participant’s discretion
• Description of any potential risk as well as potential benefits
• A guarantee that all data will remain confidential and anonymous
• The researcher’s name and contact information, as well as contact information for an
official office
• An offer to provide a summary of the findings of the study
• A place for participants to sign and date the form
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Chapter 4 Summary
Question type: SA
Essay: 5 questions