Design of Machine Elements

Class 4 : Limits and Fits

 Quick recap : Ashby’s chart (Material selection)

𝐸
∝ 𝑐2
𝜌
𝒄 is wave
speed in the
Young’s modulus

material

Density
Source: Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design
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 Quick recap : Ashby’s chart (Material selection)
𝑃 = 𝑓(𝐹, 𝐺, 𝑀) P: Objective function
F : functional requirements
G: Geometric parameters
M: Material parameters

Objective : minimum mass for a

cantilever circular beam with
load at the end

𝑃 = 𝒇𝟏 𝑭 𝒇𝟐(𝑮) 𝒇𝟑 (𝑴)

𝝅 𝟏 𝟓𝝆
𝑚=𝟐 𝒌 𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝟏
𝟑
𝑬𝟐

Source: Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design

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Quick recap : Ashby’s chart (Material selection)

Source: Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design

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Design and Manufacturing
A designer must ensure
• Selection of proper material
• Ensuring proper strength
• Dimension to guard against failure
• Basic manufacturing aspects

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Role of Metrology in Design for Manufacturing

Manufacturing Aspect Fit:

It is the interrelation between dimensions of
mating parts before their assembly
Key Functional
Requirements

Fit between the

mating parts

Tolerances, dimensions
on mating parts

Manufacturing Processes
& Sequences

Cost of
Manufacturing

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Holes and shafts and their base size
Vibration induced geometric variations

Lathe GIFs - Get the best gif on

GIFER

Zero line
Hole Basic size

Shaft

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Terminologies
Zero Line: It is a line along which represents the basic size and zero (or initial point)
for measurement of upper or lower deviations.

Basic Size: It is the size with reference to which upper or lower limits of size are
defined.

Zero line

Basic size

Upper deviation
Lower deviation
Basic size Tolerance

−𝑋
𝐷−𝑌
Bilateral +𝑋
𝐷−𝑌 Uni-lateral 𝐷0+𝑋
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Terminologies
Zero Line: It is a line along which represents the basic size and zero (or initial point)
for measurement of upper or lower deviations.

Basic Size: It is the size with reference to which upper or lower limits of size are
defined.

Upper Deviation: The algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size (of
either hole or shaft) and the corresponding basic size. Ud

Lower Deviation: The algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size (of
either hole or shaft) and the corresponding basic size. Ul

Tolerance: The algebraic difference between upper and lower deviations. It is an

absolute value. T= Ud -Ul
Zero line
Upper deviation
Lower deviation
Basic size Tolerance

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Tolerances of holes and shafts

Zero line
Shaft Hole Basic size

Upper deviation (hole)

Lower deviation (hole)

Upper deviation (shaft)

Lower deviation (shaft)

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Tolerances of holes and shafts

Upper deviation (hole)

Lower deviation (hole)
Zero line
Upper deviation (shaft)
Lower deviation (shaft)

Reference line

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Fit systems (Hole basis)
Clearance fit Snug fit

Transition fit Interference fit

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 Limit system
Snug fit
Zero-line, Basic size

• Fundamental deviations : 25
• Both for holes and shafts
• A-ZC : for holes
• A-zc : for shafts
• 18 grades of tolerances
• 18 grades are IT01 ,IT0 and IT1-1T16

• Clearance fit (Before H,h)

• Snug fit (At H,h)
• Transition to interference fit (Beyond
H,h)

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Limit system

Examples:
50H6g5
• 50 mm : Basic size
• H6: Fundamental deviation = 0
• IT6: Tolerance level
• g5: nonzero deviation
• IT5: Tolerance level

What kind of fit is it ?

Ans: Clearance fit

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 Thank you !!!

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