Chapter 9

Energy and States of Matter

9.3
Calculations
Using Specific
Heat

1
Heat Equation

Rearranging the specific heat expression gives the

heat equation.
Heat = g x °C x J = J
g°C
The amount of heat lost or gained by a substance is
calculated from the:
• Mass of substance (g)
• Temperature change (∆T)
• Specific heat of the substance (J/g°C)

2
Using Specific Heat

A layer of copper on a pan has a mass of 135 g. How

much heat in joules will raise the temperature of the
copper from 26°C to 328°C if the specific heat of
copper is 0.385 J/g°C?
The temperature change is 328°C - 26°C = 302°C.
heat (cal) = g x ∆T x Sp. Ht. (Cu)
135 g x 302°C x 0.385 J
g°C
= 15 700 J or 1.57 x 104 J

3
Learning Check

How many kilojoules are needed to raise the

temperature of 325 g of water from 15.0°C to 77.0°C?
1) 20.4 kJ
2) 77.7 kJ
3) 84.3 kJ

4
Solution

How many kilojoules are needed to raise the

temperature of 325 g of water from 15.5°C to
77.5°C?
3) 84.3 kJ
77.0°C – 15.0°C = 62.0°C
325 g x 62.0°C x 4.184 J x 1 kJ
g °C 1000 J
= 84.3 kJ

5
Calculating Mass from Heat

Aluminum is used to make kitchen utensils. What is the

mass of an aluminum spatula if 3.25 kJ of heat raise its
temperature from 20.0°C to 45.0°C. SHAl = 0. 897 J/g°C?
Given: 3.25 kJ (3250 J), 20.0°C to 45.0°C
Plan: Solve heat equation for mass
m = heat
ΔT x SH
ΔT = 25.0°C
Set Up: 3250 J g°C = 145 g Al
25.0°C x 0.897 J

6
Transferring Heat Energy

Heat energy:
• Flows from a warmer object to a colder object
• Provides kinetic energy for the colder object
• Lost by the warmer object is equal to the heat energy
gained by the colder object

7
Calorimeters and Heat Transfer

A calorimeter:
• Is used to measure heat transfer
• Can be made with a coffee cup,
water, and a thermometer
• Indicates the heat lost by a
sample and gained by water

Heat lost (-q) = Heat (q) gained

8
Measuring Heat Changes

A 50.0 g sample of tin is heated to 99.8°C and dropped

into 50.0 g water at 15.6°C. If the final temperature is
19.8°C, what is the specific heat of tin?
Water Heat gain (q)
= 50.0 g x 4.2°C x 4.184 J/g°C = 880 J

Tin Heat loss (-q) = -880 J

SH tin = -880 J = 0.22 J/g°C
(50.0 g)(-80.0°C)

9
Energy and Nutrition

On food labels, energy is shown as the nutritional

Calorie, written with a capital C. In countries other
than the U.S., energy is shown in kilojoules (kJ).

1 Cal = 1000 calories

1 Cal = 1 kcal
1 Cal = 1000 cal
1 Cal = 4184 J
1 Cal = 4.184 kJ

10
Caloric Food Values

• The caloric or energy

values for foods indicate
the number of kJ or kcal
(Cal) provided by 1 g of
each type of food.

11
Energy Values for Some Foods

12
Energy Requirements

• The amount of
energy needed each
day depends on age,
sex, and physical
activity.

13
Learning Check

A cup of whole milk contains 12 g of

carbohydrate, 9.0 g of fat, and 9.0 g of
protein. How many kcal (Cal) does a cup of
milk contain?
1) 48 kcal (or Cal)
2) 81 kcal (or Cal)
3) 165 kcal (or Cal)

14
Solution

3) 165 kcal
12 g carbohydrate x 4 kcal/g = 48 kcal
9.0 g fat x 9 kcal/g = 81 kcal
9.0 g protein x 4 kcal/g = 36 kcal

Total kcal = 165 kcal

= 165 Cal

15