Calculation :

1) How much power / year (in the average) does a solar field produce based on 20 %
modules, in the desert belt (2000 hrs / year) and at an area usage of about 50 %. State
the solar constant. For simplicity, you can use the AM1.5 solar constant for
calculations. In case you use a different solar constant, state this explicitly.
Power output = Area x Module Efficiency x Solar Irradiance x Area Usage x
Time
Power output = 200 KWH/year.m2

2) How many Joules are 1 kWh? How many Joules are 1 kg of H2? 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) is
equal to 3.6 x 106 joules (J).

The energy content of 1 kg of H2 can be calculated using the mass-energy equivalence formula,
E=mc2,
E = (1 kg) x (3 x 108 m/s)2 = 9 x 1016 J

3) A car is using 1 gallon of fuel/ 100 km. (for simplicity – calculate the gallon with 4 l,
and the gallon with 1.3*108 J)

a. How far can an electric car drive which is has about 2x higher
energyefficiency with a 24 kWh battery pack.
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 24 kWh
Amount of Fuel (l) = = = 2.7 𝑙
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑘𝑊ℎ
8.9 𝑙
Travelling distance (km) = (amount of fuel )/(average travelling distance using 4 l)
= (2.7 l)/(4 l/(100 km)) = 67.5 𝑘𝑚

b. How far can an electric car drive which is has about 2x higher energy
efficiency with a 24 kWh battery pack.
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 24 kWh
Amount of Fuel (l) = = = 2.7 𝑙
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑘𝑊ℎ
8.9 𝑙
2.7 l
Travelling distance using the fuel (km) = = 135 km
l
2 100 km

If we assume that when the battery pack is used, the car consumes 14 kWh/100 km, hence,
24 𝑘𝑊ℎ
Travelling distance using battery (km) = = 171.4 km
𝑘𝑊ℎ
14 100 𝑘𝑚
Total Travelling distance (km) = 135 + 171.4 = 306.4 km
4) Your car has the same fuel efficiency with gasoline as with hydrogen. How far can you
drive with 12 kg of Hydrogen, assuming your car requires 6 l gasoline / 100 km (for
simplicity you can convert the gallon with 4 l and assume that a gallon of gasoline
contains the same energy as 1 kg of hydrogen) .
If your car has the same fuel efficiency as gasoline as with hydrogen. How far can you drive with
12 kg of Hydrogen, assuming your car requires 6 l gasoline / 100 km (for simplicity you can convert
the gallon with 4 l)
kWh
Hydrogen capacity kWh = 10 kg × HHV × effeciency % = 10 kg × 39.4 × 0.5
𝑘𝑔
= 197 𝑘𝑊ℎ
If we assume that when the battery pack is used, the car consumes 29 kWh/100 km, hence,
197 𝑘𝑊ℎ
Travelling distance using battery (km) = = 679.3 km
𝑘𝑊ℎ
29 100 𝑘𝑚

5) Our power consumption is about 20 TJ every second. Assuming that gasoline / oil /
coal contain are equivalent to 35MJ/48MJ/53MJ per kg,
a. How many tons of gasoline / oil / coal per second do we have to burn
to provide that energy.
𝐺𝐽
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( 𝑠 )
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 20 𝑇𝑊 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐺𝐽
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑡𝑜𝑛)
Therefore, we would need to burn approximately 476.2 t/s of
gasoline, 487.8t/s, or 833.3t/s of coal per second to provide 20 TJ of
energy.
b. What is the area of photovoltaics that can deliver such power.
we would need approximately 100.000 km² of photovoltaic panels to
generate 20 TJ of energy per second.

6) What is the amount of batteries (in TWh storage capacity) which is required to store the
amount of solar energy produced in 2022 for one year. What would be the costs for that,
assuming that Li ion batteries cost about 100 €/kWh?
Assuming that the total amount of solar energy produced in 2022 is 320 GWh and
assuming a required storage duration of 24 hours.
So, the total energy that needs to be stored would be: 320 GW x 24 hours = 7.68 TWh
Assuming that the energy storage capacity of one battery is 1 kWh/battery, then the
number of batteries needed would be: 7.68 TWh / 1 kWh = 7.68 x 10 9 batteries.
The cost of battery storage capacity = 7.68 x 109 kWh x 100 €/kWh = 7.68 x 1012 €.
7) Assuming we will have 1 Mio electrical cars driving in Germany, with all of them
having a 50 kWh battery. How much PV (installations in peak power) can be stored in
these cars for one year? Assuming a fuel efficiency of 15 kWh / 100 km, how far will
the 1 Mio cars drive with that energy?
The total amount of energy storage in these cars would be: 1,000,000 cars x 50 kWh/car =
50,000,000 kWh = 50 GWh
If the average efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) installations is around 20 %. PV power over the
course of a year = 50 GWh / 0.20 = 250 GWh
Therefore, around 250 GWh of PV power would need to be installed to fully charge the batteries of
1 million electric cars in Germany for a year.
The total distance = 250x106 kWh/15 kwh/100 km/15 kWh = 1.67 x109 km

8) Your silicon solar cell has a Jsc =40 mA/cm2, a Voc of 0.7 and a FF of 0.75 at STC
(standard conditions: 1 sun with 1000 W/m2 and a room temperature).

a. What is the efficiency in % Therefore, the efficiency of the solar cell is 21%.

b. What is J0, assuming that Rs and Rp are negligible and the solar cell has
anideality factor of 1. Therefore, the reverse saturation current density
J0 is 1,94 x 10^-9 mA/cm2.

c. How would Voc change, if you´d assume J0 to be 1000 times larger?

Voc= 0,44V

9) Calculate the Reflectance for a silicon wafer, assuming a refractive index n Si=4 as
compared to a perovskite layer with a refractive index nperovskite=2 . The refractive
index of air nair = 1
By using Fresnel Equations: For silicon:
𝑛2 − 𝑛1 2 4− 1 2
𝑅=( ) =( ) = 0.36
𝑛2 + 𝑛1 4+ 1
For perovskite:
𝑛2 − 𝑛1 2 2− 1 2
𝑅=( ) =( ) = 0.11
𝑛2 + 𝑛1 2+ 1