VAWTs mainly consist of Darrieus VAWT and Savonius VAWT [9].

The Darrieus VAWT works based on

the lift and can produce high torque at higher rotational speeds, which has led to more practical
applications [10]. Still, the Darrieus VAWT has plenty of room for improvement. For example, the
Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine has relatively low wind energy utilization at low tip-speed ratios [11]
and is unable to generate sufficient torque for self-starting operation [12]. Further improvements and
optimizations are needed to enhance the performance metrics of the Darrieus VAWT and accelerate its
commercial utilization. The wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulation methods combined with
various optimization algorithms can be used to optimize and improve the Darrieus VAWT. Lee et al. [13]
investigated the effect of wind turbine geometrical parameters such as blade airfoil chord length, blade
pitch angle, and wind turbine diameter on wind turbine performance. The results showed that
increasing the chord length and decreasing the wind turbine diameter can increase the power
coefficient of the wind turbine at low tip speed ratio. Sun et al. [14] investigated the effects of airfoil
section and pitch angle on the power and self-starting performance of a wind turbine through wind
tunnel tests. The results showed that the high tip speed ratio operating condition of the wind turbine
loaded with NACA0018 airfoil blades could increase the power coefficient, and the excessive negative
pitch angle would decrease the wind turbine power coefficient. Kuang et al. [15] investigated the