3.

Electronic Stability Program (ESP) System:

The Electronic Stability Program (ESP) is an active safety system

designed to enhance the stability of a vehicle in various driving
situations. This system is equipped in modern vehicles such as those
manufactured by Mercedes, BMW, and others.
The ESP system operates by intervening in the brake system,
exerting individual control over one or more wheels on the front or rear
axle. ESP aids in stabilizing the vehicle during braking, cornering,
acceleration, and launch. To enhance the effectiveness of brake control,
ESP also influences both the engine and transmission.
3.1 Structural Diagram:
1- Wheel speed sensor.
2- Diagnostic connector assembly.
3- ESP electronic control unit.
4- ESP OFF switch.
5- ABS warning light.
6- ESP warning light.
7- EPC (Electronic Power Control) warning light.
8- Lateral acceleration sensor.
9- Steering moment delay control unit.
10- ESP error indicator light.
11- Steering angle sensor.
12- Brake warning switch.
13- ESP supply pump.
14- Parking brake switch.
15- Master cylinder pressure sensor.
16- Master cylinder.
17- Hydraulic actuator unit for ESP.
3.2 Operating Principle:
ESP addresses the issue of insufficient or excessive turning, ensuring
that the vehicle stays on the intended path of the driver in all situations.

Figure 1 Figure 2
When understeering or oversteering occurs, the ESP system identifies
the situation through steering angle sensors and lateral acceleration
sensors. It automatically controls precise braking force to the
corresponding wheels on the front or rear axle to maintain the vehicle's
direction as per the driver's input. In Figure 1, when the vehicle tends to
understeer, ESP controls the braking force on the left rear wheel, and
when it tends to oversteer, as shown in Figure 2, ESP controls the
braking force on the right front wheel. This helps stabilize the vehicle
during turning.
 Simultaneously, with rapid control, the ESP system sends signals to
the engine control unit, regulating a reduction in engine torque.
Consequently, the vehicle achieves high stability when turning.