LIVESTOCK

FARMING
Miss
 LIVESTOCK / PASTORAL FARMING
Pastoral farming is rearing of animals, whose products are then
sold. The products include milk and meat of cattle/goats/sheep, and
poultry etc.
The processes involved are:
Feeding
Milking
Breeding
Slaughtering
Shearing wool
 OUTPUTS
Milk (Cattle/Goats/camel)
Hides /skin (Cattle and Goat)
Wool (Sheep)
Eggs (Poultry)

Livestock farming has three types;

1. Poultry Farming (Commercial),
2. Commercial Livestock (goats, sheep, but mainly cows and buffaloes).
3. Subsistence farming, along with the obsolete Nomadic farming.
If the dairy and meat industry is developed on scientific lines, it will not only meet local
demand but will also produce ample quantities for export
 Nomadic farming
❖Nomadic farming It is carried out by people living in desert areas of Thar and Kharan.
❖They move place to place with their animals (goats, sheep and camels only) and their
belongings in search of food and water.
❖Where their animals find land to graze, they settle at that place temporarily so their
animals can fatten up.
❖Once the pasture is gone (due to seasonal rainfall accompanied with high rates of
evapotranspiration) they start moving again in search of newer pastures.
❖Animals provide milk, meat, hides(skin), bones (for sewing) and can be used as a mode
of transport.
❖Nomads are usually found in those areas where crop cultivation and subsistence farming
(described below) is impossible due to unfavourable conditions for plant growth.
❖This means that permanent settlement of people at a single place is very rare
 NOMADIC
ADVANTAGES DISDVANTAGES

1. Free access to pastures 1. Don’t have veterinary

from open fields. facilities.

2. Low cost of inputs. 2. Don’t have permanent places

to live.
3. Source of income. 3. Have to search for food for
4. Dung for soil. long distance.
5. Don’t need to hire labour. 4. Unreliable income.
5. Soil erosion.
Inputs Environmental Problems
◦ Livestocks.
◦ Pastures from open fields. ◦Soft erosion.
◦ Water from oasis, wells, karez, ◦Desertification.
ponds, lakes.
◦ Tents for shelter. ◦ Deforestation (damage to young
◦ Family labour. trees)
Processes
◦ Natural breeding.
◦ Grazing. Why Many Nomads In Baluchistan?
◦ Migration for water, pasture.
◦ Milking manually. ◦Shortage of resources.
◦ Collecting manure for fertilizer, fuel. ◦ Cultivation of crops is difficult or
◦ Preserving meat
impossible.
Outputs
◦ Meat. ◦ Rugged landscape.
◦ Wool. ◦ Population density is least so plenty
◦ Livestock.
◦ Manure. of land is available.
◦ Milk.
◦ Income.
 TRANSHUMANCE
❖It is seasonal migration along with the livestock especially in
winters from highland areas to the valley.
❖When the summer approaches they move back to the high land
pastures, but below snow line.
❖In winter high land pastures are covered with snow and water
sources also freezes so that’s why they move to valley where
temperature are suitable for them to survive and water, pastures
are available.
❖Sometimes they move to village market for selling their surplus
such as animals, wools, skin and milk.
 TRANSHUMANCE
❖In summer they move back to high land pastures below snowline
because in summer rich pastures grow as snow and glaciers melt
so therefore water is available.
❖They are mainly found in N.mountain and western highlands
❖From Himalayas they migrate towards to Kashmir valley.
❖From Hindukush to Chitral and Swat valley.
❖They keep sheep, goat, cattle, yak as these animals can adapt in
highland climate and mountainous topography.
 TRANSHUMANCE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Good access to rich pastures. 1. Lack of facilities.

2. Good accessibility of water.
3. Source of income.
4. No need to hire labour.
5. Requirement of food and
clothes fulfilled.
2. No permanent home.
3. Unreliable income.
4. Poor quality animals.
5. Have to travel long distances.
1. Inputs 3. Outputs
1. Livestock. 1. Meat.
2. Pastures. 2. Wool.
3. Water. 3. Milk.
4. Labour. 4. Manure

2. Processes
1. Breeding.
2. Grazing.
3. Milking.
4. Slaughtering.
 SETTLED
❖They do not move, they have permanent
homes.
Disdvantages
❖They are found in villages of Sindh and Punjab ◦ Area which can be used for
along rivers and on doabs. cultivating crop is utilized for grazing
ground.
❖They keep cow, hens, goat, buffaloes,
◦ Lack of nutritional fodder.
bullocks.
◦ Lack of investment.
❖Advantages ◦ Poor quality animal.
❖ Own grazing ground known as Shamilat. ◦ No experience.
❖ Do not move long distance. ◦ Unreliable source of income.
❖ Reliable source of water.
❖ Proper sheds.
❖ All sources of inputs available
 Inputs Outputs
1. Grazing grounds. 1. Meat
2. Water. 2. Livestock
3. Labour. 3. Manure.
4. Shed area 4. Eggs.
Processes 5. Milk.
1. Natural breeding. 6. Wool
2. Milking manually.
3. Collecting, manure, eggs.
4. Slaughtering
 LIVESTOCK FARMING ON A COMMERCIAL FARM:
▪Commercial Livestock Farming is practiced either on a small scale by private owners or on
a large scale by government owned or military farms.
▪ Scientific methods are not necessarily to be used.
▪Such dairy farms often lacking appropriate drainage or water supplies and a land use
incompatible with modern hygienic city life.
▪ Fodder has to be brought on from the nearest crop growing area, often by heavily
overloaded Lorries.
▪ Cattle dung is collected and dried in circular cakes plastered on any convenient wall and
sold to the market to be used as manure or domestic fuel.
▪ There are some notable exceptions such as Australian designed dairy farms for Islamabad
and Karachi, the Govt. dairy farm for Quetta etc.
▪ To boost livestock production scientific breeding methods and better nutritional diets are
in use on many of the government farms.
▪ Veterinary facilities are also being provided.
 OPPORTUNITIES FOR LIVESTOCK, POULTRY AND DAIRY
INDUSTRY
❖Vaccination programmes need to be improved so to prevent or reduce cases of diseases,
which affect production of milk and beef
❖Medicinal and fodder facilities must be improved to increase health and weight of animals
❖ New varieties of animals must be introduced in Pakistan and hybrid of desi and new
variety must be developed, so that the offspring produces higher yields and is also able to
survive conditions like high temperatures in Pakistan
❖Milk processing facilities must be developed so that value can be added to milk. Also,
hygienic conditions must be improved, so exports of milk related products can improve
(currently not preferred by foreign customers)
❖Hygienic conditions also help maintain health of animals, so the farmer suffers fewer losses
due to premature death
 OPPORTUNITIES FOR LIVESTOCK, POULTRY AND DAIRY
INDUSTRY
❖Biogas and electricity generation facilities must be established. Decomposing manure
produces methane, which can be burnt to produce electricity. This can be used to power
refrigeration and milk processing facilities etc
❖ Milk collection units must be setup to collect milk from different areas and bring it to one
main processing facility
❖ Machinery can be leased to farmers like tractors. They are used to grow fodder or
transport fodder etc, as for a small farmer these are expensive to buy
❖ Poultry coordination boards should be established at federal as well as provincial level to
help stabilize and maintain prices of animal products
❖ Lack of grading of eggs at farm level doesn’t promote the quality of eggs at a price
premium. The practice of grading at producer's level would be encouraged and price on
the basis of grades and standards should be regularly collected and disseminated
 BUFFALOES (THE BLACK GOLD OF PAKISTAN) AND CATTLE
❖Buffaloes are found mostly in canal fed areas of Pakistan,
especially the doab between Ravi and Sutlej.
❖Nilli-Ravi breed is found in Punjab, which is known for its
high milk production.
❖In Sindh, Kundi breed is found along both banks of Indus but
mostly in Northern and central Sindh. Other breeds are
found in areas of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.
❖Presence of water is very important as this animal needs to
cool itself by smearing mud on its body.
❖Water is also used for drinking and for cleaning the farm etc. after India.
❖A lot of fodder is also required (which becomes expensive to ❖Pakistan has one of the best breeds for producing milk (like
buy in non-agricultural areas) and thus buffaloes are not
found in Balochistan as this would be too uneconomical.
❖There are less urban areas there and thus les demand for
beef.
❖Buffaloes are considered to be black gold of Pakistan
because the milk they produce has a higher fat content than
that of cows and goats etc.
❖At present, buffaloes provide almost 70% of the milk
produced in Pakistan.
❖Also, their meat is white and desirable due to the low
cholesterol level as compared to cow’s meat However, it
must be noted that still there is ample room for
improvement.
❖Pakistan is the 2nd largest buffalo milk producer in the world
Nilli and Ravi) but due to mismanagement, inefficient
marketing system, old livestock technique, exposure to heat,
shortage of fodder and late age of maturity mean that this
potential is yet to be exploited.
Miss Mehreen
Abbasi
 Cattle
❖Cattle farming involves the rearing and management of two types of animals- one
group for food requirements like milk and another for labour purposes like
ploughing, irrigation, etc. Animals which provide milk are called milch/dairy animals.
For example, goats, buffalo, cows, etc. Animals which are used for labour are called
draught/draft animals.
❖Important cattle breeds are Red Sindhi and Sahiwali, which are internationally
recognized for their milk production.
❖Cattle are spread in Northern, central and Southern Punjab. In Sindh mainly in areas
of Tharparkar desert. In Balochistan they are found in district of Hab and in
Northcentral parts of KhyberPakhtunkhwa
❖The yield of dairy animals in Pakistan is around 1/5 to 1/7 as to what yields are
achieved in Europe and United States of America.
❖If our yields can be improved this can save us from import of milk and related
products, which costs around 20 million dollars annually.
Miss Mehreen
Abbasi
 IMPORTANCE OF SHEEP AND GOAT
❖Sheep are mostly found in rugged areas of Northern Balochistan,
Gilgit-Baltistan, KhyberPakhtunkhwa and parts of Southern Punjab.
❖Sheep can survive both hot and cold seasons, and feed on shrubs and
grasses. These adaptabilities make them vital for people living in these areas
for meat, milk, wool, bones etc
❖Goats have a much wider distribution than sheep in Pakistan.
❖They are found in almost whole of Punjab, Eastern and Southern Sindh,
Makran coast and central Balochistan and districts of Peshawar and Mardan
in KhyberPakhtunkhwa.
❖Goats are also very adaptable like sheep but since their meat and milk is
preferred over sheep; to satisfy this demand they are reared in larger
numbers as compared to sheep.
❖On the other hand, the consumption of mutton is also increasing in Pakistan due to
increasing population.
❖Much of meat produced in Pakistan is also exported to countries like Saudi Arabia, Oman
and UAE.
❖The demand of wool is also increasing but the wool sector is still very much neglected.
Goats and sheep along with poultry are the backbone of small rural households, which use
eggs and meat along with milk for their sustenance.
❖But no real attention is being paid toward this sector; there is no proper system of breeding
at organizational level, shortage of fodder and droughts in areas of Balochistan and Sindh
means that supplies of fodder are being exhausted.
❖Thus farmers are forced to make sure that their animals survive by grazing a same piece of
land again and again.
❖ This leads to desertification and subsequent problems of erosion and advancement of sand
dunes, which wreck agricultural fields further inland by covering them with sand.
❖To prevent this problem the government encourages the keeping of stall fed goats but due
to problems like lack of disease management services, such high density collection of
animals is risky.
Miss Mehreen
Abbasi
 Poultry farming
Poultry farming is the practice of raising poultry, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, as a
subcategory of animal husbandry, for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. In Pakistan,
most of poultry farming consists of chicken. Poultry farms are mostly found around dense centres
of population (Karachi, Quetta, and Lahore) and cooler areas (Murree, Abbottabad). Nearness to
population centres reduces cost of transportation and cooler areas are preferred for optimal
growth of chickens.
The processes involved in poultry farming:
First the poultry farm building is cleaned properly, disinfectant is applied and the building is
fumigated.
Maize is used as food, when the chicks arrive they are given antibiotics in their food for 3-7 days.
The temperature of the building is maintained between 32 and 37 degree Celsius.
The chickens are put in cages so their eggs and wastes can be easily removed etc.
After around 4-8 weeks the chickens can be slaughtered for their meat.
Miss Mehreen
Abbasi
 PROBLEMS FOR LIVESTOCK, DAIRY AND POULTRY INDUSTRY
❖Illegal smuggling of animals from Pakistan to ❖The existing breed of cows and buffalo produce low
Afghanistan hampers production leading to shortages amount of milk or beef when slaughtered, resulting in
of able bodied animals. This shortage os supply low turnover for the owners
increases the price of animals in local markets. Also, the
price of their products like milk, meat also increases ❖ Many dairy animals are susceptible to diseases
including malaria. With poor veterinary facilities the
❖Lack of processing facilities like pasteurization renders yield of animals is fairly low due to weakness. To
most of milk unsuitable for consumption after some further compound the problem the animals may die
period of time due to milk’s perishable nature early providing no returns whatsoever
❖Transport links must be improved so that milk is ❖Monopolization and price fixing mean that the farmer
transferred from areas of production to areas of receives a very low percentage of the actual price of
demand quickly and thus does not deteriorate when it the milk which is sold in market. So, the farmer has a
reaches the market very low turnover and he has little money to re-invest
in his business to try to improve it.
❖Yields of dairy animals can vary thus more focus needs
to be showered upon animal husbandry techniques to
achieve good reliable yield
 PROBLEMS OF LIVESTOCK

❖Few veterinary facilities

❖ Lack of grazing grounds
❖ Expensive and difficult to keep in urban areas
❖Lack of marketing facilities
❖ Lack of facilities for storage
❖ Old methods of breeding
❖ Unhygienic conditions
❖ Desertification due to overgrazing
❖ Lack of investment
❖ Disease transfer to humans.
 IMPROVEMENT IN LIVESTOCK
❖Capital, investment, loan subsides
❖ Selective, cross breeding
❖ Better feed
❖ More grazing land
❖ Control of disease
❖ Vaccination
❖ Better hygiene, care
❖ Mechanization.
 Cross Breeding
❖Crossbred animals are the combination of two or more breeds.
❖In the process of cross breeding characteristics of two or more good
breeds are combined.
❖In Pakistan crossbreeding is recommended for non descript breeds
with semen of local high producing breeds like Sahiwal, Cholistani, Red
Sindhi etc.
❖or exotic breeds like Holstein Friesian, Jersey etc.
❖These crossbred animals have more milk production, less calving
interval, early age of maturity and more lactation period. period as
compared to local animals.
 Subsistence farming
❖ Subsistence farming In it animals are kept to do daily tasks and provide daily
food requirements usually by a subsistence farmer (agriculture one).
❖ Animals include chicken, buffalo, cow, sheep and goats albeit on a very small
scale.
❖Chicken provide eggs and meat, cows provide milk whereas the bull (male
cow) is used for ploughing and transport (during planting, growth and
harvest of crop).
❖The manure is also used as fertilizer for crops. A pair of two bulls is known as
a bullock
 Commercial livestock farming (Dairy Farms)
❖Cows and buffaloes are raised in an organized manner for commercial purposes.
❖It can be very profitable for small land owners, giving higher returns as compared to traditional farming
methods, as land requirements are low.
❖The fodder can be grown on the fields and then fed to dairy animals.
❖The animals are also given a ration of special protein rich diet along with vaccinations to protect from
infections etc, which can affect production of milk.
❖If bigger dairy farms are established then the milk can be processed and packed too thus adding value to it.
❖When the cow stops producing milk it is slaughtered along with other bulls for their meat, which is then
sold in the market to earn a profit Dairy farms are important in Pakistan around big cities like Karachi etc.
❖ These farms provide milk regularly and cheaply due to the small distances involved.
❖Meat and hides are also provided.
❖Hides are used by leather industry and milk is used to make ghee. Furthermore, the dung can be sold and
used in place of firewood etc.
 Factors Affecting
Agricultural Production
 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Supplying the agricultural product needs of the present generation
while
protecting agricultural product needs of those in the future
Possibilities
oLess overcropping / multicropping oOrganic farming / using manure
oMethods of preserving soil e.g. terraces / oUse of appropriate knowledge /
contour ploughing training
o Soil management through afforestation oCrop rotation.
projects.
oOn farm waste recycling.
oRestrict use of heavy machinery
oWeed control by marching.
oKeeping vegetation cover
oPest and disease control.
oBetter water management / avoiding over
oReclamation of deserts with help of
watering / conserving water / lining canals
irrigation schemes.
 Difficulties
oHigh demand for more food
o Pressures on land e.g. for timber
o Lack of education and less awareness of sustainable methods
o Uncooperative landlords
oLand reform needed
oLack of government will / support / investment
oResistance to changing traditional / modern methods
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Miss