TYPES OF PLAGIARISM

PLAGIARISM -
Plagiarism is a term used to describe a practice that involves knowingly
taking and using another person’s work and claiming it, directly or indirectly,
as yours own. It is derived from Latin term plagiarus which means
kidnapper. It is a crime and an ethical offence. Many people think of
plagiarism as “copying” another’s work, or “borrowing” can disguise the
seriousness of the offence. It is essentially intellectual theft. According to the
Merriam-Webster On line Dictionary, to “Plagiarize” means
1. To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own.
2. To use (another’s production) without crediting the source to commit
literary theft.
3. To present as new and original o idea or product derived from an
existing source.
REASON FOR PLAGIARISM -
 Lack of awareness of plagiarism.
 Academic pressure.
 An absence of ethics.
 Ignorance of citation conventions among researchers/students.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLAIGIARISM –
Plagiarism can be defined in many ways
 INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL – Intentional plagiarism occurs
when the author deliberately, intentionally or knowingly copies entire
text, paragraph or data and presents it as its own. Unintentional
occurs when the author either is not aware of such research, is
unaware of the ethics in writing or does not know how to cite and thus
present similar articles.
 TEXT/WORDS, IDEAS/DATE OR VERBATIM PLAGIARISM – This
is the most common type of plagiarism known as “copy-cut-paste” or
“word-to-word” writing wherein complete sentences, paragraph,
tables or even pictures are reproduced without acknowledgment.
Although previous research need to be discussed completed copying of

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 previous text is to be avoided. This type of plagiarism is very difficult
to detect or prove.
 SOURCE PLAGIARISM – This type of plagiarism uses previous
article’s citations without actually reading or cross referencing the
bibliography.
 MOSAIC/PATCH WRITING – This type of plagiarism happens when
a new author uses the previous article text by replacing, reordering or
rephrasing the words or sentences to give it new look without
acknowledging the original author. It is very difficult to detect because
it interlays someone else’s phrases or text within its own research. It
is intentional and dishonest.
 SELF PLAGIRARIM – This happens when the author has added
research on a previously published article, book, contributed journal
and presents it as a new without acknowledging the first article or
taking permission from the previous publisher. Submission of the same
article to multiple journals to increase the chances of publication or
making multiple articles from a single article, known as, “salami
slicing”.
 GHOST WRITING – In this type the main contributor is not given due
acknowledgement or someone who has not contributed is given due
credit.
 COLLUSIONAL – In this type the author asks a professional agent or
institution to write an article and claim as its own.
 PARAPHRASING PLAGIARISM – The most common type of
plagiarism. It involves the use of someone else’s writing with some
minor changes in the sentences and using it as one’s own. Even if the
words differ the original idea remains the same.
 INACCURATE AUTHORSHIP – It can happen in two ways –
o In one form, when an individual contributes to a manuscript but
does not get credit for it. The second form is opposite: When an
individual gets credit without contributing to the work. Both
types are violation of the code of conduct in research.
SOME OF OTHER WAYS OF PLAGIARISM –
CLONE – Submitting someone else’s work, which is just transcribed, as
his/hers own;
CTRL-C – Contains most of the text from a single source, without
alterations;
RE-TWEET – Includes proper citations, but with too much text used from
original;

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ERROR 404 – Includes quoting non-existent or inaccurate source;
AGGREGATOR – Includes proper citation of sources, but contains almost
nothing of their own work;
FIND-REPLACE – Changing key words and phrases, but retaining a
substantial part of the content of the primary sources;
EMIX – Paraphrasing multiple sources which are so arranged that
complement each other;
RECYCLE – The use of their own work. (If the article is already published
somewhere but not cited.
HYBRID – Combine perfectly cited sources with the copied without citation;
MASH UP – Blending the copied material which is taken from multiple
sources;
SOME COMMON WAYS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM –
 Always acknowledge the original source.
 When paraphrasing use your own words.
 One must cite references accurately.
 When not sure if the idea/fact they wish to include is common
knowledge, cite reference.
 Avoid writing multiple separate articles if one can present a large
complex study in a cohesive manner in a single article.
VARIOUS PROGRAMS AVAILABLE TO CHECK FOR PLAGIARISM
Cross CheckTM
WCopyFindTM
SafeAssignTM
eTBLAST
Viper (http://www.scanmyessay.com/plagiarism-freesoftware)
http://turnitin.com/static/index

REFERENCE –

 Roka Bahadur Yam, “Plagiarism: Types, Causes and How to Avoid

This Worldwide Problem” 14 Nepal Journal of Neuroscience (2017).

 Islam Nurul Mohammed, Koka Ahmad Nisar, et.al, “Plagiarism: All

about How to Avoid” 10 British Journal of English Linguistic (2022).