Plant Resources (2017)

INDIAN FOREST SERVICE
PLANT RESOURCES
PAPER - 1 | SECTION - B
EDITION : 2017
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BOTANY
Civil IFoS
PAPER – I (Section B : Plant resource development)
1. Plant resource
 Domestication plants
 Plants introduction
 Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov‟s centers of origin
 Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context
 Energy plantations
 Botanical Gardens and Herbaria
 Plants as sources for -
Food Fodder Fibres Spices Beverages Edible oil
Drugs Narcotics Insecticides Timber Gums Resins
Dyes Latex Cellulose Starch & its products Perfumery
Year 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008
Marks 35 75  25 47 47 35 20 60
Year Civil
 Gives the botanical names of Latex yielding plants with Narcotic properties and
also write the name of of Plant parts used there in (7.5 + 7.5 = 15 m)
2016
 Energy plantation (10 m)
 Procedure and Maintenance of herbarium (10 m)
 Dye Yield Plants (10 marks / 150 Words)

2015  Ethnobotanical knowledge and beliefs in species conservation (10/150)
 Discuss the component of fully fledged botanical garden. (15 Marks)

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 Describe the oil yielding plants of India and their economic importance. (20 m)
 Give an account of Vavilov‟s “Centre of Origin” of the cultivated Plants (20 m)
 Gives the Botanical Names of 10 Important Fiber yielding Plants and describe
2013
their uses. (25 Marks)
 Write the botanical names and families to which the following plants belongs :
(12 Marks)
a) Flax b) Guar c) Date palm d) Cocaine e) Ginseng
f) Any timber plant
2012  Vavilov‟s theory indicates that “a region with the greatest genetic diversity is
also the centre of origin of that particular species”. This statement is no longer
tenable. Explain with any two examples (20 m)
 Ethnobotany has provided important clues to discovery of modern drugs. Give
an account of Ethnobotany taking some suitable examples. (15 m)
 Citing the suitable examples, defend the statements that “there is need to
2011 combine Ethnobotany to IPR”. (12 Marks)

 Describe the following – Energy plantations, Retting (10 + 10 Marks)
 Name 5 edible Oil yielding plants. Give their botanical names & families (15 m)
2010  Give the botanical names of the plant species, their families, Part used and the
uses of Annatto and Haematoxylin. (20 Marks)
 Critical notes on Significance of Energy Plantations (20 Marks)

2009
 Plants as a source of insecticides (10 m)
 Significance of botanical garden with suitable examples. (20m)
2008  Sources and use of some ancient botanical drugs. (20 m)

 Differentiate b/w Spices and herbs. Give two examples of each. (20m)

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Unit – 1 : Plants Domestication
Definition :-
Domestication is a sustainable, multi-generational, mutualistic

relationship in which one group of organisms (Human) assume a significant
degree of control over the reproduction and care of another group
(Plants/Animals) through artificial selection and controlling their environment
to secure a more predictable supply of interested resources. Example – Wheat.
History :-
1. Earliest evidence of plant domestication we have got from South-Western Asia,

especially Syria (grains of Rye) around 9,000 to 11,000 years ago).
2. Kalibangan – Ploughed agriculture Field.
3. Dog was the first domesticate Animal
Importance / Significance :-
4. Predictable supply of : Food → Wheat

: Essential commodities → Wool
: Transport → Horse
: Farm power → Bull
5. Food security : Make possible settled life and evolution of civilization from
Hunting and gathering to settled economy.

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6. Nutrition & Energy security : obtain vitamins + Fuel wood
7. Artificial selection of Desirable characters
Challenges :-
1. Changes in the genetic makeup and morphological appearance of plants and

Animals.
2. Loss of Disease & Stress resistance power
3. Invasive species i.e. Lantana
4. Genetic pollution - uncontrolled gene flow from domestic into wild populations
5. Loss of Diversity : only few species got protection, GMO, impact of green
revolution.
Note :
Cultigen Cultivar
 Cultus - cultivated, gens – kind  Nothing but a taxonomical denotation

 A man-made" plants/variety through to a sub species i.e.
breeding or grafting i.e. kalyan sona  Triticum aestivum variety jawahar
variety of wheat

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Unit – 2 : Introduction of Plant
Definition :
Plant introduction is the ~~
Transfer of a genotype/Variety of plants from the place of its cultivation to the

new area where they were not being grown previously, after following the procedure
of quarantine, germplasm evaluation and multiplication.
 It is the most powerful tool for agricultural improvement.
Types :
1. Primary introduction or Direct : introduced variety without alteration in its

genotype i.e. Wheat varieties - Sonara 64, Lerma roso 64 ( from Mexico
during green revolution). Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Poplar.
2. Secondary introduction or indirect : modified the genotype by crossing with

Indigenous variety, before introduction. i.e. Kalyansona wheat variety.
Importance / Significance : -
1. Obtain New high value crops i.e. Eucalyptus, Poplar, Cassava, Coffee.
2. Crop improvement – high Productivity, disease & Pest resistance.
3. Prevent genetic erosion :
4. Aesthetic values : Flowering plants like Water hyacinth.
Challenges :-
1. Introduction of obnoxious weeds i.e. Argemone Mexicana, Parthenium.

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2. Disease i.e. Late blight of potato ← Europe during 1880‟s
Flag smut of wheat ← Australia
Bunchy top of Banana ← Sri Lanka
3. Ornamentals turned weeds i.e. Water hyacinth, lantana camera etc.
4. Threat to Ecological balance i.e.
Eucalyptus : heavy transpiration rate → water crisis.
Poplar : Pollengrain – Allergy case of J & K
Agencies :
 NBPGR, New Delhi

 FRI, Dehradun
 BSI, Kolkata
 CIMMYT : International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico
 ICRISAT : International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics,
Pathencheru, Hyderabad
Procedure of Plant Introduction :
1. Procurement of germplasm : Gift / Purchage / Collection

2. Quarantine : Keep material isolated to prevent disease spreding / Fumigation /
other necessary treatments
3. Cataloguing : Name, Place of origin, Features etc.
4. Germplasm Evaluation :
5. Multiplication & Distribution :

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2015 Give an account of Vavilov‟s “Centre of Origin” of the cultivated Plants (20 m)
Vavilov‟s theory indicates that “a region with the greatest genetic diversity is
2012 also the centre of origin of that particular species”. This statement is no longer
tenable. Explain with any two examples (20 m)
Q What do you mean by Primary & Secondary centres of origin ?
Unit – 3 : Vavilov‟s centre of Origin
Definition :-
A center of origin is a geographical area where an organism has greatest

genetic diversity.
 Centres of origin are also considered centers of diversity.
Significance :-
1. To Locate wild relatives : that helps to got a new disease resistance genotype -
basic for plant breeding.
2. To avoid genetic erosion : from habitat fragmentation, loss of ecotypes and
emerging urbanization challenge. Also considered center of maximum diversity.
3. Preservation of natural habitats : especially in centres of origin
 Vavilov‟s Centre of origin : Russian geneticist
 “A region with the greatest genetic diversity is also the centre of origin of
that particular species”.
 8 Major + 3 Sub-centre
No Centre Feature
 Largest center → 136 endemic species
Chinese
1  Region : China
Center
 Soybean (Glycine max), Bamboo, Tea

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 Region : India (Except Punjab, J& K) + Myanmar
 117 endemic plants
 Crop : Rice (Oryza sativa), Gram, (Cicer arietinum)
Indian  Fruits : Mango (Mangifera indica), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

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centre  Vegetables : Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
 Sugar cane (Saccharum offi cinarum)
 Cotton | Black pepper (Piper nigrum) | Babool
 Sandalwood (Santalum album) | Bamboo (Bambusa tulda)
 Sub-centre, Includes Indo-China + Malay

Indo-  55 Endemic species
Malayan  Banana (Musa paradisiacal), Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)
 Casuarina
Central  Region : Punjab & Kashmir + Afghanistan, & Central Asia

3 Asiatic  ~ 40 endemic Species
Center  Wheat - Triticum vulgare | Apple
 Region : Asia Minor + all of Transcaucasia & Iran

Asia  8/9 species of wheat were located in this region
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minor  Durum wheat (Triticum durum), Rye (Secale cereal) Alfalfa
(Medicago sativa)

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 Borders of the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean
5  ≈ 80 endemic species
region
 Olive | Cabbage
Abyssinian  Includes Abyssinia + Eritrea + Somaliland.

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Center  Coffee | Flax - Linum usitatissimum
Central America &  Maize - Zea mays

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South Mexican Central  Cacao - Theobroma cacao
 Region : Pre-Inca civilization

 Tomato → Lycopersicum esculentum
South American Center
 Potato → Solanum phureja
8 A. Peruvian, Ecuadorean,
 Tobacco → Nicotiana tabacum
Bolivian Center
 Guava → Psidium guajava
 Pumpkin → Cucurbita maxima
 Island near the coast of southern Chile

B. Chiloe Center
 Potato - Solanum tubersum
 Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)

C. Brazilian-Paraguayan
 Cashew (Anacardium occidentale
Question : Write down 5 plants Botanical name, Family and centre of Origin
Botanical name Common name Family Centre of Origin

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Contemporary Methods Used in the Study of Origin of Crops :
1. Archaeological Method : Buried seeds, fossilized pollen grains and fragments

of plant in the excavation of an archaeological site give us an insight to what
types of plants were associated with the ancient cultures.
2. Historical Method : Arts and culture which might depict plants and animals i.e.
Neem related to mother goddess durga.
3. Radiocarbon Dating : C14 (t½ = 5,730 yrs)
4. Plant Sciences : Identifying the wild ancestor of crop plant, comparing wild
and cultivated material on the basis of morphology, physiology and genetics,
Molecular markers etc.

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2015 1. Ethnobotanical knowledge and beliefs in species conservation (10/150)
2. Ethnobotany has provided important clues to discovery of modern drugs.

2012
Give an account of Ethnobotany taking some suitable examples. (15 m)
3. Citing the suitable examples, defend the statements that “there is need to
2011
combine Ethnobotany to IPR”. (12 Marks)
Unit – 4 : Importance of “Ethnobotany” in Indian context
Ethno Botany
Means - people, culture, beliefs, aesthetic knowledge

Study of plants
as well as practices.
Nodal Agency: Botanical survey of India
Definition :-
Ethnobotany is the “study of how people of a particular culture or region

utilized indigenous (native) plants knowledge through the ages”
Since their origins, humans have depended on plants for their primary needs
and existence. Plants provide them Roti – Kapda – Makan, medicine etc. Or even
contribute to the air we breathe.
Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context : Benefits v/s Challenges
New medicine* IPR* Conservation* Indigenous Knowledge
Ethnobotany has provided important clues to discovery of modern drugs. Give

2012
an account of Ethnobotany taking some suitable examples. (15 m)

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1. Ancient Knowledge v/s Modern Medicine:
Out of ≈ 265,000 plant species inhabiting the earth, hardly 0.5 % has been
subjected to an exhaustive chemical analysis or medicinal properties. We live in a
world where finance becomes a challenging problem, so it would be impossible to
screen each of the remaining species for biological activity.
On the other hand, Ethnobotanical route of discovering new drugs has proved
to be the most productive plant screening methods as it is more targeted oriented and
traditional knowledge based.
Benefits :-
 Recognizing their indigenous knowledge and its protection right (IPR)

Local society
 Benefits sharing model under Convention on Biological Diversity – 1992

 Job opportunity : Local people get jobs i.e. Collection / Cultivation,
processing, Transportation etc.
 New drugs : more benefit/ market shares

 Searching of economically valuable biochemical / Genetic resources is
Corporate
Cheaper than discovering any new drugs.

 Tremendous scope : Presently Indian herbal drug industry has annual
turnover of ≈ Rs. 4000 Crore with a meagre export of Rs. 400 Crore. It
has tremendous scope and potential to expand further and serve the
mankind and economic benefit of tribal‟s.
Community as whole
 New drugs at cheap cost than the expensive patented drugs i.e.
 National income v/s Export v/s Indian soft power : can generate income
for developing country like India.
 Provide incentive for conservation, including environment problems
 Cottage and craft industries : New product

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Examples :
1. Kanis tribes (Kerala) v/s “Jeevani” | Arya vaidhya pharma, coimbatore – Kani
tribesmen got 5 Lakh as licence fee with 2 % as Royalty, and formed a trust to
manage the fund.
2. Drug for curing malaria which dramatically inhibits Plasmodium growth from
the extracts from “Qinghao” (Artemisia annua). Tu Youyou from China got
Nobel Prize for this work in Medicine in 2015.
Challanges :-
 Requires teamwork with multidisciplinary skill i.e. Botany, anthropology,

pharmacology, social sciences etc. To evaluate properly
 Infrastructural support : for R & D, Capacity building, Training, Financial
support, Monitoring & evaluation, Benefit sharing mechanism, Legal support.
 Policy support : to prevent Biopiracy like Turmeric & Neem, prevent Red
tapism, corruption and Nexus. Increase transparency, eGovernance and easy
approval process for new drugs. IPR policy 2016. Promote Bioprospecting.
 Knowledge Network : Strengthening Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (by
CSIR), People biodiversity register (at village level).
 Over utilization of natural resources : unsustainable collection of demanded
plant/Animal resources sometime thread their extinction in wild.
 Unfair sharing of benefits : or total absence of benefit sharing
Bio piracy
The commercial exploitation of biological / genetic resources like
extracts of medicinal plant, without compensating the indigenous peoples or
countries from which the material or relevant knowledge is obtained.
Examples : Indian Cow‟s A2 Gene :

: Turmeric patent → USA | Neem patent → US & Europe

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Bio prospecting
The systematic search for new drugs as well as sources of chemical
compounds / genes / micro-organisms has commercial values based on
traditional knowledge of the indigenous people/Society.
2. intellectual property rights (IPR) :-
Contemporary intellectual property law permits only the patenting of an

identified active compount from a plant, not the plant or folk information
relating to medicinal properties.
 Whereas the indigenous people derived their knowledge by its use and
physical control.
 This control can provide the basis for trade secret protection and
enforceable in developed as well as developing nations.
 Pharmaceutical firms would allow to developing and marketing the
products and ensuring that the nation and/or people from which the material
or information was derived are properly rewarded.
# Why we needed hard efforts to document / conserve of traditional knowledge :-
 4th World : 705 Schedule Tribe groups | Popn - 10.4 Crore (India = 8.6 %)
 80 % of the world’s population depend upon ≈ 700 plant species, for their
primary source of medicine.
 Emerging Threat of loss of traditional knowledge due to: (i) death of the
knowledge holder, (ii) weakening of these practices using these knowledge
(iii) rapid social change and development, (iv) introduction of modern
practices and products
 Untouched their traditional cure system i.e. even for cancer, diabetes. Their
conservational and sustainable use practice.
 Prior Informed consent : Under article 15 of CBD – 1992 and in Bonn
Guidlines – 2002 / Written consent & authorization from knowledge holders

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 Protect their rights (IPR) – Unauthorised used, Benefit sharing
 Raising awareness among them with respect to values of Traditional
Knowledge. And Revitalization of its practice. Management of knowledge.
 Examples of traditional knowledge : Azadirachta indica, Rauvolfia
serpentina, Nuxvomica (Strychnos nux-vomica), Papaver somniferum
(Opium Poppy).
# IPR violation Case :-
 Turmeric and its wound Healing Properties → US patent

 Herbal composition with Jamun → to treat Diabetes
# How to tackle IPR violation :-
 Active participation of NGOs and Community

 Documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge/oral traditional knowledge
 People biodiversity resister
 Traditional Knowledge Digital Library by CSIR + AYUSH (Database
contain ~ 3 Lakh formulas available in 5 international languages) : got
success as around 200 patents application based on Indian traditional
knowledge has been either rejected, modified or declare dead.
 Fair and Equitable Benefits sharing model : Article 8(j) of CBD – 1992
# Societies that Promote Ethnobotany
 Society for Economic Botany

 International Society of Ethnobiology
 Institute for Ethnomedicine
Ethnobiology is the scientific study of the way living things are treated or used by
different human cultures. It is the scientific studies the dynamic relationships
between peoples, biota, and environments, from the distant past to the immediate
present.

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3. Conservation efforts : Conservation of Local medicinal plants against over
exploitation, habitat fragmentation and extinction from wild.
# Challenges :
- Over exploitation of resources

- Habitat fragmentation : Loss of habitat,
- Invasive species and heavy competition.
- Climate change : Drought, Flooding, Cyclone, Land slides
- Pollution : Pesticides, Eutrophication
# Solution :-
- Germplasm collection - Threatened species

- Botanical garden : Ex-situ conservation
- Biosphere reserve programme
- Traditional cultural conservation practices i.e. sacred grooves, Maiti Andolan
(Uttarakhand)
- Forest right act v/s Joint forest Management : participation of stake holders in
policy making, its implementation as well as Monitoring and evaluation.
# Stories :-
- Maiti Andolan : in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand – After over the marriage

ceremony, the bride plant a tree sapling in her village.
-
# Government Initiatives :-
- Van Mahotsav :
- Joint forest Management (JFM) :
- Biosphere reserve programme :
-
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4. Management of Traditional Knowledge :

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Unit – 5 : Energy Plantations or Energy crops
2016 Describe the following : Energy plantation (10 m)
2014 Describe : Energy plantation (10 m)
2011 Describe : Energy plantations (10 Marks)
2009 Critical notes on Significance of Energy Plantations (20 Marks)
Definition :-
Energy plantation means the “growing of select trees and shrubs species
for production of fuel wood or vegetable oil to fulfil the emerging demand
supply gap of clean energy as well as to keep in check the CO2 emission.
Unit – 6 : Botanical gardens and herbarium
2016 Procedure and maintenance of Harberium (10 m)
2015 Discuss the component of fully fledge Botanical garden (15 M)
2008 Significance of Botanical garden with suitable examples (20 Marks)

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1. Food Crop
Triticum aestivum Hordeum vulgare (Barley) Avena sativa (Oat)
Pennisetum typhoides Sorghum vulgare Oryza sativa
Zea mays Cicer Arietinum Pisum sativum
Vigna mungo (Black gram) Vigna radiata (Green gram) Cajanus cajan (Red)

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3. Fiber‟s yielding Plants
Gives the Botanical Names of 10 Important Fiber yielding Plants and

2013
describe their uses. (25 Marks)
2011 Describe the “Retting” (10 Marks)
Gossypium hirsutam : Cotton | Malvaceae

• Seed coat fiber - Textiles i.e. Shirts, Paints etc.
• Seed Oil - Human consumption
Linus usitatissimum : Flax (linen/Alsi)| Linaceae

• Bast fiber of Stem - bed sheets, Lace, underclothes
• Used in the high-quality paper i.e. banknote and rolling
paper for cigarettes and tea bags
• Seed oil - omega-3 fatty acids (Reduce cancer risk)
Cannabis sativa : Hemp | Cannabaceae

• Use - Paper, cordage, construction material
• Cannabis is a popular recreational drug
 Bambusa grandiflora : Bamboo | Gramenae

 Use : Construction, Mat, House
 Textiles : bamboo fabric | Musical instruments
 Weapons : Selambal (TN) Martial art
 Corchorus capsularis : Jute | Tiliaceae

 Bast fiber - Gunny bags, Rope
 Advantage --> biodegradable nature
 Crotalaria juncea : Sunn hemp | Fabaceae

 Originated in India
 Bast fibers - Rope, Fishing net

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 Cocos nucifera : Coir | Arecaceae
 Tree of Life | Water-Milk-Oil, Beauti product
 Mesocarp of Fruit - Rope
 Bombex ceiba : Red silk cotton | Malvaceae
 Ceiba pentandra : kapok | Malvaceae
 Agave sisilana = Sissal fiber | Caryota urence =
Problems of Jute industry: Wrong govt policies, shifting of public uses from jute to
plastic & cheap import from Bangladesh
Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms (Anaerobic bacteria)

and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and
pectin’s surrounding bast-fibre bundles, and so facilitating separation of the fibre from
the stem. Examples : Flax fiber, Jute, hemp and Coir from coconut husks
Types :-
1. Water retting : by submerging bundles of stalks in water, absorb both moisture

and decay-producing bacteria, practice in North India.
2. Dew retting : area where water limitation i.e. Rajasthan deserted area,
harvested plant stalks are spread evenly in grassy fields, where the combined
action of bacteria, sun, air, and dew produces fermentation, dissolving much of
the stem material surrounding the fibre bundles.
3. Chemical :
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5. Beverages
Beverages are considered to be essential items of human diet because of their
stimulating and refreshing nature and liquid content. They are used all over the
world since the ancient time.
For “Caffeine”
Leaves | Queen of beverages | Assam,

Tea Camellia sinensis Theaceae
Darjeeling (W.B.), Nilgiris
Coffee Coffea arabica Rubiaceae Seed/been | KN-KR-TN (Baba-budan hills)
Cocoa Theobroma cacao Sterculiaceae Seeds | Region : KR, KN
Cola Cola nitida Sterculiaceae Seed| South Indian States
Wine Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Grape wine‟ „Apple wine‟,
Beer Hordium vulgare Poaceae Barley grains, Malting & Brewing process
Cashew apple (Kaju) Liquor of Goa |

Anacardium th
Fenny Anacardiaceae distillation | in 16 Century, Portuguese
oxidentel
brought it to Goa from Brazil.

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7 . Drugs
Give the botanical names of Latex yielding plants with Narcotic properties
2016
and also write the name of the plant parts used their in (7.5 + 7.5 = 15 M)
2008 Source and use of some Ancient botanical drugs (20 M)
Background :-
 Ayurvedic system of medicine

 Charak Samhita v/s Susrut samhita
 Belladona : Atropa belladonna - { Solanaceae }
 Growing Area : Kashmir + Chakrata (UK)

 Plant Parts : Leaves + Top collected during flowering season, when the
alkaloids concentration is greater (0.9 to 1.2 %)
 Alkaloids : Atropine & its isomer Hyoscyamine + Scopolamine , Apoatropine
 Atropine : Stimulate “sympathetic nervous system” so work as antidote to
opium, treatment of Asthma & whooping cough, Control excessive salivation,
nasal secretions, sweating.
 Scopolamine : depressed the “Parasympathetic nervous system” resulted
sedative and used with morphine to induced „Twilight sleep‟
 Quinine : Cinchona officinalis - { Rubiaceae }
 Famous for its “Anti-Malaria” property (Other Plasmochin, Quinachrine)

 Stem bark mainly (+ Root bark)
 Alkaloids : Quinine & its isomer Quinidine, Cinconine
 Quinine : insecticidal property, used to protect Cloths, Books
 Cinconine : cardiac depressant
 Ephedra : Ephedra major - { Ephedraceae } Gymnospermae
 Dried or fresh stem branches

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 Alkaloid : Ephedrine – chemically resemble epinephrine (adrenalin) and used
in the treatment of Asthma, bronchial cough, cold & hay fever.
 Opium : Papaver somniferum - { Papaveraceae }
 Native – Asia Minor (Turkey) / MP – Nimach + Ratlam

 Latex obtain from the unripe capsules
 Alkaloids : Morphine , Codeine , Thebaine , Papaverine , Narcotine
 Morphine : 10-12 % of opium weight, analgesic (pain reliever) & sedative
(god of dreams), reduces blood pressure & bleeding
 Codeine : Whooping cough
 Poppy seed oil : free from narcotic constituents, Nutritive and used as
flavouring agent in cakes, sweetmeats, curries etc.
 Sarpagandha : Rauvolfia serpentina - { Apocynaceae }
 Root Bark
 Alkaloids : Reserpine & Reserpinine, Serpentine & Serpentinine, Ajmaline
 Snake bite, Epilepsy, High blood pressure, intestinal disorders, Stimulate
uterine contraction – use in child birth.
 Ashwagandha : Withania somnifera - { Solanaceae }
 Native : India
 Dried roots power
 Alkaloids : Somniferin & Somniferinine, Withananine
 Diuretic, used in Rheumatism
 Satawar : Asparagus racemosus - { Asparagaceae }
 Native :
 Dried root powder
 Alkaloids :
 Uses :
 Adusha : Adhatoda vasica - { Acanthaceae }

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 Native : India
 Dried leaves
 Alkaloids : Vasicine , Adhatodic acid
 Use : Cough serapes
 Tulsi : Ocimum sanctum - { Labiateae }

 Native :
 Leaves mainly, Stem & Bark
 Alkaloids :
 Uses :
 Guggal : Commiphera wightii - { Burseraceae }
 Native : India
 Stem bark – Oleogum resin
 Uses : Treatment of arthritis, Obesity, high blood cholesterol etc.
 Periwinkle : Catharanthus roseus - { Apocynaceae }
 Part Use : Whole plant, Mainly leaves

 Alkaloids : Vincristine & Vinblastine → Anticancer drugs
 Nux vomica : Strychnos nux-vomica - {Loganiaceae }
 Ripe seeds
 Alkaloids : Strychnine, brucine
 Uses : Arrow poison, Treatment of nervous disorder & Paralysis. Higher doses
may kill stray dogs, agriculture pests like rabbits, rats, fox etc.
 Fox glove : Digitalis purpurea - {Scrophulariaceae }
 Grow : Kashmir, Chakrata (UK), Nilgiri

 Alkaloids : Digitalis – epidermal & Sub-epidermal collenchymas +
„Endodermal‟ cells of the vascular bundles.
 Uses : due to stimulatory action it used in treatment of circulatory diseases,
Heart failure, Epilepsy, removal of renal obstructions.
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 Neem : Azadirachta indica - { Meliaceae }
 Native : India
 Leaves, Bark, Seed oil
 Alkaloid :
 Uses :
 Aamla : Emblica officinalis - { Euphorbiaceae }
 Fruits,
 Uses : Trifala,
 Onion : Allium cepa - { Liliaceae }
 Bulb (Underground modified stem)

 Uses :
 Garlic : Allium sativum - { Liliaceae }
 Bulb
 Uses :
 Aconite : Aconitum napellus - { Ranunculaceae }
 Dried roots
 Alkaloids : Aconine, Aconitine
 Uses : Neuralgia, rheumatism, Pain killer
 Ergot : Claviceps purpurea - { Ascomycetes fungi }
 Parasite over the ovary of Secale cereal (Rye)

 Fruiting body – the “Sclerotium”
 Alkaloids : Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
 Uses :
 Bael : Aegle marmelos - { Rutaceae }

29
8. Narcotics
Give the botanical names of Latex yielding plants with Narcotic properties
2016
and also write the name of the plant parts used their in. (7.5 + 7.5 = 15 M)
2012 Write down the botanical name and families of the following plants - Cocaine
Background :-
Narcotics are the drugs (such as morphine, Heroin, LSD) which affecting mood
or behaviour of a person. They generally have psychoactive compounds with sleep-
inducing properties.
 Opium : Papaver somniferum - { Papaveraceae }
 Native – Asia Minor (Turkey) / MP – Nimach + Ratlam

 Opium - is a dried juice (Latex) which exudes from the immature capsules.
 Alkaloids : Morphine , Codeine , Thebaine
 Morphine : 10-12 % of opium weight, analgesic & sedative, reduces blood
pressure.
 Codeine : Whooping cough
 Indian Hemp : Cannabis sativa - { Cannabinaceae }
 Growing Area : Bengal, KN & TN by licence

 Grow for obtain – Fibres, Narcotic drugs, Seeds
 „Resinous glandular hairs‟ of the inflorescence of female flowering plant
 Medically Used : Relieving pain, Sedative & Hypnotic, treating nervous
disorder
 Impact : Temporary feeling of well being, happiness and increase strength
often marked by uncontrolled laughter and giggling. Illusion, Hallucinations,
often indulge in violence or even commit Murder (Morally and mentally
weakness).

30
 The highest concentration of the drugs is obtained from the resinous secretion
from the female inflorescence before fertilization takes place. This pure resin
is called Charas or Hashish (West Asia). The active principle is
“Tetrahydrocannabinol”(THC).
Bhang or Charas or
Ganja
Marijuana (American name) Hashish (West Asia).
Dried leaves, stems and Undiluted, unaltered sticky

Dried unfertilized female
flowering shoots of male yellow exudation from the
inflorescence without
and female flower (Tops of leaves and unfertilized
removing their resin.
wild plants) female inflorescence
Low resin content << High resin content <<< Much higher
Beverages, mixture with

Sedative, Hypnotic,
tobacco is smoked, also
beverage
used in sweetmeats.
 Heroin : (like opium and morphine) is made from the resin of poppy plants.
Milky, sap-like opium is first removed from the pod of the poppy flower.
This opium is refined to make morphine and then further refined into
different forms of heroin.
Opium → Morphine → Heroin (fine white powder)
Adductors take(s) heroin by injection, smoked or sniffed. In case in injection,

it creates additional risks for the user, who faces the danger of AIDS or other
infection.
 Hemp seeds : World most nutritive seeds, good amount of easily digestive
proteins, contain all 9 essential amino acids, Omega-3 & Omega-6 fatty acids,
Anti ageing, Anti-oxidant and Vitamin-E rich.
 Cocaine or Coca : Erythroxylum coca - { Erythroxylaceae }

31
 Dried leaves powder - contain alkaloids around 1-2 % of leaf weight
 Alkaloids : Cocaine, Tropococaine
 It induced : pleasing excitation, physical strength, mental alertness & Working
capacity, relief from fatigue and Hunger. But it may cause sometime death due
to failure of respiratory paralysis.
 LSD – blots & Crystals
Drugs :-
 MDMA
 Diazepam tab
 Alprazolam tab & Powder :
 Lorazepam tab
 Ketamine Injections
 Codeine Phosphate tab
 Tramadol

32

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INDIAN FOREST SERVICE

Contact : +917223970423 Upscbotany05@gmail.com

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

Food Fodder Fibres Spices Beverages Edible oil

Drugs Narcotics Insecticides Timber Gums Resins

Dyes Latex Cellulose Starch & its products Perfumery

 Dye Yield Plants (10 marks / 150 Words)

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

f) Any timber plant

2011 combine Ethnobotany to IPR”. (12 Marks)

 Critical notes on Significance of Energy Plantations (20 Marks)

 Significance of botanical garden with suitable examples. (20m)

2008  Sources and use of some ancient botanical drugs. (20 m)

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

Domestication is a sustainable, multi-generational, mutualistic

1. Earliest evidence of plant domestication we have got from South-Western Asia,

4. Predictable supply of : Food → Wheat

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

1. Changes in the genetic makeup and morphological appearance of plants and

 Cultus - cultivated, gens – kind  Nothing but a taxonomical denotation

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

Plant introduction is the ~~

Transfer of a genotype/Variety of plants from the place of its cultivation to the

 It is the most powerful tool for agricultural improvement.

1. Primary introduction or Direct : introduced variety without alteration in its

2. Secondary introduction or indirect : modified the genotype by crossing with

1. Introduction of obnoxious weeds i.e. Argemone Mexicana, Parthenium.

 NBPGR, New Delhi

Procedure of Plant Introduction :

1. Procurement of germplasm : Gift / Purchage / Collection

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

Q What do you mean by Primary & Secondary centres of origin ?

Unit – 3 : Vavilov‟s centre of Origin

A center of origin is a geographical area where an organism has greatest

 Centres of origin are also considered centers of diversity.

 Vavilov‟s Centre of origin : Russian geneticist

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

Indian  Fruits : Mango (Mangifera indica), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

 Sub-centre, Includes Indo-China + Malay

Central  Region : Punjab & Kashmir + Afghanistan, & Central Asia

 Region : Asia Minor + all of Transcaucasia & Iran

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

Abyssinian  Includes Abyssinia + Eritrea + Somaliland.

Central America &  Maize - Zea mays

 Region : Pre-Inca civilization

 Island near the coast of southern Chile

 Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)

Botanical name Common name Family Centre of Origin

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

1. Archaeological Method : Buried seeds, fossilized pollen grains and fragments

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

2. Ethnobotany has provided important clues to discovery of modern drugs.

Unit – 4 : Importance of “Ethnobotany” in Indian context

Means - people, culture, beliefs, aesthetic knowledge

Nodal Agency: Botanical survey of India

Ethnobotany is the “study of how people of a particular culture or region

Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context : Benefits v/s Challenges

New medicine* IPR* Conservation* Indigenous Knowledge

Ethnobotany has provided important clues to discovery of modern drugs. Give

Paper 1 | Section B : Plant resources YouTube : https://bit.ly/2NSWF4E Telegram : https://t.me/hornbill_classes

 Recognizing their indigenous knowledge and its protection right (IPR)

 Benefits sharing model under Convention on Biological Diversity – 1992

 New drugs : more benefit/ market shares