RATIFICATION PAGE

The complete report of genetics practicum entitled "Deviance of Mendel’s

Law" is prepared by:
name : Rughaya Salsabila SM
ID : 200107510006
class : ICP of Biology Education
group : 2 (Two)
has been checked and consulted with the Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it is
declared accepted.

Makassar, 2022
Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Alfian Mubaraq Thiara Adzkia Muthmainnah

ID.1814142033 ID. 1914041002

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER.......................................................................................................................i
RATIFICATION PAGE..........................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT..........................................................................................iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................................................................1
A. Background.....................................................................................................1
B. Purpose of Practicum........................................................................................2
C. Benefit of Practicum.......................................................................................2
CHAPTER II STUDY OF LITERATURE.........................................................3
A. Mendel’s Law..................................................................................................3
B. Mendel’s Law of Deviance.............................................................................5
CHAPTER III METHOD OF PRACTICUM.....................................................6
A. Date and Place................................................................................................6
B. Tools and Materials........................................................................................6
C. Procedure........................................................................................................6
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION......................................................7
A. Observation Result.........................................................................................7
B. Discussion.......................................................................................................9
CHAPTER V CLOSING......................................................................................10
A. Conclusion.....................................................................................................10
B. Suggestion.....................................................................................................10
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................12
ATTACHMENT.....................................................................................................13

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Recent advances in biology have an impact on the science field of genetics. The
growing number of genetics-related discoveries demonstrates this. Numerous studies
on genetics have been conducted and will continue to expand; they began at the
macro level and progressed to the molecular level. Mendel's law is capable of
illuminating the many cultural inheritance tenets, turning it into a legal authority on
the biological side of plant experimentation. Mendelian hypothesis on the
transmission of genetic material from parents based on studies of the factors that
govern the character of organisms and research on plant crossing led to the discovery
of Mendel's laws. Mendel's law can thus lead to a variety of theories.
Gregor John Mendel (1822–1844), who was named the Father of Genetics as a
result of his discoveries, discovered Mendel's law. Mendel used peas for his studies at
the time because they have a short lifespan, ideal blooms that are simple to grow,
produce a lot of offspring, and have seven different features. G. J. Mendel created the
concept of separation and the law of free will in 1865. Mendel's law of separation,
often known as the law of segregation, broadly explains the existence of a pair of
elements that regulate how each character will divide during gamete creation. Mendel
proposed the law of independent combination to explain how individual traits are
determined by independent inheritance of various elements. Mendel's term for a
component was eventually referred to as the gene (Arungmityas, 2016).
Mendel's laws constitute the foundation for the inheritance of traits, however
subsequent study revealed that many genes deviate from his rules. According to
Mendel's law, monohybrid and dihybrid crossings have F2 phenotypic ratios of 3:1
and 9:3:3:1, respectively. However, other research have generated other F2 ratios.
Mendel's law is deviated as a result of the interaction between genes, which is the

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cause of the difference. It's true that not all crosses result in ratios or phenotypic ratios
that follow Mendel's Law. There are numerous instances where phenotypic ratios
depart from the Law. This is brought on by a number of genes that interact during the
development of the phenotype (offspring).
Law of Mendel Pseudo deviation is a type of cross with dihybrid basis that results
in various phenotypic ratios. Mendel's law states that although the acquired
phenotypic ratio appears to be distinct, it is essentially a modification of the initial
phenotypic ratios' total. Five categories make up Mendel's law: atavism, cryptomery,
polymery, epistasis-hypostasis, and complimentary. The amount of features,
dominant and recessive traits, and gene interactions that manifest in a child are what
distinguish the many Mendelian law deviations from one another. This practicum was
carried out to learn more about how crosses of two or more traits are modified and
what makes the phenotypic of the crosses deviate from Mendel's law.
B. Purpose of Practicum
Based on the background above, the purposes of this practicum are down below.
1. Knowing the patterns of modification of crosses of two or more traits
2. Knowing the cause of a different phenotype of crosses with Mendel's law.

C. Benefits of Practicum
The benefits of this practicum are down below.
1. Student able to know the patterns of modification of crosses of two or more
traits
2. Student able to know the cause of a different phenotype of crosses with
Mendel's law.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Mendel’s Law
Science frequently advances more through exceptions than through following the
rules. Mendel's laws of heredity are frequently used to teach the fundamental "rules"
of genetics. These rules, which are officially referred to as the "law of dominance,"
"law of segregation," and "law of independent assortment," respectively, are all parts
of the underlying presumption of particulate diploid inheritance. The generation of
gametes through meiosis and the inheritance of allelic variations at autosomal loci are
now recognized as the causes of these laws (Mackay & Anholt, 2022).
Gregor Johann Mendel made the initial discovery of the law of inheritance. He
presented the first hypothesis of a legal inheritance system in 1865. Based on research
on crossings of various pea varieties, this notion was put out (Pisum sativum). The
experiment's findings were published in the publication Experiment in Plant
Hybridization. Mendel presented numerous theories in this work that later came to be
known as Mendel's Laws governing the transmission of genetic material from parents
to their offspring. The two laws that make up Mendel's law are Mendel's law I, also
known as the law of segregation, and Mendel's law II, also known as the law of free
combination. Initially, none of the experts in the 19th century could appreciate and
attach importance to the results of Mendel's experiments. About 40 years later, at the
beginning of the 20th century, Mendel's publications were recognized by biologists
such as De Vries (Netherlands), Correns (Germany) and Tschermark (Austria) who
worked separately in their respective countries. Since then, Mendel has been declared
the creator or father of genetics (Wolf, et al., 2022).
Mendel created the concept of separation and the law of free will in 1865.
Mendel's law of separation, often known as the law of segregation, broadly explains
the existence of a pair of elements that regulate how each character will divide during

3
gamete creation. He proposed the law of independent combination to explain how
individual traits are determined by independent inheritance of various elements.
Mendel's term for a component was eventually referred to as the gene (Stenseth, et
al., 2022).
In the twentieth century, a geneticist expanded Mendelian principles to
encompass not just a wide range of organisms but also Mendel's more intricate
patterns of inheritance of features. Mendel picked the pea plant's personality because
it actually had a fairly straightforward genetic foundation. where each characteristic is
determined by a single gene, which only has two alleles—completely dominant and
entirely recessive per gene (Hartati, 2017).
Mendel came to the conclusion that his observations of crossings involving
additional pea or other plant species traits could not account for more intricate
patterns. But this does not diminish the value of Mendelian genetics (mendelism).
This is due to the fact that simpler inheritance patterns can also benefit from the basic
principles of segregation and free sorting (Stenseth, et al., 2022).
The Mendel first law, which is when two peas are crossed with just one different
trait, is how I, Mendel started his research. Mendel crossed two homozygous pure
line peas with contrasting traits—one had yellow seeds, the other had green seeds.
The term "parental generation" refers to these two distinct strains (P). Round seeds
are present in all progeny from filial (F1) crossings. According to the F1 phenotype, a
person's characteristic appears to have only one parent while, Mendel's second law
states that various gene alleles separate on their own during the development of
gametes (not dependent on each other). Yellow round peas and green wrinkled peas,
two distinct traits (dhybrids) that Mendel crossed two pure lines with. Round yellow
seeds are produced by all F1 progeny. A cross between F1 results in F2 offspring
with a ratio of 9:3:3:1 of yellow round, green circle, yellow wrinkled, and green
wrinkled offspring. Mendel's dihybrid cross experiment revealed that the inheritance
of seed color did not have an impact on the inheritance of seed shape (Artadana &
Savitri, 2018).
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B. Mendel's Laws of Deviance

Mendel's rule the term "pseudo-deviation" refers to deviations that do not violate
Mendel's law. Because the genes have diverse characteristics, the F2 ratio in this
deviation changes as it develops. In the "pseudo deviation" from Mendel's Law,
multiple characteristics work together to produce distinct phenotypes while adhering
to Mendel's rules for comparing genotypes. Due to the presence of two or more pairs
of genes that interact to affect how an individual's phenotype develops, this pseudo
deviation emerges (Astarani, 2018).
Suryo (2017) explained that the pseudo deviation of Mendel's law classifies a
number of different types of events, including the following:
1. Atavism is when a phenotype emerges as a result of multiple genes interacting.
For instance, the wattle or comb of a cock. 9:3:3:1 is the outcome of the
phenotypic comparison in F2.
2. When it stands alone, cryptomerism is the closed event of dominant gene
expression. If this gene is present at the same time as another dominant gene, its
expression will be visible. 9:3:4 is the outcome of the phenotypic comparison in
F2.
3. The occurrence of epistasis occurs when one gene outperforms the expression of a
different gene that is not an allele. In F2, dominant epistasis will result in a 12:3:1
phenotypic ratio. The phenotypic ratio in the F2 that results from recessive
epistasis is 9:3:4.
4. Genes that interact or cooperate to produce particular traits are said to be
complementary. The manifestation of the phenotype may be hampered if one of
the genes is missing. The phenotypic comparison yields a score of 9:7.
5. Polymery, which occurs when several unlocked gene pairs influence certain
features, The 5:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 yielded the results.
 CHAPTER III
METHOD OF PRACTICUM

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Thursday, 6th October 2022
Time : 09.10-10.50 WITA
Tempat : Microbiology Laboratory, 2nd Floor, Department of Biology

B. Tool and Material

1. Tool
 Genetic propeller 1 Piece
2. Material
 Paper 2 Sheets
 Glue 1 Piece
 Pen 1 Piece

C. Work Procedures

The tool is
simulated by
turning a
cardboard
propeller
Cardboard Color paper is each
assembled like pasted on the
the picture above cardboard propeller
and noted the Record the
genotype on the tip genotypes that
of the propeller often appear
from the results
of the round and
make chi-square
.test
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND
6 DISCUSSION

A. Results
1. Crossing of Complementre
P1 CCrr x ccRR
G Cr x Cr
F1 CcRr
P2 CcRr x CcRr
G2 CR, Cr, Cr, cr CR, Cr, Cr, cr
Phenotype Ratio = 9:7
Table 4.1 Crossing of Complementre

Observed Expected
Phenotype Genotype (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
(O) (E)
Colored C_R_ 57 56,25 0,5625 0,01
No Colored C_rr 18 43,75 663,06 15,15
No Colored ccR_ 19 43,75 612,56 14
No Colored ccrr 6 43,75 1.425,0 32,57
6
Total 100 61,73
∑ Xt=n−1
∑ Xt=4−1
∑ Xt=3 ( 0 ,05 )
∑ Xt=7 ,81
 So, ∑ Xn > ∑ Xt the hypothesis is rejected.
2. Crossing of Atavism (Cryptometry) 8

P1 RRPP x rrpp
G RP x rp
F1 RrPp
P2 RrPp x RrPp
7
G2 RP, Rp, rp, rp RP, Rp, rp, rp
F2 R-P- : R-pp : rrP- : rrpp
Phenotype Ratio = 9:3:3:1
Table 4.2 Crossing of Atavism (Cryptometry)

Observed Expected
Phenotype Genotype (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
(O) (E)
Walnut R_P_ 58 56,25 3,0625 0,054
Rose R_pp 15 18,75 14,062 0,75
5
Pea rrP_ 22 18,75 10,525 0,567
Single rrpp 5 6,25 1,5625 0,25
Total 100 1,621
∑ Xt=n−1
∑ Xt=4−1
∑ Xt=3 ( 0 ,05 )
∑ Xt=7 ,81
So, ∑ Xn < ∑ Xt the hypothesis is accepted.
3. Crossing of Epystasis-Hypostasis
P1 HHKK x hhkk
G HK x hk
F1 HhKk
 P2 HhKk x HhKk
G2 HK, Hk, hK, hk HK, Hk, hK, hk
F2 H-K- : H-kk : hhK- : hhkk 9

Phenotype Ratio = 9:3:3:1

Table 4.3 Crossing of Epystasis-Hypostasis

Observed Expected
Phenotype Genotype (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
(O) (E)
Black H_K_ 49 75 676 9,01
Black H_kk 19 75 3,136 6,05
Yellow hhK_ 26 18,75 52,56 2,80
White hhkk 6 6,25 0,06 0,0096
Total 100 17,86
∑ Xt=n−1
∑ Xt=4−1
∑ Xt=3 ( 0 ,05 )
∑ Xt=7 ,81
So, ∑ Xn < ∑ Xt the hypothesis is accepted.

B. Discussions
Propeller genetics is one way to understand the concept of genetics. Usually,
genetic propellers are used as learning media in schools. At the end of the
experiment, the dihybrid cross using genetic propellers, the success rate was
determined from the observation table, namely the F2 phenotype ratio showed 9:3:3:1
while the F2 genotype with a ratio of 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2: 1. This is in accordance with
Mendel's II law because if you add up the genotypic ratios the result is the same as
the theoretical number of comparisons, namely 9:3:3:1 (Ariyanto, et al., 2018).
In this practicum, it can be seen that there are many factors that influence
inheritance so that it can deviate from the 9:3:3:1 genotype, for example,
complementary crosses that deviate into a 9:7 ratio, epistasis-hypostasis crosses have
a ratio of 12:3:1. caused by irregularities in Mendel's law. Mendel's law pseudo
deviations are deviations that do not come out of Mendel's law rules, even though
there is a change in the f2 ratio because the genes have different properties. Mendel's
pseudo-law deviation, there is a collaboration that gives different phenotypes, but still
follows the laws of Mendel's genotypic comparison.
Data retrieval was carried out as many as 100 times, carried out at each cross. The
results for each of Mendel's law pseudo deviation crosses are:
1. In table 4.1 of complementary crosses, 100 times were screened, the chi-square
value 2 = 61.73, which means that the results of hypothesis testing are not
significant or not in accordance with Mendel's law because the value of 2 exceeds
the value of the chi-square test table, which is 7, 81
2. In table 4.2 atavism crosses, played 100 times, the result is 2 = 1.52, which means
that the test results are significant or hypothesis testing is in accordance with
Mendel's Law because the value of 2 does not exceed the value of the chi-square
test table, which is 7.81
3. In table 4.3 of the epistatic-hypostatic cross, 100 screenings were performed, the
result was 2 = 1.81, which means that the results of hypothesis testing are
significant or in accordance with Mendel's Law because the value of 2 does not
exceed the value of the chi-square test table, which is 7.81
This pseudo deviation occurs because of the presence of two or more pairs of
genes that influence each other in giving the phenotype of an individual. It's just that
the plants that Mendel used in his research were relatively simple. In the pseudo
deviations, various phenotypic and genotypic differences were found which were then
re-analyzed by the researchers, giving birth to many perspectives (Suryo, 2017)
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Based on the result of practicum, it can be conclude down below.
1. Knowing the patterns of modification of crosses of two or more traits, where there
are several kinds of modifications of crosses of two or more traits, namely
complementary, cryptomery, atavism, and epistasis-hypostatis. The patterns of the
F2 crosses have been modified but still follow Mendel's law principles. Based on
the results obtained in this practicum, the atavism cross and the hypostatic-
epistatic cross were accepted. Meanwhile, in complementary crosses, the
hypothesis is rejected.
2. Explaining the cause of the different phenotype of the cross from Mendel's law,
which based on the results obtained in this practicum, namely atavism crosses and
epistatic-hypostatic crosses, the hypothesis is accepted because the value of 2 for
each cross does not exceed the value of the respective chi-square test table. -each
cross. Meanwhile, in complementary crosses, the hypothesis is not accepted
because the value of 2 exceeds the value of the chi-square test table. Comparison
of phenotypes in F2 offspring will change (not in accordance with Mendel's
findings) with various variations, depending on the form of interaction or mutual
influence between traits or genes.
B. Suggestions
1. For Practitioners, in carrying out the practicum, it is expected that all practitioners
pay attention to the assistant's instructions and follow all the work procedures that
have been given in order to get satisfactory and accurate experimental results.
2. For Assistants, in the practicum process, they should always accompany the12
practitioner so that if they experience difficulties, the practitioner can immediately
ask questions to the assistant.
3. For laboratory assistants, the supply of practicum materials is further facilitated,
in order to facilitate the practicum process.
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 REFERENCES

Ariyanto, A., Priyayi, D. F., dan Dewi, L. (2018). Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran
Biologi Di Sekolah Menengah Atas (Sma) Swasta Salatiga. Jurnal
Pendidikan Biologi. Vol. 9 (1): 1-13.
Artadana, I. B. M. dan Savitri, W. D. 2018. Dasar-Dasar Genetika Mendel dan
Pengembangannya. Yogyakarta : Graha Ilmu.
Arungmityas, L. E. 2016. Genetika Mendel: Prinsip Dasar Pemahaman Ilmu
Genetika. UB Press : Malang.
Astarani, D. 2018. Peningkatan Pemahaman Materi Penyimpangan Semu Hukum
Mendel Melalui Alat Bantu Baling-Baling Genetika pada Siswa Kelas XII
IPS 2 SMA 1 Baturetno Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018. Jurnal JARLITBANG
Pendidikan. Vol. 3 (2)
Hartati dan Irawan, F. 2017. Modul Genetika Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik.
Makassar: Jurusan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Alam Universitas Negeri Makassar.
Mackay, T. F.C and Anholt, R. R. H. (2022). Gregor Mendel’s legacy in quantitative
Genetics. Plos Biology. 20 (7): 1-4.
Stenseth, N. C., Andersson, L., and Hoekstra, H. E. (2022). Gregor Johann Mendel
and The Development Of Modern Evolutionary Biology. PNAS. 119 (30): 1-
10.
Suryo. 2018. Genetika untuk Strata 1. Gadjah Mada University Press: Yogyakarta
Wolf, J. B., Ferguson-Smith, Loren, A .(2022). Mendel’s laws of heredity on his
200th birthday: What have we learned by considering exceptions?. Heredity.
129: 1-3

ATTACHMENT
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