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MODULE -1 default it is the .docx format.
 MS WORD
Ms-word is a word processor & is a
constituent of MS—office software. MS
word 2010 is helpful to create & edit
personal & business documents, such as
letters, reports, invoices, emails & books .
by default, documents saved in word 2010
are saved with the .docx extension.
 Backstage View
The backstage view was introduced in
word 2010. This acts as the central place
for managing our documents. It is similar
to the office button menu from word 2007
or the file menu from earlier versions of
word. However, instead of just a menu, it
is a fill page view, which makes it easier
to work with. The backstage view helps in
creating new documents, saving &
opening documents, printing & sharing
documents, and so on.
 The Ribbon
The ribbon is the panel at the top portion
of the documents. It has 8 tabs : File,
Home, Insert, Layout, Reference, Mailings,
Review & View ;that contain many new &
existing features of word.
 Each of the tabs contains the following
tools:
File : options available in MS office button
of 2007 versions is now housed in file tab.
This includes create a new document,
open an existing document, save or save
as , print etc.
Home: Clipboard, Fonts, Paragraph,
Styles, and Editing.
Insert: Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links,
Header & Footer, Text, and Symbols
Page Layout: Themes, Page Setup, Page
Background, Paragraph, Arrange
References: Table of Contents, Footnote,
Citation & Bibliography, Captions, Index,
and Table of Authorities
Mailings: Create, Start Mail Merge, Write
& Insert Fields, Preview Results, Finish
Review: Proofing, Comments, Tracking,
Changes, Compare, Protect
View: Document Views, Show/Hide,
Zoom, Window, Macros
 Quick Access Toolbar
The Quick Access Toolbar is located above
the ribbon. It contain common commands
such as save, undo & repeat commands.
This is a convenient place for keeping the
most frequently used commands in word.
We can also add other commands to
make our work more convenient.
 Document Area ( Text Area)
This area is used for typing our text. The
flashing vertical bar is called the insertion
point & it indicates the location where
text will appear when typing.
 Create a New Document
(1) Click the file tab. Select new. It will
display a list of templates.
(2) Double click on the blank document.it
will be highlighted by default.
(3) A new, blank document appears in the
word window. The document is now ready
for typing the text.
We can also use a shortcut using the Ctrl +
N keys to open a blank document
anytime.
 Opening Pre-Existing Document
We want to open an existing document &
edit it partially or completely.
(1) click the file tab & select the open
option. The open dialog box appears.
(2) select your document, then click open.
We can also open a document from the
recent documents list if we opened that
document recently. For this, click on the
file tab & select recent.
 Saving New Document
After typing a text in our new document,
we can save it to avoid losing work we
have done.
(1) Click the File tab & select the save as
option.
(2) select a folder where we want to save
the document, enter the file name to our
choice & select the save as option, by
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Address List dialog box and clicking OK.
(3) finally, click on the save button & the
document will be saved with the name
given name in the selected folder.
 Undo & Redo
The Undo feature is used to undo the
previous action & the repeat or redo
feature is used to repeat the previous
action.
 To insert a header or footers
1) Select the insert tab.
2) click either the header or footer
command. A drop-down menu will
appear.
3) from the drop-down menu, select blank
to insert a blank header or footer, or
choose one of the built-in options.
4) the design tab will appear on the
ribbon, & the header or footer will appear
in the document.
5) type the desired information into the
header or footer.
6) after finishing, click close header &
footer in the design tab, or hit the Esc key.
 Hyperlinks
Hyperlinks, or links, allow the reader to
click on text and go to another web site.
To create a hyperlink:
Group
link
 Clip Art
Microsoft word provides images that we
can use, free of charge, called Clip Art.
Clip art can be a cartoon, a picture, a
border & even an animation that moves
on the screen.
 Adding Clip Art
To add Clip Art:
Clip Art dialog box
to where you want it
 Find and Replace
To find text or find and replace text :
Editing group of the Home tab
ete the Find What text box
 Mail Merge
Mail merge is a useful tool with which we
can easily produce multiple letters, label,
envelops, nametags & more using
information stored in a list, database, or
spreadsheet. The mail merge file will hold
special symbols, which will substitute the
name & address & other relevant
information stored in the data file.
To use mail merge :
1) Open an existing word document, or
create a new one.
2) click the mailing tab & click the start
mail merge command.
3) select step by step mail merge wizard.
The mail merge task panel appears & will
guide through the 6 steps to complete a
merge.
 Procedure of Mail merging
Step 1 : Selecting document type
A task panel appears to the right of the
document & is visible throughout the
entire mail merge procedure.
Select the letters button. At the bottom of
the task panel click on Next: Starting
document.
Step 2 : Select the starting document
From the 3 choices in Select the starting
document, Select Use the current
document and then click Next: Select
recipients.
Step 3 : Select recipients
From the 3 choices in selecting recipients,
select Type a new list and then click
Create.
 Create a list by adding data in the New
 Save the list.
 Note that now that a list has been
created, the Mail Merge Wizard reverts to
Use an existing list and you have the
option to edit the recipient list.
 Selecting Edit recipient list opens up the
Mail Merge Recipients dialog box, where
you can edit the list and select or unselect
records. Click OK to accept the list as is.
 Click Next: Write your letter.
Step 4 : Write your letter.
 Click Address block to add the
recipients' addresses at the top of the
document.
 In the Insert Address Block dialog box,
check or uncheck boxes and select options
on the left until the address appears the
way you want it to.
 Note that you can use Match Fields to
correct any problems. Clicking Match
Fields opens up the Match Fields dialog
box, in which you can associate the fields
from your list with the fields required by
the wizard.
 Press Enter on your keyboard and click
Greeting line... to enter a greeting.
 In the Insert Greeting Line dialog box,
choose the greeting line format by clicking
the drop-down arrows and selecting the
options of your choice, and then click OK.
 Note that the address block and
greeting line are surrounded by chevrons
(´ ª). Write a short letter and click Next:
Preview your letters.
Step 5: Preview your letters
Preview your letter and click Next:
Complete the merge.
Step 6 : Complete the merge.
Select Next : Complete the merge &
choose edit individual letters. Merge to
new document dialog box appears, Click
all & click ok to create separate letter for
each recipient.
Saving the letters
The merged letters are all contained in
one file. Save this file.
 Macros
Macros are advanced features that can
speed up editing or formatting you may
perform often in a Word document. They
record sequences of menu selections that
you choose so that a series of actions can
be completed in one step.
 Recording a Macro
To record a Macro:
button (on the Quick Access Toolbar) or
the keyboard (a sequence of keys)
Quick Access Toolbar:
o Click Button
o Under the Customize Quick Access
Toolbar, select the document for which
you want the Macro available
o Under Choose Commands: Click the
Macro that you are recording
o Click Add
o Click OK to begin Recording the
Macro
o Perform the actions you want
recorded in the Macro
o Click on Macros
o Click on Stop Recording Macros
shortcut:
o Click Keyboard
o In the Press New Shortcut Key box,
type the key sequence that you want and
click Assign
o Click Close to begin recording the
Macro
o Perform the actions you want
recorded in the Macro
o Click on Macros
o Click on Stop Recording Macros
 Running a Macro
Running a macro depends on whether it9s
been added to the Quick Access Toolbar or
if it9s been given a Keyboard Shortcut.
cro from the Quick Access
Toolbar, simply click the Macro Icon
shortcut, simply press the keys that you
have programmed to run the Macro.
 Templates
It is a predesigned document that can be
used to create documents quickly without
bothering about formatting. In templates,
many of the formatting is predesigned
such as margin size, font style & spacing.
Templates are helpful to create a more
professional & visually appealing
document.
 Selecting Text
Selecting a text is essential for editing a
word document. Various operations such
as delete the selected text, copy it, move
it, apply formatting to it etc. can be
performed on a selected text. The most
common method of selecting a text is to
click & drag the mouse over the text we
want to select.
Following are the Techniques for selecting
text in different Situations,
 To Select Single word, Double-click
anywhere on the word
 To Select Single sentence, Hold down
ctrl key & click anywhere in the sentence.
 To Select Whole paragraph, Triple-click
within the paragraph.
 To select Several words or lines, Drag
the mouse over the words, or hold down
SHIFT while using the arrow keys.
 To Select Entire Document, Press CTRL
+A
 Different Font Styles
We can bold, underline, or italicize the
text in word document. We can also
combine these features.
Making text bold : we use bold text to
give more emphasis on a word or
sentence.
Making text italic : an italic text appears
with a small inclination & we use the
italicized text to differentiate it from
other text.
1) Select the word or sentence that font
change to Bold Or Italic Or Underline.
2) Click the font Bold [B] or Font italic [I]
or font Underline [U] button in the Home
tab font group, or Use ctrl+ B or ctrl + I or
ctrl + U keys to make the effect on the
selected word or sentence.
 Drop Caps
It is a large letter that begins a paragraph
& drops through several lines of text.
MODULE - 2
 MS EXCEL
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet
application used to process business &
financial transaction of various kinds. To
carry out various tasks, MS Excel
organizes each one of its workbooks into
worksheets. A workbook may contain just
one worksheet or it may consist of lot
worksheets.
 Electronic Spreadsheet
A spreadsheet is an electronic document
that stores various types of data. There
are vertical columns and horizontal rows.
A cell is where the column and row
intersect. A cell can contain data and can
be used in calculations of data within the
spreadsheet. An Excel spreadsheet can
contain workbooks and worksheets. The
workbook is the holder for related
worksheets.
Common definition of spreadsheet
software is a computer program that sets
out a grid where users can analyze &
organize numbers, financial data & other
information. Accounting, book keeping,
financial analysis & statistical analysis
are the main uses of spreadsheet
software.
 Features of spreadsheet
(Benefits/Advantages)
1) spreadsheets are must useful in
business field.
2) It Can Be Used Used For The Purposes
Such As Accounting, sales, inventory
control & financial analysis.

3) Spreadsheets are also used for many
other non business problems.
4) In addition to routine jobs,
spreadsheets are also used for financial
analysis & forecasting.
5) Long term strategy to be followed by a
business concern can easily be determined
with the help of spreadsheets.
 Excel Cell references
When we create a formula, we will be
referring it to a cell or range of cells. An
example of a single cell reference would
be A1. An example of a range of cells
reference would be A1:A10.
In Excel there are 2 types of cell
references, these are relative & absolute.
 Relative call references
It means that the calculations are done
depending up on the relative position of
call addresses from the formula cell. The
formula cell refers to that cell address
which contain a formula.
 Absolute cell references
Situations arise in which the cell reference
must remain the same when copied to
other cells. If formula in one cell is copied
to other cells, formula will not change. We
can use an absolute reference to keep a
row &/or column constant. It remain the
same as that of first cell. such a cell
reference is called absolute cell reference.
 WORKBOOK
File in MS Excel is called a workbook. A
workbook is organized in various
worksheets. Thus a workbook is a
collection of worksheets used in a single
file.
 Worksheet
A Workbook can be made of one or
multiple worksheets. A work sheet is a
table like documents containing rows &
columns that contain data & formulas.
 Scenario Management
A scenario is a set of values that excel
saves & can substitute automatically in
cells on a worksheet. We can create and
save different groups of values on a
worksheet and then switch to any of these
new scenarios to view different results.
The use of scenario manager in excel
allows to have a certain set of inputs &
outputs for a 89scenario99 & then view
different scenarios of the outputs as the
inputs change. This information provided
by this type of analysis is highly useful for
making decisions in business based on the
different outcomes displayed by scenario
manager.
 To Create a Scenario In Excel :
1) On the Ribbon's Data tab, click What If
Analysis
2) Click Scenario Manager
3) In the Scenario Manager, click the Add
button
4) Type name for the Scenario. For this
example, use Marketing.
5) Press the Tab key, to move to the
Changing cells box
6) On the worksheet, select cells B1
7) Hold the Ctrl key, and select cells B3:B4
Note: There is a limit of 32 changing cells
8) Press the Tab key, to move to the
Comment box
9) (optional) Enter a comment that
describes the scenario.
10) Click the OK button
11) The Scenario Values dialog box opens,
with a box for each changing cell., modify
values if you want
12) Click the OK button, to return to the
Scenario Manager.
13) Click the Close button, to return to the
worksheet
And create another scenario (case 2) with
this same procedure.
After saving a scenario, it becomes
available in the list of scenarios
To see the result of a scenario, select the
scenario & click on the show button. Excel
will change the values in the cells
accordingly.
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 Formula bar Argument :- Arguments supply the
Formula bar is used to write formula or information for the function to calculate,
create formula. such as range of cell reference.
 Filtering  Insert Functions :-
Filtering data refers to displaying only the 1) Open the Worksheet to learn inserting
rows that meet certain conditions. It hides functions.
other rows which we do not want to be 2) Select the cell where we want to insert
displayed the function
 Click the columns that contain the data 3) click the formulas tab on the ribbon,
you wish to filter then select the insert function command.
 on the data tab, click on sort & filter 4) the insert function dialog box will
 click filter button appear
 click the arrow at the bottom of the 5) type a few keywords describing the
name cell calculation you want the function to
 click the text filter perform, then click Go.
 Click the words you wish to filter 6) review the results to find the desired
 To clear the filter click the sort & filter function, then click OK.
button 7) the function arguments dialog box will
 Click clear appear. Select the value1 : field, then
 CHARTS IN SPREADSHEET enter or select the desired cells.
Excel offers many types of charts including 8) click OK
: column, Line, pie, bar, area, scatter & 9) The function will be calculated.
more. To view the charts available click  SUM Function
the insert tab on the ribbon. It is a standard built-in function in excel
Create a chart that performs the basic mathematical
1) select the cells that contain the data for operation of addition. The SUM function is
creating chart. used to add the contents of various cells
2) click insert tab on the ribbon. provided they all located in the same row
3) click the type of chart we want to or column. The sum function
create automatically calculates the sum of the
 Column Charts values in a range of cell addresses.
A column chart can render a very effective =SUM (first value, second value, etc)
result when analyzing data of the same  PRODUCT Function
category on a defined scale. The column The Excel PRODUCT function calculates
chart emphasize high & low values & the product (multiplication) of a supplied
helps to compare items. set of numerical values.
 The line chart = PRODUCT (num1, num2,...num_n)
It is used to analyze ups and down of  SQRT Function
tendency in arrange of values. We can The excel SQRT function calculates the
define it with one series of values where square root of a supplied number.
we will judge the evolution of an item = SQRT (number)
over a period. When used with more than  ROMAN
one series, this chart can very effective to The excel ROMAN function converts an
compare values of the same category over Arabic number to ROMAN number.
the same period. = ROMAN ( num,[type])
To create a line chart, select the values in
 ROUND
the category that will be involved. Select
The excel round function rounds a
the line chart from chart type and
supplied number up or down, to a
proceed.
specified number of decimal places.
 Pie Charts = RPUND ( num, num_digits)
It is usually used to look at what makes up
 STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
a whole something. If we had a pie chart
 AVERAGE Function
of where we spend our money we could
The AVERAGE Function displays the
look at the percentages of rupees spent
average or mean value of selected cells. It
on food ( or any other category). Regular
takes the sum of the cells involved, divides
pie charts have only one series of data, so
the result by the number of cells involved,
we should use only one column of data.
& displays the result.
To create pie chart, select the heading
= AVERAGE ( num1, num2 ,...)
variables, then select the range of values
 MIN Function
that representation the proportions based
MIN Function is used to find the lowest
on the previously selected variables.
number in a series of numbers.
 MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
=MIN(num1,[num2],...)
Spreadsheets have many mathematical
 MAX Function
functions built into them.
It is used to find the highest number in a
Basic math operations are :
series of numbers.
1) Addition
= MAX(num1,[num2],...)
2) Subtraction
3) Multiplication  COUNT
4) Division It is used to count the number of cell
AUTOSUM addresses containing the data.
The SUM function is the most basic & =COUNT(num1,[num2],..)
probably the most popular function used
 MEDIAN
in MS Excel. It is used to sum the contents
Median function calculates the median of
of two or more cells & display the result in
the given numbers. The median is the
another cell.
number in the middle of a set of numbers
 FUNCTIONS that is half the numbers have values that
MS Excel has a set of prewritten formulas are greater than the median and half
called functions. Function perform specific have values that are lower than the
calculations in a particular order based on median.
the specified values, called arguments. = MEDIAN(num1,num2,...)
Functions differ from regular formulas. In  MODE
functions, we give the value & not the The mode function calculates the
operators, such as +,-, * or /. A function is statistical mode. Mode is the most
typed in the following format. frequently occurring value of a series of
=Function name (arguments) number. if there are two or more most
Equals (=) :- a formula in excel always frequently occurring values in the supplied
starts with an equal sign (=). Data, the function shows the lowest of
Function name :- This is the name these values.
denoting a particular mathematical, = MODE(num1,[num2],..)
logical or statistical function. SUM is the
 MODE SNGL
function name for addition, MAX & MIN
The Excel MODE.SNGL function returns a
are functions names for the largest &
statistical mode of a list of supplied
smallest results from a range of numbers.
numbers. if there are two or more most
frequently occurring values in the supplied
Data, the function returns the lowest of
these values.
= MODE.SNGL (num1,[num2],...)
 MODE.MULT
The Excel MODE.MULT function returns a
vertical array of the statistical modes
within a list of supplied numbers.
=MODE.MULT(num1,[num2],...)
 AVEDEV Function
AVEDEV calculates the average
deviation of a supplied set of values from
their mean. AVEDEV is a measure of the
variability in a data set.
=AVEDEV(num1,[num2],...[number_n])
 STDEV Function
The Excel STDEV Function calculates the
sample standard deviation of a supplied
set of values. The standard deviation is a
measure of how widely values are
dispersed from the average value or the
mean. It is defined as the square root of
the mean of the squares of the deviations
all values of a series from their
Arithmetic mean.
= STDEV(num1,num2,...)
 CORREL Function
The correlation coefficient tells how
strongly two variables are related to each
other. We can use the CORREL function to
find correlation coefficient between two
variables. A correlation coefficient of +1
indicates a perfect positive correlation.
= CORREL(array1,array2)
 FORECAST
The Excel forecast function predicts a
future point on a linear trend line fitted
to a supplied set of X &Y Values. The
Excel forecast function calculate the new
y values from the simple equation for a
straight line
Straight line equation .., y = a +bx
=FORECAST(x value known, y value
known_x_values)
 FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
 FV Function
The Excel FV Function is financial function
that calculates the future value of an
investment. FV Function is used to get the
future value of investment assuming
periodic, constant payments with a
constant interest rate.
=FV(rate, nper, pmt.[pv],[type])
 PV function
PV calculates the present value of an
investment. The present value is the total
amount that a series of future payments
is worth now. It refers to an amount of
money invest today to get to an amount
of money needed in the future.
=PV ( raye, nper, pmt, [fv],[type])
 NPV Function
the function NPV calculates the net
present value of an investment based on a
series of periodic cash flows and discount
rate.
= NPV(rate, value1, value 2,...)
 IRR
IRR in excel stands for internal rate of
return. the interval rate of return is the
rate of interest received for the
investment done. IRR in excel consists off
the payment done represented by the
negative values & the income generated
denoted by positive values that occurs at
a regular time interval.
= IRR( values, guess)
 PMT Function
PMT calculate the periodic payment for a
loan based on constant payment and a
constant interest rate.
= PMT (rate, nper, pv, fv, type)
 IPMT
The Excel IPMT function can be used to
calculate the interest portion of a given
loan payment in a given payment period.
=IPMT( rate, per, nper, pv, fv, typr)
 NPER
The NPER function calculates the number
of periods required to pay off a loan, for a
specified constant period payment and
constant interest rate.

= NPER( rate,pmt,pv,[fv],[rate])
 DB Function
The DB Function calculates the
depreciation of an asset using the fixed
declining balance method, for each period
of the assets lifetime.
= DB(cost,salvage,life,period,[month])
 SLN Function
The Excel SLN Function calculates the
straight line depreciation of an asset for
one period. Straight line depreciation is
most simple method of calculating the
depreciation of an asset. This method
simply subtracts a fixed amount from the
value of an asset during each period of
the assets lifetime.
= SLN ( cost,salvage,life)
 SYD Function
The Excel SYD Function calculates the sum
-of-years digits depreciation for a
specified period in the lifetime of an asset.
= SYD ( cost, salvage,life, per)
 DATABASE Function
Database takes the form of a large
worksheet table of data. Each row in the
table stores an individual record & each
column in the table stores a different field
for each record.
= Function_name ( database, field,
criteria)
 DAVERAGE
The Excel Daverage function calculates
the average of values in a field (column)
in a database for selected records, that
satisfy user- specified criteria.
= DAVERAGE( database, field, criteria)
 DCOUNT
The Excel Dcount function returns the
number of cells containing numeric
values, in a field (column) of a database
for selected records only.
=DCOUNT (database,[field], criteria)
 DMAX
The Dmax function finds the maximum
value ( largest number ) in a field (column)
in a database for selected records only.
=DMAX( database, field, criteria)
 DIMIN
The Dmin function finds the minimum
value ( smallest number) in a field
(column) in a database for selected
records only.
= DMIN(database,field,criteria)
 DSUM
The Excel Dsum function calculates the
Sum of a field (column) in a database for
selected records, that satisfy user-
specified criteria
=DSUM( database, field, criteria)
 LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
There are many built-in Excel logical
functions. These functions include the
Boolean operators and conditional tests,
which will be an essential part of many
working spreadsheets. Excel 2010 uses
seven logical functions - AND, FALSE, IF,
IFERROR, NOT, OR, and TRUE, which
appear on the Logical command button's
drop-down menu on the Formulas tab of
the Ribbon.
 AND Function
The Excel AND function tests a number of
supplied conditions and returns a result of
TRUE if ALL of the conditions are TRUE
or
FALSE if ANY of the conditions are FALSE
=AND( logical test1, [logical_test2), ...)
 The IF Function
One of the most useful functions in Excel is
the IF function. The IF function is useful to
test a condition and have one value
returned if the condition is TRUE and
another value returned if the condition is
FALSE.
=IF(logical-test,value-if-true,value-if-false)
The first argument is the logical test-a
condition which must evaluate to either
TRUE or FALSE. The second argument is
the value Excel returns if the logical test
evaluates to TRUE, and the third
argument is the value that Excel returns if
the logical test evaluates to FALSE.
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 OR Function
The OR function is a logical function to
test multiple conditions at the Same time.
This function is used to compare any two
statements or values.
= OR( logical_test1, [logical test2),...)
 NOT Function
The Excel NOT function returns the
opposite of a given logical or boolean
value, When given TRUE, NOT returns
FALSE. When given FALSE, NOT returns
TRUE.
=NOT(logical)
 TRUE Function
The Excel True function returns the logical
value TRUE. The function takes o
arguments and therefore the format is
simply
=TRUE ( )
 FALSE Function
The Excel False function returns the logical
value FALSE. The function takes no
arguments & therefore
= FALSE ( )
 IFERROR Function
The Excel Iferror function tests if an initial
supplied value (or expression) returns an
error, and if so, returns a second supplied
argument; Otherwise the function returns
the initial value.
= IFERROR( value, value_if_error )
 GOAL SEEK
The goal seek function is a part of Excel's
what-if analysis tool set, that allows the
user to use the desired result of a formula
to find the possible input value necessary
to achieve that result.
The Goal Seek feature in Excel uses a
single variable to find a desired result.
Goal seek is a method to find a specific
value of a cell by adjusting the value of
another cell. When this tool is applied,
Excel varies the values in a cell that you
specify until a formula that is dependent
on that cell returns the result you want.
 Auto Fill
Auto Fill is a unique feature of Microsoft
Excel, It has the ability to fill out some
cells with Values that belong to a common
series. To use the AutoFill, first select a
cell or the cells that define the series,
Position our mouse on the lower right
corner of the selected cell or cells, and
then drag in the appropriate direction.
 SORTING
Sorting is the process of arranging data in
a particular order.
The options for sorting data include:
1) Sort in ascending order- A to Z
alphabetically or smallest to largest for
number data.
2) Sort in descending order - Z to A
alphabetically or largest to smallest for
number data.
3) Sort numbers-smallest to largest or
largest to smallest.
4) Dates and times- oldest to newest and
newest to oldest in one or more columns.
5) Custom sort- includes sorting by the cell
background color or the font color of the
data.
 MACROS (Excel)
A macro is a piece of programming code
that runs in Excel environment and helps
automate routine tasks. They allow the
automation of repetitive tasks such as
printing, formatting, configuring, or
otherwise manipulating data in Excel.
With a macro, routine steps in Excel can
replay using a single button.
 Record a Macro
Follow these steps to record a macro:
1) Click on "Record Macro" on the
Developer tab.
2) The Record Macro dialog box appears.
Type a name for the macro in the "Macro
name" box.
3) Assign a Shortcut Key (Optional)
4) From the Store Macro In drop-down
list, select where you want to store the
macro.
5) Type a description of the macro in the
Description text box (Optional).
6) Click OK Start Recording-Click OK to
start recording
7) Start Typing-Perform the actions that
you want to record.
8) Stop Recording-When you are done
click "Stop Recording" in the "Code
Group" On the "Developer Tab". The
macro has now been created.
 Running a Macro
1. On the Developer tab, Click Macros.
2. In the Macro name box, select the
Macro that you want to run and Click Run.
MODULE - 3
 MS Powerpoint
One of the popular presentation graphics
is MS-PowerPoint. PowerPoint is the most
popular presentation program which
allows users to create, edit and show
beautiful presentations with the help of
slides. The user can combine the text,
graphics and multimedia to support a
presentation With the help of this
presentation program we can create
presentations for seminars, schools, web
pages and business meetings. It is used to
prepare beautiful colour slides There can
be many slides in a PowerPoint
presentation A slide is nothing but an
electronic page in a presentation.
 FEATURES OF POWERPOINT
 Visual Impact: PowerPoint
presentation provides much visual impact
to the audience. PowerPoint allows using
images, audio and video to have a greater
visual impact.
 Content Sharing: Content sharing is
another feature of PowerPoint
presentation. If someone misses a
presentation, they can view it online at a
time that is convenient for them.
 Collaboration: PowerPoint allows us to
work with other people in a collaborative
manner. This is especially useful in office
settings where teamwork is very
essential. Many people can collaborate on
and contribute to a presentation
 Flexibility: PowerPoint can be used in a
number of different effective ways to
communicate with the audience. Slides
are completely customizable to fit our
needs.
 Blank Presentation
A blank presentation has a white
background and black text without any
additional design elements. By default,
the presentation only contains a title
slide. You can click on the text boxes and
type in your own text. To add a slide, click
on the option for a New Slide and select
the type of slide you want.
 Create a New Blank Presentation
1) Click the file tab. This takes you to
backstage view.
2) Select New.
3) Select blank presentation under
available templates & themes.
4) Click Create. A new blank presentation
appears in the power point window.
 Open an existing presentation
1) Click the file tab. This takes you to
backstage view.
2) Select OPEN. The open dialog box
appears.
3) select the desired presentation, then
click open.
 Save a presentation
1) Click the file tab, then click save as.
2) in the file name, type a name of your
power point presentation, & then click
save.
 Autocontent Wizard & Templates
The Autocontent wizard is available only
in old versions of powerpoint & not found
in MS Powerppoint 2007 onwards.
Instead, we can create a presentation
quickly & easily by using templates.
TEMPLATE is a file or set of files that
contains information about the theme,
layout, & other elements of a finished
presentation.
 Create New Slides
1) Click the home tab.
2) Click the new slide button in the slides
group. The office theme dialog box
appears & displays several layout
templates.
3) Click the layout you want.
4) To add text, click inside the placeholder
& type.
 ADDING SLIDES
To Add an additional slide to a
presentation, Do one of the following :
Right-Click the Slide layout. A menu
appears , click layout & then click the
layout you want., OR
Choose the home tab, click the new slide
button, & then select the slide layout you
want.
 CUT & PASTE A SLIDE
1) On the Slides tab in the left panel,
select the slide you want to copy.
2) Click the Copy command on the Home
tab, You can also right-click your selection
and choose Copy.
3) In the left panel, click just below a slide-
or between two slides-to choose the
location where you want the copy to
appear. A horizontal insertion point will
mark the location.
4) Click the Paste command on the Home
tab. You can also right-click and choose
Paste. The copied slide will appear.
 Duplicate Selected Slides
First of all select the slides we want to
duplicate in the slide panel. To select
multiple slides, hold down the control key
while clicking on additional slides, or to
select all slides in a range: click on the first
slide and then hold down shift while
clicking on the last slide.
When the slides selected to duplicate click
Home > Slides > New Slide > Duplicate
selected slides. The selected slides will be
copied and pasted after the last selected
slide.
 DELETE A SLIDE
1) Select the slide you want to delete.
2) Press the Delete or Backspace key on
your keyboard.
 MOVE A SLIDE
1) Select the slide you want to move.
2) Click, hold, and drag your mouse to a
new location. A horizontal insertion point
will mark the location.
3) Release the mouse button. The slide
will appear in the new location.
 ADDING NOTES TO SLIDES
PowerPoint gives the ability to add notes
to slides which will help for an easy
presentation. This is often called speaker
notes. We can enter and view speaker
notes using the Notes panel or the Notes
Page view.
To use the Notes panel:
1) Locate the Notes pane at the bottom of
the screen, directly below the Slide panel.
2) Click and drag the edge of the pane to
make it larger or smaller.
3) Type your notes in the notes panel.
 INSERT TEXT IN A SLIDE
When layout for a slide is selected, we will
see boxes that contain dummy text which
read something like "Click to'Add Title" or
"Click to Add Text". When we click in the
box, the dummy text will disappear, the
cursor will become a blinking line (|), and
here we can begin to type the text.
1) Click the placeholder or text box where
you want to insert text.
2) The insertion point appears.
3) Type directly into the placeholder or
text box.
 INSERT TEXTBOX IN A SLIDE
Text can be inserted into both
placeholders and text boxes. A
placeholder is a kind of text box, but it is
unique because it is part of the slide
layout and often contains formatting
specific to the slide. inserting a extra text
box allows us to include as much text as
we want in a slide.
• From the insert tab, click the Text Box
command.
 The cursor will turn into an upside down
cross text box cursor.

 Click the area on your slide where you
want to add a text box. A text box will
appear with an insertion point inside.
 INSERT SLIDE NUMBER
PowerPoint 2010 offer multiple ways in
which we can insert current slide number
on the presentation slide, We can place it
in Footer or Header or place it anywhere
according to the needs.
For inserting a slide number in slide,
navigate to Insert tab and click Slide
Number. it will bring up header and footer
dialog, enable slide number option. click
apply to all
 WORD ART
Powerpoint provides the facility to add
effects to the text inside of a text box,
which is known as Word art.
 SMARTART
SmartArt is a way to improve the
aesthetic presentation of information in
slides. It is useful to graphically
representing textual data -- organization
charts, flow charts, Venn diagrams,
pyramids, etc,
 ANIMATION IN POWER
PowerPoint provides a variety of
animations. Animations are useful to
enhance the beauty of presentation.
Animations can be used to make text or
objects appear on a slide, exit a slide, or
emphasize the text or objects already on a
slide. We can even use motion paths to
create a customized animation.
Types of Animations
There are different types of animation
effects, but broadly they are organized
into four types.
1) Entrance: These control how the object
enters the slide. For example, with the
Bounce animation, the object will drop
onto the slide and then bounce several
times.
2) Emphasis: These animations occur
while the object is on the slide and are
often triggered by a mouse click. For
example, we can set an object to Spin
when we click the mouse.
3) Exit: These control how the object exits
the slide. For example, with the Fade
animation, the object will simply fade
away.
4) Motion Paths: These are similar to
Emphasis effects, except the object moves
within the slide along a predetermined
path, like a circle.
 APPLY ANIMATION TO SLIDE
1) Select an object on any slide. This could
be an image, chart, or block of text.
2) Click the animation tab.
3) Find the animation menu, which has
star icons on it. Each one these represents
an animation effect.
4) Click on the desired animation effect.
5) The object will now have a small
number next to it show that it has an
animation.
 SLIDE MASTERS
Slide master are used to create consistent
layouts throughout a presentation. Using
masters we can format titles,
backgrounds, colours, dates, times & slide
numbers.
 TRANSITIONS
Transitions are like the effects used in
films to change from scene to scene.
Similarly, slide transitions are the effects
that occur when you move from one slide
to the next during a presentation.
 CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT
 Select the text you want to modify.
 Select one of the 4 alignment options in
the paragraph group.
1) Align Text Left
2) Center
3) Align Text Right
4) Justify
 POWERPOINT VIEWS
 Slide Sorter View: This displays all the slides
as a matrix. In SSV, We can easily add, delete or
change order of slides.  Normal View
 Notes Page View  Reading View
Slide Show View  Master View
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MODULE - 4
 INTERNET
The Internet is a massive network of
networks, a networking infrastructure. It
connects millions of computers together
globally, forming a network in which any
computer can communicate with any
other computer as long as they are both
connected to the Internet.
 HISTORY OF INTERNET
The internet is not a new phenomenon. It
was created as a project for the us
department of defence. The initial goal of
the project was to create a network that
enable the safe transmission of data
between military computers at different
sites. In 1973 the US defense advanced
research project agency (DARPA) initiated
a research program to investigate
techniques and technologies for
interlinking packet networks of various
kind. The objective of was to develop
communication protocols which allow
network computers to communicate
transparently across multiple, linked
packet networks. This was called the
internetting project and the system of
networks which emerged from the
research was known as the internet.
Its origin can be traced to an experimental
network established with funding from
the advanced research project agency
(ARPA) of the U.S. department of
Defence, to enable the scientists engaged
on various military projects to
communicate with one another. Starting
in 1965 with four sites in the US, it soon
grew To 10 widely dispersed sites
including those in the UK and Norway.
This network was called ARPANEt.
Electronic mail over the ARPANET was a
great success. This has given birth to the
internet. The National Science
Foundation (NSF) took over the academic
community network project in the mid
1980's after defence traffic was moved
away from the arpanet to milnet (
military network). The main turning point
in the history of internet in 1991, when
NSF removed restriction & allowed
commercial traffic into internet.
In April 1995, the U.S. Government further
relaxed control of the internet to
independent governing bodies, which
taken away the restrictions for Internet
access. Ever since commercial use of
internet was allowed, the growth in
subscribers and traffic has been
phenomenal. It is often said that there has
been no other technology or innovation in
the modern history that comes close to
the internet in terms of speed of adoption,
significance & impact.
 FACILTIES AVAILABLE ON THE
INTERNET
Internet provides several software tools to
take maximum benefits from the net. It is
possible to communicate with people all
around the world. Information on various
subjects can be accessed very easily. A
user can navigate from one topic to
another and download any information
required by him. business can be done and
product can be advertised on the Internet.
The following are some of the services
that can be exploited by an Internet user.
1) E-mail
2) FTP
3) Usenet
4) Telnet
5) Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
6) World Wide Web
 E-mail
E-mail is an electronic message sent from
one computer to another. Messages can
be prepared and sent reliably over
communication networks from the
computer of the sender to be received at
the computer of recipient. This facility
allows to exchange mail with millions of
people all over the world at economical
Rates. Electronic messages are deliver to
the recipient at his email address. Email
address is a series of characters that
precisely identify the location of a
person9s electronic mailbox.
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
This is another facility available in the
Internet FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the
simplest and most secure way to
exchange files over the Internet. The most
common use for FTP is to download files
from the Internet.
 Usenet
Usenet or 'User's Network' is not a
computer network. In the physical sense,
it is a vast body of news group that are
distributed all around the world by
computers called 'news servers'. These
news servers exchange information so
that each one carries a copy of the most
recent messages.
 Telnet
This is another important facility available
in internet. Telnet allows internet users to
access another computer linked to the
internet.
 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Internet Relay Chat is a real time internet
based chat service, in which one can find
live' participants from the world over. It is
a real time textual talk and referred to as
"CB" of internet. It is a multi user chat
system that allows many people to
communicate simultaneously across the
Internet.
 World Wide Web (WWW)
World Wide Web or simply web is one of
the main reasons for the growing
popularity of the Internet. Information
can be accessed on the internet through
World Wide Web. Web is a system of
organising, linking and providing access
to related internet files, resources and
services.
 CLIENT SERVER COMPUTING
A client/server system is "a networked
computing model that distributes
processes between clients and servers,
which supply the requested service." A
client/server network connects many
computers, called clients, to a main
computer, called a server.
 Applications Of Client Server
Computing
 World Wide Web
 E-mail
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Usenet
 Telnet
 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
 Network Management System (SNMP)
A network is a collection of devices that
are connected and can communicate with
one another Over common transport or
communication protocol. Simple network
management protocol (SNMP) is an
internet standard protocol to manage
device's on IP networks.
 Library (WAIS)
WAIS is one of the original search facilities
developed to index and search a web site.
It employs client/server architecture. This
is used for library applications. It provides
a collection of great resources, stories,
ideas and articles. WAIS is an internet
search tool the has the capability of
searching many databases at one time.
 Advantages Of Client-Server
Technology
1) Improves Network Performance: In a
client/server environment, most of the
data is processed on the server and only
the result is returned to the client. This
reduces the amount of network traffic
between the server and the client
machine, which improves network
performance.
2) Scalability: The main advantages of
client/server technology are high
performance and scalability. Thousands of
users can access the same database at the
same time, and the database can store
billions of records.
3) Easy Maintenance: Client-server
architecture enables the responsibilities of
a system to be distributed amongst
several individual computers. These
individual computers are accessed only
through a network so it is easier to
maintain and repair or even relocate a
server without affecting the clients.
4) Greater Security: Another benefit exists
in that data is stored on servers which
generally have greater security than
clients. Servers can also control user
access and resources.
5) Standardised Interfaces: The client-
server architecture provides standardized,
abstract interfaces to establish
communication between multiple
modules
6) Easy Development: In the client-server
architecture, a programmer can develop
presentation components without
knowing the business application logic.
 Disadvantages Of Client-Server
Technology
1) The resources of the computers in the
network can become overburdened as
they have to support not only the
workstation user, but also the requests
from network users.
2) Client server network have a higher
initial setup cost.
 INTERNET ADMINISTRATION
The Internet is neither run nor owned by
anyone. Every organisation that is hooked
into the internet is responsible for its
computers. The main advantages derived
out of such a system are no membership
fees, no censorship, no government
control etc. The disadvantage is that
when something goes wrong, there is no
central control to ask for assistance.
However, a number of Internet Technical
Groups coordinate the working and
maintenance of Internet. Some of them
are:
1) The Internet Engineering Task Force
IETF :- IETF coordinates the operation,
management, and evolution of the
Internet. It has a prominent role in the
development of the Internet's
communication protocols.
2) The Internet Research Task Force – IRTF
IRTF is concerned with the long term
research problems and technical issues
confronting the internet.
3) The Internet Architecture Board- IAB
They look after the technical and policy
issues involving the evolution of
architecture of the Internet.
4) Internet Society : Internet Society is
considered to be the parent organisation
of the IAB. It does not directly involve the
control and maintenance of Internet, but
the society works to keep the whole
system smooth.
 TECHNOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF
INTERNET
Computers are widely used in sending and
receiving information. People and
organization need to exchange data and
information electronically with one
another. Rapid advancement of
technology in the field of communication
led to the creation of communication
networks. All forms of
telecommunications now heavily depend
on computers and computerized devices
for sending and receiving information.
Many types of technology works behind
the internet Such as networking,
communication technology, distributed
computing and internet protocols.
 DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
A distributed computing system is
basically a collection of processors
interconnected by a communication
network in which each processor has its
own memory and other peripherals, and
the communication between any two
processers of the system takes place by
message passing over the communication
network.
 Applications :-  Automated Banking
Systems  Tracking Roaming Cellular
 Telephones Air-Traffic Control Systems
 Retail Point-of-Sale Terminals • Global
Positioning Systems  The World-Wide
Web •Research and development projects

 NETWORK
A network can be defined as a group of
stations such as computers, telephones or
other devices connected by
communication facilities for exchanging
information.
 Computer Network
A computer network is an interconnected
collection of autonomous computers. They
are the interconnection of independent
computer systems.
 INTERNET PROTOCOL
It is Set of standards or rules for
exchanging information between
computer systems in network. This is also
called a communication protocol.
MODULE - 5
 Internet Protocol Suite
A protocol stack or suite is a complete set
of protocol layers that work together to
provide networking capabilities. A
protocol suite is a collection of protocols
that are designed to work together. It is
called a stack or suite because it is
typically designed as a hierarchy of layers,
each supporting the one above it and
using those below it.
The Internet protocol suite is sometimes
called the TCP/IP protocol suite, which
refers to the two most important
protocols in it: the transmission control
protocol (TCP) and the Internet protocol
(IP). These were also the first two
protocols in the suite to be developed.
This suite has four layers each of which
contains a number of protocols. These
layers include application layer, transport
layer, internet layer and data link layer.
 Network Protocols
 IP (Internet Protocol)
IP stands for Internet Protocol, An IP
address, which is usually just called an IP,
is a series of numbers used to uniquely
identify a computer/device on a network
or on the internet. The IP address basically
indicates the location of a device on a
network: it is a unique identifier for
devices.
 File Transfer Protocol
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a
standard network protocol used for the
transfer of computer files between a client
and server on a computer network. It is
mainly used for transferring the web page
files from their creator to the computer
that acts as a server for other computers
on the internet.
 HTTP is the
protocol used to transfer data over the
web. It is part of the Internet protocol
suite and defines commands and services
used for transmitting webpage data.
 TELNET
Telnet (TN) is a networking protocol and
software program used to access remote
computers and terminals over the Internet
or a TCP/IP computer network.
 GOPHER
Gopher is a protocol. It was designed for
distributing, searching, and retrieving
documents over the Internet. The gopher
protocol has some things HTTP-based
clients do not have. It is based on menus.
An item selected from a menu will either
open another menu, or a document.
 ICMP&UDP
ICMP is a control protocol, meaning that
it designed to not carry application data,
but rather information about the status of
the network itself. ... UDP, on the other
hand, is a connection-less protocol.
Communication is datagram oriented, so
the integrity is guaranteed only on the
single datagram.
 SMT&PPOP3
SMTP protocol allows applications to
transmit email messages over the
Internet. Basically, SMTP handles your
outgoing mail. POP3 stands for Post Office
Protocol revision 3. This protocol handles
the receiving of email messages from your
mail server. The Internet Message Access
Protocol (IMAP) is a mail protocol used for
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accessing email on a remote web server (2) Second Level domains 2) Distance Learning
from a local client In addition to the top level domains, Many websites are available which offers
 Ipv6 there are second level domain (SLD) online tuitions for the students. Distance
Internet Protocol version 6 is the names. Second level domain (SLD) is a learning became more famous and
most recent version of the Internet domain that is directly below a top level attractive through internet. Most of the
Protocol, the communications protocol domain (TLD) colleges and Universities have come with
that provides an identification and (3) Third Level Domains online distance education.
location system for computers on On the next level are third Level domains. 3) Virtual Universities
networks and routes traffic across the Third Level internet domain names are Internet has also provided the opportunity
Internet. created by those that own second level to study online.
 Wais domains. Third Level domains can be used 4) Project And Assignment Work
Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) is a to set up individual domains for specific Now a days internet helps students to
client–server text searching system to purposes, such as a domain for web explore more about their subjects. Many
search index databases on remote access and one for mail. students depend on internet to complete
computers.  Uniform Resource Locator-URL their school project and assignment works.
 IP Address Each web page has its own unique 5) Flexible Learning
IP Address is required to communicate address called a Uniform Resource Internet education thus also provide the
with other computers in the net. One must Locator (URL). It is the global address of individuals to balance their time according
know the address of the computer to documents and other resources on the to their own needs, as there is no fixed
transfer files, send emails etc. World Wide Web. Web browsers make time to attend the lectures.
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is an use of URL address to find web servers. 6) Beneficial To Teachers
identifier for a particular computer on a When you type the address of a web page The internet is an extra bonus for teachers
particular network. A 32-bit binary into your browser, you are typing a URL. looking for more information on topics. It
number that uniquely and precisely They specify what kind of resource the enables them to communicate effectively
identifies the location of a particular item is, what server it can be found on, with parents and other teachers via email.
computer on the Internet. Every computer and its name on that server.  Internet In Business
that is directly connected to the internet  Internet For Governance 1) 1) Access to databases
must have an IP address. E-Governance or 'electronic governance' is Internet is highly useful to a business to
The IP Address has following basically the application of Information access complex databases.
characteristic, technology and internet facilities to the 2) Electronic Commerce
1) IP Address Unique numbers. processes of Government functioning in buying and selling products and services
2) No two computers can have the same order to bring about a spectacular on internet is called Electronic Commerce.
IP number. change. This would generally involve the 3) Electronic Mail
3) IP Address are also global & use of IT and internet by government A major use of Internet in the field of
standardized. agencies for any or all of the following business is for speedy communication.
 DOMAIN NAME reasons: Electronic mail is widely used by
A domain name is a name used to identify 1. Exchange of information with citizens, companies to communicate faster
& locate computers connected to the businesses or other government between companies customers workers
internet. No 2 organizations can have the departments and outsiders.
same domain name. each domain name is 2. Speedier and more efficient delivery of 4) Conferencing
an English version of an IP Address. public services companies are also making use of internet
3. Improving internal efficiency to contact both audio and video
 Domain Name System (DNS)
4. Reducing costs / increasing revenue conferencing to discuss important issues
IP addresses are hard to remember and
5. Re-structuring of administrative by executive locating at distant places.
easy to type incorrectly. Thus the Domain
processes and 6) World Wide Audience
Name System (DNS) was established
6. Improving quality of services. The internet is a worldwide network
because users prefer computer names to
allowing the business to reach people
numbers. It is far easier to remember  Benefits of e-governance
over the world
someone's name than their telephone 1) Better access to information and
7) Provide Product Information
number. The system that converts domain quality services for citizens
Internet give customers direct access to
names into IP addresses is known as the Internet would make available timely and
information about your products
domain name system. reliable information on various aspects of
8) Provided easy access to customer
 Types of Domain Names governance. In the initial phase,
service.
Domain Names are generally divided into information would be made available with
9) Recruit New Employees
three categories i.e. respect to simple aspects of governance
Many companies provide current
1. Top level domain (TLD) name such as forms, laws, rules, procedures etc
information about job opening and
2. Second level domain (SLD) name and later extending to detailed information
attract talented people from places they
3. Third level domain. including reports, public database, decision
could not reach otherwise.
(1) TOP-LEVEL DOMAIN (TLD) making processes etc.
10) Provide Online Service
The top-level domains (TLDS) are the 2) Simplicity, efficiency and accountability
Many products and services can be
highest level of domain names of the in the government
delivered over the internet
Internet. They form the DNS root zone of Application of to governance would lead to
11) Eliminate The Middle Man
the hierarchical Domain Name System. simplification of complicated processes,
12) Entertainment Programs
Every domain name ends in a top-level or avoiding of unwanted processes,
simplification in structures and changes in
first level domain label.
statutes and regulations. The end result
Top level domain name is divided into two
would be simplification of the functioning
categories, that is generic TLD and the
of government, enhanced decision making
Country code TLD.
abilities and increased efficiency across
(a) Generic TLDS (gTLD's)
government.
They are used by a particulars class of
3) Expanded reach of governance
organization. It describes the type of the
Rapid growth of communications
organization that they represent. The
technology and its adoption in governance
generic ones currently in use include.
would help in bringing government
.com - Originally Stood for Commercial to
Indicate a site used for commercial machinery to the doorsteps of the citizens.
Purpose, but it has since become  INTERNET FOR EDUCATION
The most well known top level domain, &
Internet plays a very vital role in education.
Is now used for any kind of site
.edu - used for educational institutions like It is no doubt that in this modern era
Universities. everyone prefers Google for their queries,
.gov - Used for government sites problems or doubts. Popular search
.mil - Used for US military sites engines like Yahoo, Google, etc. are the
(b) Country Domain (ccTLD9s) topmost choice of people as these offer an
Each country in the world has its own top easy and instant reach to the vast amount
level internet domain with a unique of information in just a few seconds. It
alphabetic designation. Country-code top contains a wealth of knowledge that can
level domains were created based on the be searched at any time.
two- letter code set ( eg :- .us for USA, .in Internet provides the following facilities
for India) for education.
Organisations in each country are 1) Informative Resources
responsible for managing the top level Majority of the students consider internet
internet domain, & then for allocating as a tool for their studies. They will get
second level domains within that domain more information about any topics from
to people & organisations with interests the internet when compared to the
in that country. textbooks.