SPANATOMY

The white matter :

·
collection of myelinated nerve fibers that
carry signals up and down to and

from the brain

·
The CNS uses asanding and descending tract to communicate

·
Ascending pathways transport sensory information in aferent pathways from the body to the brain

· Transports information about vibration, proprioception ,

fine Louch and two-point discrimination
 Pain signal from tissue
·
injury
·
transmits unconscious proprioception
·
transmits information from GTO and MS

- ↳ tracts Dorsal spinocerebellar

Cuneocerebellar
ventral spinocerebellar
Rostral spinocerebellar
Descending tract
efferent pathways from the brain to the body

·
Pyramidal tracts :
Conscious control of muscles

· Extrapyramidal tracts :

Unconscious ,
reflexive respondine
,
control of muscles

2 neurons are present -

Upper motonewons (UMN)
-
Lower motoneurons (LMN)

communicate with 3 major cortical areas :

PMC SMA , M1
,
 Summary
·
Lateral spinothalamic Pain and temperature

· ventral spinothalamie Pressure and aude touch

·
Dorsal column Vibration proprioception two-point discnmination
, ,

·
Spinocerebellar propriocaption in joints and muscles

· Cuneocerebellar propriocaption in joints and muscles

·
Spinoreticular Integration of stimuli from joints and muscles into the reticular formatio

·
corticospinal voluntary ,
discrete ,
skilled motor activities

· Reticulospinal Regulation to voluntary movements and reflexes

·
Rubrospina Promotion of Flexor and inhibition of extensor muscle activity

Vestibulospinal Inhibition of Flexar and promotion

·
of extensar muscle
activity

·
Tectospinal Postural movements from visual stimuli
 -
- .
⑳
-
- -
no
⑧
:
E
⑨ - g~
-
e
-
↳ -
un

E
r
↳
-et g
4 g
i8 I
I
.
-

r
-e · d

I
⑧
⑨
-
-
go
E .
-
1
o ⑧ ⑳
& E
=
·
- &
O
- -
g
-
1
E
-
-
-
E
⑧ -
2 E
o ·
·
·
-
ge &
·
-
&
-
.
& /
o
- -> - - o 8
A
E
8
↑
- E
~*
⑧
⑧ &
·
: ·~E
O
⑦
- C
l
-

-
1 W ⑧ e
-
-
540
-
1089sA 540s 1001 1055d0s
5
+ 081811811058 511881 8181357
 GRAY MATTER

Somatic : Supplies and receives fibers to and from the skin ,

Skeletal muscles
,

joints and tendons

isceral :

Supplies and receives fibers to and from ,

Smooth muscles ,
cardia muscles

and glands

Laminae classification
-the first 4-> exteroceptive sensation in the darsal harn

- the 5RG -> proprioceptive sensations

-the 7-> Muscle spindle and cerebellum re

lay
the 8-10-> contain
mainly motorerons

·
1 :

Respond to noxious and thermal stimuli ,

sends info to the brain via controlatera spinothalamic tract

·
2 : Involved in sensation of noxious and nun-noxious stimuli , sends to III and If
·
3 : Involved in proprioception and sensation of light touch

· ↳ :

Involved in non-noxious sensary information relay and processing

·
J :
Clinical revelance ,
refered pain

. 6 :

Interneurons ,
sads information to the brain via ipsilateral spinocerebellar pathways

·
7 :

Relays motor information to the viscera

Internewans for muscle contraction
8 Involved modulating motar output to skeletal muscle
:

· in

9:
·

Alpha motor nevoans , gamma moter neurons

· 10 :
Involved in communication between different spinal levels
 THE PLEXUSES cervical -
Brachial - Lumbar-sacral

Dermatomes receptors on
:

the skin that

go to
the Dorsal root

Myotomes Group of muscles

:
that the ventral root of a
single spinal nerve innervates

· cervical plexus · supplies neck & trunk

& Muscular branches ventral rami (1-c4

Sensory branches

Muscular branches :

· Phrenic nerve :
anterior rami of C3-25 ·Diaphragm
Geniohyoid and Thyrohyoid
· :
C .
hypoglossal nerve

· Ansa cervicalis :
Nerve roots (1-C3 · function for swallowing and speech

· Minor muscular branches :

(1-C2 ·
Rectus capitis - anterior - Lateralis

c1-C3 ·
Longus capitis

C2 .
C3 Sternoceidomastoid -

preverlebral muscles

cy-C4 · Levator scapulae -

trapeeius

Sensory branches :

· Greater auricular nerve :

<2-c3 · Sensation to external ear

· Transverse cervical nerve

:

(2-c3 · sensation to anterior neck

· Lesser occipital nerve : CC roof cutaneous sensation to the posterosuperior scalp

· Supraclavicular nerve :
C3-C4 root . Skin sensation in supraclavicular Fossa
· Brachial plexus · Supplies the upper Limb

& Divided in 5 :

-Roots Ventral rami 25

,
C6 ,
C7 ,
C8 , T1

-Trunk

-Division Read that damn cadaver book

-cords

-Branches

Roots :

· Dorsal scapular nerve :

25 · Romboids Levator scapulae
· Long thoracic nerve :
(5-C6-C1 · serratus anterior

Trunk/superior ,
middle , inferior) :

· Subclavius : 24-15-C6 · Subclaus

·
Suprascapular 24-15-C6 :

· Supraspinatus -

infraspinatus -
acromioclavicular joint

Division Canterar & posteriar) :

they recombine into the cards of the brachial plexus

Cords (Lateral posterior medial)

,
:

·
Lateral pectoral norve :

(5-CG-C7 · pectoralis major

· Medial pectoral nerve :

C8-T1 · Pectoralis minar

·
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve :

T1 · Skin and fascic in medial side of proximal half of arm

·
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve :
T1 · Skin and fascia lower part of the biceps
and lower subscapular teres
Upper nerves Ch 25 , 26, C2
Major
:
· ·
,

·
Thoracodarsal nerve
:
26 C1 , C8
,
· Latissimus darsi

Branches :

·
Musculocutaneous : 5-C6-C7 ·
Brachialis biops brachii ,
coracobrachialis
,

· Axillary :
15-C6
, postecior cordTeres minor,
deltoid muscle

· Median :

C6to it foreorm flexor ,

thener muscles

· Radia :
25 toi ·
triceps brachii

·
Ulnar : 8 to te Muscles of the hand
·
Lombarplexus ·
Supply the lower limb

* Iliohypogastric nerve :
21 · Transversus abdominis, Internal oblique
11
·
Ilioinguinal nerve
:
· Transversus abdominis, Internal oblique

·
Genitofemaral nerve :
-L . Genitalbranche

·
Lateralcutaneous of the thigh :
12-13 sensory of lateral thigh

·
obturator nerve :
(2-13-4 . obturator ext gracilis , , pectineus ,
adductor langus-brevis-magnus

·
Femardnerve :
12, 3, ch . Iliacus , pectineus ,
Sartorius , quadricaps

· Sacral plexus · pelvis & lower limb

·
Leave the pelvis via the
greater scictic faramen

·
Superior gluteal nerve :

14 ,
15 ,
51 · TEC
, Gluteus meximus-medius

· Inferior glutea nerve :

25
,
S1, 52 · Gluteus maximus
·
Posteriar femaral cutaneous nerve :
S1, 52 , 53 ·
Posterior surface of lower limb

·
Pudendal nerve :
S2 , S], 54 ·
perineum ,
urethral and sphincter ,
leveter ani

sensory of genital organ

· sciclic nerve : 24 toss ·

Hemstring ,
adductor magnus
, posterior leg & sol foot

·
Commenperoned nerve : Fibularis langue breus

tibialis anterior ,
extensor digitorum langus ,
extasar hallucis lagus

·
tibid nerve : ·
Gastrocenemius , papliteus ,
soleus , plantons ,
tibialis posteriar