TSTRT SGT Maths Content Method Prathibha

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net
- ö Ã - Ç ®˝ - ö Ã
í∫-ùÀ-ûªç (-¢Á’-ü∑¿-ú≈-©-@)
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¶üµ¿Ø√ ÖüËl-¨»©’, ©é~¬u©’, N©’-´©’
. n
1.
a
´‚úÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A -îª-ü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†o ≤ƒ®· ÅØË Nü∆uJnéÀ 348, 297, 685, 276 ÅØË Ææçêu-©’ É*a-†-°æ¤púø’ OöÀ™ 685 Â°ü¿l
Ææçêu ÅE Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†-N’-î√aúø’. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
h
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«†
b
3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç
i
4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
2.
t
Å®·üÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë ®Ó£œ«û˝ ÅØË Nü∆u-JnE Ç ûª®Ω-í∫A í∫ùÀûª Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·úø’ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ ÅE v°æPoçî√úø’.
a
Ç Nü∆uJn E®Ωy-îª-Ø√Eo ïc°œhéÀ ûÁîª’a-èπ◊E ÆæJí¬_ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†-N’-î√aúø’. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«†
p r 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
3.
u
áE-N’üÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë í∫ù‰≠ˇ ÅØË Nü∆uJn NNüµ¿ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«© ÇÆæ†o éÓù«© -¢Á·-û√h-Eo éπ†’èπ◊\ç--ô÷ -Öç-õ‰ -
d
¢√öÀ ¢Á·ûªhç v°æA-≤ƒJ 180° ´Ææ’hçü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. DE ü∆y®√ Ç Nü∆uJn äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç-™E ÇÆæ†o
1) ñ«c†ç a
éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 180°éÀ Ææ´÷†ç Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùÃ-éπ-Jç-î√-úø’. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
n 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç

4.
.e e
¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛ ÅØË í∫ùÀûª Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·úø’ Å®·üÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë Ææçï† ÅØË Nü∆u-JnE-E ûª®Ω-í∫A í∫C™E †©x-•©x §Òúø´¤ áçûÓ
w t
îÁ°æp´’Ø√oúø’. Ç Nü∆uJn-E ÊÆ\©’†’ á†’o-èπ◊çC. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn-E ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
5.
w w
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç
e
4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
n
.
àúÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë ≤˘´’u ÅØË Nü∆uJnE ñ«uN’-Bßª’ °æJ-éπ-®√© Â°õ„d-™E ´%ûªh-™‰-"E Ææ£æ…-ßª’çûÓ ´%ûªhç, î√°æ-Í®-ê†’, äéπ
a
Í®ë«-êç-ú≈Eo, ©ç• Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø-† Í®-ê†’ É*a† éÓù«-EéÀ, éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† Í®ê†’ UÊÆh Ç Nü∆uJn à ©é~¬uEo
h
≤ƒCµç*†ô’x?
6.
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«†
i b
3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
≤ƒ®·-éπ%≠æg ÅØË Nü∆uJn C = 2πr Ææ÷vû√Eo äéπ ´%-ûªh °æJCµ ü∆E ¢√u≤ƒ®√l¥EéÀ 2π È®ô’x Öçô’çC ÅØË ¨»Gl¥éπ v°æ´-îª†çí¬
Å†’-´-CÊÆh Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
a t
7.
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«†
p r 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
u
Ææ´-Jç-*† ñ«cØ√-ûªtéπ ®Ωçí∫ç™ Åûª’u-†o-ûª-≤ƒn®· ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
d
1) ïc°œh™  Öçîª’-éÓ-´úøç 2) NE-ßÁ÷Tçîªúøç
3) ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç îËßª’úøç
n a 4) Ææ%≠œdçîªúøç (™‰ü∆) Öûªp-Ah îËßª’úøç.
e
8. äéπ Nü∆uJnE äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E ´‚úø’ éÓù«©’ 40°, 50°, 60°, Å´¤-û√ßª÷?ÅE v°æPoÊÆh Ç Nü∆uJn Ç éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç
e
180° é¬´¤ é¬-•-öÀd ÅN äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™ E ´‚úø’- éÓ-ù«-©†’ Ææ÷*ç-îª´¤ ÅE Ææ´÷-üµ∆†N’î√aúø’. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn
.
ww
≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
9.
w
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 -Åç-õ‰ È®çúø’ ®√¨¡Ÿ© ¢Á·ûªhç O’C ´®Ω_ç, Ç ®√¨¡Ÿ© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ ¢√öÀ ©•l¥ç È®öÀdç°æ¤-†’ éπ-L°œ-
ûË ´îËa ü∆EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç ÅE äéπ Nü∆uJn Å†’-Ćçî√úø’. -Å®·-ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
10. Nü∆uJn x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 ÅØË ´®Ω_-Ææ-O’-éπ-®Ωùç-™ äéπ ´‚©ç (2) ÅE ÆæJ-îª÷-Æœ†ôx®·ûË ÅC à ©é~¬u-EéÀ îÁçü¿’-ûª’çC?
R-29-11-17
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11. éÀçC¢√öÀ™ NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÅØË ©é~¬u-EéÀ îÁçC† Ææp≠‘d-éπ-®Ωù àC?
i) N¨Ïx-≠æù îËßª’úøç
ii) °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω Ææç•ç-üµ∆-©†’ ≤ƒn°œçîªúøç
e t
n
iii) °∂æL-û√-©†’ ûÁ©°æúøç
iv) °∂æL-û√-©†’ ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëßª’úøç
1) i, ii, iii 2) ii, iii, iv 3) i, iii, iv
a . 4) -ÅFo
12.
b h
°æüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë Nü∆uJn 3x + 2y + 5 = 0, 2x − 5y = 0, 4x + 7y + 6 = 0, x + 2y + 5 = 0, x − 3y = 0 ÅØË
i
ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-©†’ ´‚©-Gç-ü¿’´¤ ü∆y®√ ¢Á-∞Ïx ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«--©’, ´‚©-Gç-ü¿’´¤ ü∆y®√ ¢Á∞¡xE ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-©’í¬ ´K_-éπ-JÊÆh Ç Nü∆uJn
t
a
≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
r
1) ñ«c†ç 2) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 3) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç 4) Å´-í¬-£æ«†
13.
u p
°æüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë í¬ßª’vA ÅØË Nü∆uJn Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ Æœü∆l¥çûªç v°æ´-îª†ç îÁ°æp´’çõ‰ äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ éπ®Ωgç ´®Ω_ç
d
N’T-L† È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© ´®√_© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç ÅE Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†-N’*açC. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
a
1) ñ«c†ç 2) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 3) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
14.
n
Ææçï† ÅØË ´‚úÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A Nü∆uJn 14, 8, 9, 3, 6, 10, 15, 17, 24 ÅØË Ææçêu-©†’ ¶‰Æœ Ææçêu©’, ÆæJ -Ææç-êu-©’í¬
e
e
´K_éπJç*çC. -Å®·-ûË Ç Nü∆uJnE ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
w.
t
w e
15. éÀç-C¢√öÀ™ Ö†o-ûª-≤ƒn-®·™-E í∫ùÀ-ûª -¶-üµ¿Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç àC?
w
1) Nü∆u-®Ω’n™ x ûª®Ω\ N¢Ë-îª-Ø√-¨¡-éÀhE, N¨Ïx-≠æ-ù«-¨¡-éÀhE Â°ç§Òç-Cç-îªúøç
. n
a
2) í∫ùÀ-ûª-¨»ÆæY ¶üµ¿† ü∆y®√ ®Ω≤ƒ-†’-¶µº÷A, ≤˘çü¿-®√u-†’-¶µº÷A, ûª%°œh, ñ«cØ√-†’-¶µº÷-AE éπ©-í∫-ñ‰-ßª’úøç
3) í∫ùÀûª ØÁj°æ¤-ù«u-©†’, ü¿%éπp-ü∑∆-©†’ Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ NE-ßÁ÷-TçîË Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷úøôç.
b h
i
4) -ÅFo ÆæÈ®j-†¢Ë
16.
1) v§∂ƒÆď 2) ¶‰éπØ˛ t
éÀçC¢√J™ ¶üµ¿† ©é~¬u-©†’ ®Ω÷§ÒçCçîªúøç™ éÌEo Eßª’-´÷©’ §ƒöÀç-î√-©E îÁ°œp† Nü∆u-¢Ëûªh á´®Ω’?
a 3) v¶«ú˛-§∂Ú®˝f 4) ™«é˙
17.
p r
áE-N’üÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë ≤˘´’uX ÅØË Nü∆u-JnE (a + b)3 Ææ÷vûªç ÅúÕ-TûË a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 ÅE Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç
1) ñ«c†ç u
É*açC. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJnE ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
d
2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
18.
n a
äéπ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ N¨Ïx-≠œç-îª-úøç (Analyses a Problem) ÅØËC à ©é~¬u-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Ææp≠‘d-éπ-®Ω-ù†’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC?
19.
1) ñ«c†ç
.e e 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
ww
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ Å´-í¬-£æ«† ©é~¬u-EéÀ îÁçC† Ææp≠‘d-éπ-®Ωù àC?
i) °∂æL-û√-©†’ ÅçîªØ√ ¢Ëßª’úøç
w
ii) °∂æL-û√-©†’ ÆæJ-îª÷-úøôç
iii) °∂æL-û√-©†’ ûÁ©-°æúøç
1) i, ii 2) i, iii 3) ii, iii 4) -ÅFo ÆæÈ®j-†¢Ë
20. Nü∆uJn Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«-EéÀ, Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«-EéÀ ´’üµ¿u Ö†o ûËú≈-©†’ ûÁL§ƒúø’. -Å®·-ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç*†
©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
t
21. Ææ´’Ææu ≤ƒüµ¿-†èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† Ææ÷vû√Eo ™‰ü∆ ÆæÈ®j† °æü¿n-AE áç°œéπ îËßª’úøç (Selects appropriate formula (or) Method
to solve problem) à ©é~¬u-EéÀ îÁçC† Ææp≠‘d-éπ-®Ω-ù†’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC?
n e
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç
a
4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
.
22.
h
1 = 1; 1 + 3 = 4, 1 + 3 + 5 = 9; 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 -™«çöÀ éÌEo ü¿ûªh -N-´-®√-©†’ Nü∆uJn °æJ-Q-Lç* ¢Á·ü¿öÀ n
¶‰Æœ Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç n2 ÅE ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùÃ-éπ-Jç-î√úø’. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
b
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«†
t
3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç
i 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
23.
a
Nü∆uJn äéπ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ ¢Áj¨»u©uç ü∆E §Òúø´¤, ¢Áúø-©’p© ©¶«l¥-EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç ÅØË ¨»Gléπ v°æ´-îª-Ø√Eo A = l × b í¬
r
p
Å†’Ćçî√úø’ -Å®·-ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
u
24.
d
°æüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë Nü∆uJn äéπ L"ûª Ææ´’-Ææu†’ ≤ƒCµç-îË-ô-°æpúø’ 83 E 87 ûÓ í∫’ùÀç-î√Lq ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ûª† ´’ØÓ-í∫-ù†
a
Ææ£æ…-ßª’çûÓ 7221 ÅE ûªyJ-ûªçí¬, éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îË-¨»úø’. Å®·-ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
1) ñ«c†ç
e n2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
25.
.e
äéπ Nü∆uJn I = ⎯⎯
w
PTR
100
†’ P = 100 I
⎯⎯ í¬ ´’®Ìéπ ®Ω÷°æç™ úéπh-°æJî√úø’. Å®·-ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç
TR
t
w e
àN’öÀ?
w
. n
a
26. äéπ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©†’ ´%-ûªh -Í®-ë«-*-vûªç™ Ñ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷°œç-*çC?
-àúÓ
b h
i
ûª®Ω-í∫A
18%
t
-Ç®Ó
-á-E-N’-üÓ
a
ûª®Ω-í∫A
20% ûª®Ω-í∫A 12%
p
°æ-üÓr -ûÌ-N’t-üÓ
ûª®Ω-í∫A
d u ûª®Ω-í∫A
35%
15%
n a
e
Ñ Í®ë«-*-vû√Eo îª÷Æœ† ûËï ÅØË Nü∆uJn Ñ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ áE-N’üÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’ ÅE
e
¢√uë«uEçî√úø’. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
.
ww
1) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 2) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 3) ñ«c†ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
27. áE-N’üÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îªC¢Ë ≤˘´’u ÅØË Nü∆u-Jl¥E í∫ûª -Å®·ü¿’ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-™x §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»©-™ °æüÓ ûª®Ω-í∫-A™ ≤ƒCµç-*† ÖBh-®Ωgû√
28.
w
¨»û√-©ûÓ äéπ C-¢Á’t Í®ë«-*vûªç (éπ-O’t -Í®-ë«*vû√Eo) UÊÆh Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
°æ-üÓ ûª®Ω-í∫A îª-ü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†o -¢Áçéπ-õ‰-≠ˇ -Å-ØË -N-ü∆u-Jn í∫-ùÀ-ûª -§ƒ®∏Ωu °æ¤Ææhéπç-™-E -vAéÓ-ù-N’-A -Å-üµ∆u-ßª’ç-™ -N-N-üµ¿ éÓ-ù«-©èπ◊
sin, cos, tan -N-©’-´-©-†’ -¢Ëí∫çí¬, -üÓ-≠æ ®Ω£œ«-ûªçí¬ -îª-ü¿-´í∫-Lí¬-úø’. -Å®·-ûË -Ç -N-ü∆u-Jn ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
29. Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu-©†’ {1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9, 10},...... ÅØË Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææ´‚-£æ…-©’í¬ N¶µº->ÊÆh, Ç ´®Ω’-Ææ™ 11´
Ææ´‚-£æ«ç-™E Ææçêu©’ àN? ÅØË Ææ´’-Ææu†’ ©£æ«J ÅØË Nü∆uJn-E vA¶µº’-ñ«-é¬®Ω Ææçêu© í∫’Jç* û√†’ §ÒçC† ñ«cØ√Eo
t
Â°j Ææ´’≤ƒu °æJ-≥ƒ\-®Ωç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç*çC. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJnE ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
e
30. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰≠ˇ ÅØË Nü∆uJn x2 + bx + b = 0 ÅØË ´®Ω_ Ææ-O’-éπ-®Ωùç ´‚™«©’ α, β Å®·ûË ⎯

⎯
√α
.
⎯ + ⎯
√β n
⎯
√β
⎯ + ⎯
√α
⎯
√b
⎯
√a
h a
N©’-´†’ éπ†’éÓ\ç-úÕ?ÅØË Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ ´’¯"-éπçí¬ í∫ù-†©’ ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÆœ °∂æLûªç "0" -Å-E ÆæJí¬ îÁ§ƒpúø’. Ñ v°ævéÀ-ßª’™ Ç
Nü∆u-Jn ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç àN’öÀ?
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç
i b 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
31.
a t
í∫-ùÀ-ûª -Å-üµ¿u-ßª’-†ç--™ Ææ-´’≤ƒu ≤ƒ-üµ¿-†èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j-† °æ-ü¿l¥-ûª’-©-†’, -Ö°æí∫-´÷--©-†’ -áç°œéπ -îËÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç -ü∆y®√ -´÷-†Æœéπ -véπ-´’-Péπ~-ù -
1) -v°æ-ßÁ÷-ï-† 2) -véπ-´’--Péπ~-ù r
Å-©-´-úÕ -ûª-ü∆y®√ Æ‘y-ßª’ -véπ-´’-Péπ~-ù-†’ -N-ü∆u-Jn -Å-©-´®Ω’aéÓ-´-úøç -à -N-©’-´-†’ Ææ÷-*Ææ’hç-C?
p 3) ≤ƒçÆæ%\--Aéπ 4) éπ-∞«-ûªtéπ
32.
d u
éÀçC¢√öÀ™ ¨»Æ‘Yßª’ ¢ÁjêJ ÅØË ©é~¬u-EéÀ îÁçC† Ææp≠‘d-éπ-®Ωù àC?
a
1) Nü∆uJn û√†’ îËÆœ† ûª°æ¤p-©†’ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
n
.e e
2) Nü∆uJn ûª† ≤ƒüµ¿-†-©†’ û√ØË v°æPoç-îª’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
3) Nü∆uJn éÌûªh ¶µ«´-†-©†’, Åç¨»©-†’ ví∫£œ«çîË N¨»© ´’†-Ææh-û√yEo éπLT Öçö«úø’.
w
4) Â°j´Fo
w e t
w n
33. 'Nü∆uJn í∫ùÀ-ûª-¨»ÆæY ñ«cØ√-EéÀ ¨»ÆæY-Vc©’ ÅçCç-*† ÊÆ´-©†’ ÅGµ-†çCçî√úø’— Å®·-ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç?
1) ÅGµ-®Ω’* 2) ¨»Æ‘Yßª’ ¢ÁjêJ 3) ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†
a . 4) Å†’-èπÿ© ¢ÁjêJ
h
34. éÀçC¢√öÀ™ ÅGµ-®Ω’* (ÇÆæ-éÀh)éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-îªE Ææp≠‘d-éπ-®Ωù àC?
1) Nü∆uJn éπ*a-ûª-û√y-EéÀ §ƒô’ °æúø-û√úø’.
i b
t
2) Nü∆uJn í∫ùÀ-ûª-éπx¶¸ ¢√uÆæ-èπ◊h-©-™  îª’®Ω’í¬_ §ƒ™Ô_ç-ö«úø’.
a
3) Nü∆uJn í∫ùÀûª °ævA-éπ-©†’, °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ Åü¿-†çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.
r
p
4) Nü∆uJn í∫ùÀûª Ææç•çüµ¿ °æ>-™ ¸q†’ ûªßª÷®Ω’ îË≤ƒhúø’.
d u -ï-¢√-•’-©’
a
1-2; 2-1; 3-3; 4-4; 5-4; 6-2; 7-4; 8-2; 9-2; 10-2; 11-1; 12-4; 13-1; 14-2; 15-4; 16-1; 17-1; 18-3; 19-1; 20-2;
en
21-3; 22-3; 23-2; 24-4; 25-2; 26-1; 27-4; 28-4; 29-3; 30-4; 31-2; 32-4; 33-3; 34-1.
e
®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg
.
w ww
-öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ
t
í∫-ùÀ-ûªç -¢Á’-ü∑¿-ú≈-©-@
í∫ùÀûªç, í∫ùÀûª Ææy¶µ«´ç
n e
.
1. Ç´-¨¡u-éπûª °æ®Ωu-´-≤ƒ-Ø√-©†’ Ü£œ«çîË Nñ«c-†¢Ë’ í∫ùÀûªç ÅE E®Ωy-*ç-*çC á´®Ω’?
1) ¢Ë’Jßª÷ °œßª’K 2) ¶„ç>-´’Ø˛ °‘®˝q 3) ¶„™ ¸
h a
4) v§∂ƒEqÆˇ ¶‰éπØ˛
b
2. éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ í∫ùÀûª Ææy¶µ«´ç àC?
i) Å´‚®Ωh ©éπ~ùç ii) û√J\-éπûª
t i
a
iii) éπ*aûªûªyç iv) Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† Ç™-îªØ√ Nüµ∆†ç
1) i, ii, iii 2) ii, iii, iv
p r 3) i, iii, iv 4) -ÅFo
u
3. Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd v°æé¬®Ωç π N©’´ ....?
1) 3.1416
a
2) 3.1614
d 3) 3.1604 4) 3.1255
n
4. 'Æœü∆l¥çûª P®Ó-´’ùÀ— ví∫çü∑¿ ®Ωîª-®·ûª á´®Ω’?
5.
.e e
1) Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd
®√´÷-†’-ïØ˛ Ææçêu?
2) ¶µ«Ææ \-®√-î √®Ωu 3) ´®√-£æ«-N’-£œ«-®Ω’úø’ 4) ´’£æ…-O®Ω
1) 1719
w w 2) 1729 3) 1749 4) 1769
e t
6.
w
1) Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd 2) ¶µ«Ææ \-®√-î √®Ωu 3) XE-¢√Ææ ®√´÷-†’-ïØ˛
.
4) é¬vÊ°-éπ®˝ n
¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ç®Ω’ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 ©ûÓ 2 × 3 × 7 + 13 = 5 × 11 í¬ ®√ßÁ·îª’a ÅE ûÁL-°œ† ¨»ÆæY¢Ëûªh?
7.
h a
°æçîª-Æœ-ü∆l¥çûª (i) Paulisa ii) Romaka iii) Vasista iv) Soura v) Paithamaha ÅØË 5 Æœü∆l¥ç-û√©’ Ö†o ví∫çü∑¿ç) ví∫çü∑¿
®Ωîª®·ûª á´®Ω’?
1) Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd 2) XE-¢√Ææ ®√´÷-†’-ïØ˛ 3) Xüµ¿®Ω
i b 4) ´®√-£æ«-N’-£œ«-®Ω’úø’
8.
8 2
(A) = ⎯ × () a
(¢√uÆæç)2 ÅE ûÁL°œçC à üË¨¡-Ææ’h©’? t
r
´%ûªh ¢Áj¨»©uç
9
1) Å®Ω-•’s©’ 2) vUèπ◊©’
u p 3) ¶µ«®Ω-B-ßª·©’ 4) Ñ>-°œ{-ßª’Ø˛q
9. áL-¢Á’çö¸q ví∫çü∑¿ ®Ωîª-®·ûª?
1) ßª‚éÀxú˛
a d
2) ÇJ\¢Á’-úÕÆˇ 3) ö«©O’ 4)
n
ü∑Ë™¸q
10.
e
Ææéπ© ¨»≤ƒY-©èπ◊ ´‚©ç, ü∆y®Ωç ™«çöÀC í∫ùÀûªç ÅE E®Ωy-*ç-*çC á´®Ω’?
.e
1) ¶„ç>-´’Ø˛ v§∂ƒçéÀxØ˛ 2) v§∂ƒEqÆˇ ¶‰éπØ˛ 3) ¶„®√Zçú˛ ®ΩÂÆq™¸ 4) ¢Ë’Jßª÷ °œßª’K
ww
11. 'Í®ë«-í∫-ùÀûª °œû√-´’-£æ›úø’— ÅØË G®Ω’-ü¿’†o ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh á´®Ω’?
w
1) ü∑Ë™ ¸q 2) Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ 3) ö«©O’ 4) ßª‚éÀxú˛
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12. vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«-©Â°j Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úÕ† vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç (A) = √ S(S − a) (S − b) (S − c) ÅØË Ææ÷vû√Eo ûÁL-°œ† ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh
á´®Ω’?
1) ÇJ\-¢Á’-úÕÆˇ 2) Å°æ-™ x-E-ßª’Æˇ 3) Â£«®√Ø˛ 4) £œ«§ƒp-®Ω\Æˇ
R-28-10-17
13. 'äéπ ´%ûªhç-™E È®çúø’ Ææ®Ω÷°æ ´%ûªh-êç-ú≈© ¢Áj¨»-™«u© E≠æpAh ¢√öÀ ñ«u© ´®√_© E≠æp-AhéÀ Ææ´÷†ç— ÅE Ê°®Ì\-†oC á´®Ω’?
1) Â£«®Ω-úÓ-ôÆˇ 2) £œ«§Ú-véπ-öÀÆˇ 3) Â£«®√Ø˛ 4) £œ«§ƒp-®Ω\Æˇ
14. Ææyßª’ç E®Ω÷-°œûª Åç¨¡ç Åçõ‰....?
e t
n
1) Æ‘yéπ%ûªç 2) v°æûªuéπ~ Ææ÷vûªç 3) ™„´÷t 4) Ö°æ-Æœ-ü∆l¥çûªç
15. ®√´÷-†’-ïØ˛ °æJ-¨-üµ¿† îËÆœ† Åç¨¡ç?
1) Nçûª îªü¿-®√©’
a
2) éπçöÀ-†÷uú˛ v§∂ƒéπ~Ø˛q .
3) áL-°ˇ-Æœdé˙ ÉçvöÀ-í∫™ ¸q 4) -ÅFo
b h
16. Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd ®Ω*ç-*† Ææ’v°æ-Æœü¿l¥ ví∫çü∑¿ç àC?
t i
17.
1) Ç®Ωu-¶µº-öÃdßª’ç 2) v•£æ«t-Ææ’p¥-ôÆœ
r a 3) Æœü∆l¥çûª P®Ó-´’ùÀ 4) ú≈ö«
p
vA¶µº’-ñ«-é¬®Ω Ææçêu©’, éπ*aûª Ææçêu©’, ÊÆo£æ« Ææçêu©’, îªûª’-®ΩvÆæ Ææçêu-©†’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœç-C?
18.
1) ü∑Ë™ ¸q
d u
2) Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ 3) Ê°xö 4) ßª‚éÀxú˛
a
'Ææçêu©’ ÉûªúÕ ØË≤ƒh©’— ÅØË ¢√éπuç á´-JéÀ -îÁç-ü¿’-ûª’ç-C?
n
1) ¶µ«Ææ \-®√-î √®Ωu 2) Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ 3) Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd 4) XE-¢√Ææ ®√´÷-†’-ïØ˛
.e e -ï-¢√-•’-©’
w t
1-2; 2-4; 3-1; 4-2; 5-2; 6-3; 7-4; 8-4; 9-1; 10-2; 11-4; 12-3; 13-2; 14-1; 15-4; 16-1; 17-2; 18-4.
w w e
n
a .
b h
t i
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ
í∫-ùÀ-ûªç (--¢Á’-ü∑¿-ú≈-©-@)
1.
e t
®Ó£œ«û˝ ÅØË Nü∆uJn Ææ´’-≤ƒu-≤ƒ-üµ¿-†èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† °æü¿l¥-AE áçîª’-éÓ-´úøç, °∂æL-û√-©†’ Ü£œ«ç-îªúøç, ï¢√-•’†’ ÆæJ-îª÷-úøôç ™«çöÀ
n
ØÁj°æ¤-ù«u©-†’ í∫ùÀ-û√-üµ¿u-ßª’†ç ü∆y®√ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Ç Nü∆u-Jn™ Â°ç§Òç-C† N©’´ àC?
1) v°æßÁ÷-ï† N©’´
3) ≤ƒçÆæ \%-Aéπ N©’´
2) véπ´’-P-éπ~ù« N©’´
4) éπ∞«-ûªtéπ N©’´
a .
2.
b h
≤˘´’u ÅØË Nü∆u-JnE ´%ûªh-™‰-"E ÅØË °æJ-éπ®Ωç Ææ£æ…-ßª’çûÓ äéπ ´%û√hEo, É*a† Í®ë«-êç-ú≈-EéÀ ©ç• Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø-†-Í®-ê†’,
i
éÓù«-EéÀ éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø-† Í®ê†’ EJtç*çC. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆u-JnE ≤ƒCµç-*† ©éπ~uç?
3.
1) ñ«c†ç
a c
 = 
2) Å´-í¬-£æ«†
ac + 3b2 c2 + 3bd
 = 
a t 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
r
Å®·ûË ÅE E®Ω÷°œçîªú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË ¶üµ¿-Ø√-°æ-ü¿l¥A àC?
b d bc dc
1) Çí∫-´’†
u p
2) Eí∫-´’† 3) Ææç¨Ïx-≠æù 4) ÅØËy-≠æù
4.
d
í∫ùÀûª Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·úø’ Nü∆uJn E≥ƒp-ü¿-††’ äéπ EKgûª é¬™«-†ç-ûª®Ωç (a term end) E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫°æúË
´‚™«uç-éπ†ç?
a
1) ®Ω÷°æù ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç
e
3) ™°æ-E-®√l¥-®Ωù ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç n 2) Ææçéπ-©† ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç
4) v§ƒí∫’-éÀhéπ ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç
5.
w.e
éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ ÆæÈ®j†N.
i) Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd – Ç®Ωu-¶µº-öÃdßª’ç
t
w w
ii) ßª‚éÀxú˛ – C áL-¢Á’çö¸q
n e
iii) Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ – ÆœØ√-°œqÆˇ
iv) ¶µ«Ææ \-®√-î √®Ωu – éπ®Ω-ù-èπ◊-ûª÷-£æ«©ç
a .
1) i, ii, iii 2) i, ii, iv
b
3) ii, iii, iv
h 4) -ÅFo
6.
i
''°æüÓ-ûª-®Ω-í∫A îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†o ®Ó£œ«û˝ ÅØË Nü∆uJn ≤ƒçêu-éπ-¨»-ÆæYç-™E Åçéπ-í∫-ùÀûª Ææí∫ô’†’ éπ†’-éÓ\-´-ú≈-EéÀ É*a† §˘†”-°æ¤†u
t
N¶µ«-ï† °æöÀd-éπ-™E ûª®Ω-í∫A Åçûª-®√©’, ¢√öÀ §˘†”-°æ¤-Ø√u-©†’ üÓ≠æ-®Ω-£œ«-ûªçí¬ îªü¿-´-í∫-L-í¬úø’——, Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn ≤ƒCµç-*†
©éπ~uç?
1) ñ«c†ç 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«†
r a 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
7.
u p 
√3 2
A =  a îª.ßª‚.
d 4
ûÌN’t-üÓ- ûª-®Ω-í∫A îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†o ®Ω´’u ÅØË Nü∆u-JnE ÅØË Ææ÷vûªç Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»-©uçí¬
1) ñ«c†ç a
í∫’Jhç-*çC. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJnE ≤ƒCµç*† ©éπ~uç?
n 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4)
e
ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
8.
e
éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ ÆæJ-é¬-EC àC?
.
i) Nü∆uJn ≤Òçûªçí¬ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-L-≤ƒhúø’ – Å´-í¬-£æ«†
w ww
ii) Nü∆uJn ü¿ûªh-Ææ-´’-Ææu-™ E ü¿û√hç-¨»Eo, ≤ƒ®√ç-¨»Eo éπ†’èπ◊\çö«úø’ – Å´-í¬-£æ«†
iii) Nü∆uJn °æö«™xE üÓ≥ƒ-©†’ ÆæJ-îË-≤ƒhúø’ – NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç
iv) Nü∆uJn Ææ´’Ææu ≤ƒüµ¿† éÓÆæç ûªT† °æü¿l¥-AE -áç°œéπ -îË-ßª’-úøç – ØÁj°æ¤ùuç
1) i, ii, iii 2) ii, iii, iv 3) ii, iv 4) iii, iv
9. 'Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ßª‚Eö¸ °æJ-CµE Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç— ßª‚Eö¸-™E à Åçí¬Eo Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC?
1) vÊ°®Ωù 2) ÆæçéÃ®Ωg ü¿%≠œd 3) ØË°æ-ü∑∆uEo éπ†’-éÓ\-´úøç 4) -ÅFo
R-7-4-15
10. §ƒ®∏Ωu-°æ-ü∑¿éπç ´©x Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·-úÕéÀ éπLÍí v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç?
i) E®Ωg-®·çîª’èπ◊†o ©é~¬u-©†’ ûªèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’ûÓ Ææ’©’´¤í¬ ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫-©úø’.
ii) à ØÁ©™, áçûª ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ¶Cµç-î √™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©úø’.
iii) é¬©ç ´%ü∑∆-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ¶Cµç-îª-´îª’a.
e t
iv) v°æù«-R-é¬-•-ü¿l¥çí¬ ¶Cµçîªúøç Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
. n
11.
1) i, ii, iv 2) i, iv 3) i, iii
h a
§ƒ®∏Ωu-°æ-ü∑¿éπ †´‚-Ø√™ Né¬-Ææ- ¢√u-Ææ-èπ◊h©’ (Developmental Activities) ÅØË ü¿¨¡èπ◊ îÁçü¿E Åç¨¡ç?
4) ii, iv
1) N≠æßª’ N¨¡-D-éπ-®Ωùç
b
2) ´÷CJ Ææ´’-Ææu©’
i
12.
3) Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Åüµ¿u-ßª’† °æ®Ωu-¢Ë-éπ~ù
a t 4) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç
r
''v°æßÁ÷-í¬-ûªtéπ Å¶µºu-Ææ† v§ƒüµ∆-Ø√uEo í∫’®Ω’hç-îª’-éÓ-´úøç—— í∫ùÀûª Nü∆u-v°æ-ù«-Réπ E®Ωy-£æ«ù Ææ÷vû√™x üËEéÀ îÁçCçC?
1) û√J\-éπ-véπ´’ç 2) P¨¡Ÿ ÍéçvD-ßª’ûª 3) Çîª-®Ω-ù«-ûªt-éπûª 4) N≠æßª’ éπJ∏-†ûª
13. QJ{éπ °æü¿l¥-AéÀ îÁçC† üÓ≠æç .......
u p
i) °æ¤†-Jy-´’-®Ωzèπ◊ û√´¤-™‰ü¿’.
a
ii) P¨¡Ÿ-Íéçvü¿ °æü¿l¥-AéÀ úA-Í®éπç. d
e n
iii) v°æñ«c-´ç-ûª’-©èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’ °æ¤öÀd-Ææ’hçC.
.
1) i, ii
e
iv) äéπ Åç¨»Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√o-´’†o ûª%°œh à ûª®Ω-í∫-A™†÷ éπ©-í∫ü¿’.
w 2) ii, iii 3) iii, iv 4) i, iv

t
14.
w w
àéπ Íéçvü¿ °æü¿l¥A ´©x éπLÍí v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç?
n e
i) ñ«c°æ-éπ-¨¡éÀh Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
ii) v°æñ«c-´ç-ûª’-©èπ◊ Å†’-¢ÁjçC.
a .
iii) -N-ü∆u-Jn -äéπ Åç¨»Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
b h
iv) Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ èπ◊ûª÷-£æ«-©ç-ûÓ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
1) i, ii, iii 2) i, ii, iv 3) i, iv
t i 4) i, ii, iii, iv
15.
r a
äéπ Ææ÷vûª N´-®Ωù, äéπ ´÷CJ Ææ´’Ææu Å†ç-ûª®Ωç ¢√öÀ Ç´-®Ωh†ç ûªü∆y®√ v§ƒOùuç ≤ƒCµç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å†’-¢Áj† Å¶µ«u-≤ƒ©’
àN?
1) ´’¯"éπ Å¶µ«u-≤ƒ©’
u
2) ®√ûª Å¶µ«u-≤ƒ©’ p 3) ´÷†-Æœéπ Å¶µ«u-≤ƒ©’ 4) -ÅFo
16.
a d
ñ«uN’-Bßª’ Çé¬-®√-©†’ Ußª’ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË ¶üµ¿-ØÓ-°æ-éπ-®Ωùç àC?
e n
i) >ßÁ÷-¶®˝f
1) i, ii, iii
ii) Â°í˚-¶®˝f
2) i, iii
iii) í∫ùÀûª °æJ-éπ-®√© Â°õ„d
3) iii
iv) §∂ƒx≠ˇ-é¬®˝f
4) i, ii, iii, iv
17.
.e
ww
Å†’-¶µº-¢√© ¨¡çê’-´¤™ ¨¡çê’´¤ Â°j¶µ«í∫ç †’ç* éÀçCéÀ ´îËaéÌDl ´‚-Jh-´’ûªyç ......
1) Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC 2) ûªí∫’_-ûª’çC
18. w
3) ´·çü¿’ Â°JT, ûª®√yûª ûªí∫’_-ûª’çC
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ ÆæÈ®j-†N .....
i) APAMT - Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
4) á™«çöÀ ´÷®Ω’p Öçúøü¿’
ii) AMIT - îÁØÁj o

iii) DAMT - CMx iv) ISHM - ´·ç•®·
1) i, ii, iii 2) i, ii, iv 3) ii, iii, iv 4) i, ii, iii, iv
19. éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ ÆæJ-é¬-EC.
i) 1´ IMO - ®Ì¢Ë’-Eßª÷ ii) 37´ IMO - †÷uCMx
iii) 53´ IMO - ÅÈ®çb -öÃ-Ø√ iv) 54´ IMO - ØÁü¿-®√xçú˛q
1) i, ii 2) ii, iii 3) ii 4) iii, iv
e t
20.
. n
v°æA¶µº Ö†o Nü∆u-®Ω’n© éÓÆæç °æ‹®Ωy°æ¤ ®ÓV-™xØË v°æûËuéπ Nü∆u é¬®Ωu-véπ´÷©†’ ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç-*† ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh á´®Ω’?
21.
1) Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ 2) ßª‚éÀxú˛
´’çü∆-¶µ«u-Ææ-èπ◊© éÓÆæç îË°æ-ôd-ü¿-T† é¬®Ωu-véπ´’ç àC?
3) ü∑Ë™ ¸q
h a
4) §ƒxö
i) ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ 20 †’ç* 30 ´’çC Nü∆u®Ω’n©’ Öçú≈L.
i b
ii) ¶üµ¿† O™„j-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ úéÀh-í∫-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈L.
iii) í∫ùÀû√Eo *´J °‘J-ßª’-ú˛™  ¶Cµç-î √L.
a t
iv) í∫ùÀ-û√Eo Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Eûªu-@-N-û√-EéÀ Å†y-®·ç-î √L.
r
22.
1) i, ii, iii 2) i, iii, iv
d up 3) i, ii, iv 4) ii, iii, iv
a
îËßª’úøç ü∆y®√ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç, °æJ-Q-©† ü∆y®√ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç ÅØË Ææ÷vû√-©Â°j Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úÕ† ¶üµ¿-Ø√-°æ-ü¿l¥A?
23.
1) Çí∫-´’†
e n 2) v°æßÁ÷-í∫-¨»© 3) ÅØËy-≠æù
'(2x − 4)4 †’ NÆæhJçîªçúÕ— ÅØË Ææ´’-Ææu†’ ¶Cµç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Å†’-¢Áj† ¶üµ¿Ø√ °æü¿l¥A àC?
4) v°æéπ-©p†
24.
w.e
1) Çí∫-´’† 2) Eí∫-´’† 3) N¨Ïx-≠æù 4) Ææç¨Ïx-≠æù
t
w e
Nü∆uJn Ü®Ωn y, Åüµ¿” éÓù«-©†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E äéπ †í∫-®Ωç-™E äéπ ¶µº´†ç áûª’h†’ í∫ùÀçî√úø’. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i†
w n
´’¯"éπ °æEE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tçî√úø’?
1) Åçéπí∫-ùÀ-ûªç™ ´’¯"éπ °æE
3) Í®ë«-í∫-ùÀ-ûªç™ ´’¯"éπ °æE
a .
2) Hï-í∫-ùÀ-ûªç™ ´’¯"éπ °æE
4) Íé ~vûª-í∫-ùÀ-ûªç™ ´’¯"éπ °æE
25. í∫ùÀ-ûªç™ ´’çü∆-¶µ«u-Ææ-èπ◊© ÅGµ-´%-Cl¥éÀ ûÓúøpúË é¬®Ωu-véπ´’ç àC?
b h
i) ¶üµ¿† O™„j-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ úéÀh-í∫-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈L.
t i
ii) äéπ §ƒ®∏Ωç °æ‹Jhí¬ Å®Ωn-¢Á’i† ûª®√yûË éÌûªh §ƒ®∏Ωç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-Â°-ö«dL.
iii) í∫ùÀ-û√Eo Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Eûªu@N-û√-EéÀ Å†y-®·ç-î √L.
r a
p
iv) í∫ùÀûª ä©ç-°œ-ßª÷ú˛ ™«çöÀ °æK-éπ~-©èπ◊ ≤ƒüµ¿† îË®·Ææ÷h Öçú≈L.
du
1) i, ii, iii 2) ii, iii, iv 3) i, ii, iv 4) i, iii, iv
26.
1) ¢√J{éπ °æü∑¿éπç a
Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·úø’ à ßª‚E-ö¸†’ à ØÁ©™ áçûª ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ¶Cµç-î√™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫°æúË °æü∑¿éπç?
n 2) ßª‚Eö¸ °æü∑¿éπç 3) §ƒ®∏Ωu-°æ-ü∑¿éπç 4) Â°j´Fo

27.
e e
äéπ ´%ûªhç-™E È®çúø’ ¨¡®√© ©•l¥ç ¢√öÀ éπ©-®·éπ Gçü¿’´¤ í∫’çú≈ -¢Á-∞Ïx Å®Ωl¥ ñ«u ´®√_-EéÀ Ææ´÷-†-´’E v°æü∑¿-´’çí¬ îÁ°œp†
.
¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh?(äéπ ´%ûªhç™ AB, CD ÅØË È®çúø’ ñ«u©’ CD ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’´¤ E ´ü¿l êçúÕÊÆh 4AE × BE = (CD)2
ww
Å´¤-ûª’çC.)
28.
w
1) v•£æ«t-í∫’°æh
3) Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd
2) ¶µ«Ææ \-®√-î √®Ωu
4) XE-¢√Ææ ®√´÷-†’-ïØ˛
éπJ-èπ◊©ç ®Ω*ç-îª-úøç™, §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»© °æJ-§ƒ-©-Ø√-Gµ-´%-Cl¥éÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úËN àN?
1) v°æ¨»o-´R 2) Ææç°∂æ’ôØ√ °ævû√-´R
3) Åçîª-Ø√-´÷-°æE 4) ¨üµ¿-Ø√-Ææ÷-*éπ
29. ™°æ E®√l¥-®Ωù Eéπ-≠æèπ◊ îÁçCçC?
i) Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ™§ƒ-©†’, •©-£‘«†ûª©†’ éπ†’-éÓ\-´îª’a
ii) ï¢√-•’-©†’ ®√ßª’-úøç™ é¬©-°æ-JCµ ™„éπ\-™ éÀ BÆæ’éÓ®Ω’.
iii) äéπ N≠æ-ßª’ç™ Nü∆uJn ≤ƒüµ¿-††’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC.
e t
iv) EKgûª Ææ´’-ßª÷™x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-î √L.
1) i, ii 2) ii, iii 3) iii, iv
. n
4) i, iv
30.
h a
Å¶µ«uÆæ éπ%û√u© áç°œéπ, Å¶µºu-Ææ-†ç™ °æ¤†-®Ωs-©†ç, Ææyßª’ç-¶µ«-´-Ø√-Gµ-´%Cl¥ ™«çöÀ Åç¨»-©èπ◊ Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·-úÕéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË
´‚™«uç-éπ†ç?
1) E®√t-ù«-ûªtéπ ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç
i b
2) Ææçéπ-©† ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç
31.
3) ™°æ-E-®√l¥-®Ωù ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç
a t4) v§ƒí∫’-éÀhéπ ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç
r
éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ v°æñ«c v°æéπ-©p† àC?
1) Ææ´’-Ææu†’ ®Ω÷§Òç-Cç-îªúøç, ≤ƒCµç-îªúøç
3) °æ>™¸q†’ ≤ƒCµç-îªúøç, ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ßª’úøç
u p 2) Ææ´’-Ææu-©†’ NNüµ¿ °æü¿l¥ûª’™x ≤ƒüµ¿† îËßª’úøç
4) Â°j´Fo
32.
1) Eí∫-´’†
a d
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ ÅØËy≠œçîªú≈-EéÀ Å†’-¢Áj† ¶üµ¿-Ø√-°æ-ü¿l¥A àC?
2) Ææç¨Ïx-≠æù 3) v°æéπ-©p† 4) ÅØËy-≠æù
33.
e n
í∫ùÀûª Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·úø’ Eí∫-´’† °æü¿l¥-AE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ......
w e
i) äéπ Ææ÷vûªç †’ç* -´’®Ó Ææ÷vû√Eo éπ†’-éÓ\-´-ú≈-EéÀ
.
ii) äéπ Æœü∆l¥çûªç Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬ -´’®Ó Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo E®Ω÷-°œç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ
t
w
iii) Å¶µºuÆœç*† Åç¨»-©èπ◊ ûª’C ®Ω÷°æç Éý-ú≈-EéÀ
w
1) i, ii, iii 2) ii, iii 3) i, iii
n
4) àD-é¬ü¿’ e
34.
a .
éπ∞¡⁄x, îÁ´¤-©†’ Å†’-Ææç-üµ∆†ç îËÆæ÷h Nü∆u-®Ω’n© àé¬-ví∫-ûª†’ Â°ç§Òç-CçîË í∫ùÀ-ûª- ¶-üµ¿Ø√ ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ Nüµ∆†ç?
35.
1) ´’¯"-éπ -°æE 2) ®√ûª -°æE 3) Ç´-®Ωh†ç
b h 4) EßÁ÷-ï†ç
i
´’ç* Ææ´’Ææu ©éπ~ùç?
1) ßª’ü∑∆-®√n-EéÀ v°æB-éπ-©’í¬ Öçúøôç
2) Eûªu-@-Nûª Ææ´’-Ææu-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC é¬´úøç
a t
3) Ç™-îª-Ø√-¨¡-éÀhE Â°ç§Òç-Cç-îªúøç
4) Â°j´Fo
p r
36.
d u
Nü∆u®Ω’n™x Å´-í¬-£æ«†, û√J\éπ ñ«c†ç, Ö°æ-ïcûª†’ (originality) Â°ç§Òç-CçîË ¶üµ¿Ø√°æ-ü¿l¥A?
37.
1) Eí∫-´’†
n a
2) N¨Ïx-≠æù 3) Ææç¨Ïx-≠æù 4) ÅØËy-≠æù
e
í∫ùÀ-ûª -éπx¶¸ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’ á´®Ω’?
1) Æ‘E-ßª’®˝ í∫ùÀûª Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·úø’ 2) v°æüµ∆-ØÓ-§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·úø’
.e
3) Nü∆u-¨»-ë«-Cµ-é¬J 4) à í∫ùÀûª Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·úÁjØ√ ÖçúÌîª’a
38.
w ww
7895 × 6 = ? ÅØË í∫’ù-é¬-®√Eo Ææ’©’´¤í¬ îËßª’-ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË í∫ùÀûª Ê°öÀ-éπ-™ E ¶üµ¿-ØÓ-°æ-éπ-®Ωùç àC?
1) °æ‹Ææ© îªvôç
3) ØË°œ-ßª’®˝ °æöÃd©’
2) ú≈N’ØÓ é¬®Ω’f©’
4) èπÿuÆœ-ØË-ßª’®˝ °æöÃd©’
39. ´’† °æKé~¬ Nüµ∆-†ç™ 15% †’ç* 40% ´®Ωèπ◊ N≠æ-ßª’-ûªçvûª v°æ¨¡o-©†’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡Â°ö«dLqç-Cí¬ Ææ÷*ç-*† éπN’-≠æØ˛ àC?
1) ¢Á·ü¿-L-ßª÷®˝ éπN’-≠æØ˛ 2) éÌ®∏√K éπN’-≠æØ˛
3) Ñ¨¡y-K-¶µ«ß˝’ °æõ‰™ ¸ éπN’-≠æØ˛ 4) £æ«çô®˝ éπN’-≠æØ˛
40. §ƒxØÁ™¸ ¶®˝f (Flannel Board) ´©x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç àN’öÀ?
i) *vû√-©†’ v°æü¿Jzçîªú≈-EéÀ (Exhibiting diagrams)
ii) äéπ §∂ƒ®Ω’t-™«†’ ®√•ôdúøç™E ≤Ú§ƒ-Ø√-©†’ ´®Ω’-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ v°æü¿Jzçîªú≈-EéÀ (Exhibiting sequence of steps in the
derivation of a formula)
e t
iii) äéπ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ ≤ƒCµçîªúøç™
solving problems)
≤Ú§ƒ-Ø√-©†’ ´®Ω’-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ
. n
(Exhibiting sequence of steps in the
1) i, ii 2) ii, iii
ï¢√-•’©’
3) i, iii
h a4) i, ii, iii
i b
1-2; 2-4; 3-3; 4-2; 5-2; 6-4; 7-1; 8-2; 9-2; 10-3; 11-4; 12-3; 13-1; 14-3; 15-2; 16-3; 17-1; 18-1; 19-3; 20-4;
39-1; 40-4.
a t
21-3; 22-2; 23-2; 24-3; 25-1; 26-1; 27-3; 28-3; 29-1; 30-1; 31-4; 32-4; 33-1; 34-1; 35-4; 36-2; 37-2; 38-3;
p r ®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg
d u
n a
.e e
w w e t
w . n
h a
i b
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ

í∫-ùÀ-ûªç (-¢Á’-ü∑¿-ú≈-©-@)
í∫ùÀûªç, í∫ùÀûª Ææy¶µ«´ç e t
. n
h a
í∫ùÀûªç Åçõ‰ Ææçêu-©ûÓ éÌ©-ûª©’; -N-ñc«-† ¨»≤ƒY-üµ∆®Ω éÌ©-ûª-©ûÓ ¢Áj¨»-™«u©’, °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ù«©’, é¬©ç,
•®Ω’´¤ ¢Á·ü¿-™„j† Åç¨»-©†’ í∫ùÀç-îËC.
✪ ÅE-Paûª N≠æ-ßª÷Eo •£œ«-®Ω_-ûª-°æ-®Ω* EPa-ûª-N-≠æ-ßª’çí¬ ÅçCç-îËC. i b
a t
✪ í∫ù˝ Åçõ‰ ™„éÀ\ç-îªúøç é¬•öÀd í∫ùÀ-ûª-´’çõ‰ ™„éÀ\çîË °æE, ™„éπ\ ÅE Ê°®Ì\-†-´îª’a.
r
p
í∫ùÀ-û√Eo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Mathematics Åçö«®Ω’. Ñ °æü¿ç vUé˙ ¶µ«≠æ-™E Manthanein
u
(ØË®Ω’aéÓ´úøç), Techne (äéπ éπ∞¡ ™‰ü∆ Ææ÷éπ~ t °æü¿l¥A) ÅØË °æü∆© †’ç* °æ¤öÀdçC.
v°æa´d
✪ Ç´-¨¡u-éπûª, °æ®Ωu-´-≤ƒ-e
n ·ê ú π◊h© E®Ωy-îª-Ø√©’
Ææéπ© ¨»≤ƒY-©. èπ◊e

Ø√-©†’ Ü£œ«çîË Nñ«c-†¢Ë’ í∫ùÀûªç. – ¶„ç>-´’Ø˛ °‘®˝q
✪
✪ Nñ«cw
w
† ¨»ÆæYç éπçõ‰ N’†o-, Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’içC, ´÷†-´¤-úÕéÀ Eûªu-@-N-ûªç™ áçûÓ Ö°æ-ße
´‚©ç, ü∆y®Ωç ™«çöÀC í∫ùÀûªç.
Á÷-ít
– v§∂ƒEqÆˇ ¶‰éπØ˛
wv°æ¨¡çÆæF-ßª’-¢Á’içC, v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-•-úËüË í∫ùÀûªç. – ¶„ç>-n

. – ¶„-™¸
∫-°æ-úËC,
a
´’Ø˛ v§∂ƒçéÀxØ˛
✪
✪
Ææçë«u ®√¨¡Ÿ© ´÷°æ-Ø√© Nñ«c-†¢Ë’ í∫ùÀûªç.
b h
Ê£«ûª’-¢√-ü¿ç™ ´÷†-´¤úÕ ¢Ë’üµ¿Ææ’q Æœn®Ω-°æúË ´÷®Ω_¢Ë’ í∫ùÀûªç. i
°æJ-éπ-Lpûª Öû√p-ü¿éπ ú´ÊÆn í∫ùÀûªç. – ¢Ë’J-ßª÷°œßª’K
✪
í∫ùÀûª Ææyr a
¶µ«´ç
t – ™«é˙
u p
1. í∫ùÀûªç Å´‚®Ωh ©éπ~-ù«Eo éπLT Öçô’çC.
a d
★ í∫ùÀ-ûªç-™ E ¶µ«´-†-©Fo Å´‚®Ωh ¶µ«´-†©’.
e n
e
Öü∆: Ææçêu ÅØËC Å´‚®Ωh ¶µ«´†.
2.
w .
í∫ùÀûª ¶µ«´-†-©Fo äéπ-ü∆-EÂ°j ´’®Ì-éπöÀ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçö«®·, ¨»¨¡y-ûª-¢Á’i-†N.
w w
Öü∆: éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. ÅØË ¶µ«´† ≤ƒ´÷†u í∫’ùÀ-ñ«© O’ü¿; ≤ƒ´÷†u í∫’ùÀ-ñ«©’ ÅØË ¶µ«´† í∫’ùé¬®Ωç
O’ü¿, í∫’ù-é¬®Ωç Ææçéπ-©†ç O’ü¿, Ææçéπ-©†ç Ææçêu-©Â°j Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçö«®·.
3. í∫ùÀûªç éπ*aûª-û√yEo (Accuracy) E éπLT Öçô’çC.
★ í∫ùÀ-ûªç-™ E °∂æL-û√©’ ÆæÈ®j-†N, ÆæJ-é¬-EN ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´K_-éπ-Jç-îª-´îª’a. ÆæçC-í∫l¥-ûªèπ◊ û√´¤ ™‰ü¿’.
R-6-1-15
4. í∫ùÀûªç û√J\-éπ-¢Á’içC.
★ ûª®Ω\¢Ë’ í∫ùÀ-û√-EéÀ °æ¤Ø√C. í∫ùÀûª ¶µ«´-†-©Fo û√J\éπ E®√tùç ´™‰x à®Ωp-ú≈f-ßª’E ®ΩÂÆq™¸,
¢Ájö¸Â£«ú˛ ¶µ«Nç-î√®Ω’.
e t
5. ÆæJ-îª÷ÊÆ °æü¿l¥-AE éπLT Öçô’çC (Self verification)
. n
6.
h a
Ææ´’-Ææu-©†’ í∫ùÀûª °æü¿l¥ûª’™x ≤ƒCµç-*† ûª®√yûª °∂æL-û√-©†’ ÆæJ-îª÷-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË Å´-é¬¨¡ç ÖçC.
b
Ê£«ûª’-¢√-ü∆Eo éπLT Öçô’çC.
í∫ùÀ-û√-EéÀ ´‚©ç Ê£«ûª’-¢√ü¿ç.
t i
a
i) Çí∫-´’† Ê£«ûª’-¢√ü¿ç: äéπ N≠æ-ßª÷Eo ÅØË-éπ-≤ƒ®Ω’x °æJ-Q-Lç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ äÍé °∂æL-û√Eo
r
p
§ÒçC†ôx®·ûË, N’í∫û√ ÅEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x èπÿú≈ ÅüË °∂æL-û√-E-oÆæ’hç-ü¿E †´’téπç éπL-TûË Å™«çöÀ
u
N≠æßª’ E®√l¥-®Ω-ù†’ Çí∫-´’† Ê£«ûª’-¢√ü¿ç Åçö«®Ω’.
d
n a
Öü∆: È®çúø’ ¶‰Æœ Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç äéπ ÆæJ Ææçêu Å´¤-ûª’çC ÅE N≠æßª’ E®√l¥-®Ωù îËßª’úøç.
ii) Eí∫-´’† Ê£«ûª’-¢√ü¿ç: éÌEo ≤ƒy†’-¶µº´ N≠æ-ßª÷©’, ÅE-®Ωy-*ûª °æü∆©’, Æ‘yéπ%-û√©’, E®Ω÷-°œç*†
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Ææû√u-©Â°j Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úÕ† Ê£«ûª’-¢√-ü∆Eo Eí∫-´’† Ê£«ûª’-¢√ü¿ç Åçö«®Ω’.
w w
Öü∆: ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥Eo ÉÊÆh Ç ´%ûªh ¢Áj¨»-™«uEo í∫ùÀç-îªúøç.
e t
7.
8.
w
í∫ùÀ-û√Eo ®Óü¿Æ‘ Ææç•ç-üµ∆©, Ææçêu©, †´‚-Ø√© Åüµ¿u-ßª’†ç ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.
. n
9.
h a
í∫ùÀûªç éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i†, Åçü¿-¢Á’i†, ™ûÁj† E®√t-ù«-©ûÓ ú´-£æ«-J-Ææ’hçC.
i b
í∫ùÀûªç Ææ£æ«-ï-Æœ-ü¿l¥-¢Á’i† Ç™-îªØ√ Nüµ∆-Ø√Eo éπLT Öçô’çC.
í∫ùÀûª Ææy¶µ«´ç – v°æÆœü¿l¥ ¢√ü∆©’
a t
í∫ùÀûª Ææy¶µ«-¢√Eo N´-JçîË ¢√ü∆©’ – 3
1. û√J\éπ ¢√ü¿ç (School of Logicism)
p r
d u
2. Ææ£æ«-ï-ñ«c† ¢√ü¿ç (School of Intuitionism)
n a
3. ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-®·éπ ¢√ü¿ç (School of Formalism)
.e e
û√J\éπ ¢√ü¿ç: Ñ ¢√ü∆Eo v°æî√®Ωç îËÆœ† ¢√®Ω’ ¶„®√Zçú˛ ®ΩÂÆq™¸, á.áØ˛. ¢Ájö¸-Â£«ú˛.
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★ v°œØ˛q°œ-ßª÷-¢Ë’-ü∑¿-¢Á’-öÀé¬ ÅØË ví∫çü∑¿ç Ñ ¢√ü∆Eo N´-J-Ææ’hçC. Ñ ¢√ü¿ç v°æé¬®Ωç,
w
✪ í∫ùÀûªç Åçû√ ûª®Ω\¢Ë’.
✪ í∫ùÀ-û√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† Åç¨»-©-Eoç-öÀF à ¢Áj®Ω’üµ¿uç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ûª®Ω\ç †’çîË ≤ƒCµç-îª-´îª’a.
Ææ£æ«-ï-ñ«c† ¢√ü¿ç: Ñ ¢√ü∆Eo v°æî√®Ωç îËÆœ-†-¢√®Ω’ LßÁ÷-§ƒ-ú˛-véÓ-ØË-éπ®˝, Â£«vF §ƒ®·ç-Íé®˝. Ñ ¢√ü¿ç
v°æé¬®Ωç,
✪ í∫ùÀûªç ÅØËC äéπ E®√t-ù«-ûªtéπ v°ævéÀßª’.
✪ í∫ùÀûªç ûª† N¨»yEo û√ØË EJtç-îª’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. e t
✪ í∫ùÀûª ¶µ«´-†©’ ÅFo ´÷†-´¤úÕ Ç™-îª-†™ M†¢Á’i Öçö«®·.
. n
h a
b
≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-®·-éπ-¢√ü¿ç: Ñ ¢√ü∆Eo v°æî√®Ωç îËÆœçC úËNú˛ £œ«™¸-•®˝d. ví∫çú≈x-Èí-Ø˛-úÁ®˝ ¢Ë’ü∑¿-¢Á’öÀé¬
t i
(í∫ùÀûª °æ¤Ø√ü¿’©’) ÅØËC Ñßª’† ®√Æœ† ví∫çü∑¿ç.
Ñ ¢√ü¿ç v°æé¬®Ωç,
r a
✪ í∫ùÀ-ûªç-™ E v°æA ¨»ê ûª†-üÁj† Æ‘yéπ%-û√©’, ´’¯Léπ ¶µ«´-†©’, Eßª’-´÷©’, Æœü∆l¥ç-û√-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ Ö†o
u p
äéπ ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-®·éπ Eí∫-´’† °æü¿l¥-AE éπLT ÖçC.
d
✪ í∫ùÀûªç ÅØËC E©-éπ-úÁj†, Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i† °æ‹®Ωy E®√l¥-Jûª Eßª’-´÷-´-∞¡Ÿ© v°æé¬®Ωç ÇúË Çô.
a
e n
í∫ùÀûª îªJvûª ñ«c†ç ´©x Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·-úÕéÀ éπLÍí v°æßÁ÷-ï-Ø√©’: í∫ùÀûªç °æôx ÅGµ-®Ω’* éπL-Tç-îª-´îª’a.
w e
★ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ¶üµ¿-†èπ◊ ûÓúøp-úø’-ûª’çC.
.
★ àßË’ Åç¨»© †’ç* à í∫ùÀ-ûª-¨»ê á™« v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçCçüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.
t
w w
★ †÷ûª† Åç¨»© ÅØËy-≠æù, °æJ-Q-©-†èπ◊ ¢√J™ vÊ°®Ωù éπL-Tç-îª-´îª’a.
n e
★ ÅØËéπ v°æû√u-´÷oßª’ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË O©’ éπ©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C.
a .
-´·-êu-¢Á’i-† -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
b h
1.
t i
a
'Ææéπ© ¨»≤ƒY-©èπ◊ ´‚©ç, ü∆y®Ωç ™«çöÀC í∫ùÀûªç— ÅE E®Ωy-*ç-*çC á´®Ω’? (úŒáÆ‘q – 2012)
1) ¶„ç>-´’Ø˛ °‘®˝q
p r 2) ¶„ç>-´’Ø˛ v§∂ƒçéÀxØ˛
2.
3) v§∂ƒEqÆˇ ¶‰éπØ˛
d u 4) ¶„®√Zçú˛ ®ΩÂÆq™¸
n
1) úËNú˛ £œ«™¸-•®˝d a
Ç´-¨¡u-éπûª, °æ®Ωu-´-≤ƒ-Ø√-©†’ Ü£œ«çîË Nñ«c-†¢Ë’ í∫ùÀûªç – ÅE E®Ωy-*ç-*çC? (úŒáÆ‘q – 2008)
2) ¶„ç>-´’Ø˛ °‘®˝q
e e
3) ¶„ç>-´’Ø˛ v§∂ƒçéÀxØ˛
.
4) ¶„®√Zçú˛ ®ΩÂÆq™¸
ww
3. í∫ùÀûª Ææy¶µ«-¢√Eo N´-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ£æ«ï ñ«c†-¢√-ü∆Eo v°æî√®Ωç îËÆœ† ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh? (úŒáÆ‘q – 2008)
w
1) ¶„®√Zçú˛ ®ΩÂÆq™¸
3) á.áØ˛. ¢Ájö¸-Â£«ú˛
2) Â£«vF §ƒ®·ç-Íé®˝
4) ßª‚éÀxú˛
4. 'í∫ùÀ-û√Eo Ç™-îª-†©, Ææ´’-Ææu© îªJ-vûªí¬ v°æü¿-Jzç-î√L— ÅE E®Ωy-*ç-*çC? (úŒáÆ‘q – 2006)
1) Â£«vF §ƒ®·ç-Íé®˝ 2) ñ«®˝-bé¬ç-ô®˝ 3) Ç®·-©®˝ 4) ™„jGoñ¸
5. í∫ùÀûªç Æ‘yéπ%-û√©’, ´’¯Léπ ¶µ«´-†©’, Eßª’-´÷©’, Æœü∆l¥ç-û√-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ† Eí∫-´’† °æü¿l¥A ÅE †N’t†
¢√ü¿ç? (úŒáÆ‘q – 2006)
1) Ææ£æ«-ï-ñ«c† ¢√ü¿ç 2) û√J\éπ ¢√ü¿ç
e t
3) ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-®·éπ ¢√ü¿ç 4) Â°j¢ËO é¬--ü¿’
. n
6.
a
í∫ùÀ-ûª-¨»ÆæY °∂æL-û√©’ 'ÆæÈ®j†N—, 'ÆæJ-é¬-EN— ÅØË È®çúø’ ´®√_-©’-í¬ØË Öçö«®·. ÉC í∫ùÀ-ûª-¨»ÆæY à
h
b
Ææy¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC?
1) Å´‚®Ωh ©éπ~ùç
t i
2) éπ*a-ûªûªyç
7.
3) û√J\-éπûª
r a 4) ÆæJ-îª÷ÊÆ °æü¿l¥A
û√J\éπ ¢√ü∆Eo ûÁL-ßª’-ñ‰ÊÆ ví∫çü∑¿ç?
1) ví∫çú≈x-Èí-Ø˛-úÁ®˝ ¢Ë’ü∑¿-¢Á’-öÀé¬
u p 2) úÕÆˇéÓ®˝q ÇØ˛ ¢Á’ü∑¿ú˛
3) ú≈ö«
a d 4) v°œØ˛q-°œ-ßª÷-¢Ë’-ü∑¿-¢Á’-öÀé¬
8.
e n
e
í∫ùÀûª °æ¤Ø√-ü¿’©’ (ví∫çú≈x-Èí-Ø˛-úÁ®˝ ¢Ë’ü∑¿-¢Á’-öÀé¬) ví∫çü∑¿ ®Ωîª-®·ûª á´®Ω’?
w.
1) LßÁ÷-§ƒú˛ véÓØË-éπ®˝ 2) Â£«vF §ƒ®·ç-Íé®˝
t
w w
3) úËNú˛ £œ«™¸-•®˝d 4) ¶„®√Zçú˛ ®ΩÂÆq™¸
n e
9.
.
à ¢√ü¿ç v°æé¬®Ωç, 'í∫ùÀûª ¶µ«´-†-©Fo ´÷†-´¤úÕ Ç™-îª†™x M†¢Á’i Öçö«®· é¬F ¢Ë®Ω’í¬ •ßª’öÀ
a
h
v°æ°æç-îªç™ ¢√öÀéÀ ÖEéÀ ™‰ü¿’—?
1) û√J\éπ ¢√ü¿ç
b
2) Ææ£æ«-ï-ñ«c† ¢√ü¿ç
i
3) ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-®·éπ ¢√ü¿ç
a t
4) Â°j¢ËO é¬ü¿’
10.
r
à ¢√ü¿ç v°æé¬®Ωç, 'í∫ùÀûªç ÅØËC E©-éπ-úÁj†, Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i† °æ‹®Ωy E®√l¥-Jûª, Eßª’-´÷-´-∞¡Ÿ© v°æé¬®Ωç
p
u
ÇúË Çô—?
1) ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-®·éπ ¢√ü¿ç
a d 2) û√J\éπ ¢√ü¿ç
11.
e n
3) Ææ£æ«-ï-ñ«c† ¢√ü¿ç 4) v°æéπ%A ¢√ü¿ç
e
éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-™ Ææ£æ«-ï-ñ«c† ¢√ü∆-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*çC.
.
ww
(i) í∫ùÀûªç ÅØËC E®√t-ù«-ûªtéπ v°ævéÀßª’.
w
(ii) í∫ùÀûªç ûª®Ω\çûÓ Ææ´÷†ç.
(iii) í∫ùÀûªç ûª† N¨»yEo û√ØË EJtç-îª’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC.
(iv) í∫ùÀûªç Åçõ‰ Çô.
1) i, ii 2) i, iii 3) iii, iv 4) ii, iv
12. 'í∫ùÀ-û√Eo ü∆E îªJvûª †’ç* Núø-íÌõ‰d à v°æßª’ûªoç ´©x-ØÁjØ√ í∫ùÀûªç †≠æd-§Ú-®·-†ç-ûªí¬ à ¨»ÆæYç
É™«çöÀ v°æßª’-û√o© ´©x †≠æd-°æ-úøü¿’ ÅE ØË†’ ü¿%úµøçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’— ÅE Ê°®Ì\-†oC?
1) úø•’xu. Èíkx≠æ®˝ 2) ™„jGoñ¸ 3) úÕ. ≤ƒdçúø®˝
t
4) Â£«vF-§ƒ-®·ç-Íé®˝
e
13. í∫ùÀûª Ææy¶µ«´ç é¬EC?
1) Å´‚®Ωh ©éπ~ùç 2) éπ*a-ûªûªyç 3) û√J\-éπûª
. n (õ„ö¸ – 2011)
4) ´®Ωg-ù«-ûªtéπç
14.
h a
b
éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ í∫ùÀûª Ææy¶µ«´ç
(i) í∫ùÀûª ¶µ«´-†©’ û√û√\-L-éπ-¢Á’i-†N.
t i
(ii) ÆæJ-îª÷ÊÆ °æü¿l¥-AE éπLT Öçô’çC.
(iii) ≤˘çü¿®Ωu ©éπ~ùç.
r a
u p
(iv) Ææ£æ«-ï-Æœ-ü¿l¥-¢Á’i† Ç™-îªØ√ Nüµ∆†ç
1) i, ii, iii
a d
2) ii, iii, iv 3) i, ii, iv 4) Â°j´Fo
15.
e
í∫ùÀ-û√-EéÀ ´‚©-¢Á’içC?n
w.e
(i) Ê£«ûª’-¢√ü¿ç (ii) éπ*a-ûªûªyç (iii) û√J\-éπûª (iv) N¨Ïx-≠æù
t
w w
1) i, ii 2) i, iii 3) i, ii, iii 4) i
n e
ï¢√-•’©’
a .
1-3; 2-2; 3-2; 4-4; 5-3; 6-2; 7-4; 8-3; 9-2; 10-1; 11-2; 12-1; 13-4; 14-2;
15-4.
b h
t i ®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
öÃ-Ç®˙-öÃ
-
í∫-ùÀ-ûªç (éπç-õ„ç-ö¸)
e t
★
îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«©’, ´%û√h©’
. n
a
Ø√©’í∫’ Í®ë« êçú≈-©ûÓ Ææç´%-ûª-¢Á’i† *vû√Eo 'îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç— Åçö«®Ω’.
★ v°æA îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ 4 éÓù«©’, 4 ¶µº’ñ«©’, 4 Q®√{©’, 2 éπ®√g©’ Öçö«®·.
b h
π◊ç¶µ«-é¬®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç: îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ 2 éπ®√g©’ Åçûª-®Ωçí¬ Öçõ‰ Ç îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«Eo èπ◊ç¶µ«-é¬®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Åçö«®Ω’.
t i
°æ¤ö«-é¬®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç: éπ®√g™x à äéπ\-öÃ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«-EéÀ Åçûª-®Ωçí¬ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ç îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«Eo °æ¤-ö«-é¬®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Åçö«®Ω’.
★
r a
îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ Ö´’túÕ Q®Ω{ç ™‰E È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«-©†’ áü¿’-È®-ü¿’®Ω’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ -™‰-ü∆ ÅGµ-´·ê ¶µº’ñ«©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
★
★ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç-™E 4 éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 360°.
u p
îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ Ö´’túÕ ¶µº’ïç ™‰E È®çúø’ éÓù«-©†’ áü¿’-È®-ü¿’®Ω’ éÓù«©’ ™‰-ü∆ ÅGµ-´·ê éÓù«©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
a d îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«©’ – ®Ωé¬©’
1)
e n
võ„°‘->ßª’ç (Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’®Ω’s¥ïç) :
e
äéπ ïûª Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω ¶µº’ñ«©’ ÖçúË îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«Eo võ„°‘->ßª’ç Åçö«®Ω’.
2)
w.
í¬L-°æôç (KITE): Ææ´÷† éÌ©-ûª-©’çúË ¶µº’ñ«© ïûª©’ È®çúø’ ¢ËÍ®y-®Ω’-í¬, ÇÆæ†o ¶µº’ñ«-©’-í¬ Öç-ö«®·.
t
★
★
w w
éπ®√g©’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ©ç¶«©’.
n e
.
éπ®√g© §Òúø-´¤©’ ÅÆæ-´÷-Ø√©’.
3)
★
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç: È®çúø’ ïûª© áü¿’-È®-ü¿’®Ω’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ ÖçúË îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç.
h a
b
áü¿’-È®-ü¿’®Ω’ éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
★
★
ÇÆæ†o éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 180° (Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’).
t i
a
éπ®√g©’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®·.
★
★
éπ®√g© §Òúø-´¤©’ ÅÆæ-´÷-Ø√©’.
p r
u
éπ®Ωgç È®çúø’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬ N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC.
★
4) d
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ äéπ éÓùç 90° Å®·-ûË ÅC D®Ω` îªûª’-®Ω-vÆæ-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.
a
n
®√ç•Æˇ (Ææ´’-îª-ûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç): ÅEo ¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Ö†o Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ï¢Ë’ ®√ç•Æˇ.
★
★
.e e
áü¿’-È®-ü¿’®Ω’ éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
ÇÆæ†o éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 180° (Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’).
ww
★ éπ®√g©’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ©ç•-Ææ-´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®·.
w
★ éπ®√g© §Òúø-´¤©’ ÅÆæ-´÷-Ø√©’.
★ v°æA éπ®Ωgç ÅC ¢Á-∞Ïx éÓù«-©†’ Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’hçC.
★ È®çúø’ éπ®√g©’ êçúÕç-îª’-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’ Ø√©’í∫’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ à®Ωp-úø-û√®·.
★ ®√ç•-Æˇ™ äéπ éÓùç 90° Å®·-ûË ÅC îªûª’-®Ω-vÆæ-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.
R-11-12-17
5. D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç:
★ Ææ´÷† éÓù«-©ûÓ ÖçúË Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ï¢Ë’ D®Ω`-îªûª’®ΩvÆæç. ™‰ü∆ v°æA éÓùç 90° -ÖçúË Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ï¢Ë’
t
D®Ω`îªûª’®ΩvÆæç..
★
★
éπ®√g©’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®·.
n e
.
éπ®√g© §Òúø´¤©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
★ v°æA éπ®Ωgç È®çúø’ Ææ®ΩyÆæ´÷† vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬ N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC.
h a
b
6. îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç:
★
★ i
ÇÆæ†o ¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ ÖçúË D®Ω` -îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒEo îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç Åçö«®Ω’.
t
a
éπ®√g-©’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ©ç• Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®·.
★
★ éπ®Ωgç ü∆E ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ √⎯2 È®ô’x Öçô’çC.
p r
v°æA éπ®Ωgç ÅC -¢Á-∞Ïx éÓù«-©†’ Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’hçC. éπ®√g©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï E®√tùç
d u
Çé¬®Ωç
n a E®√t-ù«-EéÀ é¬´©Æœ†
.e e Ææyûªç-vûª-¢Á’i† éÌ©-ûª©
w t
Ææçêu
w w
îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç 1
2
n e
.
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç
a
®√ç•Æˇ (Ææ´’-îª-ûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç) 2
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç 3
b h
i
võ„°‘->ßª’ç(Ææ´’-©ç•îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç) 4
îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
a
5
t
★ ABCD
⎯ BC,
äéπ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç AB, ⎯ CD, ⎯ AD
r
⎯ © ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’-´¤©’ E, F, G, H Å®·-ûË EFGH äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω
p
u
îªûª’®Ω’s¥ïç Å´¤-ûª’çC.
★
a d
äéπ Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç™ ÅÆæ-´÷ç-ûª®Ω ¶µº’ñ«© ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’-´¤-©†’ éπL-Ê°C Í®ë«-êçúøç. Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ï°æ¤
n
Ææ´÷çûª®Ω ¶µº’ñ«-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωç-í¬†’, Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω ¶µº’ñ«© ¢Á·ûªhç™ Ææí∫ç Öçô’çC.
e
★ äéπ Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ ÅÆæ-´÷ç-ûª®Ω ¶µº’ñ«© §Òúø-´¤©’ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-ûË ÅC Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
.e
Å´¤ûª’çC.
ww
★ Ææ´’-Cy--¶«£æ› Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ éπ®√g© §Òúø-´¤©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
w
Çé¬®Ωç ¢√öÀ ¶µº’ñ«© ´’üµ¿u

Gçü¿’-´¤-©†’ éπL-°œûË
à®ΩpúË Çé¬®Ωç
e t
îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç
. n
a
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç ®√ç•Æˇ
(Ææ´’ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç)
b h
i
®√ç•Æˇ (Ææ´’-îª-ûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç) D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç
KITE (í¬L°æôç)
t
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç
a
r
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
p
îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ›
d u
a
Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç ®√ç•Æˇ
e n
e
îªvéÃßª’ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç:
★
★
w.
äéπ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç-™E 4 Q®√{©’ äéπ ´%ûªh-°æ-J-CµÂ°j Öçõ‰ Ç îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«Eo îªvéÃßª’ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Åçö«®Ω’.
t
w
îªvéÃßª’ îªûª’-®Ω’s-ïç™ à È®çúø’ áü¿’öÀ éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 180° Å®·-ûË ÅC îªvéÃßª’ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Å´¤-ûª’çC.
★
w äéπ ®√ç•Æˇ îªvéÃ-ßª’-¢Á’i-ûË ÅC îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

n e
★ äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç îªvéÃßª’-¢Á’i-ûË ÅC D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç Å´¤-ûª’çC.
a .
★
★ h
Ææ´’-©ç• Ææ´’Cy¶«£æ› îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç (ÅÆæ-´÷ç-ûª®Ω ¶µº’ñ«© §Òúø-´¤©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’) îªvéÃßª’ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Å´¤-ûª’çC.
b
i
véπ-´’•£æ›- ¶µº’-ñ«-©Fo îªvéÃ-ßª÷©’.
´%û√h©’
★
a t
r
äéπ Ææ´’--ûª-©ç™ É*a† äéπ Gçü¿’´¤ †’ç* Ææ´÷† ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o Gçü¿’-´¤© ÆæN’-AE '´%ûªhç— Åçö«®Ω’.
p
★ Ç É*a† Gçü¿’-´¤†’ '´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç— Åçö«®Ω’.
★
d u
´%ûªh Íéçvü∆Eo ´%ûªhçÂ°j à-üÁj-Ø√ Gçü¿’-´¤ûÓ éπLÊ° Í®ë« êçú≈Eo ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç Åçö«®Ω’.
a
★ ´%ûªh °æJ-CµÂ°j àüÁjØ√ È®çúø’ Gçü¿’-´¤-©†’ éπ-LÊ° Í®ë« êçú≈Eo 'ñ«u— Åçö«®Ω’.
★
e n
ñ«u©Eoç-öÀ™ Â°ü¿lC ¢√uÆæç.
e
★ ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç ü∆y®√ ¢Á-∞Ïx ñ«u†’ '¢√uÆæç— Åçö«®Ω’.
.
ww
★ ´%û√h-EéÀ áEo ¢√u≤ƒ-™„jØ√ Ußª’-´îª’a.
★
w
´%û√hEo È®çúø’ Ææ´÷† ¶µ«í¬-©’í¬ N¶µº->ç-îË Í®ë«-êçúøç '¢√uÆæç—.
★ ´%ûª-°æ-J-CµÂ°j éÌçûª ¶µ«í¬Eo 'î√°æç— Åçö«®Ω’.
★ äéπ î√°æç, ü∆E *´J Gçü¿’-´¤-©†’ ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿çûÓ éπLÊ° ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥©ûÓ Ç´Jç*† v§ƒçû√Eo 'ÂÆéπd®˝— ™‰ü∆ 'vAñ«uç-ûª®Ωç—
Åçö«®Ω’.
★ äéπ ´%ûªhç™E ñ«u©’ Íéçvü¿ç ´ü¿l îËÊÆ éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-ûË Ç ñ«u©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
★ äéπ ´%ûªhç™ È®çúø’ ñ«u© §Òúø-´¤©’ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-ûË Ç ñ«u©’ Íéçvü¿ç ´ü¿l îËÊÆ éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
★ ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç †’ç* à-üÁj-Ø√ ñ«u-èπ◊ UÆœ† ©ç•ç Ç ñ«u†’ Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’hçC.
★
★
´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç †’ç* ñ«u†’ Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÊÆ Í®ê ñ«uèπ◊ ©ç•çí¬ Öçô’çC.
e t
n
ÆæÍ®-"-ßª÷©’ é¬†-ô’-´çöÀ àüÁjØ√ 3 Gçü¿’-´¤©’ ü∆y®√ äÍé äéπ ´%ûªhç §Úûª’çC.
★
.
äéπ î√°æç ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç ´ü¿l à®Ωp-JîË éÓùç, Ç î√°æç N’T-L† ´%ûªhçÂ°j à-üÁj-Ø√ Gçü¿’´¤ ´ü¿l à®Ωp-JîË éÓù«-EéÀ È®öÀdç°æ¤
a
h
Öçô’çC.
★
b
Å®Ωl¥ ´%ûªhç-™E éÓùç 90° ™‰ü∆ Å®Ωl¥´%-ûªhçÂ°j àüÁjØ√ Gçü¿’´¤ †’ç* ¢√uÆæç *´J Gçü¿’-´¤-©†’ éπL-°œûË Ç Gçü¿’´¤ ´ü¿l
i
à®ΩpúË éÓùç 90°.
★
★
ñ«u, ´%û√hEo È®çúø’ ¶µ«í¬©’í¬ (êçú≈-©’) N¶µº>Ææ’hçC.
a t
r
äÍé ´%ûªh êçúøç-™E éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’
★
★
u p
äéπ ´%ûªh ñ«u, ©ç• Ææ´’Cyêç-úø† Í®ê Ç ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç ü∆y®√ §Úûª’çC.
d
´%ûªhç È®çúø’ Gçü¿’´¤© ü∆y®√ -¢Á-∞Ïx Í®ê†’ 'îµËü¿† Í®ê— Åçö«®Ω’
★
★ a
´%ûªhç äÍé Gçü¿’´¤ ´ü¿l û√èπ◊ûª÷ -¢Á-∞Ïx Í®-ê†’ Ç ´%û√h-EéÀ Ææp®ΩzÍ®ê Åçö«®Ω’.
n
e
äéπ Í®ê ´%û√h-EéÀ Ææp®ΩzÍ®ê Å®·ûË ÅC Ææp®Ωz Gçü¿’´¤ ´ü¿l ¢√u≤ƒ-EéÀ ©ç•çí¬ Öçô’çC.
★
★
w e
¶«£æ«u Gçü¿’´¤ †’ç* ´%û√h-EéÀ Ußª’í∫L-T† Ææp®ΩzÍ®ê© Ææçêu 2.
.
¶«£æ«u Gçü¿’´¤ ÖçúÕ ´%û√h-EéÀ Ußª’í∫LT† Ææp®Ωz-Í®-ê© §Òúø-´¤©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
t
★
w e
äéπ ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç 'r' Ç ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç †’ç* ¶«£æ«u Gçü¿’-´¤èπ◊ Ö†o ü¿÷®Ωç 'd' Å®·-ûË ¶«£æ«u Gçü¿’´¤ †’ç*
w ⎯⎯⎯⎯
n
.
Ç ´%û√h-EéÀ Ußª’í∫L-T† Ææp®ΩzÍ®ê §Òúø´¤ = √ d2 − r2
★
★ a
Ææp®ΩzÍ®êèπ◊ ´%û√h©’ È®çúø÷ äÍé ¢Áj°æ¤† Öçõ‰ Ç Ææp®Ωz Í®ê†’ v°æûªuéπ~ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê Åçö«®Ω’.
h
b
Ææp®Ωz-Í®-êèπ◊ ´%û√h©’ È®çúø÷ îÁ®Ìéπ ¢Áj°æ¤† Öçõ‰ Ç Ææp®ΩzÍ®ê†’ A®Ωué˙ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê Åçö«®Ω’.
1. ABCD äéπ
´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´’-Ææu©’
t i
îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç, AC, BD ©’ éπ®√g©’ ¶«£æ«uçí¬ êçúÕç-îª’èπ◊çõ‰ Ç îªûª-®Ω’s¥ïç–
1) èπ◊ç-¶µ«-é¬®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
r a 2) °æ¤ö«-é¬®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
3) ®√ç•Æˇ
u p 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
2.
1) 95° d
äéπ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç-™E Ø√©’í∫’ éÓù«©’ x° (x + 10)°, (x + 20)°, (x + 30)° Å®·-ûË ü∆E™ Â°ü¿l-éÓùç–
a 2) 85° 3) 115° 4) 105°

3.
e n
äéπ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç-™E éÓù«© E≠æpAh 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 Å®·-ûË Â°ü¿l-éÓùç, *†o éÓù«EéÀ Ö†o úû√uÆæç–
1) 60°
.e 2) 50° 3) 70° 4) 30°
ww
4. éÀç-C¢√öÀ™ ÆæÈ®j-çC -à-C?
w
1) v°æA D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
2) v°æA Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç äéπ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç
3) v°æA ®√ç•Æˇ äéπ îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç
4) Â°j´Fo
5. äéπ ïûª Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω ¶µº’ñ«©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ -Öç-úËN?
1) Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç 2) Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
3) Ææ´’îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç 4) D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç
e t
n
6. éπ®√g©’ Ø√©’í∫’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬ à®Ωp-J-îËC–
1) D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç 2) ®√ç•Æˇ
a .
h
3) Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç 4) Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
7. Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ àüÁjØ√ äéπ éÓùç 90° Å®·ûË ÅC–
i b
t
1) D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç 2) îªûª’-®Ω’vÆæç
3) Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
r a 4) ®√ç•Æˇ
p
8. äéπ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ äéπ éÓùç 90° Å®·ûË Å-C–
1) Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
d u 2) D®Ω`îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç
a
3) Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç 4) îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç
9. îªûª’-®Ω-vÆæç™ éπ®√g©’–
e n
1) Ø√©’í∫’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬ N¶µº->≤ƒh®· 2) Ææ´÷-Ø√©’
w.e
3) ©ç• Ææ´’Cyêçúø† îËÆæ’èπ◊çö«®· 4) -ÅFo
t
1) 2 w
10. îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï E®√t-ù«-EéÀ é¬´-©-Æœ† Ææyûªçvûª éÌ©-ûª© Ææçêu–
w 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
n e
11. éπ®√g©ûÓ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ©ç• -Ææ-´’Cyêçúø† îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC–
a .
1) ®√ç•Æˇ 2) D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç
b h
i
3) Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç 4) Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
12. Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ωs¥-ïç™ äéπ-ïûª ÇÆæ†o éÓù«©’–
t
ra
1) Ææ´÷-Ø√©’ 2) Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’ 3) °æ‹®Ω-é¬©’ 4) ©°∂æ·-éÓ-ù«©’
p
13. äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ï°æ¤ ÅGµ-´·-ê-éÓ-ù«©’ Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’ Å®·-ûË ü∆E v°æA-éÓùç–
u
d
1) 60° 2) 90° 3) 120° 4) 75°
14.
n
éÀçC¢√öÀ™ üËE éπ®√g©’ ÅÆæ-´’-Ø√©’?
a
e
1) ®√ç•Æˇ 2) Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
.e
3) ÅÆæ-´÷ç-ûª®Ω ¶µº’ñ«©’ ÅÆæ-´÷-Ø√-™„j† võ„°‘->ßª’ç 4) -ÅFo
ww
15. äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç ABCD ™ ∠A = 55° Å®·--ûË N’T-L† éÓù«©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬...
w
1) 55°, 125°, 55° 2) 125°, 125°, 55°
3) 125°, 55°, 125° 4) 55°, 125°, 125°
16. äéπ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ éÓù«© E≠æpAh 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 Å®·-ûË Åûªu©p éÓùç N©’´–
1) 18° 2) 108° 3) 72° 4) 36°
17. éÀçC¢√öÀ™ àC Ææûªuç?
1) ®√ç•Æˇ éπ®√g©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ©ç¶«©’
2) D®Ω`îªûª’-®Ω-vÆæç™ v°æAéÓùç -N-©’-´ ©ç•-éÓùç
e t
n
3) Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ éπ®√g©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
18. äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ áü¿’öÀ éÓù«©’–
a .
(3x − 2)°, (x + 48)° Å®·-ûË v°æA-éÓùç–
b h
1) 73°, 107°, 73°, 107°
t i
2) 107°, 63°, 107°, 63°
3) 73°, 117°, 73°, 117°
r a
4) 90°, 180°, 90°, 180°
u p
d
19. äéπ võ„°‘->ßª’ç E®√t-ù«-EéÀ é¬-´©-Æœ† Ææyûªç-vûª-¢Á’i† éÌ©-ûª© Ææçêu–
a
n
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
.e e
E, F, G, H äéπ–
⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯
20. ABCD Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ AB, BC, CD, AD ¶µº’ñ«© ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’-´¤©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ E, F, G, H Å®·-ûË
w w
1) ®√ç•Æˇ 2) D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç
e t
w
3) îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç 4) Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’®Ω’s¥ïç
. n
a
-ï-¢√-•’-©’
h
1–2; 2–4; 3–1; 4–1; 5–2; 6–2; 7–1; 8–4; 9–4; 10–4; 11–1; 12–2; 13–2; 14–4; 15–3; 16–4; 17–2; 18–1; 19–3;
20–4.
i b
t
®Ω-îª®·-ûª:- Èé. -¢Ë-ù’íÓ-§ƒ-™¸
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
-öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ
t
vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ – Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷-†ûªyç – Ææ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’
n e
Eßª’´’ç: ¶µº’ïç – ¶µº’ïç – ¶µº’ïç Eßª’´’ç
a .
b h
È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«--™x ¢Á·ü¿öÀ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E ´‚úø’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ È®ç-úÓ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E Ææü¿%¨¡ ¶µº’ñ«© (Å†’-®Ω÷°æ¶µº’ñ«©’)èπ◊
Ææ´÷†ç Å®·ûË Ç È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷-Ø√©’. Ææ®Ωy- Ææ-´÷-†ûªyç í∫’®Ω’h ''≅——
∆ ABC ™ AB = 6 ÂÆç.--O’.BC = 6.5 ÂÆç.--O’.AC = 7 ÂÆç.--O’.
t i
a
∆ XYZ ™ XY = 6 ÂÆç.--O’. YZ = 6.5 ÂÆç.--O’. XZ = 7 ÂÆç.--O’.-Å®·ûË ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ XYZ Å´¤-ûª’çC.
r
p
Eßª’´’ç: ¶µº’ïç – éÓùç –¶µº’ïç Eßª’´’ç
u
È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«™x äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E È®çúø’ -¶µº’ñ«©’ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿uéÓùç ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ È®ç--úÓ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E Å†’-®Ω÷°æ- ¶µº’-ñ«©’,
d
a
¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u éÓ-ù«-E-éÀ Ææ´÷†ç Å®·ûË Ç È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ®Ωy- Ææ-´÷-Ø√©’.
n
∆ ABC ™ AB = 3.5 ÂÆç.--O’. BC = 4 ÂÆç.--O’.∠B = 35°
.e e
∆ PQR ™ PQ = 3.5 ÂÆç.--O’.QR = 4 ÂÆç.--O’. ∠Q = 35°
Å®·ûË ∆ ABC ≅ PQR Å´¤-ûª’çC.
w w Eßª’´’ç: éÓùç – ¶µº’ïç – éÓùç Eßª’´’ç

e t
w n
È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«™x äéπ vA¶µº’ïç-™-E È®çúø’ éÓù«©’ ¢√öÀ Ö´’túÕ ¶µº’ïç ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ È®ç-úÓ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E Ææü¿%¨¡ éÓù«©’,
Ææü¿%¨¡ ¶µº’-ñ«--EéÀ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’iûË Ç È®çúø’ vA¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ®ΩyÆæ´÷-Ø√©’.
.
∆ XYZ ™ ∠Y = 60°, ∠Z = 55° YZ = 7 ÂÆç.--O’.
h a
∆ PQR ™ ∠Q = 60°, ∠R = 55°, QR = 7 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË ∆ XYZ ≅ ∆ PQR Å´¤-ûª’çC.
i b
t
Eßª’´’ç: ©ç•-éÓùç – éπ®Ωgç– ¶µº’ïç Eßª’´’ç
Ææ´÷†ç Å®·ûË Ç vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷-Ø√©’.

r a
È®çúø’ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ñ«™x äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E éπ®Ωgç, äéπ ¶µº’ïç ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ È®ç-úÓ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E éπ®Ωgç, Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ
∆ ABC ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ éπ®Ωgç AC = 25 ÂÆç.--O’.
u p
AB = 24 ÂÆç.--O’.
a d
∆ XYZ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ éπ®Ωgç XZ = 25 ÂÆç.--O’.
e n
XY = 24 ÂÆç.--O’. Å®·ûË
.e
∆ ABC ≅ ∆ XYZ Å´¤-ûª’çC.
ww
vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ – éÌEo üµ¿®√t©’
★
w ∆ ABC äéπ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç. AB, AC ©’ Ææ´÷† éÌ©-ûª©’ -Ö-†o ¶µº’ñ«©’.
BD, CE ©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ AC, AB ©èπ◊ ©ç¶«©’ Å®·-ûË BD = CD Å´¤-ûª’çC.
üµ¿®Ωtç: äéπ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ Ææ´÷† ¶µº’ñ«-©èπ◊ UÆœ† ©ç¶«©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
★ ∆ ABC äéπ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ AB = AC, AD, A †’ç* BC éÀ UÆœ† ©ç•ç Å®·ûË BC E AD Ææ´’Cyêçúø†
îË-Ææ’hç-C.
R-27-11-17
üµ¿®Ωtç: Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ ÅÆæ-´÷† ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ áü¿’öÀ Q®Ω{ç †’ç* UÆœ† ©ç•ç Ç ¶µº’ñ«Eo Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’hç-C.
★ ∆ ABC äéπ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç™ AB = AC, AD, A †’ç* BC éÀ UÆœ† ©ç•ç ∠A éÀ AD éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø†
t
Å´¤-ûª’çC.
n e
üµ¿®Ωtç: Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ ÅÆæ-´÷† ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ áü¿’öÀ Q®Ω{ç †’ç* UÆœ† ©ç•ç, Ç Q®Ω{-éÓ-ù«Eo Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’hç-C.
★
.
∆ ABC äéπ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç. AB, AC ©’ Ææ´÷† ¶µº’ñ«©’ Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ∠B = ∠C Å´¤-ûª’çC.
★
⎯ ⎯
h
üµ¿®Ωtç: äéπ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ Ææ´÷† ¶µº’ñ«-©èπ◊ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷Ø√©’.
a
b
∆ ABC äéπ vA¶µº’ïç. ∠B = ∠C Å®·†-°æ¤púø’ AC = AB Å´¤-ûª’çC.
t i
üµ¿®Ωtç: äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ Ææ´÷† éÓù«-©èπ◊ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ -Ö†o ¶µº’ñ«© éÌ©-ûª©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
★
a
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ ÅÆæ-´÷-†çí¬ Öç-õ‰ Â°ü¿l ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ -Ö-†o éÓùç Â°ü¿lC.
★
★ r
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ ÅÆæ-´÷-†çí¬ Öç-õ‰ *†o ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o éÓùç *†oC.
p
u
vA¶µº’-ïç™ à¢ÁjØ√ È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© §Òúø-´¤© ¢Á·ûªhç ´‚-úÓ ¶µº’ïç §Òúø´¤ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´.
★
d
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ äéπ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ UÆœ† Í®ê N’T-L† È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«-©†’ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Gçü¿’-´¤© ´ü¿l êç-úÕÊÆh Ç
a
n
N’TL† È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ äÍé E≠æp-Ah™ N¶µº->-ûª-´’-´¤-û√®·.
e
∆ ABC ™ D E ⎟⎟ BC, DE Í®ê AB, AC ¶µº’ñ«-©†’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ D, E ´ü¿l êçúÕÊÆh..
AD
DB
AE
⎯ = ⎯
EC
w.e Å´¤-ûª’çC.
t
★
w w n e
-äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ à¢ÁjØ√ È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«-©†’ äÍé E≠æp-Ah™ N¶µº>çîË Ææ®Ω-∞¡-Í®ê ´‚úÓ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ Öç-ô’ç-C.
.
AD AE
∆ ABC ™ ⎯ = ⎯
a
-Å-ßË’u-™«
DB EC
UÆœ† Í®ê DE Å®·ûË DE ⎟⎟ BC Å´¤-ûª’çC.
b h
★
i
È®çúø’ Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«© ¢Áj¨»™«u© E≠æpAh ¢√öÀ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ñ«© ´®√_© E≠æp-AhéÀ Ææ´÷†ç.
∆ ABC ∼ ∆ PQR ('∼' Ææ®Ω÷°æç)
t
AB éÀ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ïç PQ
r a
BC éÀ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ïç QR
u p
AC éÀ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ïç PR
∆ ABC ¢Áj¨»©uç
( )
2
d
a( ) ( ) 2 2
n
AB BC AC
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯ = ⎯ = ⎯
e
∆ PQR ¢Áj¨»©uç PQ QR PR
★
.e
È®çúø’ Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«© ¢Áj¨»-™«u©’ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-ûË ÅN Ææ®Ωy Ææ´÷† vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ Å´¤-û√®·.
ww ( ) (
∆ ABC ∼ ∆ PQR Å®·-u
2 2 2
w ) ( )
∆ ABC ¢Áj¨»©uç AB BC AC
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯ = ⎯ = ⎯
∆ PQR ¢Áj¨»©uç PQ QR PR
Å®·-ûË ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ PQR Å´¤-ûª’çC.
★ äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ éπ®Ωgç ´®Ω_ç N’T-L† È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© ´®√_© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç. ∆ ABC äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç,
∠B = 90° Å®·-ûË
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
A
e t
. n
h a
★
B C
i b
t
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ äéπ ¶µº’ïç ´®Ω_ç N’T-L† È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© ´®√_© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-ûË ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ ÖçúË
a
éÓùç ©ç•-éÓùç.
∆ ABC ™ AC2 = AB2 + BC2 -Å®·-ûË
∆ ABC äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç,
p r
∠B = 90°.
d u
n a ´·êu-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o©’
1.
.e e
∆ ABC ≅ XYZ, AB = 12 ÂÆç.--O’., BC = 15
ÂÆç.--O’., Å®·-ûË YZ = ..............
ÂÆç.--O’., AC = 10 ÂÆç.--O’., XY = 12 ÂÆç.--O’., XZ = 10
1) 10
w w ÂÆç.--O’. 2) 12 ÂÆç.--O’. 3) 15 ÂÆç.--O’.

t
4) 7.5 ÂÆç.--O’.
e
2.
w n
äéπ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ Ææ´÷† ¶µº’ñ«©’ à®Ωp-JîË Ö´’túÕ Q®Ω{ç 'A' ´ü¿l éÓùç ∠A = 40° Å®·ûË N’T-L† È®çúø’
éÓù«©’ ∠B, ∠C N©’-´©’ ...............
.
1) 60°, 60° 2) 60°, 70° 3) 70°, 70°
h a 4) 70°, 40°
b
3. Cí∫’´ Ê°®Ì\†o ¢√öÀ™ ÆæÈ®jçC àC?
i
1) vA¶µº’-ïç™ à È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© §Òúø-´¤© ¢Á·ûªhç ´‚-úÓ ¶µº’ïç éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´
t
a
2) vA¶µº’-ïç™ È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ ÅÆæ-´÷-†çí¬ Ö-ç-õ‰ Â°ü¿l ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ -Ö-†o éÓùç Â°ü¿lC
r
3) vA¶µº’-ïç™ È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ ÅÆæ-´÷-†çí¬ Öç-õ‰ *†o ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ ÖçúË éÓùç *†oC
p
u
4) -ÅFo
4.
d
∆ ABC ™ DE Í®ê AB E D ´ü¿l, AC E E ´ü¿l êçúÕÆæ÷h DE Í®ê BC éÀ Ææ´÷çûª®Ω-¢Á’iûË ............
a
n
AD AE DB BC DE AE DE BC
1) ⎯ = ⎯ 2) ⎯ = ⎯ 3) ⎯ = ⎯ 4) ⎯ = ⎯
5.
DB
.
EC
e e XP 4
AD AE BC EC
∆ XYZ™, PQ ⎟⎟ YZ, ⎯ = ⎯ , XQ = 3 ÂÆç.--O’. Å®·-ûË QZ = .............

BC AE
ww
PY 5
w
1) 5 ÂÆç.--O’. 2) 3 ÂÆç.--O’.
3) 3. 25 ÂÆç.--O’. 4) 3. 75 ÂÆç.--O’.
6. ∆ PQR ™ LM ⎟⎟ QR, PL = x − 3, LQ = x + 3, PM = x − 2, MR = x + 5 Å®·-ûË x N©’´ ......
1) 9 2) 10 3) 11 4) 8
7. È®çúø’ Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«© îª’ô’d-éÌ-©-ûª©’ 24 ÂÆç.--O’., 21.6 ÂÆç.--O’., ¢Á·ü¿öÀ vA¶µº’-ïç™ äéπ ¶µº’ïç éÌ©ûª 7 ÂÆç.--O’.,
Å®·-ûË È®ç-úÓ vA¶µº’-ïç™ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ïç éÌ©ûª ...........
t
1) 10 ÂÆç.--O’. 2) 9 ÂÆç.--O’. 3) 6.3 ÂÆç.--O’. 4) 6.6 ÂÆç.--O’.
8.
e
6 O’ô®Ωx Fúø†’ à®Ωp-JîË éπÈ®çô’ Ææhç¶µºç áûª’h 4 O’-ô-®Ω’x. ÅüË Ææ´’-ßª’ç™ 36 O’ô®Ωx §Òúø¢Áj† Fúø†’ à®Ωp-JîË ¶µº´†ç
n
.
áûª’h?
a
1) 20 O’. 2) 16 O’. 3) 54 O’. 4) 24 O’.
9.
h
∆ ABC ∼ ∆ XYZ ¢√öÀ ¢Áj¨»-™«u©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ 64 -îª.ÂÆç.-O’., 49 îª.ÂÆç.-O’., YZ = 4.2 ÂÆç.-O’., BC = .........
b
i
1) 4.2 2) 4.8 3) 5.2 4) 5.6
10. ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ ÅA-Â°ü¿l ¶µº’ïç–
a t
r
1) éπ®Ωgç 2) éπ®√g-EéÀ áü¿’®Ω’ ¶µº’ïç
3) éπ®√g-EéÀ ÇÆæ-†o-¶µº’ïç
u p 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
d
11. 25 O’ô®Ωx §Òúø-¢Áj† EîÁa†, íÓúøÂ°j 24.O’. áûª’h† -Ö-†o éÀöÀ-éÃE û√èπ◊-ûª’-çC. Å®·ûË Ç EîÁa† Åúø’í∫’ ¶µ«í∫ç ØË©Â°j íÓúø-
a
†’ç-* áçûª ü¿÷®Ωç™ -Öç-C?
1) 23 O’.
e n 2) 27 O’. 3) 7 O’. 4) 26 O’.
e
12. äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ à¢ÁjØ√ È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«-©†’ äÍé E≠æp-Ah™ N¶µº->ç-îË Ææ®Ω-∞¡-Í®ê, ´‚úÓ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ -Ö-†o Ææç•çüµ¿ç
w.
1) Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ωç 2) Ææ´÷†ç 3) Å†’-§ƒûªç 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
t
13.
w w
È®çúø’ Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«© ¢Áj¨»-™«u© E≠æpAh, ¢ËöÀ ´®√_© E≠æp-AhéÀ Ææ´÷†ç?
1) ÇÆæ†o ¶µº’ñ«-©’ 2) áü¿’-È®-ü¿’®Ω’ ¶µº’ñ«-©’
n e
3) Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ñ«-©’ 4) -ÅFo
a .
14. äÍé Çé¬®Ωç, °æJ-´÷ùç Ö-†o °æö«©’
b h
1) Ææ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’
3) Ææü¿%-¨»©’
t i
2) Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† °æö«©’
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
15. éÀçC¢√öÀ™ ÆæÈ®jçC àC?
r a
1) Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† Í®ë« êçú≈© §Òúø-´¤©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
u p
d
2) È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷-Ø√©’ Å®·ûË Ææü¿%¨¡ ¶µº’ñ«©’, Ææü¿%¨¡ éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷-Ø√©’.
a
3) È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«-©†’ äéπ ü∆EÂ°j ´’®Ì-éπöÀ Öç*ûË ÅN àéÃ-¶µº-NÊÆh Ç È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷-Ø√©’.
n
e
4) Â°j´Fo
16.
.e
∆ ABC ∼ ∆ PQR, ∠C = 47°, ∠B = 90°,
ww
∠P = ....
w
1) 53° 2) 137° 3) 47° 4) 43°
17. äéπ véπ´’ •£æ›-¶µº’->éÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù
1) îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç 2) D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç 3) ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç 4) -ÅFo
18. Â°jü∑∆-í∫-J-ßª’Ø˛ vAé¬©’
1) 3, 4, 5 2) 30, 40, 50 3) 300, 400, 500 4) -ÅFo
19. ∆ ABC ™ DE ⎟⎟ AC, BD = 6, DA = 12, EC = 15 Å®·-ûË BC = ................
1) 7.5 2) 22.5 3) 29.5 4) 30
20. ∆ PQR ™ PQ = 4 ÂÆç.--O’., ∠Q = 35°, QR = 10 ÂÆç.--O’., PR = 8 ÂÆç.--O’., ∆ STU, ST = 2 ÂÆç.--O’., ∠T = 35°,
TU = 5 ÂÆç.--O’., Å®·-ûË SU = ...............
e t
1) 4 ÂÆç.--O’. 2) 6 ÂÆç.--O’. 3) 8 ÂÆç.--O’.
. n
4) 10 ÂÆç.--O’.
21. Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† Í®ë« êçú≈© §Òúø-´¤©’
h a
b
1) Ææ´÷-Ø√©’ 2) ÅÆæ´÷-Ø√©’ 3) ©ç¶«©’ 4) Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®√©’
i
22. 12 ÂÆç.--O’., 18 ÂÆç.--O’. È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«-©’í¬ -Ö-†o vA¶µº’ïç E®√t-ù«-EéÀ Å†’-¢Áj† ´‚-úÓ ¶µº’ïç éÌ©ûª–
t
a
1) 6 2) 5 3) 7 4) 4
23.
1) -äéπ-öÀ 2) È®ç-úø’ r
äéπ vA¶µº’ïç, È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© éÌ©-ûª©’ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u Ö´’túÕ éÓùç É*a-†-°æ¤púø’ Ußª’-í∫-L-T† vA¶µº’-ñ«© Ææçêu
p 3) -´‚-úø’ 4) ÅØËéπç
⎯ ⎯
d u
a
24. AB, CD ©’ È®çúø’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω Í®ë« êçú≈©’, AD ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’´¤ 'O' -Å®·-†°æ¤p-úø’
e
1) ∆ AOB ≅ ∆ DOC
n ⎯ ⎯
2) BO = OC
⎯ ⎯
3) AO = OD -ÅFo4)
25.
w.e
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ äéπ Åçûª®Ω éÓùç Ææ´’-Cy- êç-úø† Í®ê áü¿’öÀ ¶µº’ñ«Eo èπÿú≈ Ææ´’-Cy- êç-úø† îËÊÆh ÅC
1) Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç 2) Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç
t
w w
3) N≠æ-´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç 4) ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç
n e
ï¢√-•’©’
a .
h
1-3; 2-3; 3-4; 4-1; 5-4; 6-1; 7-3; 8-4; 9-2; 10-1; 11-3; 12-1; 13-3; 14-2; 15-4; 16-4; 17-1; 18-4; 19-2; 20-1;
ib
21-1; 22-3; 23-1; 24-4; 25-1.
t
®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Èé. -¢Ë-ù’íÓ-§ƒ-™¸
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
-öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ
t
éÓù«©’, vA¶µº’-ñ«©’
n e
1. È®çúø’ éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 90° éÀ Ææ´÷-†¢Á’iûË ÅN...?
a .
h
1) °æ‹®Ωéπ éÓù«©’ 2) Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’ 3) ©ç• éÓù«©’ 4) Ææ®Ω∞¡ éÓù«©’
2. È®çúø’ éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 180° éÀ Ææ´÷-†¢Á’iûË ÅN ...?
i b
t
1) °æ‹®Ωéπ éÓù«©’ 2) Ææç°æ‹-®Ωéπ éÓù«©’ 3) Ææ®Ω∞¡ éÓù«©’ 4) Ææç°æ‹®Ωg éÓù«©’
3.
r a
È®çúø’ °æ‹®Ωéπ éÓù«©’ äéπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπöÀ Ææ´÷-†¢Á’iûË Ç éÓù«™x äéπöÀ ...?
p
1) 60° 2) 90° 3) 45° 4) 0°
4. éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ ÆæJ-é¬-EC?
d u
a
1) °æ‹®Ωéπ éÓù«©’ á©x-°æ¤púø÷ Å©p éÓù«©’
n
2) Ææç°æ‹-®Ωéπ éÓù«©’ á©x-°æ¤púø÷ ©ç• éÓù«©’
e
e
3) È®çúø’ Å©p éÓù«©’ á©x-°æ¤púø÷ Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’ é¬´¤
w.
4) 10°, 80° °æ‹®Ωéπ éÓù«©’
t
5.
w
Ö´’túÕ ¶µº’ïç, Ö´’túÕ Q®Ω{ç Ö†o éÓù«©’?
w
1) Í®&ßª’ ü¿yßª’ç 2) Q®√{-Gµ-´·ê éÓùç 3) Å©p éÓùç
n
4) ÇÆæ†o éÓù«©’e
6. äéπ ïûª ÇÆæ†o éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 180° Å®·ûË ü∆Eo ...... Åçö«®Ω’.
a .
1) °æ‹®Ω-é¬©’ 2) Í®&ßª’ ü¿yßª’ç 3) Ææ®Ω∞¡ éÓù«©’
b h 4) Ææç°æ‹®Ωg éÓù«©’
i
7. È®çúø’ Í®ê©’ êçúÕç-îª’èπ◊†o°æ¤púø’ êçúø† Gçü¿’´¤ ´ü¿l à®ΩpúË áü¿’-È®-ü¿’®Ω’ éÓù«©’?
1) Q®√{-Gµ-´·ê éÓù«©’ 2) ÇÆæ†o éÓù«©’
a t
3) Í®&ßª’ ü¿yßª’ç 4) -ÅFo
r
8. È®çúø’ Í®ê©’ êçúÕçîª’èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ à®ΩpúË Q®√{-Gµ-´·ê éÓù«©’?
1) Ææ´÷-Ø√©’ 2) °æ‹®Ω-é¬©’
u p 3) Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’ 4) ÅÆæ-´÷-Ø√©’
d
9. È®çúø’ Åçûª éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Í®ê-©†’ ´’®Ìéπ Í®ê ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Gçü¿’-´¤© ´ü¿l êçúÕÊÆh Ç Í®ê†’ ....... Åçö«®Ω’.
1) êçúø† Í®ê
n a
2) A®Ωu-vÍíê 3) Åçûª®Ω Í®ê 4) ¶«£æ«u- Í®ê
e
10. È®çúø’ Í®ê-©†’ äéπ A®Ωu-vÍíê êçúÕç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ à®ΩpúË éÓù«©’ ...?
1) 2
.e 2) 4 3) 8 4) 6
ww
11. Gµ†o Q®√{© ´ü¿l à®ΩpúÕ, A®Ωu-vÍí-êèπ◊ äÍé-¢Áj°æ¤ Öçô÷ äéπöÀ ¶«£æ«u éÓùç, ´’®Ì-éπöÀ Åçûª®Ω éÓùçí¬ ÖçúË éÓù«© ïûª?
w
1) Ææü¿%¨¡ éÓù«©’ 2) ¶«£æ«u éÓù«©’ 3) Åçûª®Ω éÓù«©’ 4) àé¬ç-ûª®Ω éÓù«©’
12. Gµ†o Q®√{© ´ü¿l à®ΩpúÕ, A®Ωu-vÍí-êèπ◊ È®çúø’ ¢Áj°æ¤™« ÖçúË Åçûª®Ω éÓù«©’?
1) Å†’-®Ω÷°æ éÓù«©’ 2) Ææü¿%¨¡ éÓù«©’ 3) àéπ-¶«£æ«u éÓù«©’ 4) àé¬ç-ûª®Ω éÓù«©’
13. Gµ†o Q®√{© ´ü¿l à®ΩpúÕ, A®Ωu-vÍí-êèπ◊ È®çúø’ ¢Áj°æ¤™« ÖçúË ¶«£æ«u éÓù«©’?
1) Å†’-®Ω÷°æ éÓù«©’ 2) Ææü¿%¨¡ éÓù«©’ 3) àéπ-¶«£æ«u éÓù«©’ 4) àé¬ç-ûª®Ω éÓù«©’
R-16-11-17
14. È®çúø’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω Í®ê-©†’ äéπ A®Ωu-vÍíê êçúÕÊÆh v°æA ïûª Ææü¿%¨¡ éÓù«©’...?
1) Ææ´÷-Ø√©’ 2) ÅÆæ-´÷-Ø√©’ 3) °æ‹®Ω-é¬©’ 4) Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’
15. È®çúø’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω Í®ê-©†’ äéπ A®Ωu-vÍíê êçúÕÊÆh A®Ωu-vÍí-êèπ◊ äÍé ¢Áj°æ¤ Ö†o Åçûª®Ω éÓù«©’ ....?
e t
n
1) Ææ´÷-Ø√©’ 2) ÅÆæ-´÷-Ø√©’ 3) °æ‹®Ω-é¬©’ 4) Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’
16. éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ ÆæÈ®jçC?
a .
1) È®çúø’ Í®ê-©†’ äéπ A®Ωu-vÍíê êçúÕç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ à®ΩpúË Ææü¿%¨¡ éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’iûË Ç È®çúø’ Í®ê©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®√©’.
b h
2) È®çúø’ Í®ê-©†’ äéπ A®Ωu-vÍíê êçúÕÊÆh à®ΩpúË àé¬ç-ûª®Ω éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’iûË Ç È®çúø’ Í®ê©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®√©’.
i
3) È®çúø’ Í®ê-©†’ äéπ A®Ωu-vÍíê êçúÕÊÆh à®ΩpúË àéπ-¶«£æ«u éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷†¢Á’iûË Ç È®çúø’ Í®ê©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®√©’.
t
17.
4) Â°j´Fo
ABCD Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ AB ⎪⎪ BC, ∠A = 70° Å®·ûË ∠D =
r a
18.
1) 70° 2) 110°
d up 3) 20° 4) 130°
a
äÍé Í®êÂ°j Ö†o Gçü¿’-´¤©’...?
n
1) ÆæÍ®-&ßª÷©’ 2) Ææûª-M-ßª÷©’ 3) Gçü¿’-°æ-ü∑∆©’ 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
19.
. e
ÆæÍ®-&-ßª÷©’ é¬†-ô’-´çöÀ 'n' Gçü¿’-´¤-©ûÓ Ußª’ü¿T† Í®ë« êçú≈© Ææçêu...?
e
n(n + 1) n+1 n(n − 1) n−1
w t
1) ⎯⎯⎯ 2) ⎯⎯⎯ 3) ⎯⎯⎯ 4) ⎯⎯⎯
2 2 2 2
20.
w w
à ´‚úø’ Gçü¿’-´¤©’ äÍé Í®êÂ°j ™‰†-ô’-´çöÀ '6' Gçü¿’-´¤-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Í®ë« êçú≈© Ææçêu?
n e
1) 15 2) 30 3) 10
a . 4) 9
h
21. ÆæÍ®-&-ßª÷©’ é¬†-ô’-´çöÀ 'n' Gçü¿’-´¤©’ Q®√{-©’í¬ Ö†o Ææç´%ûª °æôç éπ®√g© Ææçêu?
n(n + 1)
1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ − n
2
(n + 1)
2) ⎯⎯⎯ − n
2
n(n − 1)
3) ⎯⎯⎯ − 1
2
i b n−1
4) ⎯⎯ − n
2
t
ra
22. äéπ '°æçîª-¶µº’>—™E éπ®√g© Ææçêu?
1) 5 2) 10 3) 15 4) 6
23.
u p
vA¶µº’-ïç-™E à È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© ¢Á·ûªhç, ´‚úÓ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ ......
24.
1) ûªèπ◊\´
a d
2) áèπ◊\´ 3) Ææ´÷†ç 4) Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’
en
vA¶µº’-ïç-™E à È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© ¶µ‰ü¿ç, ´‚úÓ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ ......
1) ûªèπ◊\´ 2) áèπ◊\´ 3) Ææ´÷†ç 4) Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’
25.
.e
éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«© éÌ©-ûª©’?
ww
1) 10, 5, 5 2) 9, 17, 8 3) 3, 4, 5 4) 10, 5, 4
26.
27.
w
ABC vA¶µº’-ïç™ AB, BC, AC ©’
1) AB + BC > AC
vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«© §Òúø-´¤™„jûË éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ ÆæÈ®jçC?
2) AB + AC > BC
vA¶µº’ïç™ á©x-°æ¤púø’ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC...?
3) BC + AC > AB 4) -ÅFo
1) äéπ ©ç• éÓùç 2) éπFÆæç È®çúø’ Å©p éÓù«©’

3) äéπ ÅCµéπ éÓùç 4) ´‚úø’ Å©p éÓù«©’
28. vA¶µº’-ïç™ äéπ Q®Ω{ç †’ç* áü¿’öÀ ¶µº’ñ«EéÀ UÆœ† ©ç•ç?
1) áûª’h 2) ¶µº÷N’ 3) Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ïç 4) N’R-ûª- Í®ê
29. ÅCµéπ éÓù vA¶µº’-ñ«-EéÀ 'áûª’h— ...... Öçô’çC.
1) vA¶µº’ïç ™°æ© 2) vA¶µº’ïç ¢Á©’-°æ© 3) éπ®Ωgç Â°j† 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
e t
30. ´‚úø’ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Í®ê©’ äÍé Gçü¿’´¤ ü∆y®√ ¢ÁRûË Ç Í®ê-©†’ ........ Åçö«®Ω’.
. n
1) êçúø† Í®ê©’ 2) êçúø† Gçü¿’-´¤©’ 3) N’Rûª Í®ê©’
h a
4) N’Rûª Gçü¿’-´¤©’
b
31. vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«© -©ç-• Ææ-´’-Cy-êç-úø-† Í®-ê-© -N’-R-ûª Gç-ü¿’-´¤...
1) Åçûª-®Ω-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç 2) °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
t i
3) ¶«£æ«u´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç 4) Ö†oA
a
32. à vA¶µº’-ïç™ °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç vA¶µº’ï Åçûª-®Ωç™ Öçô’çC?
1) Å©p-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç 2) ÅCµéπéÓù vA¶µº’ïç
p r 3) ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç 4) -ÅFo
u
33. ABC äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç, ü∆E ¶µº’ñ«©’ 24, 25, 7, ü∆E éπ®Ωgç AC, °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç 'S' Å®·ûË AS =
34.
1) 12
a
2) 12.5
d 3) 3.5 4) 25
n
vA¶µº’-ïç-™E Åçûª-®Ω-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† Í®ê© N’Rûª Gçü¿’´¤?
.e e
1) °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
3) ©ç• Íéçvü¿ç
2) Åçûª®Ω ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
4) ¶«£æ«u´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
35.
w w
°æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç vA¶µº’ï ........ Ææ´÷† ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçô’çC.
e t
w n
1) ¶µº’ñ«-©èπ◊ 2) Íéçvü∆-EéÀ 3) éπ®√g-EéÀ 4) Q®√{-©èπ◊
36. vA¶µº’ï Åçûª®Ω ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç ........ Ææ´÷† ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçô’çC.
a .
h
1) ¶µº’ñ«-©èπ◊ 2) Q®√{-©èπ◊ 3) éπ®√g-©èπ◊ 4) Íéçvü∆-EéÀ
37. vA¶µº’ï Q®Ω{ç †’ç* áü¿’öÀ ¶µº’ïç ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’-´¤†’ éπLÊ° Í®ë« êçúøç –
1) ´’üµ¿u-í∫ûª Í®ê
i b
2) éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø-† Í®ê
3) ©ç• Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† Í®ê
a 4) -ÅFo
t
38. vA¶µº’ï ´’üµ¿u-í∫ûª Í®ê© N’Rûª Gçü¿’´¤
p r
u
1) °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç 2) Åçûª®Ω ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
3) í∫’®Ω’ûªy Íéçvü¿ç
a d 4) ¶«£æ«u ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
en
39. vA¶µº’ï í∫’®Ω’ûªy Íéçvü¿ç v°æA ´’üµ¿u-í∫ûª Í®ê†’ ........ E≠æp-Ah™ N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC.
1) 1 : 2 2) 2 : 1 3) 3 : 1 4) 1 : 3
40.
.e
ABC vA¶µº’-ïç™ í∫’®Ω’-ûªy-Íéçvü¿ç G, AG = 8 ÂÆç.O’ Å®·ûË AD =
ww
1) 8 ÂÆç.O’. 2) 4 ÂÆç.O’. 3) 12 ÂÆç.O’. 4) 15 ÂÆç.O’.
41.
w
vA¶µº’-ïç™ äéπ ¶µº’ñ«Eo §ÒúÕTÊÆh à®Ωp-úÕ† ¶«£æ«u-éÓùç üËEéÀ Ææ´÷†ç?
1) Åçûª®Ω ÅGµ-´·ê éÓù«© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ
2) N’T-L† È®çúø’ ¶«£æ«u éÓù«© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ
3) ÇÆæ†o éÓù«© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
42. äéπ véπ´’ •£æ›-¶µº’> äéÌ\éπ\ Åçûª-®Ω-éÓùç ('n' ¶µº’ñ«©’)
( )
n−4
1) ⎯⎯⎯ × 90 ( )
2n − 4
2) ⎯⎯⎯ 90 ( )
3n − 4
3) ⎯⎯⎯ . 90
n
4) ⎯ × 90
t
n n n 4
43. äéπ véπ´’ °æçîª-¶µº’> äéÌ\éπ\ Åçûª®Ω éÓùç?
n e
.
1) 75° 2) 60° 3) 90° 4) 108°
44. 'n' ¶µº’ñ«©’
( )
Ö†o äéπ véπ´’ •£æ›-¶µº’> Åçûª-®Ω-éÓ-ù«© ¢Á·ûªhç?
h a
b
n−4 n
1) ⎯⎯⎯ 90 2) (2n − 4) 90 3) (3n − 4) 90 4) ⎯ × 90
i
4 4
at
45. äéπ véπ´’ Å≠æd-¶µº’> Åçûª®Ω éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç?
1) 135° 2) 540° 3) 1080° 4) 360°
46. 'n' ¶µº’ñ«-©’í¬
p r
Ö†o äéπ véπ´’ •£æ›-¶µº’> äéÌ\éπ\ ¶«£æ«u éÓùç?
360
1) ⎯⎯
n
180
2) ⎯⎯
n
d u 90
3) ⎯⎯
n
720
4) ⎯⎯
n
47.
n a
äéπ véπ´’ •£æ›-¶µº’> ¶«£æ«u éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç?
48.
1) 360°
.e e 2) 180° 3) 540°
110°
4) 270°
5:6
w t
vA¶µº’-ïç™ äéπ ¶µº’ñ«Eo §ÒúÕTÊÆh à®Ωp-úÕ† ¶«£æ«u éÓùç Åçûª-®√-Gµ-´·ê éÓù«© E≠æpAh Å®·ûË vA¶µº’ï
w e
éÓù«©’?
49. w
1) 30°, 70°, 80° 2) 50°, 60°, 70° 3) 110°, 30°, 40°
. n
4) 50°, 60°, 110°
a
Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç, Åçûª-®Ω-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç, ©ç•-Íéçvü¿ç ......
h
1) äÍé Í®êÂ°j Öçö«®· 2) àéÃ¶µºN≤ƒh®·
3) 1 : 2 : 3 ™ Öçö«®·
b
4) 1 : 2 ™ Öçö«®·
i
t
50. Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç é¬†-ô’-´çöÀ à vA¶µº’-ïç-™-ØÁjØ√ ©ç•-Íéçvü¿ç, °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç, Åçûª-®Ω-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
1) äÍé Í®êÂ°j Öçö«®·
r a 2) àéÃ-¶µºN≤ƒh®·
p
3) 3 : 1 E≠æp-Ah™  Öçö«®· 4) 1 : 3 E≠æp-Ah™  Öçö«®·
51.
u
äéπ vA¶µº’ïç 3 éÓù«©’ 2x, 3x, 4x Å®·ûË Ç éÓù«©’?
d
a
1) 40°, 68°, 72° 2) 40°, 60°, 80° 3) 50°, 60°, 70° 4) 40°, 65°, 75°
52.
n
x + 10, 2x, 3x − 10
e
éÓù«©’í¬ Ö†o vA¶µº’-ïç™ x N©’´?
e
1) 40° 2) 50° 3) 30° 4) 35°
.
ww
53. äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ È®çúÓ éÓùç ¢Á’ü¿öÀ éÓùç™ Ææí∫ç, ´‚úÓ éÓùç È®çúÓ éÓù«-EéÀ Ææ´÷†¢Á’iûË Ç vA¶µº’ïç....?
54.
w
3) ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç
äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
4) ©ç•-éÓù Ææ´’Cy¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç
1) ©ç•-éÓùç à®Ωp-JîË ¶µº’ïç ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’´¤ 2) ©ç•-éÓù Q®Ω{ç

3) éπ®Ωgç ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’´¤ 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
55. (8x − 10)°, (2x + 20)° ©’ °æ‹®Ωéπ éÓù«™„jûË x N©’´ =
1) 18° 2) 8° 3) 28° 4) 12°
56. (3x − 15)°, (2x + 45)° Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬-™„j-ûË x N©’´ =
e t
n
1) 60° 2) 180° 3) 90° 4) 30°
57. éÀçC ¢√öÀ™ àC Ææûªuç?
1) v°æA vA¶µº’-ïç™ È®çúø’ ©ç• éÓù«©’ Öçö«®·
a .
2) v°æA vA¶µº’-ïç™ È®çúø’ éÓù«©’ Ææç°æ‹-®Ω-é¬©’
b h
i
3) ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ ©ç•-éÓùç é¬†-ô’-´çöÀ N’T-L† È®çúø’ éÓù«©’ °æ‹®Ω-é¬©’
t
58.
4) Â°j´Fo
r a
∆ ABC äéπ Ææ´’Cy ¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç, AB = AC, ∠ A = 70° Å®·ûË ∠C =
59.
1) 55° 2) 45°
d
16° áèπ◊\úp 3) 40° 4) 60°
a
äéπ éÓùç ü∆E °æ‹®Ωéπ éÓùç éπçõ‰ Å®·ûË Ç éÓù«©’....? -
n
1) 53° 2) 63° 3) 43° 4) 52°
60.
.e e
È®çúø’ Ææ®Ω∞¡ éÓù«©’ äéπ....
1) ©ç•- éÓùç 2) Ææç°æ‹®Ωg éÓùç 3) Ææç°æ‹-®Ωéπ éÓùç 4)
w t
°æ‹®Ωéπ éÓ-ù«-©’
w e
61. m, n Í®ê-©èπ◊ l Í®ê A®ΩuvÍíê, àé¬çûª®Ω éÓù«©’ ÅÆæ-´÷-Ø√-™„j-ûË m, n ©’..?
w
1) Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®√©’ 2) ©ç• Í®ê©’ 3) ÅÆæ-´÷ç-ûª-®√©’ 4)
.
-ÅFo
n
-ï-¢√-•’-©’
h a
1-1; 2-2; 3-3; 4-2; 5-4; 6-2; 7-1; 8-1; 9-2; 10-3; 11-1; 12-4; 13-3; 14-1; 15-4; 16-4; 17-2; 18-1; 19-3; 20-1;
i b
21-3; 22-1; 23-2; 24-1; 25-3; 26-4; 27-2; 28-1; 29-2; 30-3; 31-2; 32-1; 33-2; 34-2; 35-4; 36-1; 37-1; 38-3;
t
39-2; 40-3; 41-1; 42-2; 43-4; 44-2; 45-3; 46-1; 47-1; 48-2; 49-2; 50-1; 51-2; 52-3; 53-4; 54-3; 55-2; 56-4;
ra
57-3; 58-1; 59-1; 60-2; 61-3.
p
®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Èé. -¢Ë-ù’íÓ-§ƒ-™¸
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
-öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ
t
°∂æ÷ûªç – °∂æ÷û√çéπç
n e
a .
4 †’ 4ûÓ í∫’ùÀç-îª-ú≈Eo 4 × 4 í¬ Ææ÷*≤ƒhç. DEo 42 ÅE èπÿú≈ ®√ßª’-´îª’a. 42 E °∂æ÷ûª-®Ω÷°æç Åçö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí
6 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 E 65 í¬ °∂æ÷ûª-®Ω÷-°æç™ ®√ßª’-´îª’a. Â°j ©•l¥ç™ 6†’ 5 ≤ƒ®Ω’x í∫’ùÀçî√ç. áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh¢Á÷
Ç Ææçêu†’ °∂æ÷û√çéπç Åçö«®Ω’. 65™ 5†’ °∂æ÷û√çéπç ÅE, 6E ¶µº÷N’ ÅE Åçö«®Ω’.
b h
t i
x ÅØËC Hïç, n Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu Å®·ûË x †’ n ≤ƒ®Ω’x ©-•l¥ç îËßª’-ú≈Eo x × x × x × .... (n ≤ƒ®Ω’x) †’ xn í¬ ®√≤ƒhç.
xn †’ x °∂æ÷ûªç n (x to the power of n) ÅE îªü¿’-´¤û√ç. xn ™ ¶µº÷N’ = x, °∂æ÷û√çéπç = n.
éÌEo ´·êu-¢Á’†i Ææ÷vû√©’
r a
1. xm × xn = xm+n
u p
d
2. (x m)n = xmn
3.
xm
⎯
xn
= xm−n ; m > n Å®·ûË
n a
= ⎯
x
.e
1
e
n−m ; m < n Å®·ûË
w
=1
w ;m=n
e t
4.
w( )x0 = 1 (x ≠ 0)
x m xm
. n
5. ⎯ = ⎯
y ym
h a
i b
t
1. 57 × 56 × 52 = ?
1) 513 2) 515
r a 3) 516 4) 519
p
≤ƒüµ¿†: 57 × 56 × 52
= 57 + 6 + 2
= 515
d u
n a
e
-ï-¢√-•’: 2
80 + 90 + 2−1 + 3−1 = ?
e
2.
.
ww
1 3 5 1
1) 2 ⎯ 2) 2 ⎯ 3) 2 ⎯ 4) 2 ⎯
6 6 6 4
w
≤ƒüµ¿†: 80
..
1
+ 90 + 2−1 + 3−1 = 1 + 1 + ⎯ + ⎯
2
( . 80 = 1, 90 = 1)
1
3
1 1
=2+⎯ +⎯
2 3
R-11-11-17
12 + 3 + 2
= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
6
17 5
t
= ⎯ = 2 ⎯
6 6
-ñ-¢√-•’: 3
n e
3. a = 3, b = 7 Å®·ûË ab − ba N©’´?
a .
h
1) 1844 2) 1744 3) 1644 4) 1944
≤ƒüµ¿†: a = 3, b = 7 Å®·ûË
ab − ba = 37 − 73 = 2187 − 343
i b
= 1844
a t
ï¢√•’: 1
p r
4. 2x + 2x + 2x = 192 Å®·ûË x N©’´
1) 4 2) 5
d u
áçûª?
3) 6 4) 7
≤ƒüµ¿†: 2x + 2x + 2x = 192
n a
.
192
e e
3 × 2x = 192
w
2x = ⎯ = 64
w
3
e t
w
2x = 26
x=6
. n
ï¢√•’: 3
h a
5. 8x + 2 = 24x − 3 Å®·ûË x = ?
i b
t
1) 3 2) 5 3) 7 4) 9
≤ƒüµ¿†: 8x + 2 = 24x − 3
(23)x + 2 = 24x − 3
r a
23(x+2) = 24x − 3
u p
23x + 6 = 24x − 3
a d
e n
3x + 6 = 4x − 3
6 + 3 = 4x − 3x
9=x
.e
6. w
ï¢√•’: 4 ww
∴ x=9
2x = 2016 Å®·ûË 2x − 3 N©’´?

1) 212 2) 232 3) 252 4) 272
≤ƒüµ¿†:
2x = 2016
2x
2x − 3 = ⎯
23
2016
= ⎯⎯
8
e t
= 252
. n
a
ï¢√•’: 3
bh
7. 4x = 1024 Å®·ûË 72x − 8 N©’´ = ..............
1) 7 2) 49 3) 343 4) 2401
≤ƒüµ¿†: 4x = 1024 -
t i
4x = 45
r a
x=5
É°æ¤púø’ 72x − 8 = 7 2(5)−8
u p
= 7 10−8
a d
e
72 = 49
n
e
ï¢√•’: 2
8.
w.
(2015° − 2016° ) 2017 N©’´ = ......
t
w
1) 0
w 2) 2017 3) 2016 4) 4034
n e
.
≤ƒüµ¿†:
(2015° − 2016°) (2017) = (1−1) (2017)
h a
b
= 0 (2017) = 0
ï¢√•’: 1
2a × 3b × 5c = 1800 Å®·ûË a + b + c = ......
t i
ra
9.
1) 6 2) 8 3) 7 4) 9
≤ƒüµ¿†: 2a × 3b × 5c = 1800
u
2 1800
p
= 23 × 32 × 52
a = 3, b = 2, c = 2
a d 2 900
2 450
e
a+b+c=3+2+2=7
n 3 225
ï¢√•’: 3
.e 3 75
ww
5 25
5
⎯ 5
w
7
10. [
332 – 312 ] N©’´ = .......
1) 64 2) 16 3) 32 4) 4
5
⎯ 5
⎯
7 7
≤ƒüµ¿†: [332 – 312] = [(33 + 31)(33 − 31)]
5
⎯
= [64 × 2] 7
5
⎯
= [128] 7
5
⎯
7
= (27)
t
5
× ⎯
= 27 7
= 25 = 32
n e
ï¢√•’: 3
(4x)3 = 43
3
a .
bh
11. Å®·ûË x N©’´ = ........
1) 42 2) 44 3) 46 4) 48
≤ƒüµ¿†: (4x)3 = 43
3
™‰ü∆ (4x)3 = 43
3
t i
43. x3 = 427
427
(4x)3 = 427
r a
x3 = ⎯
43
(4x)3 = (49)3
u p
x3 = 427−3 ⇒ 4x = 49
49
a d
x3 = 424
e n
x = ⎯
4
⇒ x = 48
w.e
x3 = (48)3 x = 49−1
x = 48
t
w w
∴ x = 48
n e
.
ï¢√•’: 4
a
12. éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ *°ˇ-™ E Bí∫ ´’çü¿ç 0.000005 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË Ç *°ˇ-™ E Bí∫ ´’çü¿ç N©’-´†’ v§ƒ´÷-ùÀéπ ®Ω÷°æç™
h
b
®√ÊÆh
1) 5 × 10–6 ÂÆç.O’. 2) 5 × 10–7 ÂÆç.O’. 3) 5 × 10–8 ÂÆç.O’.
t i 4) 5 ×10–5 ÂÆç.O’.
a
≤ƒüµ¿†: éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ *°ˇ™ Bí∫ ´’çü¿ç
r
= 0.000005 ÂÆç.O’
= 5 × 10–6 ÂÆç.O’
u p
d
ï¢√•’: 1
13.
2n + 2n−1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
n
2n + 1 − 2 n
= ........
a
1
1) ⎯
2
.e e 2
2) ⎯
3
3
3) ⎯
2
4) 2
w
≤ƒüµ¿†:
2 nww
2n + 2n−1
+ 1−2 n
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
n+⎯2n
2
2 × 2 − 2n
n
[
2n 1 + ⎯
= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
2 ]
2n [2 − 1]
2n ⎯
3
2
= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( ) 3
= ⎯
n
2 (1) 2
ï¢√•’: 3
e t
n
n2
14. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ n ¶‰Æœ Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu© Ææí∫ô’ ⎯⎯ n = ........
.
Å®·ûË
121
1) 11 2) 121 3) 12
h a4) 144
b
≤ƒüµ¿†: ¢Á·ü¿öÀ n ¶‰Æœ Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu© Ææí∫ô’ =n
é¬F, ™„éπ\ v°æé¬®Ωç n2

⎯⎯ = n
121
t i
n2
⎯ = 121
r a
n
n2−1 = 121
u p
n = 121
a d
ï¢√•’: 2
e n
e
n7n n5 2n3
.
15. n = 2 Å®·ûË ⎯ + ⎯ + ⎯ − ⎯⎯ = ........
7 5 3 105
w
1) 30
w 2) 32 3) 34 4) 36
e t
w
≤ƒüµ¿†: n = 2 Å®·ûË
n7 n5 2n3
. n
a
n
⎯ + ⎯ + ⎯ − ⎯⎯
h
7 5 3 105
27 25 2(23)
= ⎯ + ⎯ + ⎯⎯ − ⎯
7 5 3
2
105
i b
= 2 [ 26 24 23 1
⎯ + ⎯ + ⎯ − ⎯⎯ ]
a t
r
7 5 3 105
26 × 15 + 24 × 21 + 23 × 35 − 1
[ ] p
du]
= 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
105
[
a
64 × 15 + 16 × 21 + 8 × 35 − 1
= 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
n]
105
[
.e e
960 + 336 + 280 − 1
= 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
105
w w
[ ] [
1576 − 1 1575
= 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 2 ⎯⎯⎯
105 105 ]
w= 2 × 15 = 30
ï¢√•’: 1
-†-´‚-Ø√ -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
pq + qp
1. p = 3, q = 5 Å®·ûË ⎯⎯⎯
t
N©’´........
(q − p)
1) 164 2) 174 3) 184 4) 194
n e
2.
2n + 4 − 2.2n
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 2−3 = ..............
2.2n + 3
a .
bh
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
3. (3−2 + 3−3) × (30 − 3−1) = ...............
t i
a
7 8 4 6
1) ⎯⎯ 2) ⎯⎯ 3) ⎯⎯ 4) ⎯⎯
r
81 81 81 81
4. [( )
5 −3
⎯⎯
9
3 −3
× ⎯⎯
5 ()
÷ ] [( )
9 3
5 3
5 3
( )]
u
⎯⎯ × ⎯⎯ = ........
p
1) 4
a
2) 3
d 3) 2 4) 1
5. 2n = 1000 Å®·ûË 2n−3
e n
N©’´ ........
e
1) 125 2) 150 3) 175 4) 200
6.
w.
9 × 2m = 144 Å®·ûË (m − 4)2 = ........
t
1) 3
w w
2n = 1024
2) 2
Å®·ûË 2n−3 N©’´ ........
3) 1 4) 0
n e
.
7.
8.
1) 64 2) 128
(a, b ≠ 0, a ≠ b)
3) 256
h a 4) 8
b
éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ ÆæÈ®jçC
1) (a + b)m = am + bm
3) (a − b)0 = a0 − b0
t i
2) (a − b)m = am − bm
4) (a − b)0 = (b − a)0
9. (1° + 2°) ÷ (3° × 4°) = ........
r a
1) 1 2) 2
u p 3) 3 4) 4
10. 53x + 1 = 25x + 2 Å®·ûË x = .......
1) 3 2) 4
a d 3) 5 4) 6
11. ( )
12 3
⎯ × ⎯⎯
56
e n
e
5 144
N©’´ ........
.
ww
1) 1800 2) 1700 3) 1500 4) 1200
12. 300000
w
é¬çA-¢Ëí∫ç éÀ.O’./ÂÆ. Ñ N©’-´†’ v§ƒ´÷ùÀéπ ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh .........
1) 3 × 104 éÀ.O’./ÂÆ. 2) 3 × 105 éÀ.O’./ÂÆ. 3) 3 × 106 éÀ.O’./ÂÆ. 4) 3 × 107 éÀ.O’./ÂÆ.
13.
1
9 ( )
34x + 1 = ⎯ x + 1 Å®·ûË x N©’´ .......
1 1 1 1
1) – ⎯ 2) ⎯ 3) ⎯ 4) – ⎯
2 2 4 4
a3 × (a5)4
14. ⎯⎯⎯⎯ =
a10 × a12
t
1) a 2) a2 3) a3 4) a4
15. (23x)2 = (4x+1)2 Å®·ûË x N©’´ ........
n e
.
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
16. (256)0.16 × (16)0.18 = ..............
h a
b
1) 4 2) −4 3) 16 4) 8
( )
a 2x−1 b x−8
( ) i
at
17. ⎯ = ⎯ -Å®·-ûË x -N-©’-´
b a
1) −7 2) −3 3) 3 4) 7
18. (ab)x = 1 Å®·-ûË x = ............
p r
1) 1 2) 0
d u 3) a 4) b
n a -ï-¢√-•’-©’
e
1-3; 2-1; 3-2; 4-4; 5-1; 6-4; 7-2; 8-4; 9-2; 10-1; 11-3; 12-2; 13-1; 14-1; 15-2; 16-1; 17-3; 18-2.
w.e ®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg
t
w w n e
a .
b h
t i
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
-í∫-ùöÀ-ûªçÃ-Ç(éπ®˝ç-õ-ö„ç-öÃ ¸)
e t
Ææçë«u-ú-´Ææn
. n
★
★ a
£œ«çü¿÷ − Å®Ω-Gé˙ Ææçë«u ú´-Ææn™ Ææçêu-©†’ ®√ßª’ú≈-EéÀ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ÅçÈé-©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’.
h
b
6398E NÆæh-®Ωù ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh 6398 = 6000 + 300 + 90 + 8
★ 82765 ™ 6 ´·ê N©’´ = 6
t i
a
6 ≤ƒn† N©’´ = 60
★ 356804 ™ 0 ´·ê N©’´ = 0
p r
u
0 ≤ƒn† N©’´ = 0
★
★ 10 °æü¿’©’ = 100 = ´çü¿
a d
í∫ùÀ-ûªç™ îªûª’-Jyü¿ °æJ-éπ-®Ωt©’ = Ææçéπ-©†ç, ú´-éπ-©†ç, í∫’ù-é¬®Ωç, ¶µ«í∫-£æ…®Ωç
e n
100 ´çü¿©’ = 10,000 = °æC-¢Ë©’
w.e
1000 ¢Ë©’ = 10,00,000 = °æC ©éπ~©’
Ççí∫x Ææçë«u ´÷†ç™ -äéπ N’L-ßª’Ø˛ = 10 ©éπ~©’ = 106
t
w w
-äéπ GL-ßª’Ø˛ = 100 éÓô’x = 109
n e
äéπ vöÀL-ßª’Ø˛ = 1,00,000 éÓô’x = 1 ©éπ~ éÓô’x = 1012
a .
h
★ ¶‰Æœ Ææçêu©’ = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, ....
★ ÆæJ Ææçêu©’ = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ....
i b
t
★ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89,
a
97 (100 ™°æ¤)
★ Ææçßª·éπh Ææçêu©’ = 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, ....
p r
u
★ '1— v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu- é¬ü¿’, Ææçßª·éπh Ææçêu -é¬ü¿’
d
vA¶µº’-ñ«-é¬®Ω Ææçêu©’ = 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, ..... (Triangular numbers)
a
n
ÊÆo£æ« Ææçêu©’ = (220, 284); (1184, 1210); (2620, 2924), (Amicable numbers)
.e e
éπ*aûª Ææçêu©’ = 6, 28, 496, 8128 (Perfect numbers)
îªûª’®ΩvÆæ Ææçêu©’ = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64,.... (Square numbers)
ww
®√´÷-†’-ïØ˛ Ææçêu = 1729.
wÆæ£æ«ï Ææçêu©’ = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .....

°æ‹®√gç-é¬©’ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, .......
°æ‹®Ωg Ææçêu©’ = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ......
R-6-11-17
1. 75810764 Ææçêu™ 7 ≤ƒn† N©’-´© ¶µ‰ü¿ç áçûª?
1) 69999100 - 2) 69999200 3) 69999300 4) 69999400
e t
n
≤ƒüµ¿†: 75810764 ™ 7 ≤ƒn† N©’-´© ¶µ‰üµ¿ç = 70000000 × 700 = 69999300
ï¢√•’: 3
a .
bh
2. 5 − ÅçÈé© Ææçêu©’ áEo?
1) 9000 2) 90000 3) 80000 4) 899991
≤ƒüµ¿†: 5 − ÅçÈé© ÅA Â°ü¿l Ææçêu = 99999
t i
5 − ÅçÈé© ÅA *†o Ææçêu = 10000
r a
p
5 − ÅçÈé© Ææçêu© Ææçêu = (99999 − 10000) + 1
u
= 89999 + 1 = 90000
d
a
ï¢√•’: 2
í∫-´’-Eéπ: 2
e
ÅçÈé© Ææçêu©’ = 90
−
n
e
3 − ÅçÈé© Ææçêu©’ = 900
w. 4 − ÅçÈé© Ææçêu©’ = 9000 ÖØ√o®·
t
3.
w
7, 4, 5, 6 ÅØË Ø√©’í∫’ NGµ†o ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ø√©’-í∫ç-Èé© Ææçêu©’ áEo?
w
1) 16 2) 20 3) 24 4) 12
n e
≤ƒüµ¿†: 7, 4, 5, 6©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ø√©’-í∫ç-Èé© Ææçêu©’ = 7456 4567 5467 6457
a .
7465 4576 5476 6475
b h
i
7546 4657 5647 6547
t
7564 4675 5674 6574
a
r
7645 4756 5746 6745
u p 7654 4765 5764 6754 = 24
d
ï¢√•’: 3
a
í∫-´’-Eéπ: (i) 2, 3 ÅØË NGµ†o ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË È®çúøç-Èé© Ææçêu© Ææçêu©’ = 1 × 2 = 2
n
e
(ii) 4, 2, 3 ÅØË NGµ†o ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË ´‚úøçÈé© Ææçêu© Ææçêu©’ = 1 × 2 × 3 = 6
.e (iii) 5, 4, 2, 3 ÅØË NGµ†o ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ø√©’-í∫ç-Èé© Ææçêu© Ææçêu©’ = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24
ww
4. 1, 2, 3 ÅØË NGµ†o ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË ´‚úøç-Èé© Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç N©’´ .........
w
1) 1332 2) 1542 3) 1422 4) 1652
≤ƒüµ¿†: 1, 2, 3, ©ûÓ à®ΩpúË NGµ†o ´‚-úøç-Èé© Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç
123 213 312
132 231 321
⎯⎯
= 1332
⎯⎯
ÆæçéÀ~°æh °æü¿l¥A: v°æA ≤ƒn†ç™ v°æA ÅçÈé 2 ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´Ææ’hçC. v°æA ´®Ω’-Ææ™ Ö†o ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç
(1 + 2 + 3) × 2 = 6 × 2 = 12 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
é¬•öÀd °∂æLûªç = 1332 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
e t
n
ï¢√•’: 1
5.
.
äéπ Nü∆u-JnE äéπ Ææçêu†’ 53ûÓ í∫’ùÀç-îª´’çõ‰ Åûªúø’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† Ç Ææçêu†’ 35ûÓ í∫’ùÀç-îªí¬ ÆæÈ®jØ√ ï¢√•’ éπçõ‰
1206 ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ï¢√•’ §Òçü∆úø’. Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu àC?
a
1) 67 2) 76 3) 77
b h 4) 66
ï¢√•’ ûªT_† N©’´
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ç Ææçêu = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
t i
a
Ææçêu Ö†o ûËú≈
1206 1206
= ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ = 67
53 − 35 18
p r
ï¢√•’: 1
d u
6.
a
¢Á·ü¿öÀ 10 Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç N©’´?
n
e
1) 45 2) 55 3) 65 4) 75
w.e
≤ƒüµ¿†: ¢Á·ü¿öÀ n Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç n(n + 1)
= ⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
t
w w [1 + 2 + 3 + .......(n
Ææçêu©’)]
n e
.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ 10 Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç (1 + 2+ 3+ .......+ 10)
=
10(10 + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
10 × 11
= ⎯⎯⎯ = 55
2
h a
ï¢√•’: 2
i b
í∫-´’-Eéπ: 1 + 2 + 3+ .....+ 10 = 55
a t
r
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 20 = 210
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 30 = 465
u p
d
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 40 = 820
a
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 50 = 1275
n
e
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 100 = 5050
7.
e
128 é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬-©†’ Ç®Ó-£æ«ù véπ´’ç™ ®√ÊÆh 7´ é¬®Ω-ù«çéπç àC?
.
ww
1) 8 2) 16 3) 32 4) 64
≤ƒüµ¿†: 128 = 1 × 128
w = 2 × 64
= 4 × 32
= 8 × 16
128 é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬©’ (Ç®Ó-£æ«ù véπ´’ç™) = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128
7´ é¬®Ω-ù«çéπç = 64
ï¢√•’: 4
8. 144 èπ◊ Ö†o é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬©’ áEo?
e t
n
1) 15 2) 16 3) 14 4) 18
≤ƒüµ¿†: 144 E v°æüµ∆† é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬© ©•lçí¬ °∂æ÷ûª ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh
2 144
a .
2 72
b h
2 36
t i
a
2 18
3 9
p r
u
3
144 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
a d
n
= 24 × 32
144
. e
144 = 24 × 32
e = (4 +1) × (2 +1)
w t
é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬© Ææçêu
w e
= 5 × 3
w = 15
. n
a
ï¢√•’: 1
9. 72 é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬© ¢Á·ûªhç N©’´ .......?
b h
i
1) 295 2) 175 3) 185 4) 195
≤ƒüµ¿†: 72 E v°æüµ∆† é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬© ©•lçí¬ °∂æ÷ûª ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh
2 72
a t
2 36
p r
2 18
d u
a
3 9
e n3
72
.e =
(23 + 1 − 1) (32 + 1 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ww
é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬© ¢Á·ûªhç (2 − 1) (3 − 1)
(24−1) (33−1)
w =
=
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1×2
(16 − 17) (27 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
15 × 26
= ⎯⎯⎯
2 2
= 15 × 13 = 195
ï¢√•’: 4
10. 25 ™°æ¤ Ö†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç N©’´
1) 90 2) 100 3) 110 4) 95
≤ƒüµ¿†: 25 ™°æ¤ Ö†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23
e t
n
¢Á·ûªhç N©’´ = 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 +13 + 17 + 19 + 23 = 100
11.
ï¢√•’: 2
a .
äéπ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ Ç°æ-Í®-ô®˝ 1 †’ç* 160 ´®Ωèπ◊ Ææçêu-©†’ †¢Á÷ü¿’ îËßª’-ú≈-EéÀ éÃ¶-®˝f™ Ö†o keys E áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x
ØÌèπ◊\û√úø’?
b h
1) 362 2) 372 3) 352
t i 4) 342
a
≤ƒüµ¿†: 1 †’ç* 9 ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o Ææçêu©’ = 9 é¬•öÀd 9 × 1 = 9 ≤ƒ.
10 †’ç* 99 ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o Ææçêu©’
r
= 90 é¬•öÀd 90 × 2 = 180 ≤ƒ
up
100 †’ç* 160 ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o Ææçêu©’ = 61 é¬•öÀd 61 × 3 = 183 ≤ƒ
⎯⎯⎯
a d 372
⎯⎯⎯
12.
ï¢√•’: 2
e n
41ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tûª´’ßË’u 5 ÅçÈé© éπE≠æe Ææçêu?
1) 10045
w.e 2) 10041 3) 10004 4) 10055
t
w w
≤ƒüµ¿†: 41) 10000 (243
82
⎯⎯
n e
180
164
⎯⎯
a .
h
160
123
⎯⎯
37
i b
é¬´-©-Æœ† Ææçêu = 10000 + (41 − 37)
a t
r
= 10000 + 4
ï¢√•’: 3
= 10004
u p
a d
n
†-´‚-Ø√ v°æ¨¡o©’
e
1. í∫çô-©’ éÌõ‰d í∫úÕ-ßª÷®Ωç 12 í∫çô© é¬© ú´-Cµ™ áEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x í∫çô†’ ¢Á÷TÆæ’hçC?
1) 68
.e 2) 72 3) 78 4) 82
ww
2. äéπ ú´-≤ƒßª’ èπÿM ®ÓVèπ◊ ®Ω÷.231 Ææç§ƒ-C-≤ƒhúø’. Åûªúø’ 2017 ÅéÓd•®Ω’ ØÁ© Åçû√ °æEîËÊÆh Åûª-úÕéÀ áçûª ≤Ò´·t
w
©Gµ-Ææ’hçC?
1) ®Ω÷.7161 2) ®Ω÷.7261 3) ®Ω÷.6161 4) ®Ω÷.7861
3. 721 + 722 + 723 + ..... + 730
1) 7355 2) 7455 3) 7155 4) 7255
4. éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ Ææçßª·éπh Ææçêu àC?
1) 61 2) 67 3) 81 4) 89
5. È®çúøç-Èé© v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ áEo ÖØ√o®·?
e t
.n
1) 16 2) 19 3) 23 4) 21
6. ≤ƒ®· ÅØË Nü∆u-JnE äéπ Ææçêu†’ 76ûÓ í∫’ùÀç-îª´’çõ‰ Åûªúø’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† 67ûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh ÆæÈ®j† °∂æLûªç éπçõ‰ 873
ûªèπ◊\´í¬ ´*açC Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu áçûª?
h a
b
1) 87 2) 97 3) 96 4) 83
7. 40 †’ç* 50 ™°æ¤ Ö†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç?
t i
a
1) 129 2) 128 3) 121 4) 131
8.
1) 2 2) 3 r
4722 èπ◊ à éπE≠æe Ææçêu†’ èπÿúÕûË ´îËa Ææçêu†’ 27ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îª-´îª’a?
p 3) 4 4) 6
9. 4689 × 4689 =
d u
1) 21986751
n a
2) 21986741 3) 21986731 4) 21986721
10.
1) 97
. e
éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu àC?
e 2) 997 3) 9997 4) -ÅFo

11.
w
1, 2, 3, 4 ÅØË NGµ†o ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ø√©’-í∫ç-Èé© Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç?
w e t
12. w
1) 60,660 2) 66,060 3) 66,660
.
4) 66,600
n
a
í∫ù‰≠ˇ, ≤ƒ®· ÅØË Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ Çúø’èπ◊çô÷ Éü¿l®Ω÷ îÁ®Ìéπ Ææçêu†’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. í∫ù‰≠ˇ 'È®çúøç-Èé© Ææçêu™x ÅA Â°ü¿l
h
v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu†’ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊Ø√o†’— ÅE îÁ§ƒpúø’. ≤ƒ®· 'ÅA-*†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu†’ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊Ø√o†’— ÅE îÁ§ƒpúø’. Å®·ûË
b
¢√Jü¿l®Ω÷ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊†o Ææçêu© ´’üµ¿u Ö†o ûËú≈ áçûª?
13.
1) 86 2) 95
101001000 †’ 9ûÓ ¶µ«Tç-îªí¬ ´îËa ¨Ï≠æç áçûª?
3) 94
t i 4) 83
1) 4 2) 3
r a 3) 2 4) 1
14. 32 èπ◊ Ö†o é¬®Ω-ù«çé¬© ¢Á·ûªhç N©’´?
u p
d
1) 63 2) 62 3) 65 4) 61 -
15.
n a
´‚úøç-Èé© ÅA-Â°ü¿l v°æüµ∆† Ææçêuèπ◊, ´‚úø’ NGµ†o ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË ´‚úøç-Èé© ÅA-*†o Ææçêuèπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈?
e
1) 874 2) 864 3) 895 4) 843
.e -ï-¢√-•’-©’
ww
1–2; 2–1; 3–4; 4–3; 5–4; 6–2; 7–4; 8–2; 9–4; 10–4; 11–3; 12–2; 13- –2; 14–1; 15–3.
w ®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg
í∫-ùÀ-ûªç éπç-õ„ç-ö¸
¢√u§ƒ®Ω í∫ùÀûªç
1
e
1 t
1. A ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o ≤Ò´·t, B ≤Ò´·tèπ◊ 1  È®ô’x, B ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o
2 n
≤Ò´·t, C ≤Ò´·tèπ◊
.
2  È®ô’x.
3
Å®·ûË A, B, C © ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o ≤Ò´·t© E≠æpAh áçûª?
1) 6 : 14 : 21
h
2) 14 : 6 : 21 a
3) 21 : 14 : 6
i b
4) 7 : 6 : 15
2.
a t
õ„L-N-ï-Ø˛†’ 20% -úÕ-≤˘\ç-ö¸ É*a ÅN’t-ûË 10% ™«¶µºç ´*açC. õ„L-N-ïØ˛ éÌ†o-üµ¿®Ω
p r
®Ω÷.12000 Å®·ûË ü∆E v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á© áçûª? (®Ω÷§ƒßª’™x)
1) 16,500
d u
2) 15,600 3) 16,050 4) 15,060
3.
a
äéπ úéÀh 500 Ç°œ™¸ °æçúø†x ’ ®Ω÷.8000 ©èπ◊ éÌØ√oúø’. ¢√öÀE ´÷È®\ö¸èπ◊ îË®¢Ω- ß
n
-Ë ª’ú- çø ™ 20%
Å´÷tL?
.e e
°æçúø’x §ƒúÁ§j Ú-ßª÷®·. 10% ™«¶µºç §Òçü¿ú≈-EéÀ N’T-L† °æçúø†x ’ äéÌ\-éπ\ö- ÀÃ áEo ®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’©- èπ◊
w
1) 15w 2) 18 3) 20 4) 22
e t
4.
w
Q Íéçvü¿ç, ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç 14 ÂÆç.O’. í¬ Ö†o ´%ûªhçÂ°j ‘P’äéπ Gçü¿’´¤. PQ ¢√uÆæçí¬ Ö†o
. n
a
´%û√hEo Ñ ´%ûªhç™ †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-î√®Ω’. N’T-L† ´%ûªh- ¶µ«í∫ ¢Áj¨»©u -¨»-ûªç -áç-ûª?
h
1) 75 2) 25
b
3) 50
i
4) 45
5. 6, 9, 16, (20 + x) Ææçêu©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰ x N©’´ = ?
1) 1 2) 2
a t
3) 3 4) 4
6.
p r
éÌ†o-¢Á-©Â°j 28% ÅCµ-éπçí¬ v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á©†’ E®Ωg®·ç*† -äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ Ç ´Ææ’h´¤ Â°j 12% ™«¶µºç
d u
§Òçü¿ú≈EéÀ ü∆EÂ°j áçûª -úÕ-≤˘\ç-ö¸ -É-¢√yL?
1) 13  %
1
2
n a2) 12  %
1
2
1
3) 6  %
4
2
4) 6  %
3
7.
.e
Å´¤ûª’çC?
e
áçûª ≤Ò´·t Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ¶«®Ω’-´úŒf Í®ô’ 12  1
2
% îÌ°æ¤p† 3 Ææç´-ûªq-®√™x ®Ω÷.77,000
8. w ww
1) 60,000 2) 64,000 3) 58,000
éÌçûª ≤Ò´·t 6 Ææç´-ûqª ®- √™x È®öÀçd °æ®·-ûË áçûª- é¬-©ç™ 3 È®ô’x Å´¤ûª’çC?
4) 56,000
1) 10 -Ææç-´-ûªq-®√-©’ 2) 15 Ææç-´-ûªq-®√-©’
3) 18 -Ææç-´-ûªq-®√-©’ 4) 12 -Ææç-´-ûªq-®√-©’
9. Å®Ωl¥-Ææç-´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ´úŒf AJT îÁLxçîË °æü¿l¥A™, Í®ô’ 6% v°æé¬®Ωç ÅÆæ©’ ®Ω÷.5,000
Ææç´ûªq®√çû√EéÀ áçûª ¢Á·-ûªhç -Å-´¤-ûª’çC?
1) ®Ω÷.5,403.50 2) ®Ω÷.5,503.50 3) ®Ω÷.5,304.50 4) ®Ω÷.5,034.50
e t
10. 4% ´úŒÍ-f ®ô’ îÌ°æ¤p† áçûª≤
1) ®Ω÷.2,500 2) ®Ω÷.3,000 3) ®Ω÷.4,500 n
- Ò´·tÂ°j È®çúË∞¡™x  îªvéπ´úŒf ¶«®Ω’´- ú- ©fŒ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ ®Ω÷.4 Å´¤ûª’çC?
. 4) ®Ω÷.5,000
h a
11. äéπ È®j©’ 250 O’. §Òúø-´¤†o ´çûÁ-††’ í∫çôèπ◊ 54 éÀ.O’.¢Ëí∫çûÓ 30 ÂÆéπ†x™  ü∆öÀçC. Å®·ûË
Ç È®j©’ §Òúø´¤ (O’ô®Ωx™) áçûª?
i b
1) 250 2) 200
a t 3) 150 4) 100
r
12. È®çúø’ ÊÆd≠æ†x ´’üµ¿u ü¿÷®Ωç 351 éÀ.O’. A ÊÆd≠æ†’ †’ç* äéπ È®j©’ í∫çôèπ◊ 45 éÀ.O’. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ,
p
ü¿÷®Ωç™ éπ©’-≤ƒh®·?
d u
B ÊÆd≠æ†’ †’ç* ´’®Ìéπ È®j©’ 72 éÀ.O’./í∫ç. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ •ßª’-©’-üËJûË ÅN A ÊÆd≠æ†’ †’ç* áçûª
1) 135 éÀ.O’.
n a2) 200 éÀ.O’. 3) 150 éÀ.O’. 4) 175 éÀ.O’.
.e e
13. 100 O’. °æçüÁç™ A, B E 5 O’ô-®Ωx™ , B, C E 6 O’ô®Ωx™  ãúÕ≤ƒh®Ω’. ÅüË °æçüÁç™ A,
C E áEo O’ô-®Ωx™  ãúÕ≤ƒhúø’?
w w
1) 13.3 2) 10.7 3) 15.3
e t
4) 19.5
w
Ææ-´÷--üµ∆-Ø√-©’: 1)3 2)1 3)4 4)1 5)4 6)2 7)4 8)4 9)3 10)1 11)2 12)1 13)2.
. n
h a
b
N´-®Ω-ù©’
1. C ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o ≤Ò´·t = ®Ω÷.x Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰,
t i
B ü¿í∫_®Ω
1 7x
= x × 2  = ;
r a
p
Ö†o ≤Ò´·t 3 3
A ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o ≤Ò´·t 7x
=  × 1
3
d u1
2
n 7x 3
a 7x
=×  =
e e
∴ A, B, C © ´ü¿l
.
3 2 2
Ö†o ≤Ò´·t© E≠æpAh 7x 7x
=  : : x
2 3
w ww 7
2
7
= : :1
3
7 7
= 6 ×  : 6 × : 6 × 1
2 3
= 21 : 14 : 6
2. õ„L-N-ïØ˛ éÌ†oüµ¿®Ω = ®Ω÷.12000, ™«¶µºç = 10% Å®·ûË õ„L-N-ïØ˛ ÅN’t†¢Á©
éÌ†o-¢Á-© × (100 + -™«-¶µº-¨»ûªç)
= 
100
e t
12,000 × 110
= 
. n
100
= 120 × 110 = h a
®Ω÷.13,200
i b
-úÕ-≤˘\ç-ö¸ = 20%, ÅN’t-†-¢Á© = ®Ω÷.13,200
a t
v°æéπ-ô-†-¢Á© × (100 – ú- Õ-≤˘\ç-ö¸-¨»ûªç)
∴ ÅN’t-†-¢Á-© = 
p
100 r
d u
ÅN’t-†-¢Á-© × 100
∴ v°æéπ-ô-†-¢Á© =
n a

(100 – - ú- Õ-≤˘\ç-ö¸-¨»ûªç)
.e e 13,200 × 100
= 
w w =
®Ω÷.16,500
80
e t
w
3. 500 Ç°œ™ ¸ °æçúøx üµ¿®Ω = ®Ω÷.8,000
. n
§ƒúÁj† °æçúø’x = 20%
h a
500 × 20
=  = 100 i b
Åçõ‰ §ƒúÁj† °æçúøx Ææçêu
100
a t
N’T-L† °æçúø’x = 500 – 100 = 400
p r
¢Á·ûªhç °æçúøxÂ°j §Òçü∆-Lq† ™«¶µºç
d u = 10%
a éÌ†o-¢Á-© × (100 +- ™«-¶µº-¨»ûªç)
en
Åçõ‰ 400 °æçúøx†’ Å´÷t-Lq† ¢Á© = 
100
.e 8000 × 110
ww
=  = ®Ω÷.8800
100
w
∴ äéÌ\éπ\ °æçúø’ Å-´÷t-Lq-† ¢Á-©
8,800
= 
400
= ®Ω÷.22
4. Q Íéçvü¿çí¬ Ö†o ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = 14 ÂÆç.O’.
∴ Ç ´%ûªh ¢Áj¨»©uç = Π × 14 2
22
=  × 14 × 14 = 616 ÂÆç-.O’.2
e t
=A
7
. n
a
Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
PQ = ‘Q’ Íéçvü¿çí¬ Ö†o ´%ûªh -¢√u-≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = 14 ÂÆç.O’.
∴ O Íéçvü¿çí¬ Ö†o ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = 7 ÂÆç.O’ b h
i
O Íéçvü¿çí¬ Ö†o ´%ûªh ¢Áj¨»©uç
= Π × 72 = 154ÂÆç-.O’.2 = B Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç
r at P
7
u p
(A- B)
=  × 100
O
7
N’T-L† ´%ûªh-¶µ«í∫ ¢Áj¨»©u-¨»-ûªç
a d A Q 14 cm
e n (616 - 154)
=  × 100
w.e 462
616
=  × 100 = 75%
t
w w 616
n e
5. 6, 9, 16, (20 + x) ©’
6 : 9 = 16 : (20 + x)
Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰,
a .
=
b h
i
Åçû√u© ©-•l¥ç ´’üµ∆u© ©-•l¥ç
∴ 6(20 + x) = 9 × 16
9 × 16 a t
∴ 20 + x = 
6
p r
20 + x = 24
d u
∴x=4
n a
6.
.e e
éÌ†o-¢Á© = ®Ω÷.100 Å†’èπ◊çõ‰ v°æéπô† ¢Á©
™«¶µºç = 12% Å®·ûË
= ®Ω÷.128
w ww
ÅN’t† ¢Á© = éÌ†o-¢Á© + ™«¶µºç
= 100 + 12 = ®Ω÷.112
∴ úÕ-≤˘\ç-ö¸ = v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á© – -Å-N’t-†-¢Á©
= 128 – 112 = ®Ω÷.16.
∴ úÕ-≤˘\ç-ö¸ =  × 100

úÕ-≤˘\ç-ö¸
¨»ûªç
v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á©
16 1
=  × 100 = 12  %
e t
7.
128
≤Ò´·t = ®Ω÷.P, é¬©ç = 3 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’ = T
2
. n
1
¶«®Ω’-´úŒf Í®ô’ = 12  25
% = % = R
ha
2
¢Á·ûªhç = ®Ω÷.77000 = A.
2
i b
( ) rat
∴ -¶«®Ω’-´úŒf v°æé¬®Ωç T.R
P 1+  =A
100
(3
P 1+ ×
100 2) dup
25
= 77,000
( ) ena
3
P 1+
8
= 77,000
11
.e
 P = 77,000
8
w t
w w 8
∴ P = 77,000 ×  = ®Ω÷.56,000 n e
11
a .
8. P = ®Ω÷.x, A = 2x, T = 6 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’.
b h
OöÀ †’ç* ´úŒf-Í®ô’ ( )
T.R
=P 1 + 
100
=A
t i
( 6×R
1+ ) r a
x
100
= 2x
u p
∴1+  =2
6R
100
a d 6R
⇒=1
100
⇒R=  = e n 100 50
.e 6 3
w( ww
Ñ Í®ô’ v°éæ ¬®Ωç,
∴ P 1 +  = 3x
T.R
100
P = ®Ω÷.x, A = 3x
)
é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ T=?
(
∴ x 1 +  ×  = 3x
T
100
50
3 )
T T
∴ 1+ =3 ⇒  = 2
6 6
∴ T = 12 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’.
e t
ÆæçéÀ~°æh °æü¿l¥A:
P = ®Ω÷.x, A = ®Ω÷.2x é¬•öÀd I = A- P = ®Ω÷.x
. n
P.T.R
T = 6 Ææç. I =  h a
100
i b
x×6×R
⇒ x =  †’ç* 6R = 100
a t
100
100
50
p r
∴R=  = 
6 3
d u
P = ®Ω÷.x, A =
n a
®Ω÷.3x, I = A - P = 2x
∴I=
.e e P.T.R.
100
†’ç*
x ×T
2x =  × 
100
50
3
wTw e t
w
∴  = 2 ⇒ T = 12 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’.
6
. n
9. P = ®Ω÷.5,000,
h a
Å®Ωl¥ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ´úŒf AJT -îÁ-Lxç-îË °æü¿l¥A™ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´úŒf
AJT îÁLxç-î √L.
6
∴ n = 2, Í®ô’
=  = 3% i b
2
a t
∴ A=P 1+ 
r n
100 ( ) p r
= 5000 ( )a
1+  d
3 2
100
u
e n 103 103
= 5,000 ×  ×  = ®Ω÷.5304.50
w.e 100 100
10.
w w [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]
îªvéπ-´úŒf, ¶«®Ω’-´-úŒf© ûËú≈ =
r n
100
T.R
P 1 +  -P - P 1 +  -P
100
100(
r n T.R
4=P 1+ -P 1+
100 ) ( )
Ééπ\úø P=? r = 4% = R T=n=2
2×4 2
( ) ( 4
∴P 1+ -P 1+  =4
100 100 )
∴P [( ) ]104 2 108
 -  = 4
e t
100 100
. n
[ ]
10816 - 10800
P  = 4
10000
h a
10000
∴P= 4 ×  = ®Ω÷.2500 i b
16
a t
11.
r
È®j©’ §Òúø´¤ = x O’. -Å-†’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. ´çûÁ† -§Òúø´¤ = 250 O’.,
p
u
È®j©’ ¢Ëí∫ç = 54 éÀ.O’/-í∫çô = 54 × 18
d
5 O’./ÂÆ.= 15 O’./ÂÆ.

a
È®j©’, ´çûÁ-††’ ü∆ôú≈-EéÀ È®j©’ v°æßª÷-ùÀç-î√-Lq† ü¿÷®Ωç = È®j©’ §Òúø´¤ + ´çûÁ† §Òúø´¤
n
.e e = (x + 250) O’.
È®j©’ §Òúø´¤ + ´çûÁ† §Òúø´¤
w
È®j©’, ´çûÁ-††’ ü∆ôú≈-EéÀ °æõ‰d-é¬©ç = 
w e t
w n
È®j©’ ¢Ëí∫ç
∴ 30 = 
x + 250
⇒ x + 250 = 450
a .
15
b h
12.
x = 450 - 250 = 200 O’.
È®çúø’ ÊÆd≠æ†x ´’üµ¿u ü¿÷®Ωç = 351 éÀ.O’. t i
¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®j©’ ¢Ëí∫ç = u = 45 éÀ.O’/í∫ç.
r a
u
È®çúÓ È®j©’ ¢Ëí∫ç = ν = 72 éÀ.O’/í∫ç. p
a d
n
È®çúø’ È®j∞¡Ÿx áü¿’-È®-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ v°æßª÷ùÀÊÆh
.e e
¢√öÀ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëíç∫ = u + v = 117 éÀ.O’./í∫ç.
351
ww
È®j∞¡Ÿx éπ©’-´-ú≈-EéÀ °æõ‰d é¬©ç =  =
È®çúø’ ÊÆd≠æ†x ´’üµ¿u ü¿÷®Ωç
 = 3 í∫ç.
117
w
È®j∞¡x ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëí∫ç
∴ Ñ 3 í∫çô™x ¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®j©’ A †’ç* -v°æ-ßª÷-ùÀç-îË ü¿÷®Ωç = ¢Ëí∫ç × é¬©ç
= 45 × 3 = 135 éÀ.O’.
∴A ÊÆd≠æ†’ †’ç* È®j∞¡Ÿx 135 éÀ.O’. ü¿÷®Ωç™ éπ©’≤ƒh®·.
13. °æçü∆EéÀ E®Ωl¥-Jç-*† ü¿÷®Ωç = 100O’.
A, BE 5 O’ô®Ωx™  ãúÕ≤ƒhúø’ Åçõ‰ A 100 O’. ü¿÷®Ωç §ÚûË
B, 95 O’. ü¿÷®Ωç v°æßª÷-ùÀ-≤ƒhúø’.
e t
A : B = 100 : 95, B : C = 100 : 94
. n
¢Á·ü¿öÀ E≠æp-AhE 20 ûÓ†’, È®çúÓ E≠æp-AhE 19 ûÓ†’ í∫’ùÀç-îªí¬
h a
A : B = 2000 : 1900
B : C = 1900 : 1786
i b
∴ A : C = 2000 : 1786
a t
20ûÓ
1786
A : C = 100 : 
p r
¶µ«Tç-îªí¬,
d u
20
∴ A, C n a= 100 : 89.3
.e e E ãúÕçîË ü¿÷®Ωç = 100.0 - 89.3

= 10.7 O’.
w w e t
–-- -úÕ. -vQ-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
w . n
h a
i b
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
-¶µ«-ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vû√©’
e t
★ 2
n
¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: äéπ Ææçêu äéπôx ≤ƒn†ç™ 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 ©™ àüÓ äéπöÀ Öçõ‰ Ç
Ææçêu†’ 2 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
.
Öü∆: 45678, 458794, 86750
h a
★
i b
3 ¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç:- äéπ Ææçêu-™ E ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç 3 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îª-•úÕûË Ç
Ææçêu†’ 3 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TÆæ’hçC. (™‰ü∆)
a t
r
3, 6, 9 Åçéπ´‚™«-©’í¬ Ö†o Ææçêu©EoçöÀF 3 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TÆæ’hçC.
p
u
(Åçéπ-´‚©ç Åçõ‰ Ææçêu-™E ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç)
d
Öü∆: 45873 n a
Öü∆: 45 = 4 + 5 = 9 (45 èπ◊ 9 Åçéπ-´‚©ç)
e e
4 + 5 + 8 + 7 + 3 = 27
.
w w
3) 27 (9 (27†’ 3 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
e t
w 
27
0
é¬•öÀd Ç Ææçêu†’ 3
. n
a
E¨Ïz≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TÆæ’hçC.)
★
h
9 ¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: äéπ Ææçêu-™ E ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç 9ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tçîª•úÕûË
b
Ç Ææçêu†’ 9 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC. (™‰ü∆) 9 Åçéπ-´‚-©çí¬ Ö†o Ææçêu-©EoçöÀF 9 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬
¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
t i
Öü∆: 47871 a
9) 27 (3
r
4 + 7 + 8 + 7 + 1 = 27
u 
0p
27
a d
(™‰ü∆) 2 + 7 = 9. Åçéπ-´‚©ç 9 é¬•öÀd É*a† Ææçêu†’ 9 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
★
e n
5 ¶µ«ï-Fßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: äéπôx ≤ƒn†ç™ 0 ™‰ü∆ 5 ÖçúË Ææçêu©EoçöÀF 5 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬
.e
¶µ«TÆæ’hçC.
ww
Öü∆: 456780, 875665
★
w
10 ¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: äéπôx ≤ƒn†ç™ 0 ÖçúË Ææçêu©Eoç-öÀF 10 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
Öü∆: 480950
★ 4 ¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: Ææçêu-™ E *´J È®çúø’ ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ææçêu 4 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬
¶µ«Tçîª•-úÕûË Ç Ææçêu†’ 4 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
Öü∆: 1) 6548748 2) 65320
4) 48 (12 4) 20 (5

4

20
e t
8
8
0
. n

0
h a
★ 8
i b
¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: Ææçêu™E ´çü¿©’, °æü¿’©’, äéπôx ≤ƒnØ√™x Ö†o ÅçÈé©- ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ææçêu
8ûÓ E¨Ïz≠
t
- çæ í¬ ¶µ«TÊÆh, Ç Ææçêu†’ 8 E¨Ïz≠- çæ í¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
a
Öü∆: 56856 8 ) 856 (107
p r
d u 
8
56
n a 
56
★ 11
.e e 0
w w
11ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tçîª•-úÕûË Ç Ææçêu†’ 11 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
e t
¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: Ææçêu-™E ¶‰Æœ ≤ƒnØ√ç-é¬© ¢Á·ûªhç, ÆæJ ≤ƒnØ√ç-é¬© ¢Á·û√h© ¶µ‰ü¿ç
w
Öü∆: 4568377
. n
¶‰Æœ ≤ƒnØ√ç-é¬© ¢Á·ûªhç = 7 + 3 + 6 + 4 = 20
h a
ÆæJ ≤ƒnØ√-ç-é¬© ¢Á·ûªhç = 7 + 8 + 5 = 20
i b
úû√uÆæç = 20 – 20 = 0
a t
p r
'0—†’ 11 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC. é¬•öÀd Ç Ææçêu†’ 11 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
★
d u
6 ¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: äéπ Ææçêu†’ 2, 3 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TÊÆh, Ç Ææçêu†’ 6 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬
¶µ«TÆæ’hçC.
n a
e e
Öü∆: 45672
.
ww
Ñ Ææçêu†’ 2 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TÆæ’hçC.
w
4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 2 = 24
3 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
é¬•öÀd É*a† Ææçêu†’ 6 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçêu©’
£œ«çü¿÷–-Å-®Ω-Gé˙ Ææçêu©’ 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçêu©’ I V X L C D M
e t
10 ´®Ω π◊ Ö†o ®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçïc©’
. n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
h a
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
b X
®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçêu-©†’ £œ«çü¿÷–-Å-®Ω-Gé˙ Ææçêu-©’í¬i´÷®Ωa-ú≈-EéÀ Eßª’´÷©’

a t
1)
p r
äéπ Ææçïc ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´ÊÆh -ü∆-E N©’-´†’ éÀç-C °æü¿l¥-A™ éπ†’-éÓ\-¢√L.
II = 1 + 1 = 2
d u
n a
XX = 10 + 10 = 20
XXX = 10 + 10 + 10 = 30
2)
e e
®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçïc™x à Ææçïc èπÿú≈ ´‚úø’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´≤ƒ®Ω’x °æéπ\°æéπ\í¬ ®√ü¿’. V, L, D †’ äéπ-
.
w w
≤ƒJ ´÷vû¢ª ’Ë ®√ßª÷L.
e t
3)
w n
äéπ Â°ü¿l Ææçïcèπ◊ áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ äéπ *†o Ææçïc†’ ®√ÊÆh, -ü∆-E N©’´†’ éÀç-C °æü¿l¥-A™ éπ†’-éÓ\¢√L.
.
IV = 5 − 1 = 4
XL = 50 − 10 = 40
h a
IV-™  V Â°-ü¿l-C
i b
é¬--•-öÀd V = 5 -™ -†’ç-* 1 -BÆœ-¢Ë-ßª÷-L.
t
í∫-´’-Eéπ:
4)
a
V, L, D ÅØË ®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçïc-©†’ á°æ¤púø÷ Â°ü¿l Ææçïcèπ◊ áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ ®√ßª’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
r
5)
p
äéπ Â°ü¿l Ææçïcèπ◊ èπ◊úÕ¢- °jÁ ¤æ *†o Ææçïc Öçõ‰ áúø´’ ¢Á°j ¤æ †- Ö- †o Â°ü¿l Ææçïcèπ◊, *†o Ææçïc†’ éπ©§ƒL.
XI = 10 + 1 = 11
u
a d
LXV = 50 + 10 + 5 = 65
6)
e n
e
®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçñ«c Nüµ∆-†ç™ Ææ’Ø√oèπ◊ ÆæJ°æúË í∫’®Ω’h ™‰ü¿’. ®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçñ«c-´÷-†ç™ ≤ƒnØ√©’, ≤ƒn†
.
N©’-´©’ ™‰´¤.
w
w w
í∫-´’-Eéπ: 1) 99 †’ ®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçïc-™éÀ ´÷®Ωaúøç. 99, 100 éπçõ‰ 1 ûªèπ◊\´ é¬•öÀd C ®√ßª’èπÿ-úøü¿’.
99, XCIX ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ®√ßª÷L.
I
2) ®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçïc-™ x 7 í∫’®Ω’h©’ -Öç-ö«®·.

éπE≠æe ≤ƒ´÷†u í∫’ùÀïç (éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’.): È®çúø÷ ™‰ü∆ Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒ´÷†u í∫’ùÀ-ñ«-™xE éπE≠æe
Ææçêu†’ Ç Ææçêu© éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. Åçö«®Ω’.
í∫´’-Eéπ: á) Ææçêu© í∫’ùÀñ«™x éπE-≠æe-¢Á’içC Öçô’ç-Cí¬F í∫J-≠æe-¢Á’içC Öçúøü¿’.
G) ≤ƒ´÷†u í∫’ùÀñ«™x éπE-≠æe-¢Á’içC Öçô’ç-Cí¬F í∫J-≠æe-¢Á’içC Öçúøü¿’.
e t
Æœ) È®çúø’ ü¿ûªh Ææçêu™x äéπöÀ, È®çúÓ-ü∆-EéÀ í∫’ùÀïç Å®·ûË Â°ü¿l Ææçêu ¢√öÀ éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. Å´¤-ûª’çC.
éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’.†’ 3 °æü¿l¥ûª’© ü∆y®√ éπ†’-éÓ\-´îª’a.
. n
1) í∫’ùÀ-ñ«© °æü¿l-A™ éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’.†’ éπ†’éÓ\´úøç:
h a
6 í∫’ùÀ-ñ«©’: 6, 12 18, 24, 36...
12 í∫’ùÀ-ñ«©’: 12, 24, 36, 48...
i b
Ö´’túÕ í∫’ùÀ-ñ«©’ = 12, 24, 36
a t
6, 12 © éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’ = 12
p r
2)
d u
v°æüµ∆† é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬© °æü¿l¥-A™ éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’.†’ éπ†’éÓ\´úøç
6, 12 © éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’.
n a
.e e
6 = 2 × 3
12 = 2 × 2 3
∴
w w éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12 e t
3) w . n
a
¶µ«í∫-£æ…®Ω °æü¿l¥-A™ éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. éπ†’éÓ\´úøç
6, 12 © éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’.
b h
2 6, 12

3 3, 6
 t i
1, 2
r a
⇒ 2 × 3 × 1 × 2 = 12
u p
Öü∆: 12, 15, 18 ©
2 12, 15, 18 a d
éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’.

e n
3 6, 15, 9

.e
2, 5, 3
w ww
⇒ 2 × 3 × 2 × 5 × 3 = 120
í∫J≠æe ≤ƒ´÷†u ¶µ«ïéπç (í∫.≤ƒ.¶µ«.): È®çúø’ Ææçêu© í∫.≤ƒ.¶µ«. éπ†’-éÓ\-¢√-©çõ‰ Â°ü¿l Ææçêu†’ *†o
ÆæçêuûÓ ¶µ«Tç-î √L. ´*a† ¨Ï≠æçûÓ N¶µ«ïé¬Eo ¶µ«Tçî√L. ÇN-üµ¿çí¬ ´®Ω’Ææí¬ ´îËa
¨Ï≥ƒ-©ûÓ ¢√öÀ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µ«ï-é¬-©†’ °æ®Ωç-°æ-®Ωí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ÷h-§ÚûË *-´®Ωèπ◊ ¨Ï≠æç '0—
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Öü∆: 1) 4, 6 © í∫.≤ƒ.¶µ«.
4) 6 (1
∴ 4, 6

4
2) 4 (2
© í∫.≤ƒ.¶µ« = 2
e t
4

0
. n
2) 4, 6, 8,
h a
b
© í∫.≤ƒ.¶µ«.
4) 6 (1

4 ∴ 4, 6, 8 © í∫.≤ƒ.¶µ«.
t= 2 i
2) 4 (2

4
r a
0
u p
★ í∫´’-Eéπ: a, b ©’
a d
È®çúø’ Ææçêu-™„jûË a × b = éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. × í∫.≤ƒ.¶µ«.

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t
w w
2. 481 ★ 673 ÅØË Ææçêu†’ 9 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TÊÆh, ★ ≤ƒn†ç™ ´îËa éπE≠æe ÅçÈé àC?
n e
á) 2 G) 5 Æœ) 6
a .
úÕ) 7
3. 97215 ★ 6 ÅØË Ææçêu†’ 11 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TÊÆh, ★ ≤ƒn†ç™ ´îËa éπE≠æe ÅçÈé àC?
b h
á) 3 G) 2 Æœ) 1
t i úÕ) 5
4. éÀçü¿¢√öÀ™  4 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TçîË Ææçêu àC?
r a
á) 4567 G) 8564
u p Æœ) 845886 úÕ) 4587
á) XXXXXVI d
5. 56 èπ◊ Ææ-´÷-†-¢Á’i-† ®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçêu àC?
aG) LVI Æœ) CVI úÕ) XLXVI

e n
6. XCIX èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†¢
e
- ’Á †i £œ«çü¿÷ Å®ΩG- é˙ Ææçêu†’ ûÁ©°æçúÕ.
.
ww
á) 109 G) 59 Æœ) 99 úÕ) 89
7. 15, 30 © éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. áçûª?
w
á) 60 G) 30 Æœ) 90 úÕ) 120
8. 10, 15, 25 © éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. áçûª?
á) 300 G) 15 Æœ) 150 úÕ) àD-é¬ü¿’
9. äéπ •’ôd™ éÌEo °æçúø’x ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀE èπ◊°æpèπ◊ 4, 6, 8, 10 ´çûª’† èπÿú≈ Öçîª-ú≈-EéÀ O™„jûË
éπFÆæç Ç •’ôd™ áEo °æçúø’x Öçö«®·?
á) 130 G) 140 Æœ) 120 úÕ) 240
e t
n
10. 8, 10, 21©ûÓ ¶µ«TÊÆh, ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ 5, 7, 18 ¨Ï≥ƒ-©’í¬ ´îËa éπE≠æe Ææçêu†’ éπ†’-éÓ\çúÕ?
.
á) 840 G) 850 Æœ) 837
h
11. 12, 15, 18, 27 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TçîË Ø√©’í∫’ ÅçÈé© í∫J≠æe Ææçêu àC? a úÕ) 860
á) 2795 G) 9720
i b
Æœ) 9270
t
úÕ) àD-é¬ü¿’
a
Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’: 1)G 2)úÕ 3)á 4)G 5)G 6)Æœ 7)G 8)Æœ 9)Æœ 10)Æœ 11)-G.-
N´-p®rΩ-ù©’
1. 5 + 1 + 7 + 3 + 2 + 4 = 22
d u
n a
Ñ Ææçêu†’ 3 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-î√-©çõ‰ 22 èπ◊ 2
e
éπ©-§ƒL.
2.
w e
é¬•öÀd ★ í∫’®Ω’h™ ÖçúË éπE≠æe -ÅçÈé = 2.
.
4 + 8 + 1 + 6 + 7 + 3 = 29
t
w w n e
É*a† Ææçêu†’ 9 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-î√-©çõ‰ 29 èπ◊ 7 éπ©-§ƒL. é¬•öÀd ★ í∫’®Ω’h ≤ƒn†ç™ ÖçúË
éπE≠æe -ÅçÈé = 7
a .
3. ¶‰Æœ ≤ƒnØ√ç-é¬© ¢Á·ûªhç = 6 + 5 + 2 + 9 = 22
b h
ÆæJ ≤ƒnØ√ç-é¬© ¢Á·ûªhç = 1 + 7 = 8
t i
ûËú≈ = 22 – 8 = 14
r a
é¬F 14†’ 11 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îªü¿’. é¬•öÀd ÆæJ ≤ƒnØ√ç-é¬© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ 3 éπL-°œûË 11 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
u p
ûËú≈ 22 – 11 = 11 (11 E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC)
a d
∴ ★ í∫’®Ω’h ≤ƒn†ç™ Öçú≈-Lq† éπE≠æe -ÅçÈé = 3
4.
e n
äéπ Ææçêu†’ 4 ¶µ«Tç-î√-©çõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø’ ≤ƒnØ√©’ 4 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tçîª•-ú≈L.
.e
8564 4) 64 (16
ww
4

24
w 24

8564†’ 4
(0 ) E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-Ææ’hçC.
5. 56 = 50 + 6 = LVI
6. XCIX = 90 + 9 = 99
7. 15, 30 © éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’.
315, 30

5 5, 10

1, 2
e t
⇒ 3 × 5 × 2 = 30
. n
8. 5 10, 15, 25

5 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 150 h a
2, 3, 5 ⇒
i b
9.
10, 15, 25 ©
24, 6, 8, 10

éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. = 150
a t
22, 3, 4, 5

1, 3, 2, 5
p r
⇒ 2 × 2 × 1 × 3 × 2 × 5 = 120
d u
∴ 4, 6, 8, 10 ©
n a
e
éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. ¢√öÀ éπE≠æe Ææçêu Å´¤ûª’çC.
∴
w
10. 8 − 5 = 3
e
•’ôd™ éπFÆæç ÖçúË °æçúø’x = 120
. t
w w
10 − 7 = 3
n e
21 − 18 = 3
a .
ÅEo Ææçü¿®√s¥™x ¶µ«ï-é¬-©èπ◊, ¨Ï≥ƒ-©èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ 3.
b h
i
8, 10, 21 © éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. †’ç* 3 BÊÆÊÆh, é¬¢√-Lq† Ææçêu ´Ææ’hçC.
t
28, 10, 21

24, 5, 21
 r a
2, 5, 21
u p
⇒ 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 21 = 840
a d
n
é¬¢√-Lq† Ææçêu
e
11. 212, 15, 18, 27
= 840 − 3 = 837.

.e
3 6, 15, 9, 27
ww

3 2, 5, 3, 9

w 2, 5, 1, 3
⇒ 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 5 × 1 × 3 = 540.
4 ÅçÈé©í∫J≠æe Ææçêu = 9999
9999E 540ûÓ ¶µ«TÊÆh
¨Ï≠æç = 279 ´Ææ’hçC.
540) 9999 (18

540
4599
e t
4320

279
. n
= 9999 − 279 = 9720.
–Èh
a
b
é¬¢√-Lq† Ææçêu
t i é. -´·®Ω-S-¢Á÷£æ«-Ø˛®√-V
r a
u p
ad
e n
w.e t
w w n e
a .
b h
t i
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
1. äéπ °æú´ø í∫çôèπ◊ 5 éÀ.O’. ¢Ëíç∫ ûÓ v°´æ £œ«çîË †C™ v°¢æ √£æ…EéÀ ÅGµ´- ·-êçí¬ v°ß
e t
æ ª÷ù- çÀ î- ú-ª ≈-EéÀ
°æõéd‰ ¬©ç™ v°¢æ √£æ…EéÀ ¢√©’í¬ 3È®ôx ü¿÷®Ωç §ÚûË E©-éπúø FöÀ™ °æú´ø ¢Ëíç∫ áçûª (éÀ.O’/-íç∫ .-
©™)?
. n
1) 15 2) 12 3) 18
h a
4) 10
2.
1) 4 í∫ç 5  E
5
2) 4 í∫ç 5  E
11b
EN’-≥ƒ© ´·©’x, í∫çô© ´·©’x 4, 5 í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u à Ææ´’-ßª’ç™ ©ç•çí¬ Öçö«®·?
i
3) 4 í∫ç 5  E
11
2
a t 5
4) 4 í∫ç 38  E
1
3.
11
p r 11
0.42 O’. ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωç¥l Ö†o äéπ ¢√£æ«† îªvéπç EN’-≥ƒ-EéÀ 250 v¶ºµ ´’-ù«©’ îËÊÆh, Ç ¢√£æ«†ç
u
í∫çö« 15 EN’-≥ƒ™x §ÚßË’ ü¿÷®Ωç (éÀ.O’.-©™) áçûª?
d
1) 50.3
n a2) 49.5 3) 51.5 4) 60.5
4.
.e e
äÍé éÌ©-ûª©’ Ö†o ´‚úø’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† Ææ÷h§ƒé¬®Ω §ƒvûª™x V M vü¿¢√Eo a : b : c E≠æp-Ah™
§ÚÊÆh, ¢√öÀ™E vü¿´-´’ö«d© E≠æpAh áçûª?
w w
1) a : b : c 2) a : a + b : c
e t
w 3) a - b : b : c 4) a + b : b + c: c+ a
. n
5. 4, 5 í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x È®çúø’ -´·-©’x-© ´’üµ¿u éÓùç 90° Öçô’çC?
h a
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3
i b 4) ≤ƒüµ¿u-°æ-úøü¿’
1
äéπ È®j©’ ‘A’ ÅØË v°æüË¨¡ç †’ç* 36 éÀ.O’/í∫ç. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ •ßª’-©’-üËJ 1 
6.
a t 2
í∫çô v°æßª÷-ùÀç*†
ûª®√yûª ÅüË v°æüË¨¡ç †’ç* ´’®Ìéπ È®j©’ ÅüË C¨¡™ 45 éÀ.O’/í∫ç ¢Ëí∫çûÓ •ßª’©’üËJçC.
p r
Å®·ûË È®çúø’ È®j∞¡Ÿx á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®·?
1) 5 í∫ç.
d u
2) 7 í∫ç. 3) 6 í∫ç. 4) 8 í∫ç.
a N´-®Ω-ù©’
Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©’: 1-4; 2-1; 3-2; 4-1; 5-2; 6-2.
n
1.
e e
†C v°æ¢√-£æ«-¢Ëí∫ç = 5 éÀ.O’/í∫çô, °æúø´ ¢Ëí∫ç E©-éπúø FöÀ™ = ν éÀ.O’./í∫ç.
.
w ww
v°æßª÷ù ü¿÷®Ωç = x éÀ.O’
v°æ¢√-£æ…-EéÀ ÅGµ-´·êçí¬ °æúø´ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëí∫ç = °æúø-´ -¢Ë-í∫ç – -v°æ-¢√£æ« ¢Ëí∫ç
= (ν - 5) éÀ.O’/í∫ç
x
= 
(ν - 5)
v°æ¢√-£æ…-EéÀ ÅGµ-´·-êçí¬ v°æßª÷-ùÀç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ °æõ‰d-é¬©ç í∫ç.
Ñ Ææ´’-ßª’ç™ °æúø´ v°æ¢√-£æ…-EéÀ ¢√©’í¬ 3 È®ôx ü¿÷®Ωç §Úûª’çC.
v°æ¢√-£æ…-EéÀ ¢√©’í¬ °æúø´ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëí∫ç = (ν + 5) éÀ.O’/í∫ç
∴ (
ν-5
x
)(ν + 5) = 3x e t
ν+5
. n
 = 3 ⇒ ν + 5 = 3ν - 15
ν-5
h a
∴ 2ν = 20, ν = 10
i b
∴ E©-éπúø
t
FöÀ™ °æúø-´-¢Ëí∫ç = 10 éÀ.O’/í∫ç.
a
p r
´’®Ó °æü¿l¥A: v°æ¢√-£æ«-¢Ëí∫ç = 5 éÀ.O’/í∫ç. °æúø-´-¢Ëí∫ç E¨¡a© FöÀ™ = u éÀ.O’/í∫ç. Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç. v°æ¢√£æ…EéÀ
ÅGµ-´·-êçí¬ °æúø´ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëí∫ç = (u - 5) éÀ.O’. / í∫ç. v°æ¢√-£æ…-EéÀ -¢√-©’í¬ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëí∫ç = (u + 5)
u
éÀ.O’ /í∫ç. v°æ¢√-£æ…-EéÀ ÅGµ-´·-êçí¬ ™‰ü∆ v°æ¢√-£æ…-EéÀ ¢√©’í¬ °æúø´ v°æßª÷-ùÀç-*† ü¿÷®Ωç = t í∫çô©’ Å†’-
d
èπ◊çü∆ç.
n a
v°ß
. e
v°¢æ √-£…æ E- éÀ ¢√©’í¬ °æú´ø
e æ ª÷ù- çÀ *- † ü¿÷®Ωç × 3
æ ª÷ù- çÀ *- † ü¿÷®Ωç = (v°¢æ √-£…æ E- éÀ ÅGµ´- ·-êçí¬ °æú´ø v°ß
w
∴ ( u + 5)t = 3t (u - 5)
w e t
w ∴ u + 5 = 3u - 15
. n
∴ 2u = 20 ⇒ u = 10éÀ.O’/í∫ç
Ø√©’í∫’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´·-©’x-© ´’üµ¿u éÓùç = 4 × 30 = 120° h a
2.
4, 5 í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u-éÓùç 90° Öçúøö«-EéÀ Â°ü¿l´·-©’x-
i b ↑



t

↑
ÅCµ-éπçí¬ A®Ωí¬Lq† ü¿÷®Ωç

r a = 120°- 90° = 30°
4
u p
Ñ ü¿÷®Ωç v°æßª÷ùÀçîª-ú≈-EéÀ Â°ü¿l-´·--©’xèπ◊ °æõ‰d-é¬©ç
30°
1°
5
2
11
60
11
5
=  = 30 ×  =  = 5 
11
a d EN’≥ƒ©’
2
e n
∴ 4, 5© ´’üµ¿u 90°Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ 5

.e é¬©ç = 4í∫ç.5 11 E.
ww
42
3. ¢√£æ«† îªvéπ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = r = 0.42 O’. = 
100
O’.
w äéπ v¶µº´’-ùç™ îªvéπç v°æßª÷-ùÀçîË ü¿÷®Ωç = 2Π r
22 42 44 × 6
= 2 ×  ×  =  O’.
7 100 100
EN’-≠çæ ™ ¢√£æ«† îªvéπç îËÊÆ v¶ºµ ´’-ù«© Ææçêu = 250
44 × 6
=  × 250 = 660
t
äéπ\ EN’≠æç™ ¢√£æ«†ç v°æßª÷-ùÀçîË ü¿÷®Ωç O’.
100
í∫çö« 15 EN’-≥ƒ™x Åçõ‰ 75 EN’≥ƒ™x ¢√£æ«†ç v°æßª÷-ùÀçîË ü¿÷®Ωç = 75 × 660
n e O’.
75 × 660
 éÀ.O’.= 49.5
a .
h
™‰ü∆ éÀ.O’.
100
4.
i b
´‚úø’-§ƒ-vûª©’ Ææ®ΩyÆæ´÷†ç é¬•öÀd v°æA §ƒvûªèπ◊ ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç (r), áûª’h (h) äéπ\õ‰. ´‚úø’ §ƒvûª-
t
™xéÀ V M vü¿¢√Eo a : b : c E≠æp-Ah™ °æç°œûË §ƒvûª© ´’ö«d©’ h1, h2, h3 Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
a
va
∴ Π r 2 h1 = 
a+b+c
p r
vb
∴ Π r 2 h2 = 
d u
a+b+c
n a
.e e vc
∴ Π r 2 h3 = 
a+b+c
w
∴ Πr 2 h1 : Πr 2 h2 : Πr 2 h3
w e t
w va vb
=  :  : 
a+b+c a+b+c
vc
a+b+c
. n
∴ h1 : h2 : h3 = a : b : c
h a
5. 4 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·-©’xx© ´’üµ¿u-éÓùç = 4 × 30° = 120°
i b
4, 5 í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u ´·-©’x© ´’üµ¿u-éÓùç 90° Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ,
a t
r
Â°ü¿l ´·-©’x A®Ωí¬Lq† éÓùç = 120° – 90° = 30°
p
Å°æ¤púø’ Ææ´’ßª’ç = 4 í∫çô©’,
30° d u

51 E. -= 4
n
í∫çô©’
a
5
5
11
E.
2
4, 5
.e e
í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u ´·-©’x© ´’üµ¿u éÓùç È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ 90°
ww
Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ Â°ü¿l ´·∞¡Ÿx A®Ωí¬-Lq† éÓùç = 30° + 90° + 90° = 210°
210°
w Å°æ¤púø’ Ææ´’ßª’ç = 4 í∫çô©’,
2

51
2
-E.
= 4í∫çô©’ 38 11
E.
4, 5 í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u ´·-©’x-© ´’üµ¿u éÓùç ´‚úÓ-≤ƒJ 90° Öçúøö«-EéÀ ≤ƒüµ¿u-°æ-úøü¿’.
6. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®©j ’ 36 éÀ.O’/-íç∫ ô ¢Ëíç∫ ûÓ A v°üæ ¨Ë ¡ç †’ç* •ßª’-©’-üËJ
3
11
í∫ç ô-© é¬©ç§ƒô’ v°æß ª ÷ùÀç*† ü¿÷®Ωç = ¢Ëí∫ç × é¬©ç = 36 ×  = 54 éÀ.O’.
2 2
È®çúÓ È®j©’ í∫çôèπ◊ 45 éÀ.O’. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ A †’ç* •ßª’©’ üËJçC.
e t
¢√öÀ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëí∫ç = 54 - 45 = 9 éÀ.O’/í∫ç. . n
∴ È®j∞¡Ÿx äÍé-C-¨¡™  ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ 54 éÀ.O’/í∫ç. 45 éÀ.O’/í∫ç ¢Ëí¬-©ûÓ •ßª’©’üË®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o®·. é¬•öÀd
h a
b
∴ È®çúø’ È®j∞¡Ÿx éπ©’Ææ’éÓ´-ú≈-EéÀ °æõ‰d-é¬©ç =  + 1 í∫çô
È®çúø’ È®j∞¡x ´’üµ¿u-ü¿÷®Ωç
t i
≤ƒÊ°-éπ~ -¢Ëí∫ç
r a
54
=  + 1 í∫çô = 6 + 1 = 7
9
í∫çô©’.
d up -–úÕ. -vQ-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
n a
.e e
w w e t
w . n
h a
i b
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
Ææçë«u ú´Ææn
ÅçÈé©’: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ©†’ ÅçÈé©’ Åçö«®Ω’. e t
. n
a
Ææçêu©’: ÅçÈé-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ† ¢√öÀE Ææçêu©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
ÅN 10, 11, 12, ..... ¢Á·ü¿-™„j-†N.
★ '0— †’ ¶µ«®Ω-Bßª’ ¨»ÆæY-¢Ë-ûªh©’ éπ†’-íÌ-Ø√o®Ω’.
b h
★ 546 ™ '4— ≤ƒn†ç = °æü¿’©’
t i
4 ≤ƒn†-N-©’´ = 4 × 10 = 40
r a
4 ´·ê-N-©’´ = 4
u p
Æædçêu©’ – ®Ωé¬©’
n a
1.
.e e
Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu©’: ★ '1— ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u Ææçêu-©†’ 'Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu©’— Åçö«®Ω’.
★ OöÀE 'N' ûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
w w
Ææ£æ«ï Ææçë«u-Ææ-N’A N = {1,2,3, ....}
e t
w
2. °æ‹®√gç-é¬©’: '0— v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº´’ßË’u üµ¿Ø√-ûªtéπ Ææçêu-©†’ °æ‹®√gç-é¬©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
. n
★ OöÀE 'W' ûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
h a
★ °æ‹®√gç-é¬© ÆæN’A W = {0,1,2,3,....}
i b
t
3. °æ‹®Ωg Ææçêu©’: Ææ’Ø√o-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ®Ω’ù«-ûªtéπ, üµ¿Ø√-ûªtéπ Ææçêu-©-EoçöÀF éπL°œ '°æ‹®Ωg-Ææç-êu©’—
a
Åçö«®Ω’.
★ OöÀE 'Z'ûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
p r
d u
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(2) '811'
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302 = 900 > 811
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30
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v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’— ™‰ü∆ 'Ææ£æ« Å¶µ«ïu Ææçêu©’— ™‰ü∆ '°æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’— Åçö«®Ω’. (™‰ü∆)
( )
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4
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í∫.≤ƒ.¶µ«. 1 é¬•öÀd -Ñ ïûª†’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
h a
í∫´’-Eéπ: ïûª™ È®çúø÷ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ Öçúø-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
i b
754684™ 6
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a t
r
1) ÅØË ÅçÈé ≤ƒn† N©’-´èπ◊, ´·ê N©’-´èπ◊ ûËú≈ áçûª?
á) 604 G) 694
6 × 100 = 600
u p Æœ) 594 úÕ) 600
ï: 6
6
≤ƒn† N©’´
6
a d6
n 
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4567846 ™ Ö†o È®çúø’ 6
ÅçÈé© ≤ƒn† N©’-´-™x Åçûª®Ωç áçûª?
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59994
w 6
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ï: °æC¢Ë© ≤ƒn†ç™E N©’´ : °æC-¢Ë©’
= 6 × 10000 = 60000
= 6× 1 b h
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6
59994

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r a
p
3) ©éπ~™ ÖçúË Ææ’Ø√o©’ áEo?
á) 6 G) 5
d u Æœ) 7 úÕ) 4
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4) °æ‹®√gç-é¬-©†’ à Åéπ~-®ΩçûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’?
á) N
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5) ÆæJ-Ææç-êu© ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωù ®Ω÷°æç àN’öÀ?
Æœ) Z úÕ) R
w
á)
ww
2n + 1 G) 2n - 1 Æœ) 2n
6) à ÆæçêuØÁjØ√ 2ûÓ ¶µ«TÊÆh ¨Ï≠æç Ææ’Ø√o ´ÊÆh, -Ç Ææçêu-©†’ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

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2
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65
7) 3 ™ äéπôx ≤ƒn†ç™E ÅçÈé áçûª?
á) 2 G) 1 Æœ) 3 úÕ) 4
8) éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ éπ®Ω-ùÃßª’ Ææçêu àC?
á) √4 G) √16 
úÕ)√15 e t
9) √2 = 1.414 Å®·ûË √8 N©’´ áçûª?
Æœ) √ 36
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i bh
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= 2 × 1.414 = 2.828
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10) v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu™x Å-A *†o Ææçêu àC?
p r
á) 1 G) 2
d u Æœ) 0 úÕ) 3
a
11) 50 ™°æ¤ -Öç-úË v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ áEo?
n
á) 14
.e e G) 16 Æœ) 15 úÕ) 13
w
12) v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu-©èπ◊ Ö†o ´’®ÓÊ°Í®N’öÀ?
w
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e t
w
Æœ) éπ®Ω-ùÃßª’ Ææçêu©’ úÕ) àD-é¬ü¿’.
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13) v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu, Ææçßª·éπh Ææçêu é¬EC àC?
h a
á) 1 G) 0 Æœ) 2
i b úÕ) 3
14 ´‚úøç-Èé© éπE≠æe v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu àC?
á) 107 G) 109
a t
Æœ) 103 úÕ) 101
p r
u
15) Ø√©’í∫’ ÅçÈé© N’éÀ\L Â°ü¿l Ææçêuèπ◊ 1 éπL°œûË ´îËa Ææçêu àC?
á) 9998
a d
G) 10000 Æœ) 1000 úÕ) 998
n
16) ¢Ë© ≤ƒnØ√-EéÀ ¢ÁçôØË áúø´- ’-¢°jÁ ¤æ ÖçúË ≤ƒn†ç àC?
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e
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17) ¢Á·ü¿öÀ 50 Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç áçûª?
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-¢Á·-ü¿-ô -n Ææ£æ«-ï Ææç-êu-© -¢Á·-ûªhç =
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n(n + 1)

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2
50(50 + 1)
50 Ææ£æ«-ï Ææç-êu-© -¢Á·-ûªhç = 
2
25
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50 × 51
=  = 1275

2
18) 1, 21
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. n
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h a
a = 2, L = 20 ,
ÆæJ-Ææç-êu© ¢Á·ûªhç n
=  (a + l)
2
i b
21 ´®Ωèπ◊
10
ÆæJ-Ææç-êu© ¢Á·ûªhç = 2
(2 + 20)
a t
r
= 5 × 22 = 110
p
d u
19) éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ éπ´© v°æüµ∆-Ø√ç-é¬© ïûª àC?
á) (2,3)
n a G) (3,5) Æœ) (7,9) úÕ) (13,15)
á) 4
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20) ÆæJ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu àC?
G) 2 Æœ) 3 úÕ) 8
w w
21) 4, 7, 5 ©ûÓ à®ΩpúË ÅA-Â°ü¿l Ææçêu, ÅA *†o Ææçêuèπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ áçûª?
e t
w
á) 397 G) 307 Æœ) 297 úÕ)
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287
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h a
*†o Ææçêu  457
297
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a
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á) 4
105
G) 5
p r Æœ) 6 úÕ) 7
23. 7 ™ äéπôx ≤ƒn†ç™E ÅçÈé àC?
d u
á) 1
n
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(74)26 ™ äéπôx ≤ƒn†ç = 1
.
w ww
(74)26 × 7 = 1 × 7 = 7
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15)-G 16)Æœ 17)-G 18)-G 19)-G 20)-G 21)Æœ 22)-G 23)-úÕ
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bh
2. äéπ vA¶µº’ïç™E éÓù«©’ 1 : 2 : 3 E≠æp-Ah™ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ-Èé-ü¿’®Ω’í¬ ÖçúË ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æpAh?
 
A) 1 : 2 : 3 B) 1 : √ 3 : 2 C) 1 : 1 : √ 2 D) 3 : 2 : 1
3. ©ç•-éÓùç îËÊÆ ¶µº’ñ«© §Òúø-´¤©’ 3 ÂÆç.O’., 4 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË éπ®Ωgç §Òúø´¤?
t i
4.
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äéπ ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥Eo
B) 6
50% Â°ç*ûË,
r a C) 7
ü∆E ¢Áj¨»-©uç™ Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© ¨»ûªç?
D) 5
5.
A) 125 B) 100
u p C) 50
äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç 78 îª.ÂÆç.O’., ü∆E äéπ ¶µº’ïç 13 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË È®çúÓ ¶µº’ïç áçûª?
D) 75
A) 14 ÂÆç.O’.
a d
B) 12 ÂÆç.O’. C) 16 ÂÆç.O’. D) 20 ÂÆç.O’.
6.
A) D®Ω`îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç n
®√ç•Æˇ™ äéπ éÓùç 90° Å®·ûË ÅC à´’-´¤ûª’çC?
e B) îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç C) îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç D) võ„°‘->ßª’ç

7.
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3.5 ÂÆç.O’. ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç Ö†o Ø√©’í∫’ é¬u®Ω¢˛’ ¶®˝f ÂÆkéZ π®˝q BÆæ’-èπ◊E v°æAü∆Eo éπFÆæç È®çúÕç-öÀûÓ û√Íé™« éπL-°œûË ¢√öÀ
w t
w e
´’üµ¿u à®ΩpúË ë«S-Ææn© ¢Áj¨»©uç áçûª?
A) 8.5 îª.ÂÆç.O’. B) 10.5 îª.ÂÆç.O’. C) 9.5 îª.ÂÆç.O’. D) àD-é¬ü¿’
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B) 
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h a 
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9. È®çúø’ àéπ Íéçvü¿ ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ®√l¥©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬

A) 594 B) 270
10 ÂÆç.O’., 17 ÂÆç.O’.
C) 189
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¢√öÀ´’üµ¿u à®Ωp-úÕ† éπçéπ-ù«-é¬®Ω Ææn© ¢Áj¨»©uç?
D) 85
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10. äéπ éπ®Ωgç 4 O’. §Òúø´¤- -Öçõ‰ Ç îªûª’-®ΩvÆæ ¢Áj¨»©uç áçûª?
A) 2 îª.O’. B) 6 îª.O’. C) 8 îª.O’. D) 16
p
îª.O’.
11. äéπ îªûª’-®Ω-vÆæç™ v°æA ¶µº’ñ«Eo 25% áèπ◊\´ îËÊÆh ü∆E ¢Áj¨»©uç™ ´îËa ´÷®Ω’p ¨»ûªç?
A) 50 B) 75
d u C) 100 D) 56.25
12.
A) ®Ω÷.15,000 a
äéπ í∫C §Òúø´¤ 5.5 O’., ¢Áúø©’p 3.75 O’., ØË©Â°j ®√∞¡Ÿx °æ®Ωîª-ú≈-EéÀ ®Ω÷.800 / O’. Í®ô’ îÌ°æ¤p† ÅßË’u ê®Ω’a áçûª?
n B) ®Ω÷.15,500 C) ®Ω÷.15,600 D) ®Ω÷.16,500

13.
A) 40%
. e
äéπ D®Ω` îªûª’-®Ω-vÆæç™ v°æA ¶µº’ñ«Eo 20% Â°ç*ûË ü∆E ¢Áj¨»-©uç™ Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© ¨»ûªç?
e B) 42% C) 44% D) 46%
14.
15.
ww
äéπ ´%ûªhç, äéπ îªûª’-®ΩvÆæ îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª©’ Ææ´÷†ç. ¢√öÀ ¢Áj¨»-™«u© E≠æpAh?
w
A) 4 : 1
28 ÂÆç.O’.
B) 11 : 7
¢√uÆæç Ö†o Å®Ωl¥ ´%ûªh îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª?
C) 14 : 11 D) 22 : 7
A) 88 B) 72 C) 116 D) 144
16. véπ´’ ≠æúø’s¥-ñ«-é¬®Ω °æôd-é¬-EéÀ áEo Åçîª’©’ Öçö«®·?
A) 12 B) 18 C) 20 D) 24
R-21-4-15
17. 20 ÂÆç.O’., 10 ÂÆç.O’., 10 ÂÆç.O’. áûª’h Ö†o Â°õ„d™ 10 × 5 × 2.5 ÂÆç.O’. éÌ©-ûª©’ Ö†o Ææ•’s©’ áEo °æúøû√®·?
A) 28 B) 24 C) 20 D) 16
18. äéπ Ææ÷h°æç ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç, áûª’h 3 : 2 E≠æpAh™ ÖØ√o®·. ü∆E ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç 21 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË áûª’h áçûª?
A) 14 ÂÆç.O’. B) 7 ÂÆç.O’. C) 21 ÂÆç.O’. D) 4 ÂÆç.O’.
e t
19. äéπ °∂æ’† O’ô®Ω’ ........ Mô®Ω’x.
A) 100 B) 10000 C) 1000
. n
D) 10
20. 44 × 30 × 15 ÂÆç.O’.
a
éÌ©-ûª©’ Ö†o D®Ω` °∂æ’Ø√-é¬®Ω ™£æ«°æ¤ ´·éπ\†’ éπJ-Tç* 28 ÂÆç.O’. áûª’h†o Ææ÷h§ƒEo ûªßª÷®Ω’
h
îËÊÆh, ü∆E ¶µº÷¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç áçûª?
A) 225 ÂÆç.O’. B) 28 ÂÆç.O’. C) 15 ÂÆç.O’.
i b D) 30 ÂÆç.O’.
21. õ„Eo-é¬-®·ö¸ Jçí∫’ üËEéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù?
A) °∂æ’†éπçéπùç B) í∫’©x Ææ÷h°æç
a tC) Ææ÷h°æç D) íÓ∞¡ç
22.
p r
äéπ D®Ω`îªûª’-®ΩvÆæ ´’üµ¿u-îËa ¥ü¿ ¢√uÆæç 2.8 O’. ü∆E †’ç* N’éÀ\L Â°ü¿l Ææ÷h§ƒEo ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÊÆh, ü∆E °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç
áçûª? (Ææ÷h°æç §Òúø´¤ 25 O’.)
A) 144 °∂æ’.O’.
d u
B) 124 °∂æ’.O’. C) 154 °∂æ’.O’. D) 77 °∂æ’.O’.
23.
a
¨¡çèπ◊´¤ ¶µº÷¢√uÆæç 14 ÂÆç.O’. ü∆E àô-¢√©’ áûª’h 10 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç?
n
24.
.e e
A) 220 îª.ÂÆç.O’. B) 110 îª.ÂÆç.O’.
¶µº÷N’ íÓ∞«-é¬®Ωçí¬ Öçü¿E îÁ°œp† ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh?
C) 200 îª.ÂÆç.O’. D) àDé¬ü¿’
25.
w w
A) Ç®·-©®˝ B) Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd
äéπ íÓx•’Â°j ¶µº÷´’-üµ¿u-Í®ê §Òúø´¤ 88 ÂÆç.O’. ü∆E ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç áçûª?
C) ´®√-£æ«-N’-£œ«-®Ω’úø’ D) éÓ°æ-Jo-éπÆˇ
e t
26. w
A) 7 ÂÆç.O’. B) 14 ÂÆç.O’. C) 21 ÂÆç.O’. D) 44 ÂÆç.O’.
7 ÂÆç.O’. ¶µº’ïç Ö†o Ææ´’-°∂æ’†ç †’ç* O™„j-†çûª Â°ü¿l íÓ∞¡ç ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îËÊÆh ü∆E °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç?
. n
7
A)  °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’. B) 179 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’.
2
C) 179  °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’.
h a D) àD-é¬ü¿’
27.
2
6 ÂÆç.O’. × 12 ÂÆç.O’. × 15 ÂÆç.O’.
3
i b
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ-é¬®Ω C¢Á’t†’ éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† Ææçêu™ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† °∂æ’Ø√-©’í¬ éÓ¨»®Ω’.
°∂æ’Ø√©’ éπE-≠æeçí¬ áEo Öçö«®·?
A) 3 B) 1080
a C) 108 t D) 40
28. äéπ °∂æ’†ç-™E v°æA Åçîª’†’ 50% áèπ◊\-´-îËÊÆh
p r
ü∆E ´véπ-ûª© ¢Áj¨»-©uç-™E Â°ç°æ¤-ü¿© ¨»ûªç?
29.
A) 75% B) 100%
d u C) 125% D) 50%
äéπ Ææ÷h°æç, äéπ ¨¡çèπ◊-´¤© ¶µº÷¢√u≤ƒ®√l¥© E≠æpAh 3 : 4, áûª’h© E≠æpAh 2 : 3, Å®·ûË ¢√öÀ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ù«© E≠æpAh áçûª?
A) 6 : 12
a
B) 9 : 8 C) 3 : 4 D) 4 : 9
30. 12 ÂÆç.O’.
A) 288
.e en
¢√uÆæç Ö†o íÓ∞¡ç †’ç*
B) 1728
1 ÂÆç.O’. ¢√uÆæç Ö†o Æ‘Ææç í∫’çúø’x áEo ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËßÁ·îª’a?
C) 1248 D) 1288
ww
31. 3 O’.§Òúø´¤, 2 O’. ¢Áúø©’p Ö†o °æúø´ Ææ®Ω-Ææ’q™ ÖçC. ´’E≠œ áéÀ\†-°æ¤púø’ Ø√´ 1 ÂÆç.O’. ´·E-TûË ´’E≠œ •®Ω’´¤
áçûª?(Íé-@-™x)
32.
w
A) 60
(Hint: •®Ω’´¤ = °∂æ’.°æ. ×
éπ®Ωgç §Òúø´¤ 4√3 ÂÆç.O’.
B) 12
≤ƒçvü¿ûª, FöÀ ≤ƒçvü¿ûª = 1000 Kg/m3)
Ö†o °∂æ’†ç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç?
C) 72 D) 96
A) 8 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’. B) 16 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’. C) 27 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’. D) 64 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’.
33. È®çúø’ °∂æ’Ø√© °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ù«©’ 27 : 1 E≠æp-Ah™  Öçõ‰, ¢√öÀ Åçîª’© E≠æpAh?
A) 1 : 3 B) 1 : 27 C) 3 : 1 D) 27 : 1
34. 2 O’. ¢√uÆæçûÓ 14 O’. ™ûª’èπ◊ ´%û√h-é¬-®Ωç™ ¶«NE ûªNyûË •ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆœ† ´’öÀd °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç áçûª?
A) 32 °∂æ’.O’. B) 36 °∂æ’.O’. C) 40 °∂æ’.O’ D) 44 °∂æ’.O’.
e t
35. äéπ íÓ∞¡ç ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç È®öÀdçÂ°jûË ü∆E °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç áEo È®ô’x Å´¤-ûª’çC?
A) 2 B) 4 C) 6
. n
D) 8
-¢√u-§ƒ®Ω í∫-ùÀ-ûªç
h a
36. A : B = 4 : 5, B : C = 7 : 6 Å®·ûË A : B : C =?
i b
A) 4 : 7 : 6
C) 28 : 35 : 30
a t
B) 4 : 35 : 6
D) 28 : 30 : 35
37. 5 : 8, 3 : 7 45 : x Å®·ûË x =?
r
up
© •£æ›∞¡ E≠æpAh
A) 168 B) 150 C) 56 D) 15
38. 4, 7, 14, 22 ©™
A) 4
a
B) 3 d
v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ áçûª éπL-°œûË Ç Ææçêu©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçö«®·?
C) 2 D) 1
39.
n
È®çúø’ Ææçêu© E≠æpAh 7 : 4. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææçêu†’ 10 ûªT_ç*, È®çúÓ Ææçêu†’ 5 Â°ç*ûË E≠æpAh 4 : 3 Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu©’...
e
40.
A) 70, 40
w
äéπ °æEE
.e 36 ´’çC èπÿM©’ 12
B) 40, 30 C) 35, 20
®ÓV™x îËÊÆh, 9 ´’çC Ç °æEE áEo ®ÓV™x îË≤ƒh®Ω’?
D) 20, 15
t
41.
A) 27
w
35 w B) 36 C) 48
´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ 24 ®ÓV-©èπ◊ Å®·† ¶µï†ç ê®Ω’a ®Ω÷.6,300. ÉüË Í®ô’† 25
D) 3
n e
´’çCéÀ áEo ®ÓV-©èπ◊ ¶µï†ç
ê®Ω’a ®Ω÷.3,375 Å´¤-ûª’çC?
A) 12 ®Ó-V©’ B) 14 ®ÓV©’ C) 16 ®ÓV©’
a . D) 18 ®ÓV©’
42. †≠ædç 1
6  % Å®·ûË,
4
éÌ†o-¢Á-©†’ .... Gµ†oçûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh ÅN’t†¢Á© ´Ææ’hçC?
b h
20
A) 
15
B) 
16
C) 
t i D) 
3
ra
3 16 15 20
43. äéπ úéÀh È®çúø’ ÂÆjéÀ∞¡x†’ äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ®Ω÷.1188 ©èπ◊ Å´÷túø’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-ü∆-EÂ°j 10% ™«¶µºç, È®çúÓ-ü∆-EÂ°j 10% †≠ædç
´î√a®·. ¢Á·ûªhç O’ü¿ ™«¶µº´÷? †≠æd´÷? áçûª ¨»ûªç?-
A) ™«¶µºç, 1% B) †≠ædç, 1%
u p C) ™«¶µºç, 2% D) †≠ædç, 2%
44.
a d
®Ω’Ææ’´·†’ á©x-°æ¤púø÷ üËEÂ°j í∫ùÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’?
e n
A) ÅN’t-†-¢Á© B) éÌ†o¢Á© C) v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á© D) ™«¶µºç
.e ï¢√-•’©’
1-D; 2-B; 3-D; 4-A; 5-B; 6-C; 7-B; 8-A; 9-A; 10-C; 11-D; 12-D; 13-C; 14-C; 15-B; 16-B; 17-D; 18-A;
w ww
19-B; 20-C; 21-A; 22-C; 23-A; 24-C; 25-B; 26-C; 27-D; 28-C; 29-B; 30-B; 31-A; 32-D; 33-C; 34-D; 35-D;
36-C; 37-A; 38-C; 39-A; 40-C; 41-D; 42-B; 43-B; 44-C.
®Ω-îª®·-ûª-: Èé.-´·®Ω-S-¢Á÷£æ«-Ø˛ ®√-V
í∫-ùÀ-ûªç – éπç-õ„ç-ö¸
™«¶µº †≥ƒd©’
e t
™«¶µºç = ÅN’t-†-¢Á© − éÌ†o-¢Á©
. n
†≠ædç = éÌ†o-¢Á© − ÅN’t-†-¢Á©
h a
™«¶µº-¨»ûªç =  × 100
™«¶µºç
i b
éÌ-†o-¢Á©
a t
†≠ædç
†≠æd-¨»ûªç =  × 100
p r
-éÌ-†o-¢Á©
(100 + ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç)
d u
ÅN’t-†-¢Á© = 
100
n a × éÌ†o-¢Á©
.e e (100 − †≠æd-¨»ûªç)
=  ×
w w
ÅN’t-†-¢Á©
100
éÌ†o-¢Á©
e t
w =  ×
100
. n
a
éÌ†o-¢Á© ÅN’t-†-¢Á©
100 + ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç
=  ×
100
b h
éÌ†o-¢Á©
100 − †≠æd-¨»ûªç
ÅN’t-†-¢Á©
t i
®Ω’Ææ’´· = v°æéπ-ô-†-¢Á© − ÅN’t-†-¢Á©
r a
®Ω’Ææ’´· ¨»ûªç =  × 100
®Ω’Ææ’-´·
u p
d
-v°æ-éπ-ô† ¢Á©
a
1.
n
äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o-¢Á© ®Ω÷.250, ÅN’t-†-¢Á© ®Ω÷.300 Å®·ûË ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç áçûª?
e
N´-®Ωù: ™«¶µºç = ÅN’t-†-¢Á© − éÌ†o-¢Á©
.e
ww
= 300 − 250 = 50
w
™«¶µº-¨»ûªç =  × 100
™«¶µºç
- éÌ-†o-¢Á©
50
=  × 100 = 20%
250
2. äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o-¢Á© ®Ω÷.15, ÅN’t-†-¢Á© ®Ω÷.10. -Å®·-ûË †≠æd-¨»ûªç áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: †≠ædç = éÌ†o-¢Á© − ÅN’t-†-¢Á©
= 15 −10 = 5
e t
†≠ædç 5
†≠æd-¨»ûªç =  × 100 =  × 100 = 33 −13 % . n
- éÌ-†o-¢Á© 15
h a
3.
b
äéπ Í®úÕßÁ÷ éÌ†o-¢Á© ®Ω÷.1250. DEo 10% ™«¶µ«-EéÀ ÅN’tûË ÅN’t-†-¢Á© áçûª?
i
100 + ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç
N´-®Ωù: ÅN’t-†-¢Á© =  × éÌ†o-¢Á©
a t
100
100 + 10
p r
=  × 1250
100
d u
110
=  × 1250 =
n a ®Ω÷.1375
.e e "100
100% 110%
w w
Ææ÷éπ~t-°æ-ü¿l¥A: éÌ†o-¢Á©†’
100% = 1250
í¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀÊÆh ÅN’t-†-¢Á© Åçõ‰ éπ†’-éÓ\-¢√L.
e t
w n
Å®·ûË
110% = ?
a .
110
 × 1250 =
100
®Ω÷.1375
b h
4.
t i
äéπ Ææ÷\ô®Ω’ éÌ†o-¢Á© ®Ω÷.26000. DEo 15% †≥ƒd-EéÀ ÅN’tûË ÅN’t-†- ¢Á© áçûª?
100 − †≠æd-¨»ûªç
r a
N´-®Ωù: ÅN’t-†- ¢Á© =  × éÌ†o-¢Á©
100
u p
100 − 15
=  × 26000
a d
e n 100
.e 85
=  × 26000 = ®Ω÷.22100
ww
100
w
Ææ÷éπ~t-°æ-ü¿l¥A: éÌ†o-¢Á© 100% =
ÅN’t-†-¢Á© 85% =
26000
?
85
 × 26000 = ®Ω÷.22100
100
5. äéπ úéÀh °æ¤Æhæ é- ¬Eo ®Ω÷.40.60 Â°jÆ©-æ èπ◊ ÅN’tûË 16% ™«¶µºç §Òçü∆úø’. Å®·ûË éÌ†o-¢©Á áçûª?
100
=  × ÅN’t-†-¢Á©
100 + ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç
N´-®Ωù: éÌ†o-¢Á©
100
=  × 40.60
e t
100 + 16
. n
100
=  × 40.60 =
116
®Ω÷.35
h a
Ææ÷éπ~t-°æ-ü¿l¥A: ÅN’t-†-¢Á© 116% = 40.60
i b
éÌ†o-¢Á© 100% = ?
a t
100

116 × 40.60 = ®Ω÷.35
p r
6. ™«¶µºç 25%
d u
Å®·ûË éÌ†o-¢Á-©†’ à Gµ†oçûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh, ÅN’t-†-¢Á© ´Ææ’hçC?
-N-´®Ω-ù: ÅN’t-†-¢Á© =  100 a
(100 + ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç)
n × éÌ†o-¢Á©
.e e 100 + 25
=  ×
w t
100
éÌ†o-¢Á©
w w 125
=  ×
n e
100
.
éÌ†o-¢Á©
125 5
=  = 
h a
b
í∫’ùÀç-î√-Lq† Gµ†oç
100 4
7.
i
äéπ Qûª© ßª’çvûªç êKü¿’ àö« éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç êKü¿’ éπçõ‰ 10% Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. v°æÆæ’hûª
t
[ ]
n a
êKü¿’ ®Ω÷.16200 Å®·ûË 2 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ûª®√yûª ü∆E êKü¿’ áçûª?
r
N´-®Ωù: ´Ææ’h´¤ êKü¿’ = P 1+ 
r
100
u p
Ééπ\úø P = v°æÆæ’hûª
a d
êKü¿’, r = Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© ¨»ûªç, n = Ææç´-ûªq-®√© Ææçêu
∴ 2
e n
Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ûª®√yûª ü∆E êKü¿’
2
.e [ 10
= 16200 1 +  ]
ww
100
2
w 110
= 16200 × 
100 [ ]
110 110
= 16200 ×  ×  = ®Ω÷.19360
100 100
8. P äéπ ´Ææ’h´- ¤†’ 25% ™«¶µºçûÓ Q èπ◊ Å´÷túø’. Q ü∆Eo 15% †≠æçd ûÓ Rèπ◊ Å´÷túø’. R
ü∆Eo 20% ™«¶µ«EéÀ Sèπ◊ Å´÷túø’. S ü∆Eo ®Ω÷.204 èπ◊ éÌØ√oúø’. Å®·ûË P Ç ´Ææ’h´- ¤†’
t
áçûªèπ◊ éÌØ√oúø’?
N´-®Ωù: P éÌ†o-¢Á© = ®Ω÷.x Å†’èπ◊çõ‰,
n e
125 85 120
S éÌ†o-¢Á© = x ×  ×  × 
100 100 100
a .
125
∴ 204 = x ×  ×  × 
85 120
b h
100
100 100
100 100
100
t i
∴ x = 204 ×  ×  ×  = ®Ω÷.160
125 85 120
r a
∴ P éÌ†o-¢Á© = ®Ω÷.160
u p
9.
d
äéπ úéÀh È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ®Ω÷.40èπ◊ Å´÷túø’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-ü∆-EÂ°j 20% †≠ædç, È®çúÓü∆-
a
EÂ°j 20% ™«¶µºç §Òçü∆úø’. ¢Á·ûªhç O’ü¿ Åûª-úÕéÀ áçûª ¨»ûªç †≠ædç ™‰ü∆ -áç-ûª¨»ûªç ™«¶µº-ç
´*açC?
e n
w.e
N´-®Ωù: äÍé Ææçêuí¬ ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç, †≠æd-¨»ûªç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’
t
w w ( )
á©x-°æ¤púø÷
x2
 %
100
†≠æd¨»ûªç Öçô’çC.
n e
Ééπ\úø x = 20%
a .
∴
20 × 20
=  = 4%
b h
100
i
†≠æd-¨»ûªç
10.
t
äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á© ®Ω÷.20, ®Ω’Ææ’´· ®Ω÷.2 Å®·ûË ®Ω’Ææ’´· ¨»ûªç áçûª?
a
N´-®Ωù: ®Ω’Ææ’´· ¨»ûªç = -v®Ω’Ææ’-´· × 100
p r
u
°æ-éπ-ô-†- ¢Á©
2
d
=  × 100 = 10%
20
a
11.
e n
äéπ ÂÆjéÀ©’ v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á© ®Ω÷.1280. 10% ®Ω’Ææ’´· É*a ÅN’tûË ®Ω÷.72 ™«¶µºç ´Ææ’hçC.
.e
éÌ†o-¢Á© áçûª?
ww
N´-®Ωù: ÅN’t-†-¢Á© Åçõ‰ v°æéπ-ô-†- ¢Á-©™ 90%
w 90
∴ ÅN’t-†-¢Á© =  × 1280 =
100
®Ω÷.1152
∴ éÌ†o-¢Á© = ÅN’t-†-¢Á© - ™«¶µºç
= 1152 − 72 = ®Ω÷.1080.
12. 10%, 20%È®çúø’ ´®Ω’Ææ úÕ≤˘\ç-ö¸-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† úÕ≤˘\çö¸ áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: éÌ†o-¢Á© = 100 Å†’èπ◊çõ‰
90 80
= 100 ×  ×  = 72 e t
ÅN’t-†-¢Á©
100 100
. n
∴ ®Ω’Ææ’´· ¨»ûªç = 100 - 72 = 28%
h a
Ææ÷éπ~t-°æ-ü¿l¥A: x = 10, y = 20 Å†’éÓçúÕ
i b
xy
= x+y - 
a t
®Ω’Ææ’´· ¨»ûªç
100
p r
10 × 20
= 10 + 20 - 
d u
n a 100
.e e = 30 - 2 = 28%
w w ¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy´’uç
e t
w
äéπJ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´’çC úèπ◊h©’ Â°ô’d-•úø’©’ Â°öÀd ¢√u§ƒ®√Eo
n
E®Ωy£œ«çîªú≈Eo 'Ö´’túÕ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç—
.
a
™‰ü∆ '¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy´’uç— Åçö«®Ω’. ÉC È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬©’.
1)
b h
≤ƒ´÷†u ¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy´’uç: Â°ô’d-•-úø’-©†’ Ææ´÷† é¬™«EéÀ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç™ Â°úø-û√®Ω’. Éçü¿’™ Â°ô’d-
i
•-ú’ø © †’ç* ´’üµ¿u™ BÆæ’é- Ó-´ú- çø - ™- ü-‰ ∆ éπ©°- úæ çø Öçúøü¿’. ™«¶µº†- ≥- ƒd©- †’ Â°ô’d•- ú- ’ø © E≠æpA- h™
t
2)
°æçîª’è- π◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
r a
u p
Ææçßª·éπh ¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy´’uç: ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Â°ô’d-•-úø’-©†’ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ é¬™«-©èπ◊ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç™ Â°úøû√®Ω’. Éçü¿’™
Â°ô’d-•úø’-©’ ´’üµ¿u™ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a ™‰ü∆ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a. ™«¶µº-†-≥ƒd© E≠æpAh = Â°ô’d-•-úø’©’, ÅN
Öç*† é¬™«© ©¶«l¥© E≠æpAh.
a d
1.
e n
A, B ©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ®Ω÷.6300, ®Ω÷.4200 Â°ô’d-•-úø’-©ûÓ ¢√u§ƒ®√Eo v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î √®Ω’. Ææç´-ûªq-
.e
®√ç-û√† ¢√∞¡Ÿx §ÒçC† ™«¶µºç ®Ω÷.5000 Å®·ûË ™«¶µºç™ A ¢√ö« áçûª?
w ww
N´-®Ωù: ™«¶µ«Eo Â°ô’d-•-úø’© E≠æp-Ah™ °æçîª’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
Â°ô’d-•-úø’© E≠æpAh = 6300 4200 = 3 2: :
3
™«¶µºç™ 'A' ¢√ö« = 5000 ×  = ®Ω÷.3000
5
2. A, B©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ®Ω÷.12000, ®Ω÷.16000 Â°ô’d-•-úø’-©ûÓ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√®Ω’. 8 ØÁ©©
ûª®√yûª ®Ω÷.15000 Â°ô’d-•-úÕûÓ 'C' OJûÓ ïûª-éπ-L-¨»úø’. Ææç´-ûªq-®√ç-û√† ¢√∞¡Ÿx §ÒçC† ™«¶µºç
®Ω÷.66000 Å®·ûË 'C' ¢√ö« áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: ™«¶µ«Eo °æçîª’-èπ◊ØË E≠æpAh = Â°ô’d-•-úø’©’, ¢√öÀE Öç*† é¬™«© ©¶«l¥© E≠æpAh. e t
∴ ™«¶µ«©’ °æçîª’èπ◊ØË E≠æpAh = 12000 × 12 16000 × 12 15000 × 4
: :
. n
= 12 : 16 : 5
h a
'C' ¢√ö«
5
= 66000 ×  = ®Ω÷.10,000
i b
33
a t
3.
p r
®√´· ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*† éÌCl ´÷≤ƒ-©èπ◊ ®Ω£‘«ç†’ îË®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ¢√J Â°ô’d-•-úø’© E≠æpAh
4 5. Ææç´-ûªq-®√ç-û√† ™«¶µºç™ ®√´·, ®Ω£‘«ç ¢√ö«©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ®Ω÷.3300, ®Ω÷.2750 Å®·ûË
:
d
®Ω£‘«ç ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ á°æ¤púø’ îË®√úø’? u
a
N´-®Ωù: ®Ω£‘«ç ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ Ö†o é¬™«Eo 'x' ØÁ©©’ Å†’éÓçúÕ. ®√´· Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¢Á·ûªhç Åçõ‰ 12
n
e e
ØÁ©© é¬©ç ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’.
Â°ô’d-•-úø’© E≠æpAh × é¬™«© E≠æpAh = ™«¶µº-†-≥ƒd© E≠æpAh
.
w w 4 × 12 : 5 × x = 3300 : 2750
e t
w 

48 : 5x = 6 : 5

. n


5x × 6 = 48 × 5

h a
48 × 5
x =  =8 i b
5 × 6
ØÁ©©’.
a t
Åçõ‰ ®√´· ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*†
r
12 - 8 = 4
-v°æp-¨¡o-©’
ØÁ©© ûª®√yûª ®Ω£‘«ç -Åç--ü¿’-™ îË®√úø’.
1.
a du
®Ω-¢Ë’-≠ˇ äéπ Í®úÕ-ßÁ÷†’ ®Ω÷.700©èπ◊ éÌE ®Ω÷.630éÀ Å´÷túø’. †≠æd-¨»ûªç áçûª?
á) 10%
e n G) 15% Æœ) 13% úÕ) 20%
2.
e
äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ Ææ÷\ô-®Ω’†’ ®Ω÷.4085èπ◊ Å´’túøç ´©x 5% †≠ædç ´*açC. Å®·ûË Ææ÷\ô®Ω’ éÌ†o-
.
ww
¢Á© áçûª?
3. w á) ®Ω÷.4000 G) ®Ω÷.4300 Æœ) ®Ω÷.4500 úÕ) ®Ω÷.5000

äéπ ü¿’é¬-ù-ü∆-®Ω’úø’ úøï†’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ ®Ω÷.180 éÀ éÌE äéÌ\éπ\ °æ¤Ææhé¬Eo ®Ω÷.18 -îÌ°æ¤p-† ÅN’tûË
Åûª-úÕéÀ ´îËa ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç áçûª?
á) 5% G) 10% Æœ) 15% úÕ) 20%
4. †≠ædç 20% Å®·ûË éÌ†o-¢Á-©†’ à Gµ†oçûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh ÅN’t-†-¢Á© ´Ææ’hçC?
5 4 3 4
á)  -G)  Æœ)  -úÕ) 
4 5 4 3
e t
5.
n
äéπ ÉçöÀ êKü¿’ àö« éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûqª ®Ωç êKü¿’ éπçõ‰ 10% ûªí∫’û_ ª’çC. v°Ææ æ’hûª êKü¿’
®Ω÷.81000 Å®·ûË 2 Ææç´-ûqª ®- √© éÀçü- ¿ô- ÉçöÀ êKü¿’ áçûª?
.
á) ®Ω÷.85000 G) ®Ω÷.90,000
h
Æœ) ®Ω÷.1,00,000 a
úÕ) ®Ω÷.1,10,000
6.
i b
A äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ®Ω÷.800©èπ◊ éÌE B èπ◊ 10% ™«¶µ«-EéÀ Å´÷túø’. B ü∆Eo 5% †≥ƒd-EéÀ C
éÀ ÅN’tûË 'C' éÌ†o-¢Á© áçûª?
a t
á) ®Ω÷.800 G) ®Ω÷.836
p r Æœ) ®Ω÷.854 úÕ) ®Ω÷.902
7.
u
éÌ•sJ é¬ßª’-©†’ äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ®Ω÷.6 îÌ°æ¤p† Å´’tí¬ 20% ™«¶µºç ´ÊÆh, 100 éÌ•sJ é¬ßª’©’
d
a
éÌ†o-¢Á© áçûª?
8.
á) ®Ω÷.500
e n G) ®Ω÷.550 Æœ) ®Ω÷.540 úÕ) ®Ω÷.450
äéπ õ‰•’™¸ éÌ†o-¢Á© ®Ω÷.250, v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á© ®Ω÷.300. v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á©Â°j áçûª ¨»ûªç ´·ü¿®√
.e
(®Ω’Ææ’-´·/-úÕ-≤˘\çö¸) É*a ÅN’tûË éÌ†o-¢Á-©Â°j 20% ™«¶µºç ´Ææ’hçC?
w t
w w
á) 2 23 % G) 2
5 %
3
Æœ) 4 23 % úÕ) 6%
2
n
3 e
9.
a .
äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ v°æéπ-ô† ¢Á© ®Ω÷.250. DEÂ°j 10% ®Ω’Ææ’´· É*a ÅN’tûË ÅN’t-†-¢Á© áçûª?
á) ®Ω÷.200 G) ®Ω÷.225
b
Æœ) ®Ω÷.215 húÕ) ®Ω÷.210
10. A, B ©’ ´®ΩÆ
t i
- íæ ¬ ®Ω÷.1600, ®Ω÷.1800 ©ûÓ ¢√u§ƒ®√Eo v§ƒ®ΩçGµçî√®Ω’. Ææç´-ûqª ®- √ç-û√† ¢√∞¡Ÿx
§ÒçC† ™«¶µºç ®Ω÷.5440 Å®·ûË B ¢√ö« áçûª?
r a
á) ®Ω÷.2560 G) ®Ω÷.2880
u p Æœ) ®Ω÷.2920 úÕ) ®Ω÷.2620
11.
d
A, B ©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ®Ω÷.500, ®Ω÷.600 ©ûÓ ¢√u§ƒ®√Eo v§ƒ®ΩçGµçî√®Ω’. Ææç´-ûªq-®√çû√† ´*a†
a
™«¶µºç™ B ¢√ö« ®Ω÷.120. Å®·ûË ´*a† ¢Á·ûªhç ™«¶µºç áçûª?
e
á) ®Ω÷.180 n G) ®Ω÷.200 Æœ) ®Ω÷.220 úÕ) ®Ω÷.240
12.
.e
®√´· ®Ω÷.3000 Â°-ô’d•-úÕûÓ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√úø’. 4 ØÁ©© ûª®√yûª v°æ≤ƒü˛ ®Ω÷.2000 Â°-
ww
ô’d-•-úÕûÓ îË®√úø’. Ææç´-ûªq-®√ç-û√† ´*a† ™«¶µºç ®Ω÷.2600 Å®·ûË v°æ≤ƒü˛ ¢√ö« áçûª?
w
á) ®Ω÷.800 G) ®Ω÷.1000 Æœ) ®Ω÷.750 úÕ) ®Ω÷.900
Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’
1-–á; 2-–G; 3-–úÕ; 4-–G; 5–-Æœ; 6–-G; 7–-á; 8–-úÕ; 9–-G; 10-–G; 11-–Æœ; 12–-á.
áÆ‘b-öÃ – í∫-ùÀ-ûªç (éπçõ„çö¸)

≤ƒ´÷†u ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«©’
e t
äéπöÀ ™‰ü∆ Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ îª®Ω-®√-¨¡Ÿ©’ Ö†o ¢√öÀE 'ÅE-Paûª ¢√é¬u©’— Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: ax + b = c (a ≠ 0)
. n
9x + 5y = 7
h a

i b
àüÁjØ√ ÅE-Paûª ¢√éπuç™ Ææ´÷-†ûªyç í∫’®Ω’h (=) Öçõ‰ Ç ¢√é¬uEo 'ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωùç— Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: x + 3 = 5
a t

r
x ßÁ·éπ\ à N©’-´èπ◊ ÅE-Paûª ¢√éπuç Ææûªu´’´¤ûª’çüÓ Ç N©’-´†’ '≤ƒüµ¿† ÆæN’A— Åçö«®Ω’.
p
Öü∆: 8x + 2 = 10
d u
x=1 n a
8x = 10 − 2 = 8
.e e
∴ x ≤ƒüµ¿† ÆæN’A = {1}

w w e t
x, y ÅØË È®çúø’ îª®Ω-®√-¨¡Ÿ-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ† v°æü∑¿´’ °æJ-´÷ù ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«Eo È®çúø’ îª®Ω-®√-¨¡Ÿ-© 'Í®&ßª’
w
ÆæO’éπ-®Ωùç— Åçö«®Ω’.
. n
a
i) Í®&ßª’ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωù ®Ω÷°æç ax + by + c = 0 á©x°æ¤púø÷ äéπ Ææ®Ω-∞¡-Í®-ê†’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.
h
b
ii) äéπ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«Eo ûª%°œh-°æJîË N©’-´© ïûª†’ Ç ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ '´‚™«©’— ™‰ü∆ '≤ƒüµ¿†—
i
t
Åçö«®Ω’.

a
(x, y) ÅØË véπ´’-ßª·-í∫tç™ x†’ 'v°æü∑¿´’ E®Ω÷-°æéπç— ÅF, y †’ 'CyBßª’ E®Ω÷-°æéπç— Åçö«®Ω’.
r

p
x, y îª®Ω-®√-¨¡Ÿ-©èπ◊ à ÆæN’A †’ç* N©’-´-©†’ á†’o-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Á÷ Ç ÆæN’-AE '°æ¤†”-≤ƒn-°æ† ÆæN’A—
u
d
Åçö«®Ω’.

n a
È®çúø’ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ ûª%°œh-°æ-JîË v°æA véπ´’-ßª·í∫tç Ç ïûª ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-©èπ◊ ≤ƒüµ¿†
.e
Åçö«®Ω’. e
Å´¤ûª’çC. É™«çöÀ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-©†’ 'Ææ´’-Eyûª ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«©’— ™‰ü∆ 'Í®&ßª’ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«©’—
ww
Ñ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-©†’
w
(i) îª®®Ω- √P ûÌ©-Tç°æ¤ °æüA ¿¥l (Method of Elimination)
(ii) v°æA-Íé ~-°æù °æü¿l¥A (Method of Substitution)
™«çöÀ È®çúø’ °æü¿l¥-ûª’© ü∆y®√ ≤ƒCµç-îª-´îª’a.
Í®&ßª’ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωù ú´-Æænèπ◊ Å°æ-J-N’ûª ≤ƒüµ¿-†©’ Öçõ‰ ¢√öÀE '°æ®Ω-Ææp-®√-üµ∆®Ω ú´-Ææn©’— Åçö«®Ω’.
ÉN âéπu-Í®-ê©’ Å´¤-û√®·.

e t
àüÁjØ√ ÆæO’-éπ®Ωù«Eo äéπ Æœn®Ω ÆæçêuûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh, È®çúÓ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωùç ´ÊÆh, Å™«çöÀ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«©
ú´Ææn†’ °æ®Ω-Ææp-®√-üµ∆®Ω ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωù ú´Ææn Åçö«®Ω’.
. n
Öü∆: ax + by + c = 0 , kax + kby + kc = 0 ÅØËN °æ®Ω-Ææp-®√-üµ∆®Ω ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«©’ Å´¤-û√®·.

h a
E®Ω÷-°æéπ ú´-Ææn™ Åúø’f-Í®-ê†’ 'X−Åéπ~ç— ÅF, E©’-´¤-Í®-ê†’ 'Y−Åéπ~ç— ÅF Åçö«®Ω’. Åúø’f,
b
E©’´¤ Í®ê© êçúø† Gçü¿’-´¤†’ 'ÇC-Gç-ü¿’´¤— ™‰ü∆ ´‚© Gçü¿’´¤ (0, 0) Åçö«®Ω’.
i

a t
x = 2 ÅØË Í®ë«*vûªç Y−Åé~¬-EéÀ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ ü∆EéÀ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj-°æ¤í¬ 2 ßª‚Eôx ü¿÷®Ωç™

Öç-ô’ç-C.
p r
y = 2 ÅØË Í®ë«*vûªç X−Åé~¬-EéÀ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ ü∆EéÀ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj-°æ¤í¬ 2 ßª‚Eôx ü¿÷®Ωç™
d u Y
a
Öç-ô’ç-C.
3 −1
n
x=2
2 −2
.e e X1 −0
1
−3
y=2
w w −3 −2 −1
−1
−2
1 2 3
e t
w −3
. n
Y1
h a
E®Ω÷-°æéπ ú´-Ææn-™E 4 ¶µ«í¬-©†’ Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4í¬ í∫’JhÊÆh
i b
(i) 1´ §ƒü¿ç Q1 ™ x, y E®Ω÷-°æ-é¬© í∫’®Ω’h©’
a t
(+, +); [x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0]
(−, +); [x ≤ 0, y ≥ 0]
p r
(ii) 2´ §ƒü¿ç Q2 ™ x, y E®Ω÷-°æ-é¬© í∫’®Ω’h©’
(−, −); [x ≤ 0, y ≤ 0]
d u
(iii) 3´ §ƒü¿ç Q3 ™ x, y E®Ω÷-°æ-é¬© í∫’®Ω’h©’
(iv) 4´ §ƒü¿ç Q4 ™ x, y E®Ω÷-°æ-é¬© í∫’®Ω’h©’ (+, −); [x ≥ 0, y ≤ 0]
n a
.e e Q2
(−, +)
3
2
Q1
(+, +)
ww
1
x1 x
w −3 −2
Q3
−1
−1
−2
1 2
Q4
3
(−, −) −3 (+, −)
Y1
(i) X−Åéπ~çÂ°j y E®Ω÷-°æéπç '0' é¬•öÀd X−Åé~¬-EéÀ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωùç y = 0
(ii) Y−Åéπ~çÂ°j x E®Ω÷-°æéπç '0' é¬•öÀd Y−Åé~¬-EéÀ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωùç x = 0
y = mx ví¬°∂ˇ
e t
(i) y = mx Í®ë«-*vûªç ÇC-Gç-ü¿’´¤ ü∆y®√ §Úûª’çC.
. n
(ii) ÉC äéπ Ææ®Ω-∞¡-Í®ê
h a
(iii) ÉC 1, 3 §ƒü∆© ü∆y®√ §Úûª’çC. (m üµ¿Ø√-ûªt-éπ-¢Á’iûË)
i b
Y
a t
=
r
m
x
up
y
X1 X
o
a d y
=
−m
x
.e en Y1
w w
(iv) m ®Ω’ù«ûªt-éπ¢Á’i-ûË 2, 4 §ƒü∆© ü∆y®√ §Úûª’çC.
e t

w y = −mx +c Í®ê
. n
(i) DEo ¢√©’ (m), Åçûª-®Ω-êçúøç (c) í¬ Ö†o ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωùç Åçö«®Ω’.
h a
(ii) ÉC ´‚©-Gç-ü¿’´¤ ü∆y®√ §Úü¿’.
i b
(iii) ÉC äéπ Ææ®Ω-∞¡-Í®ê.
a t
(iv) Ñ Í®ë«-*vûªç
p r
Y−Åé~¬Eo (0, c) Gçü¿’´¤ ´ü¿l êçúÕ-Ææ’hçC.
(i) È®çúø’
du
Í®ê©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®√™„jûË ¢√öÀ ¢√©’©’ Ææ´÷†ç
a
(m1 = m2)
−1. (m1.m2 = −1)

(ii) È®çúø’
X−Åéπ~çe =0
n
Í®ê©’ ©ç•çí¬ Öçõ‰ ¢√öÀ ¢√©’© ©•l¥ç
.e ¢√©’
ww
N´-®Ωù: X−Åéπ~çÂ°j ÖçúË CyBßª’ E®Ω÷-°æéπç y = 0 é¬•öÀd y = mx + c ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh,
w y = 0.x + 0
∴ Í®ê¢√©’ = x í∫’ùéπç =0
é¬•öÀd X− Åéπ~ç ¢√©’ = 0
Y−Åéπ~ç
¢√©’†’ E®Ωy-*ç-îª™‰ç.
N´-®Ωù: Y−Åéπ~çÂ°j ÖçúË v°æA v°æü∑¿´’ E®Ω÷-°æéπç x=0
y = mx + c ü∆y®√
y−c e t
m= 
x é¬•öÀd
. n
y-c
h a
m =  ['0' ûÓ
0
¶µ«í∫£æ…®√Eo E®Ωy-*çîª™‰ç]
i b
é¬•öÀd Y−Åéπ~ç ¢√©’†’ E®Ωy-*ç-îª™‰ç.
a t

a1 b1
 =  =  ®Ω÷°æç™
c1
p r
u
a2 b2 c2
ÖçúË ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-©†’ ÅÆæç-í∫ûª ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωù«©E Åçö«®Ω’.

a d
a1x + b1y = c1 ⇒ a1x + b1y − c1 = 0 ....... (1)
n
a2x + b2y = c2 ⇒ a2x + b2y − c2 = 0 ....... (2)
e
w.e
(1) , (2) ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«© ≤ƒüµ¿† N©’-´©’
t
w w b2c1 − b1c2 c2a1 − c1a2
x =  ; y = 
a1b2 − a2b1 n e
>, <, ≥ , ≤
a1b2 - a2b1
a .
í∫’®Ω’h-©ûÓ Ö†o ¢√öÀE ÅÆæ-O’-éπ-®Ω-ù«©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
h

ax + b é¬í¬ ´’®Ó Å®Ωl¥-ûª©ç y < ax + b †’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.
t ib
y = ax + b ÅØË Í®ê ûª™«Eo È®çúø’ Å®Ωl¥-ûª-™«-©’í¬ N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC. Åçü¿’™ äéπ Å®Ωl¥-ûª©ç y>
1. 2x + 3y = 4 Í®ê ¢√©’ áçûª?

r a
á) 2 G) 3 u p −2

2
úÕ) 
N´-®Ωù: 2x + 3y = 4 †’ a d
y = mx + c
Æœ) 3 3
e n −2x
®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh
.e
3y = −2x + 4 y= +
3
4
3
w
¢√©’ ww −2
(m) =  (x í∫’ùéπç)
3
ÆæçéÀ~°æh °æ-ü¿l¥-A:
−x í∫’ùéπç −2
Í®ê-¢√©’ (m) =  =  ï¢√•’: Æœ.
y í∫’ùéπç 3
2x 10
2.  = ≤ƒüµ¿† ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.
5 3
á) 25 25
G)  25
Æœ)  úÕ) 25

e t
2 4
. n3
N´-®Ωù:
2x
 =
5
10
3
h a
i b
(Åúøf í∫’ù-é¬®Ωç îËÊÆh)
10 × 5
a t
2x × 3 = 10 × 5 ⇒ 2x = 
 3
p r
10 × 5
x =  ; x= 
25
d u
2×3 3
n a ï¢√•’: úÕ.
3.
e
y = 2x +1; y = 2x - 1 Í®ê©’–
.e
w w
á) Ææ´÷--†ç G) Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωç Æœ) ©ç-•ç úÕ) àDé¬ü¿’
e t
w
N´-®Ωù: ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Í®ê ¢√©’ (m1) = 2 (x í∫’ùéπç)
. n
È®çúÓ Í®ê ¢√©’ (m2) = 2
h a
i b
È®çúø’ Í®ê© ¢√©’©’ Ææ´÷†ç. é¬•öÀd É*a† È®çúø’ Í®ê©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®√©’. ï¢√•’: G
t
4. (3, 7) ÅØË Gçü¿’´¤, x− Åéπ~ç †’ç* áEo ßª‚Eôx ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçô’çC?
a
á) 7 G) 3
r
Æœ) 10
p
úÕ) 4
u
N´-®Ωù: x− Åéπ~ç †’ç* ü¿÷®√Eo éπ†’éÓ\´ú≈-EéÀ x− Åé~¬-EéÀ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj-°æ¤í¬, Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o y E®Ω÷-
d
a
°æéπç (CyBßª’ E®Ω÷-°æéπç) N©’-´†’ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L.
n
.e e
é¬•öÀd (3, 7) Gçü¿’-´¤™ Y E®Ω÷-°æéπç = 7
ww
ï¢√•’: -á
5. y = 2x + 7 ™ Y− Åçûª®Ω êçú≈Eo éπ†’-éÓ\çúÕ.
wá) 2 G) 7 Æœ) −2 úÕ) −7

N´-®Ωù: y = 2x + 7 Í®ê y = mx + c ®Ω÷°æç™ ÖçC. Dçöx 'c' E Y Åçûª®Ωêçúøç Åçö«®Ω’.
é¬•öÀd É*a† y = 2x + 7 ™ Y Åçûª®Ωêçúøç = 7. ï¢√•’: -G.
6. y = mx + c Í®ê Y− Åé~¬Eo êçúÕçîË Gçü¿’´¤†’ éπ†’-éÓ\çúÕ.
á) (0, c) G) (c, 0) Æœ) (−c, 0) úÕ) ( −
c
m , 0)
N´-®Ωù: y = mx + c Í®ê Y− Åé~¬Eo êçúÕç-î√-©çõ‰ x = 0 é¬¢√L. e t
é¬•öÀd y = m (0) + c ⇒ y = 0 + c y = c
. n
∴ (x, y) = (0, c)
h a
b
ï¢√•’: á
x + y = 6, x − y = 4 Å®·ûË x, y N©’´©†’
7. ûÁ©°æçúÕ.
i
á) (6, 2)
N´-®Ωù: x + y = 6 .... (1)
G) (3, 3)
r at
Æœ) (5, 1) úÕ) (1, 5)
x − y = 4 ..... (2)

u p
2x = 10
a d
10
x= =5
2
e n
w.e
x N©’-´†’ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωùç (1) ™ v°æA-Íé~°œÊÆh
t
w
x+y=6 ⇒ 5+y =6 ⇒y=6−5 =1
w n e
∴ x = 5, y = 1
a . ï¢√•’: Æœ
1. ax + by + c = 0 , 8ax + 8by + 8c = 0 ®Ω÷°æç™
h
ÖçúË ÆæO’-éπ-®Ωù ú´Ææn–
b
2.
á) Ææçí∫ûª G) ÅÆæç-í∫ûª
x + y = 10 E ûª%°œh°æ®Ω-îª-E véπ´’-ßª·í∫t¢Ë’C?
t i
Æœ) °æ®Ω-Ææp-®√-üµ∆®Ω úÕ) à-Dé¬ü¿’
á) (4, 6) G) (8, 2)
r a Æœ) (8, 3) úÕ) (5, 5)
3.
u
y = mx Í®ë«-*vûªç à §ƒü∆© ü∆y®√ §Úûª’çC? p
á) 1, 3
a d
G) 1, 4 Æœ) 2, 3 úÕ) 1, 2
4.
e n
CyBßª’ E®Ω÷-°æ-é¬-EéÀ, v°æü∑¿´’ E®Ω÷-°æ-é¬-EéÀ Ö†o E≠æpAhE à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?
.e G) X − Åéπ~ç Æœ) Y − Åéπ~ç
ww
á) Åçûª-®Ω-êçúøç úÕ) ¢√©’
5. (6, 10) ÅØË Gçü¿’´¤ Y-Åéπ~ç †’ç* áEo ßª‚Eôx ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçô’çC.
6.
w
á) 6 G) 10
x > 0, y < 0 ÖçúË §ƒü¿¢Ë’C?
Æœ) 16 úÕ) 4
á) Q1 G) Q2 Æœ) Q3 úÕ) Q4
7. °æ®Ω-Ææp-®√-üµ∆®Ω ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-©èπ◊ ≤ƒüµ¿-†©’–
á) 1 G) 2 Æœ) Å°æ-J-N’ûªç úÕ) 3
8. 2x = 3y à Gçü¿’´¤ ü∆y®√ §Úûª’çC?
e t
á) (0, 0) G) (2, 3) Æœ) (3, 2) úÕ) (−1, 0)
. n
9.
á) 3x + 2y < 75 h
G) 3x + 2y > 75
a
3x + 2y N©’´ 75 éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. DEo Ææ÷*çîË ÅÆæ-O’-éπ-®Ωùç àC?
Æœ) 3x + 2y ≥ 75 i b
t
úÕ) 3x + 2y = 75
a
Ææ´÷üµ∆-Ø√©’: 1) G 2) Æœ 3) á 4) úÕ 5) á
p r
6) úÕ 7) Æœ 8) á 9) Æœ.
d u ®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Èé. -´·®Ω-S-¢Á÷£æ«-Ø˛®√-V
n a
.e e
w w e t
w . n
h a
i b
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
e t
n
E≠æpAh – Å†’-§ƒûªç
È®çúø’
.
®√¨¡Ÿ-©†’ ¶µ«í∫-£æ…®Ωç ü∆y®√ §Ú©a-úø¢Ë’ E≠æpAh. (™‰ü∆) äéπ-®√-PéÀ ´’®Ó-®√P áEo-È®ô’x ™‰ü∆
a
h
áØÓo´çûª’ ÅE ûÁLÊ°üË E≠æpAh. Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ §Ú©’Ææ’h†o È®çúø’ ®√¨¡Ÿ©’ äÍé ñ«AéÀ îÁçC-†-¢Áj -Öç-ú≈L
™‰ü∆ äÍé v°æ´÷ù«™x Öçú≈L.
★
i b
a, b ®√¨¡Ÿ© E≠æp-AhE a : b í¬ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. Éçü¿’™ 'a' E °æ‹®Ωy°æü¿ç, 'b' E °æ®Ω-°æü¿ç Åçö«®Ω’.
DEo αβ ÅE èπÿú≈ ®√ßª’-´îª’a.
a t
★
p r
E≠æp-Ah-™E °æ‹®Ωy, °æ®Ω- °æ-ü∆-©†’ 'Ææ’-Ø√o—ûÓ Ææ´÷†çé¬-E àüÁjØ√ üµ¿† °æ‹®√gçéπçûÓ í∫’ùÀç-*Ø√
™‰ü∆ ¶µ«Tç-*Ø√ ü∆E N©’´ ´÷®Ωü¿’.
d u
n a
Öü∆: 2 : 3 E≠æp-AhE '3—ûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh 6 : 9 Å´¤-ûª’çC. '4—ûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh 8 : 12 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Åçõ‰ 2 : 3 = 6 : 9 = 8 : 12 ... Å´¤-ûª’çC.
e e
N™´’ E≠æpAh: a : b N™´’ E≠æpAh b : a ™‰ü∆
.
1

a
w w
: 
b
1
Å´¤-ûª’çC.
e t
w . n
a
í∫´’-Eéπ: E≠æp-AhE GµØ√o-©’í¬ ®√-ßª’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Ææ÷éπ~ t-°æü∆™x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ®√-ßª÷L.
Öü∆: 3 : 4 N™´’ E≠æpAh áçûª?
b h
3 : 4 N™´’ E≠æpAh 1
3
1
=: 
4
t i
1
:=
1 4 : 3
p ra
DEo Ææ÷éπ~ t-°æ-ü∆-™xéÀ ´÷®Ωaú≈-EéÀ 3, 4 © éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. éπ†’-éÓ\-¢√L. éπ.≤ƒ.í∫’. = 12 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
3 4 12
d u
n a
É°æ¤púø’ éπ.≤ƒ.-í∫’. †’ °æJí∫-ùÀç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
1
: 
3
.e e 1
4
ÅØËC 4 : 3 éÀ Ææ´÷†ç Å´¤-ûª’çC.
w ww •£æ›∞¡ E≠æpAh (N’v¨¡´’ E≠æpAh)

é¬•öÀd 3 : 4 N™´’ E≠æpAh = 4 : 3.
a:b, c:d, e:f © N’v¨¡´’ E≠æpAh = ace : bdf. Åç-õ‰

°æ‹®Ωy-°æ-ü∆© ©•lç : °æ®Ω-°æ-ü∆© ©•lç
Öü∆: 5 : 7, 2 : 3, 4 : 5 © •£æ›∞¡ E≠æpAh
5 2 4 8
=  ×  ×  =  = 8 : 21.
7 3 5 21
e t
E≠æp-ûª’h-©†’ §Ú©aúøç
. n
h a
È®çúø’ E≠æp-ûª’h-©†’ -§Ú-©a-ú≈-EéÀ -´·ç-ü¿’í¬ -¢√-öÀ-E Gµ†o ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√Æœ, £æ…®√©’ Ææ´÷†ç
îËßª’úøç ü∆y®√ §Ú©a-´îª’a.
Öü∆: 2 : 3, 4 : 5 ©™ àC Â°ü¿lC?
i b
2
 E '5—
10
 a t
3
ûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh 15
Å´¤ûª’çC.
p r
4
 E '3—ûÓ
12

d u
5 15
a
í∫’ùÀÊÆh Å´¤ûª’çC.
Åçõ‰ 10

15
e
12
n
<  ⇒ 2 : 3 < 4 : 5 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
15
w.e t
w
Å†’-§ƒûªç
w È®çúø’ E≠æp-ûª’h© Ææ´÷†û√yEo Å†’-§ƒûªç Åçö«®Ω’.
n e
™‰ü∆
a .
h
a : b = c : d Å®·ûË a, b, c, d ÅØË Ø√©’í∫’ ®√¨¡Ÿ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ ÖØ√oßª’E Åçö«®Ω’.
b
DEo a : b : : c : d í¬ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.
t i [Å†’-§ƒûªç í∫’®Ω’h ::]
a
Éçü¿’™ b, c ©†’ ´’üµ¿u-´÷©’, a, d ©†’ Åçû√u©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
r
p
Å†’-§ƒûªç™ Åçû√u© ©•lç = ´’-üµ¿u-´÷© ©•lç.
u
d
a : b = c : d Å®·ûË ad = bc Å´¤-ûª’çC.
a Å†’-§ƒûª ´’üµ¿u-´’ç
a, b ©
e n
Å†’-§ƒûª ´’üµ¿u´’ç 'x' Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰
.e
a : x = x : b Å´¤ûª’çC.
w ww
Åçõ‰ x × x = a × b ⇒ x2 = ab ⇒ x = √ a b Å´¤ûª’çC.

∴ x = √ ab
Öü∆: 3, 27, © Å†’-§ƒûª ´’üµ¿u´’ç áçûª?
Ééπ\úø a = 3, b = 27 Å®·ûË
 
x = √ ab = √ 3 × 27 = √ 81 = 9.

Å†’-§ƒûª ûª%Bßª’ °æü¿ç

a, b-© Å†’-§ƒûªûª%Bßª’ °æü∆Eo 'x' Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰
e t
a : b = b : x Å´¤ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ a × x = b × b
. n
b2
x=
a
Å´¤ûª’çC. b2
∴x= 
a
h a
Öü∆: 16, 8 © Å†’-§ƒûª ûª%Bßª’ °æü¿ç áçûª?
i b
Ééπ\úø a = 16, b = 8 Å®·ûË
a t
b2 82 64
x =  =  =  = 4.
p r
a 16 16
d u
a, b, c ©
n aÅ†’- §ƒûª -îª-ûª’®Ωn °æü¿ç
Å†’-§ƒûª îªûª’-®Ωl¥ °æü∆Eo 'x' Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰ a : b = c : x Å´¤ûª’çC.
e e
Åç-õ‰ a × x = b × c
.
-
w w
bc
x=  ∴x= 
bc
e t
w a
4, 6, 8
a
. n
Öü∆: © Å†’-§ƒûª îªûª’®Ωn °æü¿ç áçûª?
a = 4, b = 6, c = 8 Å®·ûË
h a
bc 6×8
x =  =  = 12 i b
a 4
a t
r
È®çúø’ ®√¨¡Ÿ©’ äéπ ü∆EÂ°j ´’®Ì-éπöÀ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç:
p
1.
d u
Å†’-™-´÷-†’-§ƒûªç-: äéπ ®√P Â°J-TûË È®çúÓ-®√P èπÿú≈ Â°®Ω’í∫’-ûª’ç-C. ™‰ü∆ äéπ ®√P ûªT_ûË
a
È®çúÓ ®√P èπÿú≈ ûªí∫’_-ûª’ç-C. -É-™« ïJ-TûË Ç È®çúø’ ®√¨¡Ÿ©’ Å†’™-´÷†’§ƒûªç™ ÖØ√o-ßª’E
e n
îÁ°æp-´îª’a.
x, y ®√¨¡Ÿ©’ Å†’-™ -´÷-†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰ x µ y -Å-E ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.
.e x
Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 
ww
y N©’´ Æœn®√çéπç (K) Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ x = Ky Å´¤ûª’çC.
w
Öü∆: äéπ Â°†’o üµ¿®Ω ®Ω÷.10 Å®·ûË 15 Â°†’o© üµ¿®Ω áçûª?
Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Â°†’o© Ææçêu Â°J-ÍíéÌDl ¢√öÀ üµ¿®Ω èπÿú≈ Â°®Ω’í∫’ûª’çC.
2. N™-´÷-†’-§ƒûªç: äéπ ®√P Â°J-TûË È®çúÓ-®√P ûªí∫_úøç ™‰ü∆ äéπ-®√P ûªT_ûË È®çúÓ-®√P Â°®Ωí∫úøç.-
É-™« ïJ-TûË Ç È®çúø’®√¨¡Ÿ©’ N™-´÷-†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ ÖØ√o-ßª’E îÁ°æp-´îª’a.
1
x, y ®√¨¡Ÿ©’ N™-´÷-†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰ x∝ ÅE ®√≤ƒhç. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ xy N©’´
y
K
(K) x=
t
Æœn®√çéπç Å´¤-ûª’çC. y
Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Öü∆: 5 ´’çC úèπ◊h©’ äéπ °æEE 8 ®ÓV™x îËÊÆh 12 ´’çC úèπ◊h©’ ÅüË °æEE áEo ®ÓV™x °æ‹Jh
n e
îË≤ƒh®Ω’?
a .
Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ úèπ◊h© Ææçêu Â°JÍí éÌDl °æECØ√© Ææçêu ûªí∫’_-ûª’çC.
b h
1. '6 ®ÓV©’ : 2 ¢√®√©, 4 ®ÓV©’— E≠æp-AhE éπE≠æe °æü∆™x ûÁ©°æçúÕ.
t i
N´-®ùΩ : È®çúø’ ®√¨¡Ÿ©- †÷ äÍé v°´æ ÷ù«™xéÀ ´÷JÊÆh..
6 ®ÓV©’ : 18 ®ÓV©’ = 6 : 18 = 1 : 3.
r a
2.
u p
a : b = 3 : 4, b : c = 5 : 7 Å®·ûË a : b : c N©’´ áçûª?
a d
N´-®ùΩ : È®çúø’ E≠æpûª’h™x 'b' ®√PE Ææ´÷†ç îËßª÷L.
e n
DE éÓÆæç a : b = 3 : 4 †’ 5ûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh 15 : 20 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
.e
b : c = 5 : 7 †’ 4ûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh 20 : 28 Å´¤ûª’çC.
w t
w w
É°æ¤púø’ a : b : c = 15 : 20 : 28 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
n e
Ææ÷éπ~t °æü¿l¥A:
3 : 4
a .
(a) (b) (c) ⇒ a : b : c = 15 : 20 : 28
b h
5 : 7
t i
3 5 3 2
p : q =  : , q : r =  :  r a
3.
5 7 4 5
u p
Å®·ûË p : q : r N©’´ áçûª?
3 5
p : q =  :  =  = 21 : 25
a d
21 : 25
N´-®Ωù:
e n5 7 35
.e 3 2 15 : 8
q : r =  :  =  = 15 : 8
ww
4 5 20
w 21
p
:
q
25
r ⇒ p : q : r = 315 : 375 : 200
15 : 8 = 63 : 75 : 40.
4. È®çúø’ Ææçêu© E≠æpAh 7 : 12. à éπE≠æe Ææçêu†’ éπL°œûË ¢√öÀ E≠æpAh 2 : 3 Å´¤-ûª’çC?
N´-®Ωù: éπ©-§ƒ-Lq† Ææçêu†’ 'x' Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰
7+x
 =  (Åúøf
2
í∫’ù-é¬®Ωç îËÊÆh)
e t
12 + x 3
3(7 + x) = 2(12 + x) ⇒ 21 + 3x = 24 + 2x
. n
3x - 2x = 24 − 21 ⇒ x = 3.
h a
7 : 12
i b
t
Ææ÷éπ~t °æü¿l¥A:
2 : 3
= 24 – 21 = 3.
r a
5.
u p
äéπ ÖüÓuT Çü∆ßª’ç, N’í∫’©’ E≠æpAh 11 : 2. Ç ÖüÓuT ê®Ω’a ®Ω÷. 5346
d
Å®·ûË ¢Á·ûªhç
Çü∆ßª’ç áçûª?
n a
N´-®Ωù: Çü∆ßª’ç = 11x ; N’í∫’©’ = 2x Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰
.e e
Çü∆ßª’ç – N’í∫’©’ = ê®Ω’a
w w 11x − 2x = 5346
e t
w 9x = 5346
. n
∴
x = 594.
h a
Çü∆ßª’ç = 11x
= 11 × 594 = 6534. i b
t
9 ¶µ«í¬©’ = 5346 Å®·ûË 11 ¶µ«í¬©’ = ?
p ra
Ææ÷éπ~t °æü¿l¥A: ü¿û√hç¨¡ç †’ç* Çü∆ßª’ ¶µ«í¬©’ = 11, N’í∫’©’ ¶µ«í¬©’ = 2, ê®Ω’a ¶µ«í¬©’ = 9.
11
 × 5346 = 6534. d u
9
a
6.
.e en
äéπ D®Ω` îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ-é¬®Ω §Òúø´¤, ¢Áúø-©’p©’ 4 : 3 E≠æp-Ah™ ÖØ√o®·. ü∆E §Òúø´¤
Å®·ûË îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª áçûª?
64 O’ô®Ω’x
w ww
N´-®ùΩ : §Òúø´¤ = 4x O’., ¢Áú©ø ’p = 3x O’ Å†’èπ◊çõ‰
ü¿û√hç¨¡ç v°æé¬®Ωç 4x = 64 ⇒ x =16
îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª = 2(l + b)
= 2(4x + 3x) =14x =14 × 16 = 224 O’.
Ææ÷éπ~t °æü¿l¥A: 4 ¶µ«í¬©’ = 64 O’.
= 2(4 + 3) = 14 = ?
t
îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª ¶µ«í¬©’
14
 = 64 = 224
n e
.
O’.
4
7.
h
äéπ Ææç*™ 25 Â°jÆæ©’, 10 Â°jÆæ©’, 5 Â°jÆæ© Ø√ù‰©’ 1 : 2 : 3 E≠æp-Ah™ ÖØ√o®·. Ææç*™-a
E ¢Á·ûªhç Ø√ù‰©’ 72 Å®·ûË 5 Â°jÆæ© Ø√ù‰©’ áEo?
i b
N´-®Ωù: 25 Â°jÆæ© Ø√ù‰©’ = x
a t
10 Â°jÆæ© Ø√ù‰©’ = 2x
p r
5 Â°jÆæ© = 3x Å†’èπ◊çõ‰
d u
a
Ø√ù‰©’
e
ü¿û√hç¨¡ç v°æé¬®Ωç
n
.e
¢Á·ûªhç Ø√ù‰©’
w
= 72
t
w w x + 2x + 3x = 72
n e
6x = 72
a .
x = 12
b h
∴5 Â°jÆæ© Ø√ù‰©’ = 3x = 3 × 12 = 36
t i
Ææ÷éπ~t °æü¿l¥A: ¢Á·ûªhç Ø√ù‰©’ (1 + 2 + 3) = 6
r a¶µ«í¬©’ = 72 èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç.

5 Â°jÆæ© Ø√ù‰©’ = 3 ¶µ«í¬©’
u
= ?
p
3
 × 72 = 36.
a d
6
e n
8. 10
.e
°æ¤Ææh-é¬© ¢Á© ®Ω÷. 75 Å®·ûË 25 °æ¤Ææh-é¬© ¢Á© áçûª?
N´-®Ωù 1:
w ww10 °æ¤Ææh-é¬© ¢Á©
-äéπ °æ¤Ææhéπç ¢Á©

75
=  =
= ®Ω÷.75
®Ω÷.7.5
10
25 °æ¤Ææh-é¬© ¢Á© = 25 × 7.5 = ®Ω÷.187.5

N´-®Ωù 2: É*a† Ææ´’Ææu Å†’-™-´÷-†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ ÖçC.
é¬•öÀd °æ¤Ææh-é¬© Ææçêu© E≠æpAh = üµ¿®Ω© E≠æpAh.
10 : 25 = 75 : x
10 × x = 25 × 75 e t
25 × 75
. n
x =  = ®Ω÷. 187.5.
10
h a
Ææ÷éπ~t °æü¿l¥A: 10°æ¤Ææh-é¬© ¢Á© = ®Ω÷.75
i b
25 °æ¤Ææh-é¬© ¢Á© = ?
a t
25
 × 75 =
10
®Ω÷.187.5.
p r
d u
a
– -Èé. ´·®Ω-S-¢Á÷£æ«-Ø˛®√-V
e n
w.e t
w w n e
a .
bh
t i
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
Ææç¶µ«-úûª
e t
üÁj†ç-C† @N-ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ äéπ °∂æ’ô† ïJÍí Å´-é¬¨¡ç í∫’Jç* ßª’ü∑∆™«°æçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊çö«ç. Öü∆-
. n
a
£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ´’•’s©’ éπN’t† ®ÓV Öü¿-ßª÷ØËo ÉçöÀ †’ç* •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á-∞Ïx-ô°æ¤p-úø’ ´®Ω{ç èπ◊JÊÆ Å´-é¬-¨»-EéÀ
h
Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* íÌúø’í∫’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«x™«, ´ü∆l ÅØË E®Ωgßª’ç BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. É™«çöÀ E®Ωg-ßª÷-©†’ í∫ùÀ-B-ßª’çí¬
b
i
îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ 'Ææç¶µ«-úû√ ¢√ü∆Eo— ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îË¨»®Ω’. Åçõ‰ Ææç¶µ«-úûª ÅE-Pa-AéÀ ´÷°æ†ç.
t
îªJvû√-ûªt-éπçí¬ Ææç¶µ«-úû√ ¢√ü∆-EéÀ ´‚©ç Wü¿ç, ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥-éπ-ûª†’ v°æA-Gç-GçîË Éûª®Ω
a
r
véÃúø©’.. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ´’£æ…-¶µ«-®Ω-ûªç-™E §ƒ*-éπ©’, Ê°é¬ô. vÂ°∂çî˝ í∫ùÀûª, ¶µÃéπ, êíÓ∞¡ ¨»ÆæYVcúÁj†
p
'™«§ƒxÆˇ— (1749 – 1827) ûÌL-≤ƒ-Jí¬ Ææç¶µ«-ú-ûªèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* v°æßª’û√o©’ îË¨»úø’. Åûªúø’ ®√Æœ† v°æA-
u
d
-≥ƒeûªtéπ 'C∑ßª’K á†-L-öÀé˙ ü¿ v§Ú•-G-L-öÃ—™ äéπ °∂æ’ô† Ææç¶µ«-ú-ûªèπ◊ ≤ƒçv°æü∆-®·éπ E®Ωy-îª-†-N’î√aúø’.
v°æÆæ’hûªç ´’†ç Åüµ¿u-ßª’†ç îËÆæ’h†o Ææç¶µ«-úû√ ¢√ü∆Eo ®Ω≠æuØ˛ ÆæçÆœnA ¨»ÆæY-Vcúø’ (Topologist), Ææç¶µ«-
n a
úû√ ÂÆjü∆l¥ç-A-èπ◊úø’ 'ÇçvúŒ EéÓ-©Æˇ éÌ™Ôt®Ó¢˛— (1903 – 1987) v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’. 1933 ™ Éûªúø’
e e
®√Æœ† '§∂˘çúË-≠æØ˛ Ç°∂ˇ v-§Ú•-G-LöÃ— ÅØË °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ Ææç¶µ«-ú-ûªèπ◊ ÆæN’A ¢√ü¿† ¶µ«´-†-©ûÓ èπÿúÕ†
.
w t
°æ¤Ø√ü¿’©’ ¢Ë¨»úø’. v°æÆæ’hûªç Ñ ¶µ«´† áØÓo Nñ«c†, ¨»ÆæY, ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ ®Ωçí¬™x N©’-¢Áj† §ƒvûª†’ §Ú≠œ-
w
≤ÚhçC. ï†’u-¨»ÆæY Åüµ¿u-ßª’-†ç™ ´ç¨¡-§ƒ-®Ωç-°æ®Ωu ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ Å´-í∫ûªç îËÆæ’éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ Ñ ¢√ü∆Eo N≤ƒh-
w n e
.
®Ωçí¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ Nñ«c-†ç™ áçûÓ ÆæçéÀx-≠d-æûªûÓ èπÿúÕ† Å™_-J-ü∑¿¢˛’q (≤Ú§ƒ-†-véπ´’
*vû√©’) Åüµ¿ußª’Ø√™x ÉC éÃ©-éπ-¢Á’içC.
h a
b
ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç
äéπ v°ß æ ÷Á í- ç∫ ™ i) v°ß
°∂Læ ûªç ´Ææ’hçü- Ó îÁ°pæ ™- E-‰ üÁj ÖçúÕ, iii) Ç v°ß t i
æ ÷Á í∫ °∂Læ û- √© ñ«Gû√ ´·çüË ûÁLÆœ ÖçúÕ, ii) v°ß æ ÷Á í∫ç îËÆæ’h†- o-°¤æ púø’ à
í¬Eo 'ßª÷ü¿%*- a¥éπ v°ß

r a
æ ÷Á í- ¬Eo áEo-≤ƒ®Ω®x ·Ø√ îËßª’ú- ≈-EéÀ O©’çõ‰, Ç v°ß
æ ÷Á í∫ç (Random Experiment)— Åçö«®Ω’.
æ ÷Á -
Öü∆ -1: E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπ Ø√ù‰Eo áí∫Í®-ßª’úøç: Ñ v°ß

u p
æ ÷Á í∫ç™-  °∂Læ û- √© ñ«Gû√ (¶Ô´’t, ¶Ô®Ω’Ææ’) ´·çüË
a d
ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬F, Ø√-ù©-‰ †’ áí∫’Í®Æ- æ’h†- o-°¤æ púø’ àC ´Ææ’hçü- Ó îÁ°pæ ™- ç‰ . Ñ Ø√-ùE-‰ o áEo-≤ƒ-®®-Ωx ·-Ø- √ áí∫Í®ß
- ·Á î- ª’a.
e n
é¬-•-öÀd ÉC äéπ ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç.
Öü∆-2.: E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπ §ƒ*-éπ†’ üÌJxç-îªúøç: Ç®Ω’ ´·ë«©’†o *†o-ÂÆjV Ææ´’°∂æ’-Ø√--Eo '§ƒ*-éπ—í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
.e
äéÓ\ ´·êûª©çÂ°j äéÓ\ ÅçÈé îÌ°æ¤p† Ç®Ω’ ´·ê-ûª-™«-©Â°j ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ÅØË ÅçÈé©’
w ww
™‰ü∆ ÅçÈéèπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-†Eo îª’éπ\©’ ´·vCç* Öç-ö«-®·.
2 ● ●
3 ←→ ● ●
● ●
●
5 ●
● ●
i) É™«çöÀ §ƒ*-éπ†’ äéπ-≤ƒJ NÆœ-JûË, ÅC éÀçü¿ °æúÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ´·êç Â°j-† éπE-°œçîË ÅçÈé†’
™‰ü∆ îª’éπ\© Ææçêu†’ °∂æL-ûª-çí¬ ¶µ«N-≤ƒhç. äéπ §ƒ*-éπ†’ áí∫Í®-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ´·êçÂ°j 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ÅçÈé-™ x àüÓ äéπöÀ -´Ææ’hç-C. Åç-õ‰ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ -°∂æ-L-û√© ñ«Gû√ ´’†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’-
e t
í¬ØË ûÁ©’Ææ’.
ii) é¬F, à ÅçÈé Â°j¢Áj°æ¤ ´Ææ’hçüÓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ç.
. n
iii) Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í¬Eo áEo-≤ƒ-®Ωx-®·Ø√ îËßª’-´-îª’a.
h a
é¬-•-öÀd ÉC äéπ ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç.
i b
t
Öü∆ 3: Ê°éπéπôd †’ç-* äéπ é¬®Ω’f†’ Bßª’-úøç: Ê°éπ éπôd™ ¢Á·ûªhç 52 é¬®Ω’f©’ (ñéπ®˝ é¬èπ◊çú≈)
a
r
Öçö«®·. -O-öÀ †’ç-* àüÁjØ√ äéπ é¬®Ω’f†’ BÊÆh, 52 é¬®Ω’f™x àüÓ äéπöÀ ´Ææ’hçC. Ñ v°æßÁ÷í∫
p
u
°∂æL-û√© ñ«Gû√ ´’†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’-í¬ØË ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F, à é¬®Ω’f ´Ææ’hçüÓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ç.
a
(simple event) ™‰ü∆ v§ƒü∑¿N d
©°∂æ· °∂æ’ô† ™‰ü∆ v§ƒü∑¿-N’éπ °∂æ’ô†: äéπ ßª÷ü¿%*- a¥éπ v°ß
æ ÷Á í- ¬-EéÀ îÁçC† v°Aæ °∂Læ û- √Eo '©°∂·æ °∂æ’ô†
- ’éπ °∂æ’ô† (elementary event) ™‰ü∆ Ææç°∂æ’ô- † (event)—
e
Åçö«®Ω’. n
w.e
¨»ç°æ¤™¸ Ç´-®Ωùç: äéπ ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπ v°æßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ îÁçC† ÅEo °∂æL-û√© (Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©) ÆæN’-AE '¨»ç°æ¤™¸
Ç´®Ωùç— Åçö«®Ω’. -D-Eo 'S' ûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’. n(S) Å-ØËC Ç v°æßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ îÁçC† ¢Á·ûªhç
t
w w
°∂æLû√© (°∂æ’ô-†©) Ææçêu†’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.
n e
Öü∆1: äéπ §ƒ*-éπ†’ áí∫-®Ω-¢ËÊÆ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç™
⇒ n(S) = 6 a .
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
b h
Öü∆ 2 : äéπ Ø√-ù‰-Eo áí∫Í®ÊÆ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç™
S = (H,T) ⇒ n(S) = 2
t i
¶Ô´’t†’ 'H' ûÓ, ¶Ô®Ω’-Ææ’†’ 'T' ûÓ
r a
Ææ÷*≤ƒhç.
ô-†p-© ®Ωé¬©’
°∂æ’u
a d
Ææ´’ Ææç¶µ´º °∂’æ ô-†©’ (Equi probable events): àüÁØj √ ßª÷ü¿%*- a¥éπ v°ß
n
æ ÷Á í- ç∫ ™- E °∂æ’ô-†©-Eoç-öéÀ Ã
.e e
Ææç¶µºN- ç-î- ú-ª ≈-EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å´-é¬-¨¡ç Öçõ‰, Ç °∂æ’ô-†©- †’ 'Æ´æ ’ Ææç¶µº´ °∂æ’ô-†©’— Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: i) äéπ Ø√-ù‰-Eo áí∫Í®Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’, ¶Ô´’t -™‰-ü∆ ¶Ô®Ω’Ææ’ ®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å´-é¬-¨¡ç Öç-ô’ç-C.
ww
ii) äéπ §ƒ*-éπ†’ áí∫Í®Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’, ü∆E ´·ê-çÂ°j 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ÅØË ÅçÈé-™ x àüÁjØ√ äéπöÀ
w ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å´-é¬-¨¡-ç Öç-ô’ç-C.

°æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω N´%ûª ™‰ü∆ N´-Jbûª °∂æ’ô-†©’ (Mutually exclusive events): àüÁjØ√ ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπ v°æßÁ÷-
í∫ç-™E °∂æ’ô-†-™x äéπ °∂æ’ô† Ææç¶µº-Nç--îª-úøç N’T-L† °∂æ’ô-†-©†’ E®Ó-CµÊÆh, Å-™«çöÀ °∂æ’ô-†-©†’ '°æ®ΩÆæp®Ω
N´-Jbûª ™‰ü∆ °æ®ΩÆæp®Ω N´%ûª °∂æ’ô-†©’— Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆ 1: §ƒ*-éπ†’ áí∫Í®-ÊÆ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç™ ¢Á·ûªhç Ç®Ω’ °∂æ’ô-†-©’ äéπ ü∆E-éÌ-éπöÀ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω N´-Jbûª °∂æ’ô-
†©’. §ƒ*éπ ´·ê-çÂ°j àüÁjØ√ äéπ ÅçÈé ®√´-úøç N’T-L† ÅçÈé-©’ ®√-´-ú≈--Eo E®Ó-Cµ-Ææ’hçC.
e
äéπ §ƒ*-éπ†’ áí∫Í®Æ- †-œ °æ¤púø’ ´·êçÂ°j ÆæJÆæçêu ®√´-úçø ÅØË °∂æ’ô-††’ A ÅE, ¶‰Æ-œ Ææçêu t
®√´-úçø ÅØË °∂æ’ô-††’ B ÅE Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Å°æ¤pú- ’ø ...
. n
A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5}
h a
∴ A ∩ B = φ Å´¤ûª’çC.
i b
t
í∫´’-Eéπ: A, B ©’ à¢ÁjØ√ È®çúø’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω N´-Jbûª °∂æ’ô-†©®·ûË A ∩ B = φ Å´¤ûª’çC.
a
r
Öü∆ 2: ÉüËNüµ¿çí¬ ¶«í¬ éπL-°œ† Ê°éπéπôd †’ç-*, é¬®Ω’f†’ BÊÆ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç™ àüÁjØ√ äéπ é¬®Ω’f ®√´úøç
p
d u
N’T-L† é¬®Ω’f-©’ ®√-´-ú≈--Eo E®Ó-Cµ-Ææ’hç-C.
a
°æ‹®Ωg °∂æ’ô-†©’ (Mutually exhaustive events): äéπ ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥-éπ- v°æßÁ÷í∫ç-™ ´*a† °∂æLûªç È®çúø’
n
.e e
™‰ü∆ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ °∂æ’ô†-™x à äéπ\-ü∆-E-ÈéjØ√ îÁçüË-ôô’x Öçõ‰, Ç °∂æ’ô-†-©†’ '°æ‹®Ωg °∂æ’ô†©’—
w t
Åçö«®Ω’.
w
í∫´’-Eéπ: A, B ©’ à¢ÁjØ√ È®çúø’ °æ‹®Ωg °∂æ’ô†©®·ûË A ∪ B = S Å´¤-ûª’çC.
w n e
.
Ææyûªçvûª °∂æ’ô-†©’ (Independent events): ßª÷ü¿%*a¥éπ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç-™E àüÁjØ√ °∂æ’ô† Ææç¶µº-Nç-îª-úøç
a
h
ÅØËC N’T-L† °∂æ’ô-†-©Â°j Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-éπ-§ÚûË, Å-™«çöÀ °∂æ’ô†©†’ 'Ææyûªçvûª °∂æ’ô†©’— Åçö«®Ω’.
b
i
Öü∆: äéπ ûª®Ω-í∫-A™-E Nü∆u®Ω’n™x, -äéπ Nü∆uJn °æK-éπ~™ ÖBh-®Ωgûª ≤ƒCµç-îªúøç ÅØËC N’T-L† Nü∆u®Ω’n©
t
ÖBh-®Ωg-ûªÂ°j Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøü¿’.
r a
ÅÆæy-ûªçvûª Ææç°∂æ’-ô†©’ (Dependent events): àüÁjØ√ ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç-™E °∂æ’ô-†-™x äéπ
u p
d
°∂æ’ô† Ææç¶µº-Nç-îªúøç ÅØËC N’T-L† °∂æ’ô-†-©Â°j Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçõ‰, Å-™«çöÀ -¢√-öÀ-E 'ÅÆæy-ûªçvûª
n
°∂æ’ô-†©’— Åçö«®Ω’.
a
.e e
Öü∆ 1: -äéπ WE-ßª’®˝ é¬™‰-@™ Ö†o äÍé äéπ\ v°œEq°æ™¸ §ÚÆæ’dèπ◊ Éü¿l®Ω’ úèπ◊h©’ §ÚöÃ-°æ-úÕûË, äéπ úéÀh
ww
áç°œéπ ÅØËC N’T-L† È®çúÓ úéÀh áç°œ-éπÂ°j Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Öçô’çC.
Öü∆ 2 : áEo-éπ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ úèπ◊h©’ §ÚöÃ -îËÊÆh äéπ úéÀh Èí©-´úøç, È®çúÓ úéÀh Èí-©’°æ¤Â°j Çüµ∆-®Ω°æúÕ
w Öçô’çC.
ÅÆæç-¶µº´ °∂æ’ô-†©’ (Impossible events): àüÁjØ√ ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç™ Ææç¶µº-Nç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ O©’-™‰E
¢√öÀE 'ÅÆæç-¶µº´ °∂æ’ô-†©’— Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: äéπ §ƒ*éπ†’ áí∫Í®Æ- †-œ °- ¤æ púø’ ü∆E ´·ê-ç Â°j '7— ™‰ü∆ Åçûªé- πçõ- ‰ áèπ◊\´ N©’´ ®√´-úçø .
Ææç¶µ«-ú-ûª π◊ ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆®·éπ E®Ωy-îª†ç: äéπ ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç ïJ-°œ-†-°æ¤púø’ Ç v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç™ Ææç¶µº-
Nç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô†©’ 'n' Å®·ûË ¢√öÀ™ àüÁjØ√ °∂æ’ô† 'E' ï®Ω-í∫-ú≈EéÀ 'm'
Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æL-û√©’ Öçõ‰, Ç °∂æ’ô† Ææç¶µ«-ú-ûª†’ P(E)ûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
e t
m
P (E) = 
. n
n í¬ E®Ωy-*-≤ƒhç.
h a
∴ Ææç¶µ«-úûª = 
Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu
¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu
i b
1.
t
100 Ê°@©’-†o äéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπçí¬ ûÁ-J-*-†-°æ¤púø’ ´îËa Ê°@ Ææçêu éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† ´®Ω_ç
a
é¬-´-ú≈EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª áçûª?
p r
≤ƒüµ¿†: °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo ûÁ-J*-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ûªhç 100 Ê°@-™x àüÁjØ√ äéπ Ê°@ ®√´îª’a. é¬-•-öÀd ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô†©’
100 Å´¤-û√®·.
d u
a
¢Á·ûªhç 100 ™°æ¤ Ææçêu-™x éπ*a-ûª ´®Ω_ç ÅßË’uN: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100.
n
.e e
∴ Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô†© Ææçêu 10.
∴ Ææç¶µ«-úûª = 
w t
w w 10
C1
10 1
n e
=  = =
100C
1 100 10
a .
í∫´’-Eéπ: 'n' NGµ†o ´Ææ’h-´¤© †’ç* 'r' ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’
b h
á†’o-èπ◊ØË Nüµ∆-Ø√© Ææçêu nc Å´¤-ûª’çC.
r
∴ ncr = 
n!
(n − r)! r!
t i
2.
r a
äéπ ¶«èπ◊q™ 3 ûÁ©xE, 4 Çèπ◊-°æ-îªaE, 3 °æÆæ’-°æ¤-®Ωçí∫’ •çûª’©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Ç ¶«èπ◊q †’ç-*
u p
ßª÷ü¿%*a¥éπçí¬ äéπ •çAE BÊÆh, Çèπ◊-°æîªa-EC é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª áçûª?
a d
≤ƒüµ¿†: ¶«èπ◊q™-E ¢Á·ûªhç •çûª’©’ 3 + 4 + 3 = 10.
-O-öÀ †’ç-* àüÁjØ√ äéπ •çAE 10C1 Nüµ∆-Ø√©’í¬ Bßª’-´-îª’a.
e n
Åç-õ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 10C1.
.e
é¬F, -BÊÆ •çA Çèπ◊-°æîªa-EC é¬¢√-©çõ‰, 4 Çèπ◊-°æ-îªaE •çûª’™x àüÓ äéπ-öÀ ®√-¢√-L.
w ww
D-Eo 4C1 Nüµ∆-Ø√©’í¬ á†’o-éÓ-´îª’a. Åç-õ Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 4C1 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
∴ Ææç¶µ«-úûª = 
4C 2
1
=  = 
10
C1 5
3. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ 100 Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu© †’ç-* àüÁjØ√ äéπ Ææçêu†’ á†’o-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu
é¬´ú≈EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª áçûª?
≤ƒüµ¿†: ¢Á·ü¿öÀ 100 Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu© †’ç-* àüÁjØ√ äéπ Ææçêu†’ 100C1 Nüµ∆-Ø√©’í¬ á†’o-éÓ-´îª’a.
Åç--õ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 100C1 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
e t
. n
¢Á·ü¿öÀ 100 Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu™x 25 v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ç-ö«®·. -Ñ 25 v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu© †’ç-* àüÓ
äéπ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu-†’ 25C1 Nüµ∆-Ø√©’í¬ á†’o-éÓ-´îª’a.
∴ Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 25C1 Å´¤-ûª’çC. h a
25C
i b
∴ Ææç¶µ«-úûª =  1
100C
1
= 
1
4
a t
4.
r
äéπ Ææç*™ 4 á®Ω’°æ¤, 5 °æÆæ’°æ¤, 6 Çèπ◊-°æîªa •çûª’©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Ç Ææç-* †’ç-* ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπçí¬
p
d u
à¢ÁjØ√ È®çúø’ •çûª’-©†’ BÊÆh, ÅN È®çúø÷ °æÆæ’-°æ¤-®Ωçí∫’ •çûª’©’ é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª áçûª?
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ææç-*™ ¢Á·ûªhç 4 + 5 + 6 = 15 •çûª’©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Ææç-* †’ç-* ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥éπçí¬ à¢ÁjØ√
n a
È®çúø’ •çûª’©†’ BÊÆh, ¢Á·ûªhç 15 •çûª’™x †’ç-* à È®çúø’ •çûª’-™„jØ√ ®√´îª’a. Åç--õ‰
.
2
e
15C Nüµ∆©’í¬ á†’o-éÓ-´îª’a.
e
∴ ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 15C2 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
w w e t
B- Æœ†- È®çúø÷ °æÆæ’°æ¤ •çûª’©’ é¬¢√-©ç-õ,‰ 5 °æÆæ’°æ¤ •çûª’™x à È®ç-ú- Ø-jÁ √ é¬-¢√-L. O- ö- E-À 5C2
w Nüµ∆Ø- √©’í¬ á†’o-éÓ-´îª’a.
∴ Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 5C2 Å´¤û . n
5C 2
- ª’çC.
h a
∴ Ææç¶µ«-úûª = 
15C
2
2
= 
21
.
i b – ->.-´’Ê£«-¨¡y®˝ È®-úÕf
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
éπç-õ„ç-ö¸ – í∫-ùÀ-ûªç
Í®ë«-í∫-ùÀûªç
e t
Ææ´’-ûª© °æö«© éÓ´èπ◊ îÁçC† •£æ›-¶µº’-V©’; vA¶µº’ñ«©èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¶µ«´-†-™„j-†
°æûª í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. -§Ú-öÃ °æKéπ~-© ü¿%≥ƒd u Ñ ¶µ«´-†©’ -áçûÓ éÃ©éπ¢Á’i†N.
. n Ææ®Ω÷-
h a
b
´·êu ¶µ«´-†©’
1. Ææ®Ω÷-°æûª – Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√©’:
t i
a
a) éÓ.éÓ.éÓ. Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥çûªç – éÓ.éÓ. Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥çûªç,
r
b) ¶µº’.¶µº’.¶µº’. Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥çûªç,
c) ¶µº’.éÓ.¶µº’. Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥çûªç
u p
2.
a d
n
Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ ¶µ«´† NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç – Â°∂jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ Æœü∆l¥çûªç.
3.
4. e e
Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«© ¢Áj¨»-™«u©’
.
w t
Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«-©Â°j éÌEo ´·êu Ææ´’-Ææu©’
5.
w w
Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ Æœü∆l¥çûª NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç – Å°æ-™x-E-ßª’Æˇ Æœü∆l¥çûªç.
n e
6. v§ƒü∑¿-N’éπ Å†’-§ƒûª Æœü∆l¥çûªç (ü∑Ë™¸q Æœü∆l¥çûªç) – ´·êu Ææ´’-Ææu©’.
a .
7. Q®Ω{-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† Í®ë«Æœü∆l¥çûªç–´·êu Ææ´’-Ææu©’.
b h
Ææ®Ω÷°æ •£æ›¶µº’-V©’: È®çúø’ •£æ›-¶µº’-V©’ Ææ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ é¬¢√-©çõ‰
(i) ¢√öÀ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷†ç é¬¢√L.
t i
r a
(ii) ¢√öÀ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ñ«©’ äÍé Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçú≈L. vA¶µº’-ñ«© Ææ®Ω÷°æûª N≠æ-ßª’ç™ OöÀ™ 
u p
àüÓ äéπ Eßª’´’ç ûª%°œh °æú≈L. È®ç-úø’ -vA-¶µº’-ñ«-©’ E-ßª’-´’-ç (1) -E ûª%°œh°æJÊÆh -E-ßª’-´’-ç
a d
(2) èπÿ-ú≈ -ûª%°œh °æ-úø’-ûª’ç-C. -™‰-ü∆ -E-ßª’-´’ç -(2) E È®ç-úø’ -vA-¶µº’-ñ«-©’ -ûª%°œh°æ-JÊÆh -E-ßª’-´’ç
(1) èπÿ-ú≈ -ûª%°œh- °æ-úø’-ûª’ç-C.
e n
Öü∆: 1) È®çúø’ îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ©’ á©x-°æ¤púø÷ Ææ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’. é¬F, È®çúø’ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ©’ á©x-°æ¤púø÷
.e
ww
Ææ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’ é¬´¤.
D C H G
w 3 5
A 6 B E 8 F
ABCD, EFGH ©™
∠A = ∠E, ∠B = ∠F; ∠G = ∠C, ∠D = ∠H é¬F
AB 6 3 BC 5
 =  = ,  = 
EF 8 FG
e t
4 3
. n
AB
∴ EF
BC
a
≠  Åçõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Eßª’´’ç Ææç-ûª%°œh -îÁç-Cç-C.È®çúÓ Eßª’´’ç -îÁç-ü¿-™‰-ü¿’.
FG
h
∠E, i b
∆ABC, ∆DEF èπ◊ Ææ®Ω÷°æç Å®·ûË ∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF ÅE ®√≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰, ∠A= ∠D, ∠B =
AB BC AC
∠C = ∠F ™‰ü∆  =  =  é¬¢√L. a t
DE EF DF
p r
d u
vA¶µº’-ñ«© Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√©’
1.
n a
È®çúø’ vA¶µº’ñ«™x -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ vA¶µº’ï ´‚úø’ éÓù«©’, È®çúÓ-ü∆E ´‚úø’ éÓù«©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†¢Á’iûË ÅN
e e
Ææ®Ω÷§ƒ-©-´¤-û√®·.
.
w
∆ABC, ∆DEF ©™ ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E,
w e t
w
∠C = ∠F Å®·ûË AB BC AC
 =  = 
DE EF DF
Å´¤-ûª’çC.
. n
h a
b
DEo éÓ.éÓ.éÓ. Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥çûªç Åçö«®Ω’. DEo éÌClí¬ -´÷-Ja éÓ.éÓ. Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥ç-ûªçí¬
(éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬) ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.
t i
★
r a
È®çúø’ vA¶µº’ñ«™x äéπ-ü∆E È®çúø’ éÓù«©’, ´’®Ìéπü∆E È®çúø’éÓù«-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷†¢Á’iûË Ç È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-
ñ«©’ Ææ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’. ∆ABC, ∆DEF ©™
u p
d
∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E ™‰ü∆ ∠B = ∠E,
a
n
∠C = ∠F ™‰ü∆ ∠A = ∠D, ∠C = ∠F Å®·ûË
e
.e
∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF ⇒  =  = 
AB BC AC
ww
DE EF DF
2.
w
È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«© Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ñ«©’ äÍé E≠æp-Ah™ Öçõ‰ Ç vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’.
∆ABC, ∆DEF ©™ AB  =  = 
BC AC
DE EF DF
⇒ ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E , ∠C = ∠F DØËo ¶µº’.¶µº’.¶µº’. Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥çûªç Åçö«®Ω’.
3. È®çúø’ vA¶µº’ñ«™x ¢√öÀ È®çúø’ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ñ«--©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ -Öç-úÕ, Ç ¶µº’ñ«© ´’üµ¿u éÓù«©’
Ææ´÷-†¢Á’iûË Ç È®çúø’ vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’.
AB BC
∆ABC, ∆DEF ©™  =  ,
DE EF
e t
∠B = ∠E Å®·ûË ∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF.
. n
ça
DØËo '¶µº’.éÓ.¶µº’. Ææ®Ω÷°æûª— Åçö«®Ω’.
Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ – Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ Æœü∆l¥çûªh
i b
t
©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ ©ç•-éÓùç †’ç* éπ®Ωgç Â°jéÀ UÆœ† ©ç•ç Ç vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo È®çúø’ Ææ®Ω÷°æ
a
r
vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬ N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC. -ÅN ÅÆæ©’ vA¶µº’-ñ«-EéÀ Ææ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’. DEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo
E®Ω÷-°œç-îª-´îª’a.
u p
∆ABC ™ ∠B = 90°, BD⊥AC.
a
∆ABC, ∆ADB ©™d
n
∠B = ∠ADB = 90°
e
.e
∠A =∠A
w t
wA
D
e
) ))
w . n
h a
))
))
b
)
))
∴ ∆ABC ∼ ∆ADB ........... (1) (éÓ.éÓ.)

t i C
∆ABC, ∆BDC ©™

r a
∠ABC = ∠BDC = 90°
u p
∠ C = ∠C
a
∴ ∆ABC ∼ ∆BDC
d
e n
(éÓ.éÓ. Ææ®Ω÷-°æû√ Æœü∆l¥çûªç) ........... (2)
.e
(1), (2) © †’ç*, ∆ABC ∼ ∆ADB ∼ ∆BDC.
w
w w(1) †’ç*, 
AB
AD
BC
AC
=  ⇒ AB = AD. AC
AC
AB
2
(2) †’ç*,  =  ⇒ BC2 = CD. AC

CD BC
2 2 2
∴ AB + BC = (AD + CD)AC = AC .
(Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ Æœü∆l¥çûªç)
-©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ éπ®Ωgç ´®Ω_ç, N’T-L† ¶µº’ñ«© ´®√_© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç. N°æ-®Ωu-ßª’çí¬
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ äéπ ¶µº’ïç ´®Ω_ç, N’T-L† È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© ´®√_© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ææ´÷†¢Á’iûË Ç vA¶µº’ïç
t
©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç.
2 2 2
⇒ ∠B = 90°
AB + BC = AC
2 2
AB + AC = BC ⇒ ∠A = 90°
2
ne
2 2
BC + AC = AB ⇒ ∠C = 90°
2
a .
b h
Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«© ¢Áj¨»-™«u-©Â°j E≠æpAh
t i
a
È®çúø’ Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«© ¢Áj¨»-™«u© E≠æpAh ¢√öÀ Å†’®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ñ«© ´®√_© E≠æp-AhéÀ Ææ´÷†ç.
∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF Å®·ûË
∆ABC
2 2
p 2 r
∆DEF
AB
2
BC
2
AC
 =  =  = 
2
d u
DE EF DF
n a
.e e
í∫´’-Eéπ: È®çúø’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† vA¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’. N°æ®Ωu-ßª’ç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’-ñ«© üµ¿®√t©’
w w
È®çúø’ vA¶µº’ñ- «©’ Ææ®Ω÷§- ƒ-™ûj„ Ë éÀçC v°´æ î- Ø-ª √©’ Ææûuª ç.
e t
w ★ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
. n
★ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æp-ûª’h©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
h a
★ Å--†’®Ω÷°æ ´’üµ¿u-í∫-û√© E≠æp-ûª’h©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
★ éÓù Cyêç-úø† Í®ê© E≠æp-ûª’h©’ Ææ´÷†ç. i b
★ Å†’-®Ω÷°æ Ö†o-ûª’© E≠æp-ûª’h©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
a t
p r
u
é¬•öÀd È®çúø’ Ææ®Ω÷°æ vA¶µº’ñ- «© ¢Á¨j »-™«u© E≠æpAh
i) ¢√öÀ Ö†o-ûª’© ´®√_© E≠æp-AhéÀ
a d
e n
ii) ´’üµ¿u-í∫-û√© ´®√_© E≠æp-AhéÀ
iii) éÓù Cyêç-úø† Í®ê© ´®√_© E≠æp-AhéÀ Ææ´÷†ç.
.e
Åçõ‰, ∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF Å®·ûË
i)
w ww
∆ABC
∆DEF
AX2
 = 
DP2
BY2
= 
EQ2
CZ2
= 2
FR
(AX ⊥ BC, BY ⊥ AC, CZ ⊥ AB)
DF ⊥ EF, EQ ⊥ DF, FR ⊥ DE
∆ABC
ii)  =
∆DEF
2 2 2
AX BY CZ
 =  = 
DP
2
EQ
2
FR
2
e t
(...AX, BY, CZ ©’ DP, EQ, FR ©’
. n
a
´’üµ¿u-í∫-û√©’. ´’üµ¿u-í∫-û√©’.)
A D A
b h D
Z O Y R O Q
t
Z G
i Y R G Q
r a
B X C E P
u p F B X C E P F
∆ABC ™ ∠A BC ÅCµéπ a d
Â°jü∑∆í∫-®ΩÆˇ Æœü∆l¥ç-ûªç – ´·êu Ææ´’-Ææu©’
AD⊥ BC Å®·ûË
1.
e
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC.BD n éÓùç,
2.
w.e
∆ABC ™ ∠ABC Å©p-éÓù AD ⊥ BC
t
w e
vA¶µº’ïç
Å®·ûË AC2 = AB2 + BC2 - 2BC.BD
w . n
3. Å°æp-™x-E-ßª’Æˇ Æœü∆l¥çûªç
∆ABC ™ BC −
h a
AE⊥BC.
A
´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’´¤ 'D' é¬•öÀd 'AD' ´’üµ¿u-í∫ûªç.
∠ADC ÅCµéπ éÓùç é¬•öÀd
i b
2 2 2
AC = AD + CD + 2CD.ED ((1) †’ç*)
a t
∠ADC Å©p éÓùç é¬•öÀd
p r B E D C
2 2 2
AB = AD + BD - 2BD.ED ((2) †’ç*)
d u
∴AC2 + AB2 = 2AD2 + 2BD2 (...BD = CD)
n a
e e
DØËo Å°æp-™x-E-ßª’Æˇ Æœü∆l¥çûªç Åçö«®Ω’.
.
ww
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© ´®√_© ¢Á·ûªhç, ´‚úÓ ¶µº’ïç-™E Ææí∫ç ´®Ω_ç, ü∆E-Â°jéÀ UÆœ†
w
´’üµ¿u-í∫ûª Í®ê ´®√_© ¢Á·û√hEéÀ È®öÀdç°æ¤.
⇒ AC2 + AB2 = 2(AD2 + BD2).
vA¶µº’-ñ«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç* ´·êu-¢Á’i† Æœü∆l¥çû√™x 1) ü∑Ë™¸q Æœü∆l¥çûªç, 2) Q®Ω{-éÓù Cyêç-úø†
Í®ë« Æœü∆l¥çûªç ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N.
I. ü∑Ë™¸q Æœü∆l¥çûªç: DØËo v§ƒü∑¿-N’éπ 'Å†’-§ƒûª Æœü∆l¥çûªç— Åçö«®Ω’. A
v°æ´-îª†ç: äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ àüÁjØ√ äéπ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ UÆœ† Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω Í®ê D E

N’T-L† È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«-©†’ äÍé E≠æp-Ah™ N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC.
  B
e t
1. ∆ABC™ DE // BC Å®·ûË,
. n C
AD AE
 =
BD CE
h a
AD AE BD CE
i b
2.  =  ⇒  = 
BD CE AD AE
a t
ÅE èπÿú≈ ®√ßª’-´îª’a.
3.
AD AE
 =  ⇒ 1+ =1+ 
AD
p AE
r
BD CE BD
d u CE
BD + AD
⇒  = 
BD
n a
CE + AE
CE
AD
.e e
∴ =  ⇒  = 
AE AB AC
w t
í¬ èπÿú≈ ®√ßª’-´îª’a.
BD CE BD CE
4.
w w n e
ü∑Ë™¸q Æœü∆l¥çûª N°æ-®Ωußª’ç: äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«-©†’ äÍé E≠æp-Ah™ N¶µº>çîË Ææ®Ω-∞¡-
Í®ê ´‚úÓ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ωç. Åçõ‰ ∆ABC™
a .
AD
 = 
BD
AE
CE
™‰ü∆
b h
AD AE BD CE  t i
 = 
AB CE

™‰ü∆ AB = 
AC
r a
ÅßË’uNüµ¿çí¬ DE Í®ê
AB, AC ©†’

u

êçúÕÊÆh DE // BC Å´¤-ûª’çC.p
d
II. Q®Ω{-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† Í®-ë« Æœü∆l¥çûªç
a
e n
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç™ Q®Ω{-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† Í®ê, áü¿’öÀ ¶µº’ñ«Eo N’T-L† È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æp-Ah™
.e
N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC. A
ww
1
∆ ABC™ ∠BAD = ∠CAD =  ∠A Å®·-ûË
2
w BD : CD = AB : AC Å´¤-ûª’çC. B D C
(Ééπ\úø AD, ∠A èπ◊ Åçûª®Ω Cyêç-úø† Í®ê.)
∆ABC™
1 E
∠CAD = ∠EAD =  ∠A.
2
¶«£æ«u
A
Å®·†°æp-öÀéÃ BD : CD = AB : AC Å´¤ûª’çC.
(Ééπ\úø AD, ¶«£æ«u ∠A èπ◊ Cyêç-úø† Í®ê.)
e t
∆ABC, ∆DEF ©™ ∠B = ∠D = 60°, ∠C = ∠E = 40°, AB = 4 ÂÆç.O’., DF =
B
. n C D
1.
6 ÂÆç.O’., EF = 7.5 ÂÆç.O’. AC §Òúø-¢Áçûª?
h a
b
Å®·ûË
1) 2.5
ÂÆç.O’.
 
2) 3.5 ÂÆç.O’.
3) 4 ÂÆç.O’.
t i
4) 5 ÂÆç.O’.
∆PQR™ MN // QR. PQ = 1.28, PR = 2.56, PM = 0.16 Å®·ûË PN = ?
2.
1) 0.48 2) 0.64
r a
3) 0.32 4) 0.80
AB BC AC
u p
3.  =  =  Å®·ûË ∆ABC éÀç-C
ZY XY ZX
a d ¢√öÀ™ üËEéÀ Ææ®Ω÷°æç?
1) ∆XYZ
e n 2) ∆ZYX 3) ∆ZXY 4) àDé¬ü¿’
4.
w.e
∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF, ∠A = 50° Å®·ûË ∠E + ∠F =
1) 130° 2) 40° 3) 80° 4) 140°
t
5.
w w
∆ABC™ PQ // AB P, Q©’ BC, CA©Â°j
n e
CQ:QA = 1:3 , CP =
.
´®Ω’-Ææí¬ ÖØ√o®·.
4 Å®·ûË BC =
1) 8 2) 12 3) 16
h a 4) 4
OA OB
i b
6. ABCD™
OC
a OD t
éπ®√g©’ AC, BD©’ 'O' ´ü¿l  =  ÅßË’u-™« êçúÕç-îª’-èπ◊çõ‰
Ç îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç–
1) Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
p r2) Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
3) Ææ´’-îª-ûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
d u 4) îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç
7.
n a    
ABCD Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç. AB // DC. BC, AD©Â°j E, F Gçü¿’-´¤©’ EF // AB ÅßË’u-
e e
-™« -Öç-õ‰ éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ -à-C Ææ-ûªuç?
.
ww
AF BE
1)  =  2) AF.DF = BE.CE
DF CE
w AF BE
3)  = 
CE DF
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©’: 1–4; 2–3; 3–2; 4–1; 5–3; 6–2; 7–1.

®Ω-îª®·-ûª: úÕ. -vQ-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
t
ÆæN’-ûª’©’ – Ææç•ç-üµ∆©’
1. A = {x : x ∈ N, 1 < 2x − 1 < 3} Å®·ûË n(A) =
n e
2.
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0
a . 4) 3
éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ ¨¡⁄†u ÆæN’A àC?
1) A = {x: x ∈ N, x + 5 = 5}
b h
2) B = {0}
3) C = {∅}
t i
4) D = {x ∈ N: 1< x < 3}
3. A = {x : x ∈ N, 1 < x < 10} Å®·ûË A véπ¢Á÷°æ
r a ÆæN’-ûª’© Ææçêu–
up
1) 256 2) 250 3) 255 4) 251
4. A∪∅ = ∅∪A = A ÅØË
a d üµ¿®√tEo à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?
e n
1) ûªûªq-´÷ç¨¡
üµ¿®Ωtç
3) úŒ – ´÷®√_Ø˛ Ø√ußª’ç
2) Å°æ-´-Jhûª
üµ¿®Ωtç
4) N¶µ«í∫ Ø√ußª’ç
w.e
5. (a+b, a−b) = (5, 1) Å®·ûË (2a + 3b, 3b − 2a)
t
w w
1) (12, 0) 2) (1, 12) 3) (5, 12)
e
4) (12, 5)
n
6. A, B©’ Nßª·éπh ÆæN’-ûª’©’. n(A) = 10, n(B) = 20 Å®·ûË n(A ∆ B) =
a .
7.
1) 10 2) 20 3) 30
b h 4) 40
äéπ ûª®Ω-í∫-A™ Ö†o 60 ´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ éπFÆæç äéπ\ §ƒFßª÷†o®·Ø√ û√í∫’-û√®Ω’. §ƒ-©’, -öÃ,
t i
é¬°∂‘ -û√Íí-¢√®Ω’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ 20, 35, 32 . §ƒ©†’, -öÃ-E û√Íí Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Ææçêu 10; -öÃE, é¬°∂‘-E
a
û√Íí Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Ææçêu 12; §ƒ©-†’, é¬°∂‘-E û√Íí Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Ææçêu 15; Å®·ûË Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀE
r
û√Íí Nü∆u®Ω’n© Ææçêu áçûª?
p
du
1) 10 2) 15 3) 12 4) 11
8. {1, 2, 3, 4...} ∩ A = B
n a ÅE E®Ωy*- ÊÆh B °æJN- ’ûª ÆæN’A é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ ÆæN’A 'A' éÀçC¢√öÀ™
e
àCé¬¢√L?
.e
1) °æ-J-N’ûª ÆæN’A ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 2) Å°æ-J-N’ûª ÆæN’A ´÷vûª¢Ë’
ww
3) °æJ-N’ûª ™‰ü∆ Å°æ-J-N’ûª ÆæN’A 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
w
9. A = {a, b, c}, B = {d, e, f} , a > 0, b < 0, c < 0, d < 0, e > 0 , f > 0 Å®·†°æ¤púø’
A × B = {(x, y) : x ∈A, y ∈B} ™ áEo Gçü¿’-´¤©’ 2´ §ƒü¿ç™ Öçö«®·?
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
10. A = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ N, y = x2} Å®·ûË
1) A °æJ-N’A ÆæN’A (¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ω) 2) A Å°æ-J-N’ûª ÆæN’A
3) A ¨¡⁄†u ÆæN’A 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
e t
.n
11. T -võ„°‘->-ßª÷© ÆæN’A; P -Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«© ÆæN’A. R -D®Ω` îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ© ÆæN’A. T, P, R
E®Ωy-îª-Ø√© ü¿%≥ƒd u éÀçC à v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿† Ææûªuç?
h a
1) T R P 2) T P R
b
3) P T R
i
12. A∩ {1, 2, 3} = ∅, A ∪ {2, 3} = {2, 3, 4, 5} Å®·ûË A Ö°æÆæN’-ûª’©
4) R P T
1) 4 2) 16
a t 3) 8
Ææçêu áçûª?
4) 1
13. A äéπ
p r
ÆæN’A. P(A) ÅØËC A °∂æ÷ûª-Ææ-N’A. Å°æ¤púø’ P(A)™ Öç-úø-ü¿-T-† éπE≠æe ´‚©-é¬© Ææçêu–
1) 1
d
2) 2u 3) 3 4) 4
14. A = {a, e, i, o, u} Å®·ûË
n a éÀçC¢√öÀ™ Ææûªu-¢Á’içC àC?
1) ∅ ∈ A
.e e 2) (a, e) A 3) (a, e) ∈ A
15. A = {x : x ∈ N, 0 < x < 5}, B = {x : x ÅØËC Assassination ÅØË
4) {e} A
w w
= {x : x ÅØËC station ÅØË °æü¿ç-™ E Åéπ~®Ωç} OöÀ ü¿%≥ƒd u éÀçC¢√-öÀ™  àC Ææûªuç?
e t
°æü¿ç™ Åéπ~®Ωç} C
w
1) A ↔ B 2) A ↔ C 3) B ↔ C
. n
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
a
16. µ ÅØË ûª©ç™ 'O' äéπ Æœn®Ω Gçü¿’´¤. Ææç•çüµ¿ç 'R' †’ µ Â°j éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ E®Ωy-*çî√®Ω’.
h
R = { (P, Q) / OP = OQ ÅßË’uô’x P, Q ∈µ}. Å°æ¤púø’
i b
1) R °æ®√-´-®Ωh†ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’
a t
2) R ≤˘≠æe´ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’
3) R Ææçvéπ-´’ùç ´÷vûª¢Ë’
p r 4) R ûª’©u Ææç•çüµ¿ç
u
17. A = {1, 2, 3} Â°j Ææç•çüµ¿ç R†’ R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (2, 2)} ÅE E®Ωy-*ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’
d
R äéπ –
n
1) °æ®√-´-®Ωh†ç a 2) ≤˘≠æe´ç 3) v°æA-≤˘-≠æe´ç 4) Ææçvéπ-´’ùç
e e
18. 60 ´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’†o äéπ ûª®Ω-í∫-A™ 30 ´’çC £œ«çü¿÷, 35 ´’çC ÉçúÕ-ßª’Ø˛ áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ C†-
.
ww
°æ-vAéπ îªü¿’-´¤-û√®Ω’. ¢√J™ 5 í∫’®Ω’ à C†°ævAéπ†÷ îªü¿´®Ω’. Å®·ûË È®çúø’ °ævA-éπ©’ áçûª-´’çC
w
îªü¿’´¤-û√®Ω’?
1) 10 2) 15 3) 12 4) 11
Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©’
1)3 2)1 3)3 4)1 5)1 6)3 7)1 8)3 9)3 10)2 11)4 12)1 13)1 14)4 15)3 16)4 17)2 18)1
N´-®Ω-ù©’
1) A = {x: x ∈ N, 1 < 2x − 1 < 3}
= {x: x ∈ N, 2 < 2x < 4}

e t
= {x: x ∈ N, 1 < x < 2}
. n
= ∅ é¬•öÀd n(A) = n (∅) = 0
h a
2) A = {x: x ∈ N, x + 5 = 5}
i b
= {x: x ∈N, x = 0}
a t
=∅
p r
B, C ÆæN’-ûª’©’
d u
a
¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ω ÆæN’-ûª’©’
e n
D = {x ∈N: 1 < x < 3} = {2} èπÿú≈ ¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ωç
3)
w.e
A = {x : x ∈N, 1 < x < 10} †’
= {2, 3, 4, .... 9} ∴ n = 8
®Ó≠æd®˝ ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh
t
w w
∴ A véπ¢Á÷-°æ-Ææ-N’-ûª’© = 2n − 1 = 28 − 1 n e
Ææçêu
a .
= 256 − 1 = 255
b h
4) A ∪ ∅ = ∅∪A= A ™ ∅
t i
ûªûªq-´÷ç¨¡ç é¬•öÀd ûªûªq-´÷ç¨¡ üµ¿®Ωtç.
5) (a + b, a − b) = (5, 1) © †’ç*
r a
a + b = 5, a − b =1 OöÀE ≤ƒCµÊÆh a = 3, b = 2
p
∴ (2a + 3b, 3b − 2a) = (2 × 3 + 3 × 2, 3 × 2 − 2 × 3)
u
d
= (6 + 6, 6 − 6)
a
en
= (12, 0)
6)
.e
A, B ©’ Nßª·éπh ÆæN’-ûª’©’ é¬•öÀd A∩ B=∅
w ww
n(A ∆ B) = n [(A ∪ B) − (A ∩ B)]
= n [ (A ∪ B) −∅ ]
= n (A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B)
= 10 + 20 = 30
7) §ƒ©’, -öÃ, é¬°∂‘ û√Íí-¢√J ÆæN’-ûª’-©†’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ M, T, C ©ûÓ Ææ÷*ÊÆh; n(M∪T∪C) = éπFÆæç
äéπ\ §ƒF--ßª’-¢Á’i-Ø√ û√Íí-¢√J Ææçêu = 60
ü¿û√hç-¨»Eo í∫’®Ω’h© ®Ω÷°æç™ èπ◊CÊÆh
e t
n(M) = 20, n(T) = 35, n(C) = 32.
. n
n(M∩T) =10, n(T∩C) =12, n(M∩C) =15
n(M∩T∩C) = x (say) h a
n(M∪T∪C) = n(M) + n(T) + n(C) − n(M∩T) − n(T∩C) − n(C∩M) + i b
n(M∩T∩C)
a t
⇒ 60 = 20 + 35 + 32 − 10 − 12 − 15 + x
p r
ie, 60 = 87 − 37 + x
d u
ie, 60 = 50 + x
n a ie, x =10
8)
.e e
{1, 2, 3, 4....} ∩ A = B ÅE E®Ωy-*ÊÆh, B °æJ-N’ûª ÆæN’A é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ A °æJ-N’ûª ÆæN’-A-í¬F
9)
w w
™‰ü∆ A Å°æJ-N’ûª ÆæN’-A-í¬F é¬´îª’a.
A = {a, b, c} , B = {d, e, f},
e t
w + - + + + + - - - + - + - - - + - +
.
A × B = {( a, d), ( a, e), ( a, f ), (b, d), (b, e), (b, f ), (c, d ), (c, e ), (c, f )} n
a > 0, e > 0, f > 0 Åçõ‰ a, e, f ©’
h a
b
üµ¿Ø√-ûªt-é¬©’
b < 0, c < 0, d < 0 Åçõ‰ b, c, d ©’ ®Ω’ù«ûªtéπç Å°æ¤púø’
(a, d) → (+, −)  4 ´ §ƒü¿ç t i
(a, e) → (+, +)  1´ §ƒü¿ç r a
(a, f) → (+, +)  1´ §ƒü¿ç u p
(b, d) → (−, −)
a d
 3 ´ §ƒü¿ç
e n
(b, e) → (−, +)  2 ´ §ƒü¿ç
.e
(b, f) → (−, +)  2 ´ §ƒü¿ç
w ww
(c, d) → (−, −)
(c, e) → (−, +)
 3 ´ §ƒü¿ç
 2 ´ §ƒü¿ç
(c, f) → (−, +)  2 ´ §ƒü¿ç
∴ 2´ §ƒü¿ç™ 4 Gçü¿’-´¤©’ Öçö«®·.
10) A = {(x, y) : x, y ∈N, y = x2} x, y ∈N é¬•öÀd A ™E ´‚©-é¬©’ éÀçCN-üµ¿çí¬ Öçö«®·.
x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... é¬•öÀd y = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25...
Å°æ¤púø’ A = (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16) .......
e t
∴ A Å°æ-J-N’ûª ÆæN’A.
. n
11) D®Ω`îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ©Fo Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«™‰.
∴ R P → (1)
h a
i b
t
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«©Fo võ„°‘->-ßª÷™‰.
∴ P T → (2)
1, 2; R P T.
r a
Ææçvéπ-´’ù üµ¿®Ωtç †’ç*
u
12) A ∩ {1, 2, 3} = ∅, A ∪ {2, 3} = {2, 3, 4, 5} p
d
Ñ È®çúø’ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«-©†’ ûª%°œh°æJîË
a
ÆæN’A
A = {4, 5}
∴ A e n 2n = 22 = 4
w.e Ö°æ-Ææ-N’-ûª’© Ææçêu

(n = n(A) = 2)
t
13) P(A)
w w ÅØËC A ßÁ·éπ\ °∂æ‚ûª-Ææ-N’A. A = ∅ Å®·ûË
é¬©’çö«®·. Åçõ‰ A = ∅ é¬•öÀd n(A) = n(∅) = 0
P (A)™
n e
éπE≠æe Ææçêu™ ´‚©-
∴ P(A) ™ ÖçúË éπE≠æe ´‚©-é¬© Ææçêu

a .
= 2n = 20 = 1
b h
14) ∅∈A ÅÆæûªuç ∅ A Å†úøç
Ææûªuç
t i
r a
(a, e) A Å†úøç ÅÆæûªuç. é¬®Ωùç (a, e) véπ´’ßª·í∫tç ÆæN’A é¬ü¿’.
{a, e} ∈ A ÅÆæûªuç. é¬®Ωùç {a, e} ÅØËC A ™ ´‚©-éπçí¬ ™‰ü¿’.
{e} A Ææûªuç.
u p
15) A = {x : x ∈ N, 0 < x < 5}
a d
.e en
B = {x:x ÅØËC Assassination °æü¿ç-™ E
C = {x : x ÅØËC satation °æü¿ç-™ E Åéπ~®Ωç}
Åéπ~®Ωç}
w ww
A, B, C ÆæN’-ûª’-©†’ ®Ó-≠d®æ Ω’ ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {a, s, i, n, o, t},
C = {a, i, n, o, s, t}
n(A) = 4, n(B) = 6, n(C) = 6
n(B) = n(C) é¬•öÀd B↔C
16) R = {(P, Q)/ OP = OQ, P, Q ∈ µ }. µ ™ 'O— Æœn®Ω Gçü¿’´¤.
<
<
OP = OP é¬•öÀd
(P, P) ∈R >
● P
<
e t
∴ R °æ®√-´-®Ωh†ç. >
. n Q <
OP = OQ (P, Q) ∈ R
●
h O
a ●
<
<
b
é¬•öÀd
Å°æ¤púø’ OQ = OP èπÿú≈ -Å-´¤-ûª’ç-C (Q, R) ∈R
t i
é¬•öÀd R ≤˘≠æe-´ç.
OP = OQ, (P, Q) ∈R èπ◊
r a
OQ = OR, (Q, R) ∈R
p
é¬•öÀd OP = OR
u
Å°æ¤púø’ (P, R) ∈R
a d
∴ R ûª’©u
e
Ææç•çüµ¿ç.
n
w e
17) (1,1), (2, 2) ∈ R é¬F A = {1, 2, 3} éÀ (3, 3) ∉R
.
∴ R °æ®√-´-®Ωh†ç t
w w é¬ü¿’.
(1, 1) ∈ R ⇒ (1, 1)-1 = (1,1) ∈R n e
(2, 3) ∈ R ⇒ (2, 3)-1 = (3, 2) ∈R a .
(3, 2) ∈ R ⇒ (3, 2)-1 = (2, 3) ∈R b h
(2, 2) ∈ R ⇒ (2, 2)-1 = (2, 2) ∈R t i
r a
∴ v°æA (a, b) ∈R èπ◊ (b, a)∈R é¬-•-öÀd R ≤˘≠æe-´ç
u p
(2, 3) ∈ R, (3, 2) ∈R ⇒ (2, 2) ∈R
a d
n
(3, 2) ∈ R, (2, 2) ∈R ⇒ (3, 2) ∈R
e
e
(2, 2) ∈ R, (2, 3) ∈R ⇒ (2, 3) ∈R
.
w∴R
ww
(3, 2) ∈ R, (2, 3) ∈R ⇒ (3, 3) ∉R
Ææçvéπ-´’-ùç- é¬ü¿’.
(3, 2) ∈ R, (2, 3) ∈R é¬F 2 ≠ 3
∴ R v°æA ≤˘≠æe´ Ææç•çüµ¿ç é¬ü¿’

18) £œ«çü¿÷ îªC¢Ë¢√J ÆæN’-AE 'H' ÅE, ÉçúÕ-ßª’Ø˛ áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ îªC¢Ë-¢√J ÆæN’AE 'I' ÅE ®√ü∆lç.
éπFÆæç äéπ C-†°æ-vA-Èéj-Ø√ îªC-¢Ë-¢√J Ææçêu = ûª®Ω-í∫-A-™E Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Ææçêu − à C†°æ-vA-éπ-†÷
îªü¿-´-E-¢√J Ææçêu.
⇒ n(H ∪ I) = 60 − 5 = 55 e t
⇒ n(H) + n(I) −n(H ∩ I) = 55
. n
n(H) = 30, n(I) = 35
h a
b
ü¿û√hç¨¡ç †’ç*
∴30 + 35 − n(H ∩ I) = 55
∴ n(H ∩ I) = 65 − 55 = 10
t i
r a ®Ω-îª®·-ûª: -úÕ. -X-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
u p
a d
e n
w.e t
w w n e
a .
b h
t i
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
í∫-úÕ-ßª÷®√-©’
e t

n
í∫úÕ-ßª÷®Ωç ´%û√h-é¬-®Ωç™ Öçô’çC. DE °æJCµ™ 60 Ææ´÷† ¶µ«í¬©’çö«®·. OöÀE EN’≥ƒ©’
.
Åçö«®Ω’.
h a

i b
í∫úÕ-ßª÷-®Ωç-™E *†o´·©’x í∫çô©†’, Â°ü¿l-´·©’x EN’-≥ƒ©†’ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·.
í∫çô© ´·©’x 12 í∫çô™x îËÊÆ éÓùç = 360°
a t
360
=  = 30°
p r
u
í∫çô™ îËÊÆ éÓùç
12
a 30 d
1°
=  = 
EN’-≠æç™ îËÊÆ éÓùç
e n 60 2

w.e
EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´·©’x í∫çô™ îËÊÆ éÓùç = 360°
t
w w 360
 = 6°
n e
.
EN’-≠æç™ îËÊÆ éÓùç
60
= 6°
1 ° 1°
h
11°
 = 5  =  a
í∫çô-©’, EN’-≥ƒ© ´·∞¡x ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëí∫ç −
2
i b2 2

1
a
=  : 6 t
r
í∫çô-©’, EN’-≥ƒ© ´·∞¡x ¢Ëí¬© E≠æpAh 2
u p
= 1:12

a d
È®çúø’ ´·∞¡Ÿx àéÃ-¶µºNÊÆh, ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u éÓùç = 0° ©ç•-éÓùç îËÊÆh, ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u éÓùç = 90°
n
áü¿’-È®-ü¿’®Ω’ C¨¡™x Öçõ‰ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u-éÓùç = 180°
e
e
äÍé Ææ®Ω-∞¡-Í®-êÂ°j Öçõ‰ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u-éÓùç = 0° ™‰-ü∆ 180°
.
w ww
12 í∫çô© ú´-Cµ™  È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u 0° © éÓùç 11 ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´Ææ’hçC.
180°© éÓùç 11 °æ®√u-ßª÷©’ ´Ææ’hçC.
90°© éÓùç 22 °æ®√u-ßª÷©’ ´Ææ’hçC.
60 EN’≥ƒ™x í∫çô© ´·©’x éπçõ‰ EN’-≥ƒ© ´·©’x 55 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´·çü¿’í¬ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
1. 2í∫çô© 35 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u -éÓùç áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: 2 í∫çô© 35 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Â°ü¿´-l ·©’x È®çúø’ °æ‹Jhîª’ôx†’ AJT, Éçé¬ 35 EN’≥ƒ©’ Å´¤ûª’çC.
∴ 35 EN’≥ƒ™x Â°ü¿l-´·©’x îËÊÆ éÓùç = 35 × 6° = 210°
(äéπ EN’≠æç™ Â°ü¿l-´·©’x 6° îËÆæ’hçC) e t
2 í∫çô© 35 EN’≥ƒ©’ Åçõ‰ 155 EN’≥ƒ™x *†o-´·©’x îËÊÆ éÓùç =
. n
155 × ° = 77 °
1 1
h a
2 2
(äéπ EN’-≥ƒ-EéÀ *†o-´·©’x ° îËÆæ’hçC) i b

1
2
a t
∴
p1 1°r 1°
= 210° − 77  = 131 
u 2 2 2
È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç
2. 3, 4
a d
í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u È®çúø’ ´·∞¡⁄x á°æ¤púø’ àéÃ-¶µº-N-≤ƒh®·?
n
N´-®Ωù: 3 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç = 3 × 30° = 90°
e
w e
(äéπ í∫çô™ í∫çô© ´·©’x îËÊÆ éÓùç = 30°)
.
È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç 0° Öçúøö«-EéÀ Â°ü¿l-´·©’x A®Ωí¬-Lq† éÓùç
t
(90° + 0°) = 90°
w w
90° A®Ωí∫-ú≈-EéÀ °æõ‰d é¬©ç =  n e
.
ü¿÷®Ωç
≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëí∫ç
90° 180 4
h a
= 1
5
=  = 16 
11 11
i bEN’-≥ƒ©’.
Åçõ‰ 3 í∫çô© 16  4
11
2
a t
EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´·-∞¡⁄x éπ©Æœ Öçö«®·.
3.
p r
7, 8 ´’üµ¿u á°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡Ÿx äÍé Ææ®Ω-∞¡-Í®-êÂ°j áü¿’-È®-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Öçö«®·?
u
N´-®Ωù: 7 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç = 7 × 30° = 210°
d
a
äÍé Ææ®Ω-∞¡-Í®-êÂ°j áü¿’-È®-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç 180° Öçú≈L.
.e en
Å°æ¤púø’ Â°ü¿l ´·©’x îËßª÷-Lq† éÓùç = 210° 180 = 30° −
(6 í∫çô-©Â°j-† Å®·ûË '−—, 6 í∫çô©™°æ¤ Å®·ûË '+’ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L)
w ww
∴ 30° A®Ωí∫-ú≈-EéÀ °æõ‰d é¬©ç
=  = 
30° 5
≤ƒÊ°éπ~ ¢Ëí∫ç 5 1 = 5 
ü¿÷®Ωç
11
EN’≥ƒ©’
2
5
Åçõ‰ 7 í∫çô© 5  11
EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡⁄x äÍé Ææ®Ω-∞¡-Í®-êÂ°j áü¿’-È®-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Öçö«®·.
4. 4, 5í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u á°æ¤púø’ 90° Öçô’çC?
N´-®Ωù: È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u 90° È®çúø’ Ææçü¿®√s¥¥™x -´Ææ’hç-C. 4 í∫çô-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç
4 × 30 ° = 120°
e t
´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u Öçú≈Lq† éÓùç = 90°
n
Åçõ‰ Â°ü¿l-´·©’x îËßª÷-Lq† éÓùç 120 ± 90° Å´¤-
.
ûª’çC.
h a
Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç-1 Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç-2
i b
Â°ü¿l-´·©’x îËßª÷Lq†
éÓùç = 120 + 90 = 210°
t
Â°ü¿l-´·©’x îËßª÷Lq†
a
p r
éÓùç = 120 − 90 = 30
é¬©ç = 
ü¿÷®Ωç
d u é¬©ç = 
ü¿÷®Ωç
210
= 
na
2 30
=  = 5 
5
.e e
5
2
1
= 38
11
E.
5
2
1 11
E.
w w
Åçõ‰ 4 í∫çô© 38  2
4 í∫çô© 5  5
e t
w 11
EN’≥ƒ©èπ ◊, 11
EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç
90°í¬ Öçô’çC.
. n
5. 8, 9 í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u á°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç 72° Öçô’çC?
h a
N´-®Ωù: È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u 72° È®çúø’ Ææçü¿®√s¥™x Öçô’çC.
i b
8 í∫çô-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç = 8 × 30 = 240°
a t
´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u Öçú≈Lq† éÓùç = 72°
p r
d
Åçõ‰ Â°ü¿l-´·©’x îËßª÷-Lq† éÓùç
u
a
240 ± 72° = 312°, 168° Å´¤ûª’çC.
n
.e e
i) é¬©ç = 
312
1
5
2
= 56 8
11
E.
w ww
ii) é¬©ç = 
1
168
5
2
6
= 30 
11
E.
8 6
Åçõ‰ 8 í∫çô© 56  11
EN’- ≥ ƒ-©èπ◊, 8 í∫çô© 30 
11
EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç 72°í¬ Öçô’çC.
1. 7, 8 í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u á°æ¤púø’ 90° Öçô’çC?
6 9
á) 7 í∫ç. 54  11
E., 7 í∫ç. 21  11
E.
G) 7 í∫ç. 52  5
11
E., 7 í∫ç. 21 8

11
E.
e t
Æœ) 7 í∫ç. 56  6
11
E., 7 í∫ç. 21  8
11
E.
. n
úÕ) Â°j¢ËO é¬´¤
h
2, 3 í∫çô© ´’üµ¿u È®çúø’´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç á°æ¤púø’ 180° Öçô’çC?
a
2.
á) 2 í∫ç. 43  6
) 2
i b 43 7

3
í∫ç. 43 
11
E.
a tG í∫ç.
7

11
E.
3.
Æœ) 2 11
E.
p r úÕ ) 2 í∫ç
5 í∫çô© 15 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ È®çúø’ ´·∞¡x ´’üµ¿u éÓùç áçûª?
. 42 11
E.
á) 62 12 °
d u
G) 67 12 ° Æœ) 64 12 ° úÕ) 1 °
61 
n a 2
.e e
Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’: 1–á; 2–G; 3–G.
w t
– Èé.-´·®Ω-S-¢Á÷£æ«-Ø˛ ®√-V
w w n e
a .
b h
t i
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
Íé~vûª í∫ùÀûªç
e t
. n
§ÚöÃ °æKé- π~© ü¿%≥ƒd u Íé~vûN-ª ’A §ƒ®∏√uç¨¡ç™ Ææ´’-û©ª Ææç´%ûª °æö«© ¢Á¨j »-™«u©’, îª’ô’dé- Ì-©ûª©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-
Cµç*- † ¶µ«´-†©’ ´·êu-¢Á’†i N. OöÀ™ vA¶µº’ïç, îªûª’®- Ω’s¥ïç, ´%û√h©- èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cçµ * áèπ◊\-´í¬ v°¨æ ¡o©’
Åúøí- ´-∫ îª’a.
h a
¢Áj¨»©u ¶µ«´-†©Â°j ´·êu-Æœ-ü∆l¥ç-û√©’
i b
★
★ t
äÍé ¶µº÷N’, äÍé Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω Í®ê© ´’üµ¿u ÖçúË Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«© ¢Áj¨»-™«u©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
a
r
äÍé ¶µº÷N’, äÍé Ææ´÷ç-û®ª Ω Í®ê© ´’üµ¿u ÖçúË Ææ´÷ç-û®ª Ω îªûª’®- Ω’s¥ïç, D®Ω`î- ûª ª’®Ωv≤ƒ© ¢Á¨j »-™«u©’
★
Ææ´÷†ç.
u p
d
äÍé ¶µº÷N’, äÍé Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω Í®ê© ´’üµ¿u ÖçúË vA¶µº’-ñ«© ¢Áj¨»-™«u©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
★
a
vA¶µº’-ïç™E àüÁjØ√ ´’üµ¿uí∫ûª-Í®ê Ç vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo È®çúø’ Ææ´÷† ¢Áj¨»-™«u©’çúË vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬
n
e
N¶µº>Ææ’hçC.
★
w.e
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï ¶µº÷N’ 'b', ü∆E Å†’®Ω÷°æ Ö†oA 'h' Å®·ûË Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï ¢Áj¨»©uç
= bh îªü¿®Ω°æ¤ ßª‚Eô’x.
t
★
w w
´’üµ¿u-ü¿÷®Ωç 'h' Å®·ûË Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï ¢Áj¨»©uç =  1
h (a + b).
n e
Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç (võ„°‘->ßª’ç) Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω ¶µº’ñ«© §Òúø-´¤©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ a, b. Ñ ¶µº’ñ«©
★
2
Ææ´’-îª-ûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç (®√ç•Æˇ) éπ®√g© §Òúø-´¤©’ d1, d2 Å®·ûË ü∆E ¢Áj¨»©uç = 
a . 1
d1. d2.
★ N≠æ-´’-¶«£æ› îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç ¢Áj¨»©uç =  1
2
d (h1+ h2)
b h 2
i
d = îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï Néπ®Ωgç §Òúø´¤, h1, h2 ©’ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï ÅGµ-´·ê Q®√{© †’ç* 'd' §Òúø´¤ ÖçúË
t
★
éπ®Ωgç O’ü¿èπ◊ UÆœ-† ©ç¶«© §Òúø-´¤©’.
r a
vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«© §Òúø-´¤©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ a, b, c Å®·ûË, ü∆E îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª 2s = (a + b + c). Ç
u p
vA¶µº’-ñ«-EéÀ £‘«®ÓØ˛ Ææ÷vûªç v°æé¬®Ωç ¢Áj¨»-™«uEo éπ†’éÓ\ú≈-EéÀ
Ææ÷vûªç: ∆ = √ 
d
s (s − a) (s − b) (s − c).
a
★
e1
n
vA¶µº’-ïç™ ¶µº÷N’, ü∆E O’ü¿èπ◊ UÆœ† Å†’-®Ω÷°æ Ö†oA §Òúø´¤ ÉÊÆh, Ç vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç
∆ =  × ¶µº÷N’ × Å†’-®Ω÷°æ Ö†oA =  bh.
1
★
.e 2 2
∆ ABC ™ AB = c, BC = a, AC = b. AB, BC, AC O’-ü¿èπ◊ UÆœ† Å†’-®Ω÷°æ Ö†o-ûª’©’
w ww
´®Ω-Ææí¬ h3, h1, h2 ©’ Å®·ûË
∆ ABC ¢Áj¨»©uç =  1 ah = 
2 1
1 bh = 
2 2
1 ch
2 3
i.e., ah1 = bh2 = ch3

= √ s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c).
1 × ©ç•-éÓ-ù«Eo
★ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç = 2
1 1
à®Ωp-®ΩîË ¶µº’ñ«© ©•l¥ç = 
2
×a×b= 
2
ab.
>
★ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ ©ç•-éÓùç Ö†o Q®Ω{ç †’ç*
e t
éπ®√g-EéÀ UÆœ† ©ç•ç §Òúø´¤ 'p' Å®·ûË a c
. n
1 c.p = 

2
1 ab
2
p
h a
⇒ c.p = ab.
i b >
★
a t b
©ç•-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ Ææ´÷† ¶µº’ñ«©’ äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ 's' ßª‚Eô’x Å®·ûË, ©ç•-éÓù
1 2. éπ®Ωgç- ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ  È®ô’x. é¬•öÀd ©ç•-éÓùÆæ´’-Cy-
Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç = 
p
2 
s
r
¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æpAh = s:s: √ 2 s=1:1: √ 2 .
√2
★
d u
vA¶µº’-ïç™ ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æpAh 1 : 1 : √ 2 Å®·ûË éÓù«© E≠æpAh 1 : 1 : 2. DEéÀ N°æ®Ωu-ßª’ç:
n a
vA¶µº’-ïç™ éÓù«© E≠æpAh 1 : 1 : 2 Å®·ûË ü∆E ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æpAh 1 : 1 : √ 2.
★
.e e
∆ABC Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï - ç™ AD ⊥ BC Å®·ûË ∆ABD ™E éÓù«©’ 30°, 60°, 90°.
vA¶µº’ï éÓù«© E≠æpAh = 1 : 2 : 3 Å®·ûË ü∆E ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æpAh 1 : √
3 : 2. DEéÀ N°æ®Ωu-
w w
ßª’ç: vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æpAh 1 : √3 : 2 Å®·ûË ü∆E éÓù«© E≠æpAh 1 : 2 : 3.
e t
★
w
Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ïç 'a' ßª‚Eô’x Å®·ûË ü∆E

. n
Ö†oA √3
=  a, Ææ´’-¶«£æ›
2
vA¶µº’ïç
h a

√3
=  a2. îªü¿®Ω°æ¤ i b
¢Áj¨»©uç
4
ßª‚Eô’x.
a t
★ ∆ABC Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™
1
⇒ BD = CD =  1 b.
BC = 
r
AB = AC = a, BC = b. AD ⊥ BC
p
2
d u2
A
∆ ABD
n a
©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ AD2 = AB2 − BD2
e 1 b
⇒ AD2 = a2 − 
.e ( 2 )2
4a2 − b2
ww
∴ AD2 = 4
w 
√ 4a2 − b2
⇒ AD = 
2 B D C
1 BC × AD
∴ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç =
2

1 √ 4a2 − b2
=  × b × 
2 2

= 
4
√ 2 − b2
1 b 4a
e t
DEo vA¶µº’ï ¢Á¨j »©u £‘«®ÓØ˛ Ææ÷vûçª †’ç* í∫ùçÀ î- ´-ª îª’a.
   
. n
Å®·ûË ABCD Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï ¢Áj¨»©uç h a
ABCD Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ AB, DC © ´’üµ¿u-ü¿÷®Ωç h1, BC, AD © ´’üµ¿u ü¿÷®Ωç h2
= AB × h1 = BC × h2 ™‰ü∆ D i b C
AB h2
=  a t
BC h1
............... (1)
p r
DC × h1= AD × h2
d u h1 h2
(™‰ü∆)
n a
DC
=
h2
AD h1
.e e
.....(2) A B
w w
(1), (2)© †’ç*, AB
 =  = 
DC h2
e t
w BC AD h1
n
a.
★ Ææ´’-ûª-©ç™ äéπ Æœn®Ω-Gç-ü¿’´¤ 'O' †’ç* Æœn®Ω-¢Á’i† ü¿÷®Ωç 'r' ™ îªLç-îË Gçü¿’´¤ P Å®·ûË -
ü∆E Gç-ü¿’°æ-ü∑¿ç -´%-ûªhç. OP = r. ¢√uÆæç = 2r = d.
´%ûªh °æJCµ, ¢√u≤ƒ© E≠æpAh = Π : 1. Åçõ‰ b h
c
 = Π ™‰ü∆ c = Πd = 2 Π r. t i
d
r a
´%ûªh ¢Áj¨»©uç A = Πr 2. ™‰ü∆
u A=Π 
4 pd2
★
a d
n
´%ûªhç™ Ææí∫ç î√°æçûÓ Ç î√°æ Åçû√u-©†’ éπ-LÊ° Í®ë«-êç-úøçûÓ Ç´%-ûª-¢Á’i† Ææ´’-ûª© °æôç
. e
Å®Ωl¥- ´%ûªhç.
e 1 Πr2.
Å®Ωl¥- ´%ûªh ¢Áj¨»©uç = 
2
w ww
Å®Ωl¥- ´%ûªh îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª = Πr + 2r = 36
r
7
< 2r <
– -úÕ. -vQ-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
í∫-ùÀ-ûªç – éπç-õ„-ç-ö¸
Í®ë«-í∫-ùÀûªç
e t
1.
n
Í®ë«-í∫-ùÀûª E®√t-ù«Eo Æ‘yéπ%-û√-üµ∆®Ω °æü¿l¥A™ ÅGµ-´%Cl¥-°æ-®Ω-*† í∫ùÀ-ûª- ¨»-ÆæY-¢Ëûªh á´®Ω’?
.
2.
1) Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd 2) ´®√-£æ«-N’-£œ«-®Ω’úø’ 3) ßª‚éÀxú˛
h a 4) ®√•®˝d Èékx¢˛
b
'Ææ’©¶µº Ææ÷vû√©— éπ®Ωh é¬EC á´®Ω’?
1) ¶˜-ü∆l¥-ßª’†’úø’ 2) Ç°æ-Ææhç¶µº
t i
3) é¬û√u-ßª’† 4) Ç®Ωu-¶µºôd
3. 'Eí∫´’ ßÁ÷îª-†— †’ Ææ÷*ç-*çC á´®Ω’?
r a
1) ¶µ«Ææ \-®Ω’úø’
u p
2) Ç°æ-Ææhç¶µº 3) v•£æ«t-í∫’-°æ¤ húø’ 4) ßª‚éÀxú˛
4.
d
Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√-EéÀ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ™«éπ~-ùÀ-éπ-®Ω-£œ«ûª Ö°æ-°æ-AhE É*a† ¶µ«®Ω-Bßª’ ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh á´®Ω’?
a 2) ¶˜-ü∆l¥-ßª’†’úø’
e
3) ´®√-£æ«-N’-£œ«-®Ω’úø’ n
1) È®ç-úÓ ¶µ«Ææ \-®√-î√-®Ω’uúø’
4) v•£æ«t-í∫’-°æ¤ húø’
5.
w.e
Æ‘yéπ%-û√-EéÀ Öçú≈Lq† ´·êu ©éπ~ù«™x äéπöÀ –
t
w w
1) Ææçí∫-ûªûªyç 2) Ææyûªç-vûªûª 3) Ææç°æ‹®Ωg-ûª 4) ÅFo
n e
6. éÀçC¢√öÀ™ 'E®Ωy-*ûª °æü¿ç—–
a .
1) Gçü¿’´¤ 2) Åçûª-®√∞¡ç 3) ûª©ç
b h 4) Í®ë«-êçúøç
7.
t i
'≤ƒnØ√çí∫ Ææ÷vûªç— ÅØË ñ«uN’A ví∫çü∑¿ç á´J éπ%≠œ ´©x v°æí∫-AE ≤ƒCµç-*çC?
1) ¶˜ü¿’l¥©’ 2) ñ„j†’©’
r a 3) Å®Ω-•’s©’ 4) §ƒ®ΩQ-èπ◊©’
8. éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ Æ‘yéπ%ûªç é¬EüËC?
u p
a d
1) ûª©ç™ È®çúø’ ü¿ûªh-Gç-ü¿’-´¤-©†’ éπLÊ° Í®ê äéπõ‰ Öçô’çC.
2) ÆæÍ®-&-ßª÷-©’é¬F ´‚úø’ Gçü¿’-´¤©ûÓ äÍé ûª©ç -Öç-ô’çC.
e n
3) ûª©ç™ È®çúø’ Gçü¿’-´¤-©†’ éπLÊ° Í®ê ÅüË- ûª-©ç™ Öçô’çC.
.e
ww
4) vA¶µº’-ïç™ 3 éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 2 ©ç•-éÓ-ù«©’.
9.
w
Æœü∆l¥çûª ≤ƒ®√ç-¨¡ç-™E Åç¨»-EéÀ úA-Í®-éπçí¬ ¶µ«Nç* EJt-ûª-¢Á’i† ≤Ú§ƒØ√© °æ®Ωç-°æ®Ω äéπ N®Ω’-ü¿l¥-
ûªèπ◊ ü∆J-B-Ææ’hçC. Ñ E®Ω÷-°æù« °æü¿l¥A–
1) v°æûªuéπ~ E®Ω÷-°æù« 2) °æ®Óéπ~ E®Ω÷-°æù«
3) ÅÆæûªu E®Ω÷-°æù« 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
10. ü¿û√hç-¨¡çûÓ û√J\éπ ≤Ú§ƒ-Ø√© E®√tùç ü∆y®√ ≤ƒ®√ç-¨»Eo îËÍ® °æü¿l¥-AE à´’çö«®Ω’?
1) v°æûªuéπ~ E®Ω÷-°æù« °æü¿l¥A 2) °æ®Óéπ~ E®Ω÷-°æù« °æü¿l¥A
3) v°æûª’u-ü∆-£æ«-®Ωù °æü¿l¥A
↔ ↔ ↔ ↔
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
e t
.n
0
11. AB // CD. AB, CD ©†’ A®Ωu-vÍíê ´®Ω-Ææí¬ E, F +3
©™ êçúÕç- A E 2x B
*çC. °æôç †’ç* x N©’-´†’ éπ†’éÓ\çúÕ.
1) 25° 2) 24°
h a F
3) 26° 4) 30°
i b C 3x + 30° D
12.
a t
éÀçC °æôç™ l // m. l, m ©Â°j ´®Ω-Ææí¬ A, B ÅØËN È®çúø’ Gçü¿’-
r
´¤©’. l, m © Â°j ™‰E Gçü¿’´¤ ‘C’. Å®·ûË ∠z N©’´ ∠x, ∠y
p
B
x
m
©™
1) ∠z = ∠x − ∠y d u 2) ∠z = ∠x − 2∠y
z
y
C
3) ∠z = 2∠x + ∠y
n a 4) ∠z = ∠x + ∠y
A l
13. ABC
.e e
äéπ Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç. ∠B, ∠C © Cyêç-úø† Í®ê©’ D ´ü¿l êçúÕç-îª’-èπ◊çõ‰
w
∠BDC = ?
w
1) 60° 2) 120° 3) 45° 4) 55° e t
w n
14. ∆ ABC ™
∠BDC =
∠B, ∠C © Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† Í®ê©’ D
a.
´ü¿l êçúÕç-îª’-èπ◊ç-ö«®·.
h
∠BAC = Z°
b
Å®·ûË
Z° Z°
1) 90°+ 
2
2) 90° - 
2
t i
3) 90°+ 2Z° 4) 90° − 2Z°
15.
r a
∆ ABC ™ ∠ABC = 60°. CB E BD = AB ÅßË’u-™« D ´®Ωèπ◊ ∠BAD =
p
§Ò-úÕTÊÆh,
1) 120° 2) 90° 3) 30° 4) 60°
d u
16.
1) 8 a
äéπ véπ´’•£æ›-¶µº’> Åçûª®Ω, ¶«£æ«u éÓù«© E≠æpAh 7 : 2. Å®·ûË Ç •£æ›-¶µº’> ¶µº’ñ«© Ææçêu
n 2) 9 3) 10 4) 11
e e
17. äéπ èπ◊ç¶µ«-é¬®Ω °æçîª-¶µº’> Åçûª®Ω éÓù«©’ Åçéπ-v¨ÏúµÕ™  Öçõ‰ ü∆E í∫J≠æe, éπE≠æe éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç–
.
ww
(°æü∆ç-ûª®Ωç üµ¿Ø√-ûªtéπç Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰)
1) 108° 2) 118° 3) 216° 4) 261°
w 
18. ∆ ABC ™ BC -E, E ´®Ωèπ◊ §ÒúÕTçî√®Ω’. ∠ACE = 130°. BC éÀ Åçûª-®Ωçí¬ -ü∆-EÂ°j D
  
ÅØË Gçü¿’´¤ BD = AD = DC ÅßË’uN-üµ¿çí¬ ÖçC. ∠ADC + ∠ABC =?
1) 60° 2) 90° 3) 100° 4) 120°
   
19. ∆ ABC ™ BD ⊥ AC , CE ⊥ AB ÅßË’uN-üµ¿çí¬ E, D ©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ AB, AC ©Â°j Gçü¿’´¤©’.
 
BD = CE Å®·ûË ∆ ABC -
e t
20.
3) N≠æ-´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
∆ ABC ™ 'O' Åçûª®Ω Gçü¿’´¤. Å®·ûË éÀçC¢√-öÀ™  ÆæÈ®jçC –
. n
1) 2 (OA + OB + OC) > (AB + BC + CA)
h a
2) 2( AB + BC + CA) > (OA + OB + OC)
i b
3) 3(OA + OB + OC) > 2( AB + BC + CA)
a t
4) 2( AB + BC + CA) > 3(OA + OB + OC)
r
up

21. ∆ ABC ™∠ABC = 70°, ∠ACB = 50°, ∠A ßÁ·éπ\ Cyêç-ú†ø Í®ê BC E D ´ü¿l Åçûª-
d
®Ωçí¬ êçúÕç*- çC. éÀçC¢√-ö™À  AB, AD, CD © véπ´’ç–
a
e n
1) AD > CD > AB 2) CD > AD > AB
w.e
3) AB > AD > CD
22. ABCD îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ éπ®√g©’ AC, BD
4) àD-é¬ü¿’.
t
©ç¶«©’. éÀçC¢√öÀ™ ÆæÈ®j† ÅÆæ-O’-éπ-®Ωùç àC?
w w
1) (AB + BC + CD + AD) > (AC + BD)
n e
2) (AB + BC + CD + AD) > 2( AC + BD)
a .
3) (AB + BC + CD + AD) > 3(AC + BD)
b h
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
23. ABCD îªûª’®Ω’s¥ñ«EéÀ
t i
1) (AB + BC + CD + DA) > 3 AC
r a
Ææç•ç-Cµç* éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ àC Ææûªuç?
2) (AB + BC + CD + DA) > 2 AC

u p
d
3) (AB + BC + CD + DA) > 4 AC
a
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
e n  
.e
24. ∆ABC ™ BC ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’´¤ D. AD äéπ ´’üµ¿u-í∫-ûª-Í®ê. Å®·ûË éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ àC Ææûªuç?
ww
1) (AB + AC) > AD 2) (AB + AC) > 3 AD
w
3) (AB + AC) > 2 AD
Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’
4) (AB + AC) < 2 AD
1-3; 2-4; 3-4; 4-2; 5-4; 6-4; 7-2; 8-4; 9-2; 10-1; 11-2; 12-4; 13-2; 14-1;
15-3; 16-2; 17-3; 18-4; 19-2; 20-1; 21-3; 22-1; 23-2; 24-3.
↔ ↔
N´-®Ω-ù©’
11. AB// CD é¬•öÀd ∠EFD = (2x + 30°) (Ææ.éÓù«©’)
∴ (2x+30°) = EFD, 3x + 30° ©’
∴ 2x+30° + 3x+30° = 180°
Í®&ßª’ ü¿yßª÷©’
e t
⇒ 5x = 180°− 60° = 120°
. n
∴ x = 24°.
h a ï¢√•’ (2)
↔ ↔ ↔↔
i b
12. 'C' ü∆y®√ n †’ l èπ◊ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ Ußª’çúÕ. l, m ©Â°j E, F ©†’ í∫’JhçîªçúÕ.
↔
n Â°j äéπ Gçü¿’´¤ D E BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç.
a t B F M
∴ ∠FBC = ∠BCD = x (àé¬ç-ûª®Ω éÓù«©’)
p r x
∴ ∠ACB = ∠FBC + ∠CAE d u

∴ ACD = ∠CAE = y (àé¬ç-ûª®Ω éÓù«©’) D z yC n
∠z = ∠x + ∠yn a A E l
e e
13. ∆ABC Ææ´’-¶«£æ›
. vA¶µº’ïç A
ï¢√•’: (4)
w
⇒ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
w e t
w
∴ ∠CBD = ∠B/ 2 = 30°
∠C . n
∠BCD =  = 30°
2
h a
D
∴ ∆BCD™ ∠CBD+∠BDC + ∠BCD = 180°

i b B
⇒ 30° + ∠BDC + 30° = 180°
a t C
⇒ ∠BDC = 180° − 60° = 120°
∠B ∠C p r ï¢√•’: (2)
14. ∠CBD =  , ∠BCD = 
2 2
d u A
a
∆BCD ™ ∠CBD + ∠BCD + ∠BDC = 180°
n
Z
∠B ∠C
e e
 +  + ∠BDC = 180°
2
. 2
D
ww
1 Z
⇒  (180°−Z) + ∠BDC = 180°
B
w 2
1
⇒ 90°− 
2
Z + ∠BDC = 180°
C
1
⇒ ∠BDC = 90° +  Z (1)
2
ï¢√•’:
15. ∆ABC ™ ∠ABC = 60° A
∆ABD™ BD = AB ?
⇒ ∠BAD = ∠ADB
e t
∴ ∠ABC = ∠BAD+ ∠ADB
⇒ 60° = ∠BAD+ ∠BAD . n
⇒ 2 ∠BAD = 60° D
h B a C
∴ ∠BAD = 30°
i b
r
(2n − 4) × 90° at ï¢√•’: (3)
16. véπ´’ •£æ›-¶µº’> Åçûª-®Ω-Íéçvü¿ç =  ,
u n p
360°
=  ü¿û√hç¨¡ç
a d
¶«£æ«u-éÓùç
e
(2n − 4) × 90°
n
n v°æé¬®Ωç,

w.
ne :
360°
n =7:2
t
w w
⇒ (2n - 4) : 4 = 7 : 2
⇒ 4n - 8 = 28 ⇒ 4n = 36 n e
∴n=9
a .
b h (2)
i
ï¢√•’:
17.
t
èπ◊ç¶µ«-é¬®Ω •£æ›-¶µº’> Åçûª®Ω éÓù«©’ a-2d, a-d, a, a + d, a + 2d.
a
èπ◊ç¶µ«-é¬®Ω •£æ›-¶µº’> Åçûª®Ω éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç = (2n - 4) × 90°
p r
= (2 × 5 − 4) × 90°
a du
∴ a - 2d + a - d + a + a + d + a +2d = 540°
= 6 × 90° = 540°
e n 5a = 540°
.e ⇒ a = 108°
w ww
∴ í∫J≠æ,e éπE≠æe éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç
= a + 2d + a − 2d
= 2a = 2 × 108° = 216°
ï¢√•’: (3)
18. ∠ACD = 180° − ∠ACE
(... ∠ACD, ∠ACE ©’ Í®&ßª’ ü¿yßª÷©’)
= 180°−130° = 50°
e t
∆ ADC™AD = CD Å®·ûË ∠CAD = ∠ACD = 50°
∴ ∠ADC = 180° − (∠ACD+∠CAD) =
A
. n
180°−100° = 80°
h a
∆ABD™ BD = AD. -
i b
Å®·-ûË ∠ABD = ∠BAD
é¬F, ∠ADC+∠BAD+∠ABD r at B
?
D
?
130°
C E
u
(¶«£æ«u-éÓùç = Åçûª-®√-Gµ-´·ê éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç) p
∴ 80° = ∠ABD + ∠ABD
a d
∴ 2 ∠ABD = 80° ⇒ ∠ABD = 40°
e n
w e
∴ ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 80° + 40° = 120°.
.
19. ∆ABC™ CE ⊥ AB
ï¢√•’: (4)
t
w w
∆ABC ¢Áj¨»©uç
1
 AB × CE ....... (1)
A
n e
= 2
a .
∆ABC™ BD ⊥ AC
b h E D
1
∴ ∆ABC ¢Áj¨»©uç =  × AC × BD ...... (2)
2
t i B C
(1), (2)©
1 1
 × AB × CE =  × AC × BD
r a
⇒ AB = AC
†’ç*, 2
(... CE = BD) u
2
p
∴ ∆ABC Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ›
a d ï¢√•’: (2)
e n vA¶µº’ïç.
20. ∆OAB, ∆OBC, ∆OAC ©™ A
.e
(OA + OB) > AB, (OB + OC) > BC, (OC + OA) > AC
w ww (... vA¶µº’-ïç™
È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© ¢Á·ûªhç,
´‚úÓ ¶µº’ïç éπçõ‰ ÅCµéπç)
O
Â°j ´‚úÕç-öÀç-öÀE èπÿúøí¬

B C
2(OA + OB + OC) > (AB+BC+CA) ï¢√•’: (1)
1
21. ∠BAD = ∠CAD =  ∠A A
2
30°
∠ABD = 70°, ∠ACD = 50° 30°
∠A = 180°− (∠B+∠C) = 180°−120° = 60°
e t
∴ ∠BAD = ∠CAD = 30°
70°
.
80° 100°n 50°
∴ ∠ADB = 180°− (70° + 30) = 80° B
h a D C
∠ADC = 180° − (50 + 30°) = 100°
i b
°æôç †’ç*, AB > AD ..... (1)
a t
∆ADC™ AD > CD..... (2)
p r
(... vA¶µº’-ïç™ Â°ü¿l éÓù«-EéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o ¶µº’ïç Â°ü¿lC)
(1), (2) ©
d u
a
†’ç*,
AB > AD> CD
e n
.e
(Ææçvéπ-´’ù üµ¿®Ωtç)
w
ï¢√•’: (3)
et
22. AC ⊥ BD (ü¿û√hç¨¡ç) C
w w
∆OAB, ∆OBC, ∆OCD, ∆OAD©’ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ñ«©’. D
n
∴ AB > OB, BC > OC,
a . O
CD > OD, AD > OA

b h
(©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ éπ®Ωgç Â°ü¿lC)Â°j Ø√L-TçöÀF èπÿúøí¬,
t i A B
(AB + BC + CD + AD) > (OB + OC + OD + OA)
r a
(AB + BC + CD + AD) > (OA + OC) + (OB + OD)
p
(AB + BC + CD + AD) > AC + BD.
23. ∆ABC™ AB + BC > AC a du ï¢√•’: (1)
e
∆ACD™ CD + AD > AC
n C
(+) 
.e D
ww
AB + BC + CD + AD > 2AC O
w
A B
ï¢√•’: (2)
1
24. ∆ABC ™BD = CD =  BC A
2
ADE E ´®Ωèπ◊ AD = DE ÅßË’uN-üµ¿çí¬
B, E; C, E©†’
e t
.n
§Ò-úÕTç* éπ©-°æçúÕ.
∴ BC, AE éπ®√g©’ D ´ü¿l C
D
Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o®·. B
h a
∴ ABEC äéπ//gm ⇒ BE = AC
i b
at
∆ABE ™ AB + BE > AE
E
∴ AB + AC > 2AD.
p r ï¢√•’: (3)
d u – -úÕ. -vQ-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
n a
.e e
w w e t
w . n
h a
i b
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
e t
. n
Ææç¶µ«-úûª Åüµ∆ußª’ç™ Ø√ù‰©’, §ƒ*éπ©’, Ê°éπ-´·éπ\©’, ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωù, M°æ¤ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†
¶µ«´†©†’ (Basic Concepts) Åüµ¿u-ßª’†ç îËßª÷L.
h a
¶µ«´†©’ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N. Ñ Åç¨»-©èπ◊ îÁçC† v°æ¨¡o-©-†’ Ææ’©’-´¤í¬ ≤ƒCµçîªú≈-EéÀ Å¶µºu-®Ω’n©’ OöÀ ´’¯Léπ
i b
t
- Ø√-ù‰-©’
★
a
Ø√-ù‰EéÀ ¶Ô´’t, ¶Ô®Ω’Ææ’ -Å-ØË È®çúø’ ´·ê ûª™«©’ Öçö«®·. ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ¶Ô´’t†’ 'H' ûÓ,
¶Ô®Ω’-Ææ’†’ 'T' ûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
r
★
u p
äéπ Ø√ù‰Eo áí∫-Í®-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†©’ Ææçêu = 21 = 2. ÅN: {H,
T}.
a d
★
e n
È®çúø’ Ø√ù‰-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ áí∫Í®ÊÆh, ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô†© Ææçêu = 22 = 4.
★
w e
ÅN: {HH, HT, TH, TT}
.
´‚úø’ Ø√ù‰-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ áí∫-®Ω¢ËÊÆh, ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu = 23 = 8.
t
w e
w ÅN:
{ HHH, HHT, HTT, TTT
HTH, THT
THH, TTH
} h a . n
★
i b
ÉüË-N-üµ¿çí¬ 'n' Ø√ù‰-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ áí∫-®Ω¢ËÊÆh ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu = 2n
★
a t
'n' Ø√ù‰-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ áí∫-®Ω¢ËÊÆh ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu, äéπ Ø√ù‰Eo 'n' °æ®√u-
p r
ßª÷©’ áí∫-®Ω-¢Ë-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´îËa ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêuèπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ 5 Ø√ù‰-©†’ äÍé-
≤ƒJ áí∫’-®Ω-¢ËÆœ-Ø√, äéπ Ø√ù‰Eo 5 °æ®√u-ßª÷©’ áí∫-®Ω¢ËÆœ-Ø√ -Ç È®ç--úø’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-©-†÷ -äÍé -N-üµ¿çí¬
d u
°æ-Jí∫-ùÀç-î√-L. È®çúø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷ Ø√ù‰© Ææçêu 5í¬ BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
★
n a
'n' Ø√ù‰-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ áí∫-®Ω-¢ËÊÆh, ¢√öÀ™  'r' ¶Ô´’t©’
.e e
®√´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª
nC
= 
2n
r
★ w ww
¶Ô®Ω’-Ææ’© Ææçêuèπÿ ÉüË Ææ÷vûªç ´Jh-Ææ’hçC.
'n' Ø√ù‰-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ áí∫-®Ω-¢ËÊÆh éπFÆæç äéπ ¶Ô´’t/
2n − 1
= 
2n
¶Ô®Ω’Ææ’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª
★ àüÁjØ√ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπ Ø√ù„ç ÅE ÉÊÆh, ü∆Eo ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωù Ø√ù„çí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-î√L.
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 1: Å®·ü¿’ Ø√ù‰-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ áí∫-®Ω-¢Ë-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ¶Ô´’t©’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª
áçûª?
e t
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ø√ù‰© Ææçêu n = 5, é¬¢√-Lq† ¶Ô´’t© Ææçêu r=2
. n
∴
Ææç¶µ«-úûª =  h a
i b
= 
nC
r
5C
2
=  = 
5
a t
2n 25 16
p r
d u
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 2: äéπ E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπ Ø√ù‰Eo Ç®Ω’≤ƒ®Ω’x áí∫®Ω-¢ËÊÆh, éπFÆæç äéπ\-≤ƒJ ¶Ô´’t ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-
úûª áçûª?
n a
.e e
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ø√ù‰Eo Ç®Ω’ °æ®√u-ßª÷©’ áí∫-®Ω-¢Ë-¨»®Ω’. é¬•öÀd Ø√ù‰© Ææçêu
2n−1 26−1 63
n = 6 í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L.
w w
Ææç¶µ«-úûª =  =  = 
2n 26 64
e t
w . n
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 3: äéπ E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπ Ø√ù‰Eo 5 ≤ƒ®Ω’x áí∫®Ω¢ËÊÆh, v°æA Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç-™†÷ ¶Ô®Ω’Ææ’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ
Ææç¶µ«-úûª†’ éπ†’-éÓ\çúÕ.
h a
i b
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ø√ù‰© Ææçêu n = 5. v°æA Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™†÷ ¶Ô®Ω’Ææ’ ®√¢√L Åçõ‰ ÅFo ¶Ô®Ω’Ææ’™‰ ®√¢√L. é¬•öÀd
é¬¢√-Lq† ¶Ô®Ω’-Ææ’© Ææçêu r = 5.
a t
nC
r
=  =  = 
1 5C
5
p r
u
2n 25 32
a d
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 4: äéπ E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπ Ø√ù‰Eo 7 ≤ƒ®Ω’x áí∫-®Ω-¢Ë-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ 2 ´, 4 ´, 7 ´ ≤ƒJ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¶Ô´’t
e n ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª†’ éπ†’-éÓ\çúÕ.
.e
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ø√ù‰© Ææçêu n = 7, ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô†© Ææçêu = 2n = 27
w ww
2´, 4´, 7´ ≤ƒJ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¶Ô´’t ®√¢√L. Åçõ‰ N’TL† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¶Ô®Ω’-Ææ’©’ ®√¢√L.
Åçõ‰ Ç Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç (T, H, T, H, T, T, H) í¬ Öçú≈L. Åçõ‰ Å†’-èπÿ© Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç ÉC äéπ\öÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’.
Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 1 1
∴ Ææç¶µ«-úûª =  =  = 
¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 27 128
§ƒ*-éπ-©’
★ §ƒ*éπ-†’ Ç®Ω’ ´·ê-ûª-™«©’-†o Ææ´’-°∂æ’-†çí¬ ¶µ«Nçîª´îª’a. äéÓ\ ´·ê-ûª-©çÂ°j ´®Ω-Ææí¬ 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6 ÅØË ÅçÈé-©†’ ™‰ü∆ ¢√öÀéÀ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i†Eo îª’éπ\-©†’ ´·vC-≤ƒh®Ω’.
e t
. n
h a
i b
★
a t
äéπ\ §ƒ*-éπ†’ NÆœ-J-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ´·ê-ûª-©çÂ°j ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu =
61 = 6. ÅN: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
p r
★
u
È®çúø’ §ƒ*-éπ-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ NÆœ-J-†-°æ¤púø’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô†© Ææçêu =
62 = 36.
d
n a
ÅN: {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
.e e
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
w w (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
e t
w (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
. n
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
h a
★
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
i b
ÉüË-N-üµ¿çí¬ 'n' §ƒ*-éπ-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ NÆœ-J-†-°æ¤púø’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†©
Ææçêu = 6n
a t
★
p r
'n' §ƒ*-éπ-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ NÆœ-J-†-°æ¤púø’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu, äéπ\ §ƒ*-éπ†’
d u
'n' ≤ƒ®Ω’x NÆœ-J-†-°æ¤úø’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêuèπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ 4
§ƒ*-éπ-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ NÆœ-J-†-°æ¤púø’, äéπ\ §ƒ*-éπ†’ 4 ≤ƒ®Ω’x NÆœJ†-°æ¤púø’, È®çúø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™†÷ äÍé-
n a
N-üµ¿çí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-î√L. Åçõ‰ §ƒ*-éπ© Ææçêu 4í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L.
e e
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 1: äéπ E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπ §ƒ*-éπ†’ NÆœ-J-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ´·êçÂ°j ¶‰Æœ Ææçêu ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª
.
ww
áçûª?
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ §ƒ*-éπ†’ NÆœ-J-†-°æ¤púø’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†©’ = 61 = 6
w é¬F, ü∆E ´·êçÂ°j ¶‰Æœ Ææçêu ®√¢√-©çõ‰ 1, 3, 5 ©™ àüÓ äéπ ÅçÈé ®√¢√L. Å†’-èπÿ©
°∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu = 3.
3 1
∴ Ææç¶µ«úûª =  = 
6 2
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 2: È®çúø’ §ƒ*-éπ-©†’ äÍé-≤ƒJ NÆœ-J-†-°æ¤púø’ -¢√-öÀ -´·--ë«-©Â°j -´îËa -ÅçÈé-© -¢Á·-ûªhç ‘7’
é¬-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç-¶µ«-ú-ûª -áç-ûª?
t
≤ƒ-üµ¿-†: È®ç-úø’ -§ƒ-*éπ-©-†’ -äÍé≤ƒ-J -NÆœ-J-†°æ¤-úø’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu = 62 = 36 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
e
n
¢Á·ü¿öÀ, È®çúÓ §ƒ*-éπ© ´·ë«-©Â°j ´îËa ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç 7 ´îËa Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ (1, 6), (6, 1),
.
(2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3). -Åç-õ‰ -Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 6.
h a
Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 6 1
∴ Ææç¶µ«úûª =  =  = 
i b
t
¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 36 6
a
r
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 3: äéπ E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπ §ƒ*-éπ†’ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x áí∫-®Ω-¢Ë-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ü∆E
p
d u
´·ë«©Â°j ´îËa îª’éπ\© ¢Á·ûªhç í∫J≠æeç é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª áçûª?
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ééπ\úø §ƒ*-éπ© Ææçêu n = 2, é¬•öÀd ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu = 62 = 36.
n a
e e
È®çúø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x†÷ §ƒ*éπ ´·êçÂ°j ´îËa îª’éπ\© ¢Á·ûªhç í∫J≠æeç é¬¢√-©çõ‰ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææçü¿-
®Ωs¥ç™ ü∆E ´·êçÂ°j 6, È®çúÓ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ èπÿú≈ ü∆E ´·êçÂ°j 6 ®√¢√L. (¢Á·ûªhç 6 + 6 = 12).
.
w w
Éçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´îËa Å´-é¬¨¡ç ™‰ü¿’.
e t
w Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô† = (6, 6).
. n
∴ Ææç¶µ«úûª =  = 
Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 1
h a
¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 36
i b
a t
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 4: äéπ E≥ƒp-éÀ~éπ §ƒ*-éπ†’ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x áí∫-®Ω-¢Ë-¨»®Ω’. È®çúø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ü∆E ´·êçÂ°j
îª’éπ\© ¢Á·ûªhç 8 ™‰ü∆ 10 é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª áçûª?
n = 2í¬
p r
≤ƒüµ¿†: §ƒ*-éπ© Ææçêu
62 = 36.
d u
BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. é¬•öÀd ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ O©’†o ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu
n a
È®çúø’ §ƒ*-éπ© ´·ë«-©Â°j ´îËa îª’éπ\© ¢Á·ûªhç '8— ÅßË’u Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’: (2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 5),
.e e
(5, 3), (4, 4). ¢Á·ûªhç 5. È®çúø’ §ƒ*-éπ© ´·ë«-©Â°j ´îËa îª’éπ\© ¢Á·ûªhç 10 ÅßË’u Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’: (4,
ww
6), (6, 4), (5, 5). Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô†© Ææçêu = 5 + 3 = 8.
w Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu

∴ Ææç¶µ«úûª = 
8 2
= = 
36 9
Ê°éπ ´·éπ\-©’
★ Ê°éπ éπôd™ ¢Á·ûªhç 52 ´·éπ\©’ (é¬®Ω’f©’) Öçö«®· (ñéπ®Ω’x é¬èπ◊çú≈). ¢Á·ûªhç é¬®Ω’f™x Ææí∫ç
(26) á®Ω’°æ¤ ®Ωçí∫’, N’T-L† Ææí∫ç (26) †©’°æ¤ ®Ωçí∫’ Öçö«®·.
e t
★
n
á®Ω’°æ¤ ®Ωçí∫’¢√öÀ™ Ææí∫ç é¬®Ω’f-©èπ◊ (13) úÁj´’çú˛ í∫’®Ω’h, N’T-L† Ææí∫ç é¬®Ω’f-©èπ◊ (13) ÇöÀØ˛
.
a
í∫’®Ω’h Öç-ö«®·.
★
h
†©’°æ¤ ®Ωçí∫’¢√öÀ™ Ææí∫ç é¬®Ω’f-©èπ◊ (13) ÉÊÆp-ö¸, N’T-L† Ææí∫ç é¬®Ω’f-©èπ◊ (13) éπ∞«-´®Ω’ í∫’®Ω’h
b
★
Öçö«®·.
t i
Åçõ‰ Ê°éπ éπôd™ ¢Á·ûªhç Ø√©’í∫’ NGµ†o í∫’®Ω’h-©’†o 4 Ææ´÷† ¶µ«í¬-©’ç-ö«®·. äéÓ\
r a
¶µ«í∫ç™E 13 é¬®Ω’f-©Â°j ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K ÅØË ÅçÈé©’/Åéπ~-
®√©’ ´·vCç* Öçö«®·.
u p
★
d
Åçõ‰ Ê°éπ éπôd ¢Á·ûªhç™ v°æA é¬®Ω’f 4 N¶µ«-í¬™x Öçô’çC. Öü∆: Ø√©’í∫’ A ©’, Ø√©’í∫’ 2
a
n
©’.
★
.e e
Ê°éπ éπôd™ ÖçúË 4 ®√V©’, 4 ®√ù’©’, 4 ñ«éÃ-©èπ◊ ´·ë«©’ Öçö«®·. é¬•öÀd ´·êç ÖçúË
¢Á·ûªhç é¬®Ω’f©’ = 12.
w w e t
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 1: ¶«í¬ éπL-°œ† Ê°éπ éπôd †’ç* ßª÷ü¿%*a¥-éπçí¬ äéπ é¬®Ω’f†’ BÊÆh ÅC '®√ùÀ— é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ
w Ææç¶µ«-úûª áçûª?
. n
52C .
h a
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ê°éπ éπôd™ ¢Á·ûªhç 52 é¬®Ω’f-©’ç-ö«®·. àüÁjØ√ äéπ é¬®Ω’f ®√-´-îª’a. -Åç-õ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô†© Ææçêu
1
i b
Ê°éπ éπôd †’ç* ´îËa é¬®Ω’f ®√ùÀ é¬¢√-©çõ‰, ¢Á·ûªhç 4 ®√-ù’© †’ç* àüÓ äéπ-öÀ ®√¢√L. Å†’-
èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu = 4C1.
a t
∴ Ææç¶µ«úûª =  =  = 
p r
Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 4C1 1
u
¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 52C1 13
d
a
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 2: ¶«í¬ éπL-°œ† Ê°éπ éπôd †’ç* äéπ é¬®Ω’f ñ«J °æúÕçC. ÅC ÉÊÆp-ö¸ é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-
n
.e e úûª áçûª?
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ê°éπ éπôd †’ç* àüÁjØ√ äéπ é¬®Ω’f†’ 52C1 Nüµ∆©’í¬ Bßª’-´îª’a. ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 52C1
w ww
Å´¤-ûª’çC.
éπôd™ ¢Á·ûªhç 13 ÉÊÆp-ö¸ é¬®Ω’f-©’ç-ö«®·. OöÀ †’ç* àüÁjØ√ äéπ é¬®Ω’f†’ 13C1 Nüµ∆-©’í¬
Bßª’-´îª’a.
Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 13C1 1
∴ Ææç¶µ«-úûª =  =  = 
¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu 52C
1
4
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 3: ¶«í¬ éπL-°œ† äéπ Ê°éπ éπôd †’ç* ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥-éπçí¬ äéπ é¬®Ω’f†’ BÊÆh ÅC ®√V ™‰ü∆
®√ùÀ é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª áçûª?
∴ Ææç¶µ«úûª = 
e t
4C + 4C 8 2
. n
1
52C
1
=  =  = 
52 13
h a
1
i b
t
í∫´’-Eéπ: Â°j v°æ¨¡o™ ¢Á·ûªhç ®√V ™‰ü∆ ®√-ùÀ é¬®Ω’f™x àC ´*aØ√ Å†’-èπÿ-©¢Ë’ é¬•öÀd Å†’-èπÿ© °∂æ’ô-
†-©†’ èπÿú≈L.
r a
p
-Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù – 4: ¶«í¬ éπL-°œ† äéπ Ê°éπ éπôd †’ç* ßª÷ü¿%-*a¥-éπçí¬ äéπ é¬®Ω’f†’ BÊÆh ÅC ®√-ùÀ ™‰ü∆
u
d
éπ∞«´®Ω’ é¬´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç¶µ«-úûª áçûª?
a
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ê°éπ éπôd †’ç* äéπ é¬®Ω’f†’ BÊÆh ÅC ¢Á·ûªhç 52 é¬®Ω’f™x àüÁjØ√ äéπöÀ é¬´îª’a. D-Eo 52C1
n
e e
-N-üµ∆-©’í¬ Bßª’-´îª’a.
∴ ¢Á·ûªhç °∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu = 52C1.
.
w t
-´-îËa é¬®Ω’f ®√ùÀ ™‰ü∆ éπ∞«-´®Ω’ é¬¢√L. éπôd™ ¢Á·ûªhç 13 éπ∞«-´®Ω’ é¬®Ω’f©’ -Öç-ö«-®·. OöÀ
w e
w n
†’ç* äéπ é¬®Ω’f†’ 13C1Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Bßª’-´îª’a. Ñ 13 éπ∞«-´®Ω’ é¬®Ω’f™x ÖçúË ®√-ùÀ é¬éπ Éçé¬ ´‚úø’
.
®√ù’©’ Öçö«®·. éπ∞«-´®Ω’ é¬®Ω’f ®√éπ-§ÚûË N’T-L† ´‚úø’ é¬®Ω’f© †’ç* àüÁjØ√ äéπ ®√ùÀ 3C1 Nüµ∆-
h a
©’í¬ ®√´îª’a. éπ∞«-´®Ω’ í∫’®Ω’h-†o é¬®Ω’f ™‰ü∆ ®√ùÀ àC ´*aØ√ ´’†èπ◊ Å†’-èπÿ-©¢Ë’ é¬•öÀd Å†’-èπÿ©
°∂æ’ô-†© Ææçêu = 13C1+3C1.
i b
∴ Ææç¶µ«-úûª
13C +3C
1 1
=  =  = 
52C
16
52
4
13
a t
1
p r – ->.-´’Ê£«-¨¡y®˝ È®-úÕf
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
¶«®Ω’´úŒf – îª-véπ´úŒf
e t
. n
Å°æ¤p BÆæ’èπ◊†o üµ¿Ø√Eo 'ÅÆæ©’— (P) Åçö«®Ω’. Å°æ¤p AJT îÁLxçîËô-°æ¤púø’ Åü¿-†çí¬ îÁLxçîË ≤Ò´·t†’
a
'´úŒf— (I) Åçö«®Ω’. E®Ωg-®·ç-*† ´úŒf †÷öÀéÀ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ áçûª Å´¤-ûª’çüÓ ü∆Eo '´úŒf-Í®ô’— (R)
h
Åçö«®Ω’. Å°æ¤p†’ B®Ωa-ú≈-EéÀ °æöÀd† úĆµE 'é¬©ç— (T) Åçö«®Ω’.
i b
ÅÆæ©’ × é¬©ç × ´úŒf-Í®ô’a t
✦ ¶«®Ω’-´-úŒf™  áçûª é¬™«E-ÈéjØ√ ´úŒfE ÅÆæ-©’Â°j-ØË í∫ùÀ≤ƒh®Ω’.
✦ ¶«®Ω’-´úŒf ™‰ü∆ Ææ®Ω∞¡ ´úŒf = 

p
100 r
PTR
d u
n a
I = 
100
DE †’ç*
.e e 100 × I 100 × I 100 × I
P =  ; T =  ; R = 
w w
¢Á·-ûªhç = -ÅÆæ-©’
TR
+
PR PT
e t
-
w PTR TR
A = P + I = P +  = P 1 + 
-´-úŒf
[ ] . n
100 100
h a
✦
i b
îªvéπ-´úŒf™ ´úŒfE ÅÆæ-©’èπ◊ éπL°œ Ç ¢Á·û√hEo ûª®√yûª Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ÅÆæ-©’í¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ-≤ƒh®Ω’.
✦
t
îªvéπ-´úŒf™ ÅÆæ©’ = P, ´úŒf éπõ‰d Ææç´-ûªq-®√© Ææçêu = n, ´úŒf-Í®ô’ = R%, EJl≠dæ é¬©ç ûª®√yûª
a
îÁLxçî√Lq† ¢Á·ûªhç = A Å®·ûË
[ ]
n
p r
R
A = P 1+ 
100
d u
n
Ééπ\úø îªvéπ-´úŒf I=A−P a
e e ()
R 2n
✦
ww
.
Å®Ωl¥ Ææç´ûªq®√EéÀ äéπ-≤ƒJ ´úŒfE A®Ω-í∫éπõ‰d Nüµ∆-†ç™ [ ] 
2
A = P 1+ 
100
w () R 4n
✦ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©-©èπ◊ äéπ-≤ƒJ ´úŒfE A®Ωí∫éπõ‰d Nüµ∆-†ç™ [ ]

A = P 1+ 

4
100
1. Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ 6% ´úŒf îÌ°æ¤p† 5 Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©èπ◊ ®Ω÷.400 Â°j -´-îËa ¶«®Ω’-´úŒf áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: ÅÆæ©’ P = ®Ω÷.400,
é¬©ç T = 5 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’,
´úŒf-Í®ô’ R = 6%
e t
PTR 400 × 5 × 6
I =  = 
. n
100
= ®Ω÷.120
100
h a
2.
i b
®√´· ûª† ÊÆo£œ«ûª’úÕ ´ü¿l 12% ´úŒf-Í®ô’ûÓ ®Ω÷.400 Å°æ¤pí¬ BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√oúø’. 1
2 − Ææç´ûªq®√©
2
ûª®√yûª Åûªúø’ îÁLxç-î√-Lq† ¢Á·ûªhç áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: P = ®Ω÷.400, a t
1 5
T = 2 − Ææç.= 2 Ææç.
p r
2
R = 12%
5
d u
PTR 400 ×  × 12
2
n
I =  =  = ®Ω÷.120a
.e e
100 100
îÁLxç-î√-Lq† ¢Á·ûªhç = ÅÆæ-©’ +- ´úŒf
w w = 400 + 120
e t
w = ®Ω÷.520
3. - äéπ -úéÀh Ææ®Ω∞¡ ´úŒfûÓ ®Ω÷.12500 -Å°æ¤pí¬ -BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o-úø’. 4
. n
Ææç´ûªq®√™x ¢Á·ûªhç ®Ω÷.15500
Å®·ûË ´úŒf-Í®ô’ áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: ´úŒf I = ¢Á·ûªhç − ÅÆæ©’ h a
= 15500 − 12500 = 3000.
i b
ü¿û√hç¨¡ç
100 ×I
v°æé¬®Ωç P = ®Ω÷.12500, T = 4 Ææç., R
100 × 3000
a t
-áç-ûÓ éπ†’-éÓ\-¢√L.
R =  =  = 6
P×T 12500 × 4
p r
∴ R = 6%
d u
4. 5% ´úŒf
a
îÌ°æ¤p† ÅÆæ©’ ®Ω÷.300 áçûª-é¬-©ç™ ¢Á·ûªhç ®Ω÷.405 Å´¤-ûª’çC?
n
N´-®Ωù: ´úŒf I = ¢Á·ûªhç − ÅÆæ©’
.e e = 405 − 300 = 105
ww
ü¿û√hç¨¡ç v°æé¬®Ωç P = 300, R = 5%, T- E éπ†’-éÓ\-¢√L.
100 × I
w
T = 
P×R
100 × 105
= 
300 × 5
= 7 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’
5. éÌçûª ≤Ò´·t 3 Ææç´-ûªq®√™x ®Ω÷.515, ÇÍ®∞¡x™ ¢Á·ûªhç ®Ω÷.530 Å®·ûË ÅÆæ©’ áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: (6 − 3) = 3 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© Ææ®Ω∞¡ ´úŒf = 530 − 515 = ®Ω÷.15.
®Ω÷.515™ ÅÆæ©’, 3 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´úŒf ÖçC. é¬•öÀd 515 †’ç* 3 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´úŒfE BÆœ¢ËÊÆh
e t
ÅÆæ©’ ´Ææ’hçC.
∴ ÅÆæ©’ = 515 − 15 . n
= ®Ω÷. 500.
h a
6. éÌçûª ≤Ò´·t 5 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ûª®√yûª
i b
®Ω÷.9800, 8 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ûª®√yûª -¢Á·-ûªhç ®Ω÷.12005
Å®·ûË Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ´úŒf-Í®ô’ áçûª?
a t
N´-®Ωù: (8 − 5) = 3 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´úŒf
p r
u
= 12005 − 9800 = 2205
d
5 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´úŒf
5
n a
=  × 2205 = 3675.
ÅÆæ©’
e e
= 9800 − 5
.
3
Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´úŒf
w w= 9800 − 3675 = 6125.

e t
w
É°æ¤púø’ P = ®Ω÷.6125, T = 5 Ææç., R = ?, I = 3675
. n
100 × I 100 × 3675
∴ R =  =  = 12%
P×T 6125 × 5 h a
7.
i b
Ç®Ω’ Ææç´-ûªq®√™x ¢Á·ûªhç ÅÆæ-©’èπ◊ È®öÀdç°æ¤ Å®·ûË áçûª-é¬-©ç™ ¢Á·ûªhç ÅÆæ-©’èπ◊ 4 È®ô’x
a t
r
Å´¤ûª’çC?
´úŒf Ææ´÷†ç Å´¤-û√®·. P = I = x
u
Å†’èπ◊çõ‰, T = 6 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’ Å®·ûË p
N´-®Ωù: Ééπ\úø ¢Á·ûªhç ÅÆæ-©’èπ◊ È®öÀdç°æ¤ é¬•öÀd ÅÆæ©’,
100 × I 100 × x 50
a d
P×T n
R =  =  =  %
e x×6 3
.e
-É°æ¤p-úø’ ÅÆæ©’ = x, ´úŒf = 3x Å´¤ûª’çC -Å-†’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç (ÅÆæ©’èπ◊ ¢Á·ûªhç 4 È®ô’x é¬¢√L é¬•öÀd).
50
R=%
w 3 ww
100 × I 100 × 3x
T =  =  = 18 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’.
50
P×R x ×−
3
8. Ææ®Ω-∞¡-´úŒf v°æé¬®Ωç ÅÆæ©’ 12 Ææç´-ûªq-®√™x È®öÀdç°æ¤ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Ç Â°ô’d-•-úÕéÀ Å†’-´’-Aç-*† ´úŒf-
Í®ô’ áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: Ñ Ææ´’-Ææu™ ÅÆæ©’ = ´úŒf, é¬©ç = 12 Ææç., R = ?
I = P = x Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç. e t
100 × I 100 × x 1
. n
R =  =  = 8 − %
P×T x × 12 3
h a
100 (2 − 1)
R =  = 8 − %
1
i b
ÆæçéÀ~°æh °æü¿l¥A: 12 3
a t 1
9.
p r
éÌçûª ≤Ò´·tÂ°j éÌçûª é¬™«-EéÀ -™„éÀ\ç-*-† Ææ®Ω-∞¡-´úŒf ÅÆæ-©’™ 
9
´ ´çûª’ Å®·uçC. ´úŒf-Í®ô’,
u
é¬©ç (Ææç´-ûªq®√™x) Ææçë«u-ûªt-éπçí¬ Ææ´÷†ç Å®·ûË ´úŒf-Í®ô’ áçûª?
1
N´-®Ωù: ´úŒf ÅÆæ-©’™ 
Åçõ‰ I =  1
9
a
´ ´çûª’
d
P. ´úŒf-Í®ô’ = é¬©ç = x Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
9
100 × I
e n
R = 
P×T
w.e 1
t
w w
100 ×  P
x = 
P×x
9
n e
100 √

100 10 1
a .
2
x =  ⇒ x =  =  = 3  %
9 9

1
ÆæçéÀ~°æh °æü¿l¥A: ´úŒf-Í®ô’ = √ 100× 
3 3
b h

1
n
= √ 100×  = 3  % t i
9
1
3
r a
N´-®Ωù: ÅÆæ©’ P = p
10. Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ 4% ´úŒf-Í®-ô’ûÓ ®Ω÷.7500 ÅÆæ-©’Â°j 2
u
Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©èπ◊ ÅßË’u ¢Á·ûªhç áçûª?
®Ω÷.7500, ´úŒf-Í®ô’ R = 4%, é¬©ç n = 2 Ææç.
[ n]a d
A=P 1+ 
R
n
e
¢Á·ûªhç 100
[w.e ]
A = 7500 1 + 
4 2
100
w[ ] w104
7500 
100
2
104 104
= 7500 ×  ×  = ®Ω÷.8112
100 100
11. P = ®Ω÷. 1250, R = 4%, Å®Ωl¥ Ææç´ûªq®√EéÀ äéπ-≤ƒJ ´úŒf -A®Ωí∫éπ-úÕ-ûË, 1 12 Ææç´ûªq-®√-©èπ◊ ÅßË’u
îªvéπ´úŒf áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: ÅÆæ©’ P = ®Ω÷. 1250, Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ ´úŒf- Í®ô’= 4%. é¬•öÀd, Å®Ωl¥ Ææç´ûªq®√EéÀ ´úŒf-Í®ô’
e t
1
2% í¬ BÆæ’éÓ¢√L. ÅüË-N-üµ¿çí¬ é¬©ç T = 1 2 Ææç. = 3 Å®Ωl¥ Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’.
. n
A = 1250 × 1 + 
2
3
h a
¢Á·ûªhç
100 ( )
i b
102 102 102
= 1250 ×  ×  × 
a t
100 100 100
p r
51 51 51
= 1250 ×  ×  ×  d u
50 50 50
n a
.e e = ®Ω÷. 1326.51
∴
w w
îªvéπ-´úŒf = ¢Á·ûªhç − ÅÆæ©’
e t
w = 1326.51 − 1250 = 76.51.
. n
12. wûÁj´÷-Æœéπ ´úŒf Ææ¢Ë’t-∞¡-†çûÓ 20% ´úŒf-Í®-ô’ûÓ 9 ´÷≤ƒ-©èπ◊ ®Ω÷. 16000
h a ÅÆæ-©’Â°j ´îËa ¢Á·ûªhç
áçûª?
i b
N´-®Ωù: ÅÆæ©’ P = ®Ω÷.16000; é¬©ç T = 9 -ØÁ-©-©’ = 3
a twûÁj´÷-Æœ-é¬©’. ´úŒf-Í®ô’ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ
é¬•öÀd wûÁj´÷Æœé¬EéÀ 20
 = 5%
4
p r
í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L.
d u( ) 3
A = 16000 × 1 + 
5
n
¢Á·ûªhç
a 100
.e e 105 105 105

= 16000 ×  ×  × 
ww
100 100 100
w 21 21 21
= 16000 ×  ×  × 
20 20 20
= ®Ω÷.18522
13. äéπ úéÀh ®Ω÷.1000 Å°æ¤pÂ°j 3 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ûª®√yûª ¢Á·ûªhç ®Ω÷.1331 îÁLxçî√úø’. Å®·ûË îªvéπ-
´úŒf Í®ô’ áçûª?
N´-®Ωù: ÅÆæ©’ P = ®Ω÷.1000,
é¬©ç n = 3 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’ e t
¢Á·ûªhç A = ®Ω÷. 1331, îªvéπ-´úŒf Í®ô’ R = ?
. n
A=P 1+  [ R n
] h a
100
3
i b
[
1331 = 1000 1 + 
R
100 ]
a t
1331
 =
1000
1+ 
R 3
[ ] up
100
r
] [ na]d
3 3
[ 1+ 
R
100
= 1+ 
11
10
R
e e
11
∴1+  = 
.
R
w w
100
11
10
1
e t
w
 =  −1 = 
100 10 10
. n
100
∴ R =  = 10%
10
h a
i b– Èé.-´·®Ω-S-¢Á÷£æ«-Ø˛ ®√-V
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
e t
. n
h a
i b
a t
pr
d u
n a
.e e
w w e t
w . n
h a
i b
a t
p r
d u
na
.e e
w ww
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ-
´÷u--ü∑˛q éπç-õ„ç-ö¸
°∂æ÷û√ç-é¬©’
e t
DØËo 105 Å-ØË Ææ÷éπ~ t-®Ω÷-°æç™ èπÿú≈ Ææ÷*ç-îª-´îª’a.
. n
°∂æ÷û√çéπ ®Ω÷°æç: 10 ÅØË Ææçêu†’ 5 ≤ƒ®Ω’x í∫’ùÀç-î√-´’-E -îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ -ü∆-Eo 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 í¬ ®√≤ƒhç. Å®·ûË
✪ 105†’ 10 Å®·üÓ °∂æ÷ûªç ÅE Åçö«®Ω’.
h a
✪
✪
105™ 10E Çüµ∆®Ωç ™‰ü∆ ¶µº÷N’ ÅE, 5 -†’ °∂æ÷û√çéπç ÅE Åçö«®Ω’.
a × a × a × .... m ≤ƒ®Ω’x = am Ééπ\úø 'a' ¶µº÷N’, 'm' °∂æ÷û√çéπç.
i b
í∫´’-Eéπ: 10 È®çúÓ °∂æ÷ûªç (™‰ü∆) 10 ´®Ω_ç = 102
✪ 10 ´‚úÓ °∂æ÷ûªç = 103 (™‰ü∆) 10 °∂æ’†ç
a t
✪ 10 Ø√©’íÓ °∂æ÷ûªç = 104
p r
✪ 10 Å®·üÓ °∂æ÷ûªç = 105
d u °∂æ÷û√çéπ Ø√ußª÷©’
✪ 'a'
n a
àüÁjØ√ äéπ ¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ω °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu. m, n ©’ °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu©’ Å®·ûË .... am × an = am + n
✪
✪
.e e
'a' àüÁjØ√ äéπ ¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ω °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu, m, n ©’ °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu©’ Å®·ûË (am)n = amn
a, b ©’ à¢ÁjØ√ È®çúø’ ¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ω °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu©’, m àüÁjØ√ °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu Å®·ûË am × bm = (ab)m
✪ 'a'
w w
àüÁjØ√ ¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ω °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu, n äéπ °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu Å®·ûË 1
a−n = 
an
e t
✪ w'a' àüÁjØ√ ¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ω °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu, m, n ©’ °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu™„jûË m > n Å®·†°æ¤púø’
am

an
.
= am−n n
m<n Å®·†°æ¤púø’ am

an
1
= 
an−m
h a
(b) a m am
✪
✪
a, b ©’ à¢ÁjØ√ È®çúø’ ¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ω °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu©’,
¨¡⁄ØËu-ûª®Ω Ææçêu Å®·ûË, a0 = 1
m
i
äéπ °æ‹®ΩgÆæçêu Å®·ûË
t
 = 
b bm
a
Ææ´’Ææu: 1250 E °∂æ÷û√çéπ ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ßª’í¬....
r a
1) 2 × 52
≤ƒüµ¿†: 2 1250
2) 2 × 53
u p 3) 2 × 54 4) 2 × 55
5 625
a d
5
5
125
25
e n
5
.e
1250 = 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
ww
= 2 1 × 54
w
ï¢√•’: 3
Ææ´’Ææu: (4ab)3 E NÆæh %-ûª-®Ω÷-°æç™ ®√ßª’í¬......
1) 4 × 4 × 4 × a × b
2) 4 × a × a × a × b × b × b
3) 4 × 4 × a × a × b × b
4) 4 × 4 × 4 × a × a × a × b × b × b
R-14-4-15
≤ƒüµ¿†: (4ab)3 = 4ab × 4ab × 4ab
=4×4×4×a×a×a×b×b×b
t
ï¢√•’: 4
Ææ´’Ææu: a = 5, b = 2 Å®·ûË ab + ba
e
N©’´ ........
1) 57
≤ƒüµ¿†: a = 5, b = 2
2) 47 3) 52
n
4) 67
.
ab + ba = 52 + 25 = 25 + 32 = 57
h a
ï¢√•’: 1
Ææ´’Ææu: 24 × 27 ......
i b
1) 210
≤ƒüµ¿†: 24 × 27 =
2) 211
t
3) 214
a
4) 28
[am × an = am + n v°æé¬®Ωç]
p r
24 × 27 = 24 + 7 = 211
d u
a
ï¢√•’: 2
Ææ´’Ææu: (45)3 = ......
1) 48
e n 2) 415 3) 4125 4) 481
w e
≤ƒüµ¿†: (45)3 = 45 × 3
.= 415 [... (am)n = amn]
t
w
ï¢√•’: 2
w
Ææ´’Ææu: 4−3 N©’´ =
n e
.
......
1
1) 
4
(
2) 
1
16
)
3) 
1
64
h a 1
4) 
256
≤ƒüµ¿†: 4−3 1
=  = 
4 3
1
64
∴ a−n = 
1
an
i b
ï¢√•’: 3
Ææ´’Ææu: 5−2 †’ à ÆæçêuûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh 125 ´Ææ’hçC?
a t
1) 52 2) 53
p r
3) 54 4) 55
≤ƒüµ¿†: 5−2 × x = 125
5−2 × x = 53
d u
n
x = 
53
5−2
a
.e e
= 53 × 52
ww
= 53 + 2
= 55
w
ï¢√•’: 4
−64
Ææ´’Ææu: 
343
†’ °∂æ÷ûª-®Ω÷-°æç™ ®√ÊÆh ......
1) 
7()
4 3
( )
−4 3
2) 
7 ( )
−4 2
3) 
7 ( )
−4 4
4) 
7
−64 (−4) × (−4) × (−4)
 = 
7×7×7
≤ƒüµ¿†:
343
( )
−4 3
= 
ï¢√•’: 2 7
Ææ´’Ææu: (36)4 = 312x Å®·ûË x N©’´ áçûª?

e t
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2
. n
4) 1
≤ƒüµ¿†: (3 ) = 3
6 4 12 x
⇒ 324 = 312x ⇒ 24 = 12x

h a
⇒x=2
i b
ï¢√•’: 3
Ææ´’Ææu: (10 + 20 + 30 + 40 + 50) − (1 + 2 + 3 + 5)0 = ......
a t
1) 4 2) 3
p r 3) 2 4) 1
≤ƒüµ¿†: 10 = 1, 20 = 1, 30 = 1, 40 = 1, 50 = 1
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)0 = 1
d u
⇒ (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) − 1
n a
(10 + 20 + 30 + 40 + 50) − (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)0
e e
⇒5−1=4
.
) w t
ï¢√•’: 1
(w () ()
5 2 5 a+5
 × 
2 −8
=  Å®·ûË a N©’´ áçûª?
e
w 2 2 5
n
Ææ´’Ææu:
1) 3
() () ()
5 2 5 a+5 2 −8
2) −15 3) −1
a .
4) 1
≤ƒ-üµ¿-†:  × 
2
()
2
= 
5
() [ () ()]
5 2+a+5 5 8 a −m b m
bh
⇒ 
2
⇒2+a+5=8
= 
2
... 
b
= 
a
t i
⇒7+a=8
r a
⇒a=8−7=1
u p
ï¢√•’: 4
3
Ææ´’Ææu: (4x)3 = 4 3 Å®·ûË, x N©’´ =
a d ....
1) 46
≤ƒüµ¿†: (4x)3 = 4
e n
33
2) 48 3) 43 4) 424
.e
⇒ 43 x3 = 427
ww
427
⇒ x3 =  = 4 27 − 3 = 424
43
ï¢√•’: 4
w
Ææ´’Ææu: 5x = 1000 Å®·ûË
1) 975
5x − 2 = .....
2) 40 3) 4 4) 25000
≤ƒüµ¿†: 5 x = 1000
5x 1000
5x−2 =  =  = 40
5 2 25
ï¢√•’: 2
Ææ-´’Ææu-: 4 × 8m = 25 Å®·ûË
1) −1
m N©’´ áçûª?
2) 2 3) −2 4) 1
e t
≤ƒüµ¿†: 4 × 8m = 25
. n
⇒ 22 × (23)m = 25
⇒ 22 × 23m = 25
h a
⇒ 22 + 3m = 25
i b
⇒ 2 + 3m = 5
⇒ 3m = 5 − 2 = 3
a t
3
m =  =1
3
p r
ï¢√•’: 4
d u
1) 1.6 × 10−3 ÂÆç.O’.
n a
Ææ´’Ææu: äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ äéπ Ê°@ ´’çü¿ç 0.0016 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË Ñ N©’´†’ v§ƒ´÷-ùÀéπ ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh .......
2) 1.6 × 10−4 ÂÆç.O’.
.e e
3) 1.6 × 10−5 ÂÆç.O’.
≤ƒüµ¿†: 0.0016 ÂÆç.O’.
4) 1.6 × 10−6 ÂÆç.O’.
w w 1.6 1.6
=  =  ÂÆç.O’.
103
e t
w 1000
= 1.6 × 10−3 ÂÆç.O’.
. n
ï¢√•’: 1
†´‚Ø√ v°æ¨¡o©’ h a
1. (5x)4 = 54
4
Å®·ûË x N©’´ áçûª?
i b
2.
1) 53
42 × 418 × 410 = ........
2) 563
a
3) 5256
t 4) 564
1) 420 2) 430
p r 3) 425 4) 415
du
3. 3−4 †’à ÆæçêuûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh ©•l¥ç 729 Å´¤-ûª’çC?
1) 36 2) 34 3) 38 4) 310
4. 56 × 52x = 510 Å®·ûË x = ......
n a
5.
1) 4
.e e
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ ÆæJ-é¬-EC àC?
2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
ww
1) (2 + 3)0 = 20 + 30 2) (2 + 3)0 = 50
3) (2 × 3)0 = 20× 30 () ( )
2 0 20
4)  = 
6. w (−1)100 = ......
1) 1 2) −1
3
3) 0
30
4) −100
7. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ ÆæÈ®jçC?
1) 23 > 32 2) (−2)4 > (−3)4 3) (−2)4 < (−3)2 4) 100 × 1011 = 1013
8. ¶µº÷N’ †’ç* îªçvü¿’úÕéÀ Ö†o ü¿÷®Ωç 3,84,000,000 O’. DEo v§ƒ´÷-ùÀéπ ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh......
1) 3.84 × 108 O’. 2) 3.84 × 107 O’. 3) 3.84 × 10−8 O’ 4) 3.84 × 109 O’.
9. (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + .... + 100)0 = .......
1) 100 2) 1000 3) 5050 4) 1
e t
10.
1) 6.9 × 10−7 N’.O’. 2) 6.9 × 10−6 N’.O’. 3) 6.9 × 10−8 N’.O’
. n
áv®Ω ®Ωéπh-éπ-ù«© °æJ-´÷ùç 0.0000069 N’.O’. Å®·ûË Ñ N©’´†’ v§ƒ´÷-ùÀéπ ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ßª’í¬...
4) 6.9 × 10−10 N’.O’.
11. (4−1 × 3−1 ÷ 6−1 = ......
)
h a
1
1) 
8
2) 
1
4
3) 
1
a(m + n) (m − n) × a(n + l) (n − l) × a(l + m) (l − m) = ....

2
i b 4) 1
12.
1) 0 2) 1
a t
3) −1 4) 100
13. 25 × 5x = 59 Å®·ûË x = .....
r
14.
1) 4
199x = 1 Å®·ûË x N©’´ áçûª?
2) 5
d up 3) 6 4) 7
1) 0
n
2) 1
53x − 1 = 25x + 2 Å®·ûË x = ..... a 3) –1 4) 199
15.
1) 5
.e e
(512)−2/3 = .....
2) 4 3) 3 4) 2
16.
1) 
w
1 w 2) 
1
3) 
1
4) 
1
e t
17. w 32
(0.0001)3/4 = ......
64 256
.
16
n
1) 0.1
72n + 1 ÷ 49 = 75 Å®·ûË n N©’´
2) 0.01 3) 0.001
h a 4) 0.00001
ib
18. ......
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 7
19. () ( )
2 −3

5
25 − 2
× 
4
= ......
a t
2
1) 
5
3
2) 
5
p r 4
3) 
5
1
4) 
5
20.
1
5−3 = x Å®·ûË x = ......
d u
1) −1
5
n a
2) −2 3) 3 4) −3
.e e ï¢√-•’©’
1–2; 2–2; 3–4; 4–3; 5–1; 6–1; 7–4; 8–1; 9–4; 10–2; 11–3; 12–2; 13–4; 14–1; 15–1; 16–2; 17–3; 18–2;
ww
19–1; 20–3.
®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝.®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg
w
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ
ÆæN’-ûª’©’
e t
(A, B, X, Y ...) Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
. n
Ææ’E-®Ωy-*ûª ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ææ´·-ü∆-ßª÷Eo 'ÆæN’A— Åçö«®Ω’. ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ÆæN’-ûª’-©†’ ÉçTx≠ˇ ¶µ«≠æ™E Â°ü¿l Åéπ~®√©ûÓ
a
Öü∆: A ÅØËC äéπ ÆæN’A. Ç ÆæN’-A™ 2, 4, 6, 8 ÅØË Ææçêu©’ ´‚©-é¬©’. DEo éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
h
★
A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
1 †’ç* 50 ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o ¶‰Æœ Ææçêu© ÆæN’-AE ®√ßª’ú≈-EéÀ A = {1, 3, 5, 7,.. 49}
i b
★
★
a t
Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu ÆæN’-AE N ÅØË Åéπ~-®ΩçûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....}
°æ‹®Ωg-Ææçêu ÆæN’AE Z ûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’. Z = {...., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ....}
p r
ÆæN’A E®√tù ®Ω÷°æç ™‰ü∆ ™«éπ~-ùÀéπ ®Ω÷°æç
C = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}. C ÅØËC 13
u
éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj† v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu© ÆæN’A. DEo C = {x / x 13 éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj† v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu }
d
n a
ÅE ´‚©-é¬© ≤ƒ´÷†u üµ¿®√tEo ´Jgçîªú≈--Eo 'ÆæN’A E®√tù ®Ω÷°æç— ™‰ü∆ '™«éπ~-ùÀéπ ®Ω÷°æç— Åçö«®Ω’.
Â°j Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù™ 1) x ÅØËC ÆæN’A™E v°æA ´‚©é¬EéÀ ÆæçÍéûªç.
.e e 2) Uûª ûª®√yûª ÆæN’A™ Ö†o ≤ƒ´÷†u üµ¿®√tEo Ææ÷*Ææ’hçC.
w
ñ«Gû√ ®Ω÷°æç (™‰ü∆) ®ÓÆæd®˝ ®Ω÷°æç
a, a, b, b, c, c, c, d ÅØË
w e t
´‚©-é¬©’†o ÆæN’AE ®√ßª’-ú≈-EéÀ v°æA ´‚©-é¬Eo È®çúø’ ™‰ü∆ ´‚úø’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x Ê°®Ì\-†-èπ◊çú≈
w n
äéπ\-≤ƒJ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. Â°j Åéπ~®√© ÆæN’A-E {a, b, c, d} ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ÆæN’-ûª’-©†’ ®√ßª’-ú≈Eo ñ«Gû√ ®Ω÷°æç
™‰ü∆ ®ÓÆæd®˝ ®Ω÷°æç Åçö«®Ω’.
.
Öü∆: 1 †’ç* 100 ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu© ÆæN’-AE ®√ßª’-ú≈-EéÀ A = {1, 2, 3, 4,...100}.
h a
b
àéπ ´‚©éπ ÆæN’A: àüÁjØ√ äéπ ÆæN’A™ äÍé- äéπ ´‚©-éπ-ç -Öç-õ‰ -Ç ÆæN’-AE 'àéπ ´‚©éπ ÆæN’A— Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: ÆæJ v°æüµ∆-Ø√ç-é¬© ÆæN’A = {2}. ÉC àéπ ´‚©éπ ÆæN’A.
t i
°æJN’ûª ÆæN’A – Å°æ-J-N’ûª ÆæN’A: B = {4, 5, 7, 9, 11} ÆæN’-A™ Ö†o ´‚©-é¬© Ææçêu 5. DE™ °æJ-N’-ûª-¢Á’i†
´‚©-é¬©’ ÖØ√o®· é¬•öÀd É™«çöÀ ÆæN’-AE °æJ-N’ûª ÆæN’A Åçö«®Ω’.
★
r a
Ææ£æ«ï Ææç-ë«u ÆæN’A N = {1, 2, 3, ......} DE™ ´‚©-é¬© Ææçêu Å°æ-J-N’ûªç (™„éÀ\çîªú≈-EéÀ O©’ é¬ü¿’) é¬•öÀd -
u
É-™«ç-öÀ ÆæN’--A-E Å°æ-J-N’ûª ÆæN’A Åçö«®Ω’.
p
é¬Jf-†™¸ Ææçêu
a d
ÆæN’-A™ Ö†o ´‚©-é¬© Ææçêu†’ Ç ÆæN’A é¬Jf†™¸ Ææçêu Åçö«®Ω’.
e n
A ÆæN’A é¬Jf-†™¸ Ææçêu-†’ n(A) ûÓ Ææ÷*≤ƒh®Ω’.
Öü∆: 1) A = {6, 7, 8, 10, 11}. A ÆæN’-A-™E ´‚©-é¬© Ææçêu 5 Å®·ûË n(A) = 5.
.e
í∫´’-Eéπ: ¨¡⁄†u ÆæN’-A™ Ö†o ´‚©-é¬© Ææçêu = 0.
ww
é¬•öÀd n (φ) = 0.
w
Ö°æ-Ææ-N’A
A ÆæN’-A™ Ö†o v°æA ´‚©éπç B ÆæN’-A™ Öçõ‰ A ÆæN’-AE B ÆæN’AéÀ -îÁç-C-† Ö°æ-Ææ-N’A Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Å®·ûË A ÆæN’-A™ Ö†o v°æA ´‚©éπç B ÆæN’-A™ ÖçC. é¬•öÀd
⊃
A ÆæN’A B ÆæN’AéÀ Ö°æ-Ææ-N’A Å´¤-ûª’çC. DEo A B í¬ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.
í∫´’-Eéπ: ¨¡⁄†u-Ææ-N’A v°æA ÆæN’-AéÀ Ö°æ-Ææ-N’A Å´¤-ûª’çC.
R-27-3-15
★ A = {1, 2, 3} ÅØË ÆæN’-AéÀ Ö†o Ö°æ-Ææ-N’-ûª’© Ææçêu =8
ÅN { }, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}.
í∫´’-Eéπ: äéπ ÆæN’-A-™E ´‚©-é¬© Ææçêu n Å®·ûË ü∆EéÀ Ö†o Ö°æ-Ææ-N’-ûª’© Ææçêu = 2n
véπ¢Á÷-°æ-Ææ-N’A
e t
n
⊃
Y X, Y ≠ X Å®·ûË Y E X éÀ véπ¢Á÷-°æ-ÆæN’A Åçö«®Ω’.
★ A = {1, 2, 3} ÅØË ÆæN’-AéÀ Ö†o véπ¢Á÷-°æ-Ææ-N’-ûª’© Ææçêu = 7. ÅN
{ }, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}.
a .
h
í∫´’-Eéπ: äéπ ÆæN’-A-™E ´‚©é¬© Ææçêu n Å®·ûË ü∆EéÀ Ö†o véπ¢Á÷-°æ-Ææ-N’-ûª’© Ææçêu = 2n − 1.
b
°∂æ÷ûª ÆæN’A
t i
ü¿ûªh ÆæN’A AéÀ Ö†o Ö°æ-Ææ-N’-ûª’-©Fo ´‚©-é¬-©’í¬ Ö†o ÆæN’-AE A ÆæN’AéÀ îÁçC-† °∂æ÷ûª-Ææ-N’A Åçö«®Ω’. DEo
P(A) ûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
★
r a
ÆæN’-A™ n ´‚©-é¬-©’çõ‰ ü∆E °∂æ÷ûª-Ææ-N’-A™ 2 n ´‚©-é¬©’ Öçö«®·.
N¨¡y-Ææ-N’A ™‰ü∆ ≤ƒ®Ωy-vAéπ ÆæN’A
u p
d
DEo µ (™‰ü∆) Ω ÅØË Åéπ~-®√-©ûÓ Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®Ω’. Ææ´’-ûª© ñ«uN’-AéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† îª®Ωa™x, ûª©ç-™E ÅEo Gçü¿’-´¤© ÆæN’A
a
≤ƒ®ΩyvAéπ ÆæN’A Å´¤-ûª’çC.
★
e n
N¨¡y-Ææ-N’A™ ´’†ç °æJ-QLçîË ÆæN’-ûª’©Fo Ö°æÆæ-N’-ûª’-©’í¬ Öçö«®·.
w.e
Nßª·éπh ÆæN’-ûª’©’
A, B ÆæN’ûª’™x Ö´’túÕ ´‚©-é¬©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ A, B ÆæN’-ûª’-©†’ Nßª·éπh ÆæN’-ûª’-©’ -Åç-ö«®Ω’.
t
w w
A, B ©’ Nßª·éπh ÆæN’ûª’-™„jûË, A ∩ B = φ Å´¤-ûª’çC.
n e
.
ÆæN’-ûª’©’ – ¢ÁØ˛ *vû√©’
★
★
ÆæN’-ûª’-©†’ Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ®Ω∞¡ Ææç´%-ûª -°æ-ö«-©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’.
h a
É™«çöÀ °æö«-©†’ ñ«Ø˛-¢ÁØ˛ ÅØË Ççí∫x í∫ùÀûª ¨»ÆæY¢Ëûªh ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ v°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√úø’.
★
★
Æœyôb-®√xçú˛èπ◊ îÁçC† ™„Ø√®˝f Ç®·-©®˝ èπÿú≈ OöÀE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√úø’.
i b
★
a t
é¬•öÀd OöÀE ¢ÁØ˛–-Ç-®·-©®˝ *vû√©’ ÅE Åçö«®Ω’. OöÀØË ¢ÁØ˛ *vû√©’ ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.
N¨¡y-Ææ-N’-AE Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒEo ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
p r . . . . . .∪
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
d u . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
a
A ∪ B ¢ÁØ˛ *vûªç: A ∩ B ¢ÁØ˛ *vûªç:
.e
A
en B
∪
A B
∪
w ww A- B
A∪B =
¢ÁØ˛ *vûªç:
∪
B -A
A∩B =
¢ÁØ˛ *vûªç:
∪
A B A B
A- B = B -A =
´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ÷vû√©’
★ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A∩B)
★ A∪ φ=A
★
★
A ∪A = A
A∩φ=φ
e t
★ A ∆ B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A) (™‰ü∆) (A ∪ B) − (A ∩ B)
. n
★
★
AC = µ − A
A∩AC = φ
ha
★ A ∪ AC = µ
i b
★
★
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
a t
p r
-´÷-C-J Ææ-´’Ææu-©’
i) A ∪ B
d u
Ææ´’Ææu: A = {2, 5, 6, 7}, B = {5, 6, 8, 9), Å®·ûË
ii) A ∩ B iii) A − B
n a
iv) B − A
.e e v) A ∆ B áçûª?
≤ƒüµ¿†: A = {2, 5, 6, 7}, B = {5, 6, 8, 9}
w w
A ∪ B = {2, 5, 6, 7} ∪ {5, 6, 8, 9}
= {2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
e t
wA ∩ B = {2, 5, 6, 7} ∩ {5, 6, 8, 9}
. n
= {5, 6}
A − B = {2, 5, 6, 7} − {5, 6, 8, 9}
h a
= {2, 7}
i b
B − A = {5, 6, 8, 9} − {2, 5, 6, 7}
= {8, 9}
a t
A ∆ B = (A ∪ B) − (A ∩ B)
= {2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} − {5, 6}
p r
= {2, 7, 8, 9}
d u
a
Ææ´’Ææu: n(A ∪ B) = 50, n(A) = 30, n(A ∩ B) = 15 Å®·ûË n(B) = ......
1) 25
e en 2) 35
≤ƒüµ¿†: n(A ∪ B) = 50, n(A) = 30, n(A ∩ B) = 15, n(B) = ?
.
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
3) 80 4) 45
w ww
50 = 30 + n(B) − 15
50 = 15 + n(B)
50 − 15 = n(B)
35 = n(B)
∴ n(B) = 35 ï¢√•’: 2
Ææ´’Ææu: äéπ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ 600 ´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’Ø√o®Ω’. OJ™ 400 ´’çC ûÁ©’í∫’, 300 ´’çC £œ«çD ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. ûÁ©’í∫’,
£œ«çD È®çúø’ ¶µ«≠æ©’ ´÷ö«x-úøí∫LÍí-¢√®Ω’ áçûª ´’çC ÖØ√o®Ω’?
1) 100 2) 150 3) 200 4) 50
≤ƒüµ¿†: §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ ûÁ©’í∫’ ´÷ö«xúË¢√®Ω’ n(T) = 400
e t
§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ £œ«çD ´÷ö«xúË¢√®Ω’ n(H) = 300
§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Ææçêu n(T ∪ H) = 600
. n
È®çúø’ ¶µ«≠æ©’ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√®Ω’ = n(T ∩ H)
h a
n(T ∪ H) = n(T) + n(H) − n(T ∩ H)
600 = 400 + 300 − n(T ∩ H)
i b
n(T ∩ H) = 700 − 600 = 100 1
a t
r
ï¢√•’:
´·êu-¢Á’i† -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
1)
u p
A = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7}, B = {3, 5, 6, 8) Å®·ûË A ∪ B = .......
1) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
a d
2) {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 3) {2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8} 4) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
2)
1) {3, 4}
e n
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} Å®·ûË A ∩ B = .....
2) {1, 3, 5, 7} 3) {1, 2, 3, 6, 7} 4) {4, 5}
3)
w.e
A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}, B = {1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10} Å®·ûË A − B = ......
t
4)
w w
1) {1, 2, 5} 2) {3, 6}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6} Å®·ûË A ∆ B = .......
3) {8, 9, 10}
e
4) {3, 5, 8, 10}
n
1) {1, 3, 6} 2) {1, 2, 4, 6} 3) {7, 3, 6}
a . 4) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
5) A, B ©’ Nßª·éπh ÆæN’-ûª’©’ Å®·ûË n(A ∩ B) = ......
h
ib
1) φ 2) 0 3) 10 4) 1
6) A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} Å®·ûË
1) A
⊃
B 2) A ∩ B = A t
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ àC Ææûªuç?
a
3) A ∪ B = B 4) -ÅFo
7)
p
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ ÆæN’-ûª’© îµËü¿-†ç™ Æœnûªuç-ûª®Ω üµ¿®√tEo ûÁL-Ê°C?
r
8)
1) A ∪ B = B ∪ A
A∩BE
d u
2) A ∩ B = B ∩ A 3) A ∪ φ = A 4) A ∪ A = A
a
™«éπ~ùÀéπ ®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh .......
e n
1) {x / x ∈ A ™‰ü∆ x ∈ B ™‰ü∆ x ∈ A, x ∈ B}
3) {x / x ∈ A, x ∈ B}
2) {x / x ∈ A, x ∉ B}
4) {x / x ∈ A, x ∈ A'}
9)
.
A, B ©’
e A − B = ......
ww
Nßª·éπh ÆæN’-ûª’-™„jûË
1) φ 2) A 3) B 4) µ
10)
11)
wn(A ∪ B) = 52, n(A) = 40, n(B) = 20 Å®·ûË n(A ∩ B) = ......
1) 8 2) 12 3) 16
äéπ ûª®Ω-í∫-A™ 15 ´’çC ¢√M-¶«™¸ Çúø-û√®Ω’. 13 ´’çC véÀÈéö¸ Çúø-û√®Ω’. OJ™ 5
4) 18
´’çC È®çúø’ Çô©’ Çúø-û√®Ω’.
OJ™ véÀÈéö¸ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÇúË-¢√®Ω’ áçûª-´’çC ÖØ√o®Ω’?
⊃
1) 20 2) 8 3) 23 4) 10
12) ¢ÁØ˛ *vûªç Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬ A D B = ......
1) {3, 4, 5} U
A
2) {6, 7} 3 1 B
6
3) {1, 8, 9}
4) {3, 4, 5, 1, 8, 9}
4
5
7 8
9
e t
13) A = {3, 5, 6, 7} B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7} Å®·ûË éÀçC¢√-öÀ™ à-C Ææûªuç é¬ü¿’?
. n
14)
1) A
A, B ©’
B 2) A ∩ B = A 3) B − A = B
h a4) A ∪ B = B
b
à¢ÁjØ√ È®çúø’ ÆæN’-ûª’©’ Å®·ûË éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ àC Ææûªuç?
1) n(A ∪ B) + n(A ∩ B) = n(A) + n(B) 2) n(A ∪ B) − n(A ∩ B) = n(A) + n(B)
3) n(A ∪ B) + n(A ∩ B) = n(A) − n(B)
t i
4) n(A ∪ B) − n(A ∩ B) = n(A) − n(B)
15) A = {1, 3, 5, 7} Å®·ûË A ∩ φ = ......
1) {0} 2) { }
r a 3) {φ} 4) -ÅFo
16) 26
´÷vûª¢Ë’ û√T, öÃ û√í∫-E-¢√-È®ç-ü¿®Ω’?
d up
´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’†o äéπ ûª®Ω-í∫-A™ 8 ´’çC öÃ û√í∫’û√®Ω’, é¬F é¬°∂‘ û√í∫®Ω’. 16 ´’çC öÃ û√í∫’-û√®Ω’. Å®·ûË é¬°∂‘
17)
1) 12
A
⊃
n
B Å®·ûË A − B = .....
2) 14
a 3) 16 4) 10
18)
1) A
A
⊃
.e e
B Å®·ûË n(A − B) = .....
2) B 3) φ 4) µ
w w
1) { 0 } 2) 0 3) 1 4) Å†çûªç
e t
19)
w
A, B©’ Nßª·éπh ÆæN’-ûª’©’ Å®·ûË
1) n(A) − n(B)
n(A ∪ B) = ..........
2) n(A) + n(B) 3) n(A ∩ B)
. n
4) n(A) − n(A ∩ B)
20) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Å®·ûË A ÆæN’-AéÀ Ö†o Ö°æ-Ææ-N’-ûª’© Ææçêu .....
h a
1) 7 2) 14
ï¢√-•’©’
3) 64
i b 4) 128
t
1–1; 2–4; 3–2; 4–1; 5–2; 6–4; 7–2; 8–3; 9–2; 10–1; 11–2; 12–4; 13–3; 14–1; 15–2; 16–4; 17–3; 18–2; 19–2;
a
20–4.
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ

Hï-í∫-ùÀûªç e t
★ . n
Hï-í∫ùÀû√Eo Ççí∫xç™ Algebra Åçö«®Ω’. Algebra ÅØË °æü¿ç Ç™¸-ï-•®˝ (Al-jabr) ÅØË
Å®Ω-Gé˙ °æü¿ç †’ç* ´*açC.
h a
i b
★ Å®Ω-Gé˙ ¶µ«≠æ™ Al-Khowarizmi ÅØË °æJ{-ßª’Ø˛ í∫ùÀûª ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh ®√Æœ† Al-jabrwaal-
Muquabala ÅØË °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ Ö†o Ê°®Ω’™ Al-jabr véπ´’çí¬ Algebra í¬ ®Ω÷§Òç-CçC.
a t
★ Hï-í∫-ùÀûª °œû√-´’-£æ›úø’ (The Father of Algebra) - úøßª÷-§∂ƒç-ôÆˇ.
p r
★ ≤ƒ´÷-Fu-éπJç*† Åçéπ-í∫ùÀû√Eo Hï-í∫-ùÀûªç ÅE Åçö«®Ω’.
d u
★ Hï-í∫-ùÀ-ûªç™ Ææçêu-©†’ ™‰ü∆ ®√-¨¡Ÿ-©†’ Ææ÷*çîË Åéπ~-®√-©†’ Hñ«©’ ™‰ü∆ Hñ«ç-é¬©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
n a
★ véÃ.¨¡. 3´ ¨¡û√-•lç™ vUèπ◊ í∫ùÀûª ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh Å®·† úøßª÷-§∂ƒç-ôÆˇ ®√Æœ† ÅJ-ü∑˛-¢Á’-öÀé¬
.e e
(Arithmetica) ÅØË °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ -¢Á·ü¿-ô H@ßª’ Ææ´÷-≤ƒ-©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √úø’.
w w
îª®Ω-®√P (Variable): EKgûª ÆæN’A †’ç* à N©’-¢ÁjØ√ éπL-T -ÖçúË Hñ«Eo îª®Ω-®√P Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: x, y, a, b, c, ....
e t
w .
Æœn®Ω-®√P (Constant): äéπ Æœn®Ω-¢Á’i† N©’´ éπL-T ÖçúË Hñ«Eo Æœn®Ω-®√P Åçö«®Ω’. n
Öü∆: 2, 3, 5, 9, ...
h a
i b
°æü¿ç (Term): äéπ Æœn®Ω-®√-P -™‰-ü∆ îª®Ω-®√-P -™‰-ü∆ Æœn®Ω, îª®Ω-®√-¨¡Ÿ© ©¶«l¥Eo °æü¿ç Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: 4, −  7
5
, x, −t, 3xy, − abc, ....
a t
p r
H@ßª’ Ææ´÷Ææç: Ææ´÷-Ææç-™E °æü∆™x äéπ\ °æü¿-¢Á’iØ√ H@ßª’ °æü¿ç Å®·ûË Å™«çöÀ Ææ´÷-≤ƒEo
H@ßª’ Ææ´÷Ææç Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: 4x, x + 4, −7x, 
d u
4 2
x + x − p, ....
n a 3
★ H@ßª’ Ææ´÷≤ƒ-©-†’ -¢√-öÀ-™  -Ö-†o °æ-ü∆-© Ææç-êu-†’ -•-öÀd -´-K_éπ-J≤ƒh®Ω’.
.e e
àéπ-°æC: äÍé °æü¿ç éπL-T† H@ßª’ Ææ´÷-≤ƒEo àéπ-°æC Åçö«®Ω’.
3 ab, −xyz.
ww
Öü∆: 7x, −  5
w
Cy°æC: È®çúø’ °æü∆©†’ éπLT Ö†o H@ßª’ Ææ´÷-≤ƒEo Cy°æC Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: 5x + 3, xyz +  3 a, 
5
4
3
x − y.
vA°æC: ´‚úø’ °æü∆©†’ éπLT Ö†o H@ßª’ Ææ´÷-≤ƒEo vA°æC Åçö«®Ω’.
5 7 .
Öü∆: 3x − 4y +  3 z, abc + p + 
9
R-12-3-15
•£æ›-∞¡-°æC: ´‚úø’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ °æü∆©†’ éπLT Ö†o H@ßª’ Ææ´÷-≤ƒEo •£æ›-∞¡-°æC Åçö«®Ω’.
■ 4abc ÅØË °æü¿ç™
4 ÅØËC abc Ææçë«uí∫’-ùéπç Åçö«®Ω’.
e t
abcE 4 H@ßª’ í∫’ùéπç Åçö«®Ω’.
. n
Öü∆: 4xy, −5xy,  3
h a
Ææñ«A °æü∆©’: äÍé H@ßª’ í∫’ù-é¬--©’ Ö†o °æü∆-©†’ ''Ææñ«A °æü∆©’—— Åçö«®Ω’.
2
xy
i b
Öü∆: 2xy, 5yz, 3ab
a t
Nñ«A °æü∆©’: NGµ†o H@ßª’ í∫’ù-é¬©’†o °æü∆-©†’ ''Nñ«A °æü∆©’—— Åçö«®Ω’.
p r
H@ßª’ °æü¿ °æJ-´÷ùç (Degree): äéπ H@ßª’ °æü¿ç-™E Hñ«© °∂æ÷û√© ¢Á·û√hEo Ç H@ßª’ °æü¿
°æJ-´÷ùç (Degree) Åçö«®Ω’.
d u
a
Öü∆: 7 x3 y2 ÅØË H@ßª’ °æü¿- °æ-J-´÷ùç
n
.e e
= x °∂æ÷ûªç + y °∂æ÷ûªç = 3 + 2 = 5
5
★ −  x3 yz2 °æü¿-°æ-J-´÷ùç = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6
7
w w ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ÷vû√©’
e t
★ w
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
. n
★ (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
h a
★ a2 − b2 = (a + b) (a − b)
i b
★
★
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3 a t
★
p r
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
★
d u
(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca) = a3 + b3+ c3 − 3abc
★
n a
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 − ab + b2)
★ e
a3 − b3 = (a − b) (a2 + ab + b2)
.e -´÷-C-J -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
1.
w ww
''Ææí∫ç éπçõ‰ 4 ûª π◊\-¢Áj† Ææçêu—— π◊ Ææçñ«c ®Ω÷°æç -à-N’-öÀ?
x x x−2
1)  − 4 2) 4 −  3) 2x − 4 4) 
2 2 2
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ Ææçêu = x Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
x
Ç Ææçêu™ Ææí∫ç =  2
x
Ææí∫ç éπçõ‰ 4 ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj† Ææçêu = 
2
−4
e t
ï¢√•’: 1
. n
2. x = 7 Å®·ûË 2x + 3 N©’´ áçûª?
a
1) 16
x = 7 Å®·ûË
2) 18 3) 15
i bh 4) 17
t
≤ƒüµ¿†:
2x + 3 = 2 (7) + 3
= 14 + 3 = 17
r a
u p
d
ï¢√•’: 4
3. 4x − 3 ÅØË
4
n a
•£æ›-°æC ¨¡⁄†u N©’´ áçûª?
3 4 3
1) 
3
.e e 2) 
4
3) − 
3
4) − 
4
w w
≤ƒüµ¿†: 4x − 3 = 0;
3
x= 
4x = 3
e t
w 4
. n
ï¢√•’: 2
4. a = 1, b = 2, c = −3 Å®·ûË a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc N©’´
h a
ib
áçûª?
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
≤ƒüµ¿†: a = 1, b = 2, c = −3
a t
a3 + b3 + c3 − 3 abc
p r
d u
= (1)3 + (2)3 + (−3)3 − 3 (1) (2) (−3)
= 1 + 8 − 27 + 18 = 27 − 27 = 0
n a
e
ï¢√•’: 1
5.
.e
8x2 − 5x − 9éÀ Ææçéπ-©† N™´’ç?
ww
1) 8x2 + 5x + 9 2) 8x2 + 5x − 9
w3) − 8x2 + 5x + 9
≤ƒüµ¿†: 8x2 − 5x − 9 Ææçéπ-©† N™´’ç
4) − 8x2 − 5x − 9
= − [8x2 − 5x − 9] = − 8x2 + 5x + 9
ï¢√•’: 3
6. A = 4x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 4, B = x3 + 4x2 − 6x + 5, C = 2x 3 − 5x2 + 7x − 6 Å®·ûË
(A − C) + (B − C) N©’´ áçûª?
1) x3 + 12x2 − 17x + 21
3) x3 − 12x2 − 17x − 21
2) x3 − 12x2 + 17x − 21
e t
≤ƒüµ¿†: A = 4x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 4
. n
4) x3 + 12x2 + 17x + 21
B = x3 + 4x2 − 6x + 5
h a
C = 2x3 − 5x2 + 7x − 6
i b
A−C
a t
p r
= (4x3−2x2 + 3x + 4) − (2x3 − 5x2 + 7x−6)
= 4x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 4 − 2x3 + 5x2 − 7x + 6
d u
= 4x3 − 2x3 − 2x2 + 5x2 + 3x − 7x + 4 + 6
= 2x3 + 3x2 − 4x + 10
n a
B−C
.e e
= (x3 + 4x2 − 6x + 5) − (2x3 − 5x2 + 7x − 6)
w w
= x3 − 2x3 + 4x2 + 5x2 − 6x − 7x + 5 + 6
e t
w= − x3 + 9x2 − 13x + 11
. n
(A − C) + (B − C)
h a
= (2x3 + 3x2 − 4x + 10) + (− x3 + 9x2 − 13x + 11)
= 2x3 − x3 + 3x2 + 9x2 − 4x − 13x + 10 + 11
i b
= x3 + 12x2 − 17x + 21
a t
ï¢√•’: 1
p r
7.

u
[5a − {4a − (3a − 2a − a )}] + 3a = ?
d
1) a
n
[5a − {4a − (3a − 
a
2) 2a
2a − a )}] + 3a
3) 4a 4) 6a
≤ƒüµ¿†:
e e
= [5a − {4a − (3a − a)}] + 3a
.
w ww
= [5a − {4a − 2a}] + 3a
= [5a − 2a] + 3a
= 3a + 3a
= 6a
ï¢√•’: 4
8. 4x2 + 3xy − 2y2 éπçõ‰ x2 + 5xy + y2 áçûª á π◊\´?
1) 3x2 − 2xy − 3y2 2) −3x2 + 2xy − 3y2
3) −3x2 + 2xy + 3y2 4) 3x2 + 2xy + 3y2
e t
≤ƒüµ¿†: A éπçõ‰ B áçûª áèπ◊\´? = B − A
. n
4x2 + 3xy − 2y2 éπçõ‰ x2 + 5xy + y2 áçûª áèπ◊\´?
= (x2 + 5xy + y2) − (4x2 + 3xy−2y2 ) h a
= x2 + 5xy + y2 − 4x2 − 3xy + 2y2
i b
= x2 − 4x2 + 5xy − 3xy + y2 + 2y2
a t
= − 3x2 + 2xy + 3y2
p r
ï¢√•’: 3
d u
9. äéπ vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«©’
n a
2a + 3b, b − a, 4a − 2b Å®·ûË Ç vA¶µº’ïç îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª áçûª?
1) 5a + b
.e e 2) 5a + 2b
≤ƒüµ¿†: ∆ABC äéπ vA¶µº’ïç Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
3) 5a − b 4) 5a − 2b
w w
vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«©’ AB, BC, CA Å´¤-û√®·.
e t
w
AB = 2a + 3b,
. n
BC = b − a
h a
CA = 4a − 2b
i b
vA¶µº’ïç îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª = AB + BC + CA
a t
= (2a + 3b) + (b − a) + (4a − 2b)
p r
= 2a − a + 4a + 3b + b − 2b
d u
= 6a − a + 4b − 2b
n a
= 5a + 2b
ï¢√•’: 2
.e e 1
1 = 8 Å®·ûË x2 + 
ww
10. x +  x x2
N©’´ áçûª?
w1) 60
≤ƒüµ¿†: x + 1 =8
x
2) 62 3) 64 4) 66
É®Ω’-¢Áj-°æ¤™« ´®Ω_ç îËßª’í¬

[x + 1x ] 2
= 82
1
⇒ x2 + 2 + 2(x) 
x x ( )
1 = 64
1
⇒ x2 + 2 = 64 − 2 = 62
ï¢√•’: 2
x
e t
-´·-êu-¢Á’i-† -v°æ-¨¡o-©’ . n
1. 5x − 2y + z ÅØË x − y − z éπçõ‰
h a
1) 6x − 3y
Ææ´÷Ææç áçûª ûªèπ◊\´?
i
2) 4x − y + 2z b
3) − 4x + 2y + 2z
a t4) − 4x + y − 2z
1 x− 
 2 ÅØË •£æ›-°æC ¨¡⁄†u
r
up
2.
7 7
N©’´ áçûª?
2
1) 2 2) 0 3)  4) 1
3. a − {a + (a − a
− 1 )} = ?
a d 7
4.
1) 0
2 xy3

.e en 2) − 1 3) 1 4) 2
3
w t
Ææçë«u í∫’ùéπç áçûª?
1 2
5.
w w
1) 2 2) 3
a + 2 [a + 2 {a + 2 (a + 2a + 2)}] N©’´
3) 
3
4) 
3
n e
1) 24a + 8 2) 40 + 16a
áçûª?
3) 31a + 16
a .
4) 14a + 13
6. x = − 1 Å®·ûË x3 − 4x2 + 2x + 1 N©’´
b h
i
áçûª?
2) − 6 3) − 4 4) − 5
7.
1) 0
pq + p2q − p2q2 ÅØË
a t
1) 1
H@ßª’ Ææ´÷Ææç °æJ´÷ùç?
2) 3
p r 3) 4 4) 2
8.
d u
a
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ Ææñ«A °æü∆© Ææ´‚-£æ…©’ àN?
2 xy, 3 x2y
i) a2, b2, −2a2 ii) 4xy, − 
e n 3 xy2
iii) −2xy2, 5xy2, 
3
iv) 8pq, −2pq, 3pq
2
.e 2
ww
1) i, ii 2) ii, iii 3) iii, iv 4) ii, iii, iv
9.
w( 1
n− 
n )( 1
n+ 
n )( 1
n2 + 
n2 ) = ......
1 1 1 1
1) n2 −  2) n3 − 3 3) n4 + 4 4) n4 − 4
n2 n n n
10. x + y + z = 0 Å®·ûË x3 + y3 + z3 = ......
1) 4xyz 2) 3xyz 3) 2xyz 4) xyz
11. x + 1 =7
x
1
Å®·ûË x2 + 
x2
N©’´ áçûª?
e t
1) 47 2) 45 3) 49
n
4) 43
.
12. a = 3 Å®·ûË (a − 1) (a + 1) (a2 + 1) = ......
a
1) 84 2) 75 3) 60
13. (3x 3 − 2x2 − 3x − 3) − (x3 − 2x2 + 3x − 4) = ?
i bh 4) 80
1) 2x3 − 4x2 − 6x + 1
a t
2) 2x3 − 6x + 1
3) 2x3 + 6x − 1
p r 4) 2x3 − 6x − 11
u
14. A = 5x2 + 9x + 6, B = 3x2 + 4x − 8, C = 5 − 6x Å®·ûË A + B + C = ?
d
1) 8x2 + 7x + 3
n a 2) 8x2 − 7x + 3
15. ax − b
.e e
3) 8x2 + 7x − 3 4) 8x2 − 7x − 3
w t
¨¡⁄†uN-©’´ áçûª?
w w
a
1) 
b
b
2) 
a
a
3) − 
b
b
4) − 
a
n e
16. a + b + c = 9, ab + bc + ca = 26 Å®·ûË a2 + b2+ c2 = ?
a .
1) 37 2) 39 3) 27
b h 4) 29
17. x + y = 8, xy = 15 Å®·ûË x2 + y2 = ?
t i
1) 44 2) 24
18. (a2 − b2) ÷ (a − b) = ..... r a 3) 34 4) 54
p
1) a + b 2) a − b
a duï¢√-•’©’ 3) a2 + b2 4) a − 2b
e n
1-4; 2-1; 3-2; 4-4; 5-3; 6-2; 7-3; 8-3; 9-4; 10-2; 11-1; 12-4; 13-2; 14-1; 15-2; 16-4;
.
17-3; 18-1.e
w ww ®Ω-îª®·-ûª-: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ

¨»û√©’ e t
★
2 5 9 3
 ,  ,  ,  ... ™«çöÀ GµØ√o-©†’ ≤ƒ´÷†u GµØ√o©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
. n
3 7 4 11
2 5 9 3
h a
★
b
 ,  ,  ,  ... ™«çöÀ GµØ√o-©†’ ü¿¨»ç¨¡ GµØ√o©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
10 100 1000 10000
i
at
2 5 9 3
★  ,  ,  ,  ... ™«çöÀ GµØ√o-©†’ (£æ…®√©’ 100 í¬ Ö†o) ¨»û√©’
100 100 100 100
Åçö«®Ω’.
★
7 11 37
 = 7%,  = 11%,  = 37%
p r
100 100
20
100
27
d u13
 , 27% =  , 13% = 
★
Å™«Íí 20% = 100
n a
100 100
1 1
. e
GµØ√oEo ¨»ûªçí¬ ´÷®Ωaúøç:
e
 =  × 100 = 25%
4
1
w
4
1w 100 1
e t
w
 =  × 100 =  = 33  %
3 3 3 3
.n
´·ë«uç¨»©’
h a
1 1 1
1 = 100%;  = 50% ;  = 33  %
2 3 3
i b
33.33%
t
™‰ü∆
1
 = 25%;
1
 = 20%
r a
4
1 2
5
u p
 = 16  %
6 3
™‰ü∆ 16.67%
a d
1 2
e
 = 14  % n 14.28%
7
e
7
™‰ü∆
.
ww
1 1
 = 12  % 12.5%
8 2
™‰ü∆
w
1
9
1
 = 11  %
9
™‰ü∆ 11.11%
1 1 1
 = 10%;  = 9 % 9.09%
10 11 11
™‰ü∆
R-26-2-15
´÷CJ v°æ¨¡o©’
1. äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ 900 Ê°@©’ ÖØ√o®·. ≤ƒ®·-ûËï ÅØË Nü∆uJn ®ÓV π◊ 10 Ê°@© îÌ°æ¤p† 10
t
®ÓV© §ƒô’ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo îªC¢√úø’. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn 10 ®ÓV™x °æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-N† ¨»ûªç
e
áçûª?
1) 10% 2) 11.11% 3) 15%
. n
4) 25%
≤ƒüµ¿†: °æ¤Ææh-éπç™E Ê°@©’ = 900
h a
®ÓVèπ◊ îªC-N† Ê°@©’ = 10
i b
°æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-N† ®ÓV©’ = 10
a t
10 ®ÓV™x îªC-N† Ê°@©’ = 10 × 10 = 100
p r
°æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-N† ¨»ûªç
d u
100
=  × 100%
900
n a 100
=  % = 11.11%
.e e 9
ï¢√•’: 2
w w
2. äéπ Ææçêu™ 39% N©’´ ´’®Ìéπ Ææçêu-™E 52% éÀ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’û
e t
w n
i Ë, Ç È®çúø’ Ææçêu© E≠æpAh
áçûª?
1) 2 : 3 2) 3 : 4 3) 4 : 5
a .4) 4 : 3
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ Ææçêu = x, ´’®Ìéπ Ææçêu = y Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç.
b h
™„éπ\ v°æé¬®Ωç, x ™ 39% = y ™ 52%.
t i
39 52
x ×  = y × 
r a
100 100
u p
x 52 100 52 4
⇒  =  ×  =  = 
y 100 39 39 3
a d
n
⇒ x : y = 4 : 3
e
.e
ww
ï¢√•’: 4
Ææ’©¶µº ´÷®Ω_ç: È®çúø’ Ææçêu© E≠æpAh = 52 : 39 = 4 : 3
w
3. äéπ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E ¶«©’®Ω Ææçêu, Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E ¶«L-éπ© Ææçêu π◊ 15% á π◊\´. Å®·ûË Ç
§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E ¶«©’®Ω’, ¶«L-éπ© E≠æpAh áçûª?
1) 13 : 7 2) 7 : 13 3) 23 : 20 4) 20 : 23
≤ƒüµ¿†: §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ ¶«L-éπ© Ææç-êu = 100 -Å-†’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç
¶«©’®Ω’ = 100 + 100 ™ 15%
= 100 +
15
100 × 
e t
(
= 100 + 15 = 115
100 )
. n
¶«©’®Ω’ : ¶«L-éπ©’ = 115 : 100
h a
= 23 : 20
i b
ï¢√•’: 3
a t
Note: a éÀ îÁçC† x% N©’´ − x éÀ îÁçC† b% N©’´
p r = (a − b) éÀ -îÁç-C-† x% N©’´)
[(x% of a − b% of x = x% of (a − b)]
d u
4.
n a
7.9% of 134 − 34% of 7.9 = .......... ?
1) 8.1
≤ƒüµ¿†: e e 2) 7.9
7.9% of 134 − 34% of 7.9
.
3) 7.3 4) 7.6
w
= 7.9% of 134 − 34 of 7.9%
w e t
w = 7.9% of (134 − 34)
. n
= 7.9% of 100
h a
= 7.9
i b
ï¢√•’: 2
a t
5. äéπ Ææçêu™ 75% N©’-´ π◊ 75 πÿúÕûË ÅüË Ææçêu ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu àC?
1) 100 2) 150
p r 3) 225 4) 300
≤ƒüµ¿†: -Ç Ææçêu = x Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç
d u
x ™ 75% + 75 = x
n a
75
e e
⇒ x ×  + 75 = x
.
100
ww
3
⇒  x + 75 = x
4
w 3
⇒ x −  x = 75
4
4x − 3x
⇒  = 75
4
x
⇒  = 75
4
⇒ x = 75 × 4 = 300
e t
n
ï¢√•’: 4
a .
6. äéπ °æK-éπ~™ Nü∆u-JnéÀ 40% ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´ÊÆh Åûªúø’ ÖBh-®Ωgûª ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒhúø’. Ç °æK-éπ~™ äéπ
Nü∆uJnéÀ 40 ´÷®Ω’\©’ ©Gµç*, 40 ´÷®Ω’\© ûËú≈ûÓ Â°∂®·™¸ Åßª÷uúø’. Å®·ûË Ç °æKéπ~™
í∫J≠æe ´÷®Ω’\©’ áEo?
b h
1) 200 2) 300
t i
3) 400 4) 100
a
≤ƒüµ¿†: °æKéπ~™ í∫J≠æe ´÷®Ω’\©’ = x Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
r
p
Nü∆uJn ÖBh-®Ωg-ûªèπ◊ ®√¢√-Lq† ´÷®Ω’\©’ = 40 + 40
u
x ™ 40% = 80
a d = 80
40
e
x ×  = 80
n
.
100
w e t
w w 100
x = 80 ×  = 200
40
n e
ï¢√•’: 1
™«¶µº-¨»ûªç – †≠æd-¨»ûªç a .
★
b h
™«¶µºç = ÅN’t† ¢Á© − éÌ†o ¢Á©
t i
éÌ†o ¢Á© éπçõ‰ ÅN’t† ¢Á© áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçõ‰ ™«¶µºç ´Ææ’hçC.
™«¶µº-¨»ûªç = 
éÌ†o ¢Á© × 100 r a
p
™«¶µºç
d u
★ éÌ†o ¢Á© éπçõ‰ ÅN’t† ¢Á© ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçõ‰ †≠ædç ´Ææ’hçC.
a
†≠ædç = éÌ†o ¢Á© − ÅN’t† ¢Á©
n
e e
†≠æd¨»ûªç = 
.
†≠ædç
éÌ†o ¢Á© × 100
w ww
Note: ™«¶µº-¨»-û√Eo ™‰ü∆ †≠æd-¨»-û√Eo éÌ†o ¢Á©Â°j ™„éÀ\≤ƒh®Ω’.
1. äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ®Ω÷.100 π◊ Å´’túøç ü∆y®√ ®Ω÷.10 ™«¶µºç ´*açC. Å®·ûË ™«¶µº-
¨»ûªç áçûª?
1 1
1) 10% 2) 11  % 3)12% 4) 11  %
9 11
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ ÅN’t† ¢Á© = ®Ω÷.100
™«¶µºç = ®Ω÷.10
éÌ†o ¢Á© = ÅN’t† ¢Á© − ™«¶µºç
e t
= 100 − 10 = ®Ω÷.90
. n
   × 100%
™«¶µºç
™«¶µº-¨»ûªç = éÌ†o
h a
b
¢Á©
10
=  × 100%
90
ti
100 1
=  % = 11  %
r a
9 9
u p
ï¢√•’: 2
a d
n
ØÓö¸: äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o ¢Á©; ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç ÉÊÆh ÅN’t† ¢Á© éπ†’éÓ\´-ú≈-EéÀ éÀçC Ææ÷vû√Eo
e [ ]
Ö°æßÁ÷T≤ƒh®Ω’.
.e 100 + ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç
ÅN’t† ¢Á© = éÌ†o¢Á©     
w 100
t
★
w w n e
äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o ¢Á©, †≠æd-¨»ûªç ÉÊÆh ÅN’t† ¢Á© éπ†’éÓ\´-ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Ææ÷vûªç.
[
100 − †≠æd-¨»ûªç
ÅN’t† ¢Á© = éÌ†o-¢Á©  100  ] a .
1
b h
2. äéπ °æ¨¡Ÿ-´¤© ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ Ç´¤†’ ®Ω÷.18,000 © π◊ éÌE 8 
3 i
% †≥ƒd-EéÀ Nvéπ-®·ç-î√úø’.
t
Å®·ûË ÅN’t† ¢Á© áçûª?
1) ®Ω÷.14,500 2) ®Ω÷.15,500
r a
3) ®Ω÷.16,500 4) ®Ω÷.16,000
≤ƒüµ¿†: ¢√u§ƒJ Ç´¤†’ éÌ†o ¢Á© = ®Ω÷.18,000
u p
1
= 8 %
25
= %
a d
n[ 3 3
e e =
100 − †≠æd-¨»ûªç
¢Á©  ]
. 100
ÅN’t† ¢Á© éÌ†o
w ww [ = 18000 
25
100 − 
3
100 ]
[ ]
300 − 25

3
= 18000 × 
100
275
= 18000 ×  = ®Ω÷. 16,500
3 × 100
ï¢√•’: 3
3. äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ®Ω÷.150 éÀ Å´’túøç ü∆y®√ 10% †≠ædç ´Ææ’hçC. Ç ¢√u§ƒJ ÅüË
e t
´Ææ’h-´¤†’ 20% ™«¶µºç §Òçü∆-©çõ‰ áçûª π◊ Å´÷tL?
. n
1) ®Ω÷.200 2) ®Ω÷.250 3) ®Ω÷.180
h
4) ®Ω÷.240 a
≤ƒüµ¿†: ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o ¢Á© = 100% Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç
i b
(100% − 10%) = 90% ................. ®Ω÷.150
a t
(100% + 20%) = 120% ................. ?
p r
120
 × 150 = ®Ω÷.200
90
d u
ï¢√•’: 1 a
n -´·-êu-¢Á’i-† -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
1
1.  = ?
.e e
16
w w1
1) 6  %
1
2) 7  % 3) 8  %
1 1
4) 5  %
e t
w 4
2. éÌ•s-J-é¬-ßª’-©†’
4
äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ®Ω÷.6 îÌ°æ¤p†
4
Nvéπ-®·ÊÆh, 20%
.
4
n
™«¶µºç ´*açC. Å®·ûË 100
éÌ•sJé¬-ßª’-©†’ áEo ®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’-©èπ◊ éÌ-Ø√o®Ω’?
h a
1) ®Ω÷.525 2) ®Ω÷.550
b
3) ®Ω÷.560
i
4) ®Ω÷.500
3.
t
äéπ °æôdù ïØ√¶µ« àú≈-C™ 25,000 †’ç* 30,000 èπ◊ îËJçC. Å®·ûË Ç °æôdù ïØ√¶µ«
a
r
Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© Í®ô’ áçûª?
4.
1) 5% 2) 10%
u p 3) 20%
äéπ Ææçêu™ 51 ¶µ«í∫ç N©’´ 18. Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu™ 30% N©’´ áçûª?
4) 25%
1) 24
a d
2) 27 3) 36 4) 48
5.
e n
äéπ °æK-éπ~™ Nü∆uJn ÖBh-®Ωgûª ≤ƒCµç-î√-©çõ‰ 288 ´÷®Ω’\©’ -§Ò-ç-ü∆-L. äéπ Nü∆uJn Ç °æK-éπ~™
.e
33% ´÷®Ω’\©’ §ÒçC 24 ´÷®Ω’\© ûËú≈ûÓ Â°∂®·-™„j-ûË, Ç °æKéπ~™  í∫J≠æe ´÷®Ω’\©’ áEo?
6.
w ww
1) 650 2) 700 3) 800 4) 400
äéπ úéÀh È®çúø’ ÂÆjéÀ-∞¡x†’ äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ®Ω÷.2236èπ◊ Å´÷túø’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-ü∆-EÂ°j 10% ™«¶µºç, È®çúÓ-
ü∆-EÂ°j 10% †≠ædç ´*açC. ¢Á·ûªhç O’ü¿ ™«¶µº´÷? †≠æd´÷? áçûª ¨»ûªç?
1) ™«¶µºç í¬F, †≠ædç í¬F ™‰ü¿’ 2) ™«¶µºç 10%
3) †≠ædç 10% 4) †≠ædç 1%
7. äéπ Ææçêu†’ 25% Â°ç*† ûª®√yûª ü∆E N©’´ 80 Å®·uçC. Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu àC?
1) 60 2) 64 3) 66 4) 74
8. äéπ Ææçêu 73% N©’-´èπ◊, 48% N©’-´èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ 615 Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu™ 15%
e t
N©’´...?
1) 469 2) 226 3) 415
. n
4) 369
9.
h a
äéπ ÖüÓuT ûª† ØÁ© @ûªç™ 97% ê®Ω’a îËßª’í¬, ®Ω÷.300 Çü∆ îË≤ƒhúø’. Å®·ûË ÅûªúÕ ¢√J{éπ
@ûªç (Annual Income) áçûª?
i b
1) ®Ω÷.10,000 2) ®Ω÷.12,000
a t
3) ®Ω÷.36,000 4) ®Ω÷.1,20,000
10.
r
äéπ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™E Nü∆u®Ω’n™x 70% ´’çC ¶«©’®Ω’. ¶«Léπ© Ææçêu 504 Å®·ûË Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E
p
u
¶«©’®Ω Ææçêu áçûª?
11.
1) 1176
a d
2) 1008 3) 1206 4) 3024
äéπ úéÀh ®Ω÷.1400 ©èπ◊ äéπ ÂÆjéÀ-™¸†’ éÌE 15% †≥ƒdEéÀ Nvéπ-®·ç-î√úø’. Å®·ûË Ç ÂÆjéÀ-™¸
e
Å´’téπ°æ¤ ¢Á© áçûª? n
w.e
1) ®Ω÷.1202 2) ®Ω÷.1190 3) ®Ω÷.1160 4) ®Ω÷.1000
t
12.
w
äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o ¢Á©èπ◊, ÅN’t† ¢Á©èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u E≠æpAh 5 : 4 Å®·ûË †≠æd-¨»ûªç áçûª?
w
1) 20% 2) 25% 3) 40% 4) 15%
n e
13.
a .
äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ®Ω÷.900èπ◊ Å´’túøç ´©x Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅN’t† ¢Á©Â°j 10 ¨»û√-EéÀ Ææ´÷†-
b
¢Á’i† ™«¶µºç ´*açC. Å®·ûË ¢√u§ƒJ Ç ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ éÌ†o-üµ¿®Ω áçûª?
h
1) ®Ω÷.800 2) ®Ω÷.810
i
3) ®Ω÷.825
t
4) ®Ω÷.840
™«¶µºç 6 41 % Å®·ûË éÌ†o-üµ¿-®Ω†’ à Gµ†oçûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh ÅN’t† üµ¿®Ω ´Ææ’hçC?
14.
1) 
4
2) 
21
r a 3) 
16
4) 
17
5 20
u p 15 16
15.
d
äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ °æçîª-ü∆-®Ω†’ éÌ†o üµ¿®ΩÍé Å´·tû√-†E v°æéπ-öÀç-î√úø’. é¬F, 1 éÀ.ví¬. •ü¿’©’ 900
a
n
ví¬.™‰ ÉÆæ’hØ√oúø’. Å®·ûË Åûª-úÕéÀ áçûª ¨»ûªç ™«¶µºç ´Ææ’hçC?
1 1
2) 11  % 3) 9  %
16.
1) 10%
.e e 9 11
4) 11%
äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ èπ◊KaE ®Ω÷.720èπ◊ Å´’túøç ü∆y®√ 25% †≠ædç ´*açC. Åûª-úÕéÀ 25% ™«¶µºç
-
ww
®√¢√-©çõ‰ áçûªèπ◊ Å´÷tL?
w
1) ®Ω÷.1200 2) ®Ω÷.1000
ï¢√-•’©’
3) ®Ω÷.960 4) ®Ω÷.900
1-1; 2-4; 3-3; 4-2; 5-3; 6-4; 7-2; 8-4; 9-4; 10-1; 11-2; 12-1; 13-2; 14-4; 15-2; 16-1.
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ

¨»û√©’ e t
★
2 5 9 3
 ,  ,  ,  ... ™«çöÀ GµØ√o-©†’ ≤ƒ´÷†u GµØ√o©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
. n
3 7 4 11
2 5 9 3
h a
★
b
 ,  ,  ,  ... ™«çöÀ GµØ√o-©†’ ü¿¨»ç¨¡ GµØ√o©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
10 100 1000 10000
i
at
2 5 9 3
★  ,  ,  ,  ... ™«çöÀ GµØ√o-©†’ (£æ…®√©’ 100 í¬ Ö†o) ¨»û√©’
100 100 100 100
Åçö«®Ω’.
★
7 11 37
 = 7%,  = 11%,  = 37%
p r
100 100
20
100
27
d u13
 , 27% =  , 13% = 
★
Å™«Íí 20% = 100
n a
100 100
1 1
. e
GµØ√oEo ¨»ûªçí¬ ´÷®Ωaúøç:
e
 =  × 100 = 25%
4
1
w
4
1w 100 1
e t
w
 =  × 100 =  = 33  %
3 3 3 3
.n
´·ë«uç¨»©’
h a
1 1 1
1 = 100%;  = 50% ;  = 33  %
2 3 3
i b
33.33%
t
™‰ü∆
1
 = 25%;
1
 = 20%
r a
4
1 2
5
u p
 = 16  %
6 3
™‰ü∆ 16.67%
a d
1 2
e
 = 14  % n 14.28%
7
e
7
™‰ü∆
.
ww
1 1
 = 12  % 12.5%
8 2
™‰ü∆
w
1
9
1
 = 11  %
9
™‰ü∆ 11.11%
1 1 1
 = 10%;  = 9 % 9.09%
10 11 11
™‰ü∆
R-26-2-15
´÷CJ v°æ¨¡o©’
1. äéπ °æ¤Ææh-éπç™ 900 Ê°@©’ ÖØ√o®·. ≤ƒ®·-ûËï ÅØË Nü∆uJn ®ÓV π◊ 10 Ê°@© îÌ°æ¤p† 10
t
®ÓV© §ƒô’ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo îªC¢√úø’. Å®·ûË Ç Nü∆uJn 10 ®ÓV™x °æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-N† ¨»ûªç
e
áçûª?
1) 10% 2) 11.11% 3) 15%
. n
4) 25%
≤ƒüµ¿†: °æ¤Ææh-éπç™E Ê°@©’ = 900
h a
®ÓVèπ◊ îªC-N† Ê°@©’ = 10
i b
°æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-N† ®ÓV©’ = 10
a t
10 ®ÓV™x îªC-N† Ê°@©’ = 10 × 10 = 100
p r
°æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-N† ¨»ûªç
d u
100
=  × 100%
900
n a 100
=  % = 11.11%
.e e 9
ï¢√•’: 2
w w
2. äéπ Ææçêu™ 39% N©’´ ´’®Ìéπ Ææçêu-™E 52% éÀ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’û
e t
w n
i Ë, Ç È®çúø’ Ææçêu© E≠æpAh
áçûª?
1) 2 : 3 2) 3 : 4 3) 4 : 5
a .4) 4 : 3
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ Ææçêu = x, ´’®Ìéπ Ææçêu = y Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç.
b h
™„éπ\ v°æé¬®Ωç, x ™ 39% = y ™ 52%.
t i
39 52
x ×  = y × 
r a
100 100
u p
x 52 100 52 4
⇒  =  ×  =  = 
y 100 39 39 3
a d
n
⇒ x : y = 4 : 3
e
.e
ww
ï¢√•’: 4
Ææ’©¶µº ´÷®Ω_ç: È®çúø’ Ææçêu© E≠æpAh = 52 : 39 = 4 : 3
w
3. äéπ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E ¶«©’®Ω Ææçêu, Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E ¶«L-éπ© Ææçêu π◊ 15% á π◊\´. Å®·ûË Ç
§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E ¶«©’®Ω’, ¶«L-éπ© E≠æpAh áçûª?
1) 13 : 7 2) 7 : 13 3) 23 : 20 4) 20 : 23
≤ƒüµ¿†: §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ ¶«L-éπ© Ææç-êu = 100 -Å-†’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç
¶«©’®Ω’ = 100 + 100 ™ 15%
= 100 +
15
100 × 
e t
(
= 100 + 15 = 115
100 )
. n
¶«©’®Ω’ : ¶«L-éπ©’ = 115 : 100
h a
= 23 : 20
i b
ï¢√•’: 3
a t
Note: a éÀ îÁçC† x% N©’´ − x éÀ îÁçC† b% N©’´
p r = (a − b) éÀ -îÁç-C-† x% N©’´)
[(x% of a − b% of x = x% of (a − b)]
d u
4.
n a
7.9% of 134 − 34% of 7.9 = .......... ?
1) 8.1
≤ƒüµ¿†: e e 2) 7.9
7.9% of 134 − 34% of 7.9
.
3) 7.3 4) 7.6
w
= 7.9% of 134 − 34 of 7.9%
w e t
w = 7.9% of (134 − 34)
. n
= 7.9% of 100
h a
= 7.9
i b
ï¢√•’: 2
a t
5. äéπ Ææçêu™ 75% N©’-´ π◊ 75 πÿúÕûË ÅüË Ææçêu ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu àC?
1) 100 2) 150
p r 3) 225 4) 300
≤ƒüµ¿†: -Ç Ææçêu = x Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç
d u
x ™ 75% + 75 = x
n a
75
e e
⇒ x ×  + 75 = x
.
100
ww
3
⇒  x + 75 = x
4
w 3
⇒ x −  x = 75
4
4x − 3x
⇒  = 75
4
x
⇒  = 75
4
⇒ x = 75 × 4 = 300
e t
n
ï¢√•’: 4
a .
6. äéπ °æK-éπ~™ Nü∆u-JnéÀ 40% ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´ÊÆh Åûªúø’ ÖBh-®Ωgûª ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒhúø’. Ç °æK-éπ~™ äéπ
Nü∆uJnéÀ 40 ´÷®Ω’\©’ ©Gµç*, 40 ´÷®Ω’\© ûËú≈ûÓ Â°∂®·™¸ Åßª÷uúø’. Å®·ûË Ç °æKéπ~™
í∫J≠æe ´÷®Ω’\©’ áEo?
b h
1) 200 2) 300
t i
3) 400 4) 100
a
≤ƒüµ¿†: °æKéπ~™ í∫J≠æe ´÷®Ω’\©’ = x Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
r
p
Nü∆uJn ÖBh-®Ωg-ûªèπ◊ ®√¢√-Lq† ´÷®Ω’\©’ = 40 + 40
u
x ™ 40% = 80
a d = 80
40
e
x ×  = 80
n
.
100
w e t
w w 100
x = 80 ×  = 200
40
n e
ï¢√•’: 1
™«¶µº-¨»ûªç – †≠æd-¨»ûªç a .
★
b h
™«¶µºç = ÅN’t† ¢Á© − éÌ†o ¢Á©
t i
éÌ†o ¢Á© éπçõ‰ ÅN’t† ¢Á© áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçõ‰ ™«¶µºç ´Ææ’hçC.
™«¶µº-¨»ûªç = 
éÌ†o ¢Á© × 100 r a
p
™«¶µºç
d u
★ éÌ†o ¢Á© éπçõ‰ ÅN’t† ¢Á© ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçõ‰ †≠ædç ´Ææ’hçC.
a
†≠ædç = éÌ†o ¢Á© − ÅN’t† ¢Á©
n
e e
†≠æd¨»ûªç = 
.
†≠ædç
éÌ†o ¢Á© × 100
w ww
Note: ™«¶µº-¨»-û√Eo ™‰ü∆ †≠æd-¨»-û√Eo éÌ†o ¢Á©Â°j ™„éÀ\≤ƒh®Ω’.
1. äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ®Ω÷.100 π◊ Å´’túøç ü∆y®√ ®Ω÷.10 ™«¶µºç ´*açC. Å®·ûË ™«¶µº-
¨»ûªç áçûª?
1 1
1) 10% 2) 11  % 3)12% 4) 11  %
9 11
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ ÅN’t† ¢Á© = ®Ω÷.100
™«¶µºç = ®Ω÷.10
éÌ†o ¢Á© = ÅN’t† ¢Á© − ™«¶µºç
e t
= 100 − 10 = ®Ω÷.90
. n
   × 100%
™«¶µºç
™«¶µº-¨»ûªç = éÌ†o
h a
b
¢Á©
10
=  × 100%
90
ti
100 1
=  % = 11  %
r a
9 9
u p
ï¢√•’: 2
a d
n
ØÓö¸: äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o ¢Á©; ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç ÉÊÆh ÅN’t† ¢Á© éπ†’éÓ\´-ú≈-EéÀ éÀçC Ææ÷vû√Eo
e [ ]
Ö°æßÁ÷T≤ƒh®Ω’.
.e 100 + ™«¶µº-¨»ûªç
ÅN’t† ¢Á© = éÌ†o¢Á©     
w 100
t
★
w w n e
äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o ¢Á©, †≠æd-¨»ûªç ÉÊÆh ÅN’t† ¢Á© éπ†’éÓ\´-ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Ææ÷vûªç.
[
100 − †≠æd-¨»ûªç
ÅN’t† ¢Á© = éÌ†o-¢Á©  100  ] a .
1
b h
2. äéπ °æ¨¡Ÿ-´¤© ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ Ç´¤†’ ®Ω÷.18,000 © π◊ éÌE 8 
3 i
% †≥ƒd-EéÀ Nvéπ-®·ç-î√úø’.
t
Å®·ûË ÅN’t† ¢Á© áçûª?
1) ®Ω÷.14,500 2) ®Ω÷.15,500
r a
3) ®Ω÷.16,500 4) ®Ω÷.16,000
≤ƒüµ¿†: ¢√u§ƒJ Ç´¤†’ éÌ†o ¢Á© = ®Ω÷.18,000
u p
1
= 8 %
25
= %
a d
n[ 3 3
e e =
100 − †≠æd-¨»ûªç
¢Á©  ]
. 100
ÅN’t† ¢Á© éÌ†o
w ww [ = 18000 
25
100 − 
3
100 ]
[ ]
300 − 25

3
= 18000 × 
100
275
= 18000 ×  = ®Ω÷. 16,500
3 × 100
ï¢√•’: 3
3. äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ®Ω÷.150 éÀ Å´’túøç ü∆y®√ 10% †≠ædç ´Ææ’hçC. Ç ¢√u§ƒJ ÅüË
e t
´Ææ’h-´¤†’ 20% ™«¶µºç §Òçü∆-©çõ‰ áçûª π◊ Å´÷tL?
. n
1) ®Ω÷.200 2) ®Ω÷.250 3) ®Ω÷.180
h
4) ®Ω÷.240 a
≤ƒüµ¿†: ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o ¢Á© = 100% Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç
i b
(100% − 10%) = 90% ................. ®Ω÷.150
a t
(100% + 20%) = 120% ................. ?
p r
120
 × 150 = ®Ω÷.200
90
d u
ï¢√•’: 1 a
n -´·-êu-¢Á’i-† -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
1
1.  = ?
.e e
16
w w1
1) 6  %
1
2) 7  % 3) 8  %
1 1
4) 5  %
e t
w 4
2. éÌ•s-J-é¬-ßª’-©†’
4
äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ®Ω÷.6 îÌ°æ¤p†
4
Nvéπ-®·ÊÆh, 20%
.
4
n
™«¶µºç ´*açC. Å®·ûË 100
éÌ•sJé¬-ßª’-©†’ áEo ®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’-©èπ◊ éÌ-Ø√o®Ω’?
h a
1) ®Ω÷.525 2) ®Ω÷.550
b
3) ®Ω÷.560
i
4) ®Ω÷.500
3.
t
äéπ °æôdù ïØ√¶µ« àú≈-C™ 25,000 †’ç* 30,000 èπ◊ îËJçC. Å®·ûË Ç °æôdù ïØ√¶µ«
a
r
Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿© Í®ô’ áçûª?
4.
1) 5% 2) 10%
u p 3) 20%
äéπ Ææçêu™ 51 ¶µ«í∫ç N©’´ 18. Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu™ 30% N©’´ áçûª?
4) 25%
1) 24
a d
2) 27 3) 36 4) 48
5.
e n
äéπ °æK-éπ~™ Nü∆uJn ÖBh-®Ωgûª ≤ƒCµç-î√-©çõ‰ 288 ´÷®Ω’\©’ -§Ò-ç-ü∆-L. äéπ Nü∆uJn Ç °æK-éπ~™
.e
33% ´÷®Ω’\©’ §ÒçC 24 ´÷®Ω’\© ûËú≈ûÓ Â°∂®·-™„j-ûË, Ç °æKéπ~™  í∫J≠æe ´÷®Ω’\©’ áEo?
6.
w ww
1) 650 2) 700 3) 800 4) 400
äéπ úéÀh È®çúø’ ÂÆjéÀ-∞¡x†’ äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ®Ω÷.2236èπ◊ Å´÷túø’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-ü∆-EÂ°j 10% ™«¶µºç, È®çúÓ-
ü∆-EÂ°j 10% †≠ædç ´*açC. ¢Á·ûªhç O’ü¿ ™«¶µº´÷? †≠æd´÷? áçûª ¨»ûªç?
1) ™«¶µºç í¬F, †≠ædç í¬F ™‰ü¿’ 2) ™«¶µºç 10%
3) †≠ædç 10% 4) †≠ædç 1%
7. äéπ Ææçêu†’ 25% Â°ç*† ûª®√yûª ü∆E N©’´ 80 Å®·uçC. Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu àC?
1) 60 2) 64 3) 66 4) 74
8. äéπ Ææçêu 73% N©’-´èπ◊, 48% N©’-´èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ 615 Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu™ 15%
e t
N©’´...?
1) 469 2) 226 3) 415
. n
4) 369
9.
h a
äéπ ÖüÓuT ûª† ØÁ© @ûªç™ 97% ê®Ω’a îËßª’í¬, ®Ω÷.300 Çü∆ îË≤ƒhúø’. Å®·ûË ÅûªúÕ ¢√J{éπ
@ûªç (Annual Income) áçûª?
i b
1) ®Ω÷.10,000 2) ®Ω÷.12,000
a t
3) ®Ω÷.36,000 4) ®Ω÷.1,20,000
10.
r
äéπ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™E Nü∆u®Ω’n™x 70% ´’çC ¶«©’®Ω’. ¶«Léπ© Ææçêu 504 Å®·ûË Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™E
p
u
¶«©’®Ω Ææçêu áçûª?
11.
1) 1176
a d
2) 1008 3) 1206 4) 3024
äéπ úéÀh ®Ω÷.1400 ©èπ◊ äéπ ÂÆjéÀ-™¸†’ éÌE 15% †≥ƒdEéÀ Nvéπ-®·ç-î√úø’. Å®·ûË Ç ÂÆjéÀ-™¸
e
Å´’téπ°æ¤ ¢Á© áçûª? n
w.e
1) ®Ω÷.1202 2) ®Ω÷.1190 3) ®Ω÷.1160 4) ®Ω÷.1000
t
12.
w
äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌ†o ¢Á©èπ◊, ÅN’t† ¢Á©èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u E≠æpAh 5 : 4 Å®·ûË †≠æd-¨»ûªç áçûª?
w
1) 20% 2) 25% 3) 40% 4) 15%
n e
13.
a .
äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ®Ω÷.900èπ◊ Å´’túøç ´©x Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅN’t† ¢Á©Â°j 10 ¨»û√-EéÀ Ææ´÷†-
b
¢Á’i† ™«¶µºç ´*açC. Å®·ûË ¢√u§ƒJ Ç ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ éÌ†o-üµ¿®Ω áçûª?
h
1) ®Ω÷.800 2) ®Ω÷.810
i
3) ®Ω÷.825
t
4) ®Ω÷.840
™«¶µºç 6 41 % Å®·ûË éÌ†o-üµ¿-®Ω†’ à Gµ†oçûÓ í∫’ùÀÊÆh ÅN’t† üµ¿®Ω ´Ææ’hçC?
14.
1) 
4
2) 
21
r a 3) 
16
4) 
17
5 20
u p 15 16
15.
d
äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ °æçîª-ü∆-®Ω†’ éÌ†o üµ¿®ΩÍé Å´·tû√-†E v°æéπ-öÀç-î√úø’. é¬F, 1 éÀ.ví¬. •ü¿’©’ 900
a
n
ví¬.™‰ ÉÆæ’hØ√oúø’. Å®·ûË Åûª-úÕéÀ áçûª ¨»ûªç ™«¶µºç ´Ææ’hçC?
1 1
2) 11  % 3) 9  %
16.
1) 10%
.e e 9 11
4) 11%
äéπ ¢√u§ƒJ äéπ èπ◊KaE ®Ω÷.720èπ◊ Å´’túøç ü∆y®√ 25% †≠ædç ´*açC. Åûª-úÕéÀ 25% ™«¶µºç
-
ww
®√¢√-©çõ‰ áçûªèπ◊ Å´÷tL?
w
1) ®Ω÷.1200 2) ®Ω÷.1000
ï¢√-•’©’
3) ®Ω÷.960 4) ®Ω÷.900
1-1; 2-4; 3-3; 4-2; 5-3; 6-4; 7-2; 8-4; 9-4; 10-1; 11-2; 12-1; 13-2; 14-4; 15-2; 16-1.
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ

îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«©’ e t
. n
Ø√©’í∫’ Í®ë«-êç-ú≈©ûÓ à®Ωp-úÕ† Ææç´%ûª °æö«Eo îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
h a
(Quadrilateral) Åçö«®Ω’.
D
i b C
a t
p r
A
d u B
✪ Ø√©’í∫’ Í®ë«-êç-ú≈©’ AB,
n a
   
BC, CD, DA ©ûÓ à®ΩpúÕ† Ææç´%-ûª -°æ-ô¢Ë’ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç. A, B, C,
.e e
D ©’ Q®√{©’. ∠ABC, ∠BCD, ∠CDA, ∠DAB ©’ Ç îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Åçûª-®Ω-éÓ-ù«©’. îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-
ïç-™E 4 éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç = 360°.
w w îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«©’ – ®Ωé¬©’
e t
w . n
Åçö«®Ω’.
h a
í∫´’-Eéπ: äéπ ïûª áü¿’öÀ ¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«Eo Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç (võ„°‘->ßª’ç)
★ A®Ωu-é˙ Í®-êèπ◊ äÍé-¢Áj°æ¤ ÖçúË Åçûª-®Ω-éÓ-ù«© ¢Á·ûªhç = 180°

i b
t
✪ È®çúø’ ïûª© áü¿’öÀ ¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ Ö†o îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«Eo Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Åçö«®Ω’.
a
r
★ äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ à È®çúø’ áü¿’öÀ ¶µº’ñ«-™„jØ√ Ææ´÷†ç.
p
u
★ äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ à È®çúø’ áü¿’öÀ éÓù«-™„jØ√ Ææ´÷†ç.
d
n a
★ äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç-™ E éπ®√g©’ äéπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπöÀ Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îË≤ƒh®·.
★ äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ v°æA-éπ®Ωgç ü∆Eo È®çúø’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬ N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC.
.e e
★ äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç-™ E à È®çúø’ ÇÆæ-†o-éÓ-ù«© ¢Á·ûªh¢Á’iØ√ 180° ™‰ü∆ Ç éÓù«©’
w ww
Ææç°æ‹®Ωé¬©’.
✪ äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç-™ E äéπ éÓùç ©ç•-éÓ-ù¢Á’iûË ü∆Eo äéπ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç Åçö«®Ω’.
★ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï üµ¿®√t-©Fo D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ-EéÀ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·.
★ äéπ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ éπ®√g©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
R-12-2-15
★ éÓù«-©Fo Ææ´÷†ç. v°æA éÓùç N©’´ 90°.
★ äéπ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª = 2 [§Òúø´¤ + ¢Áúø©’p] ßª‚.
= 2 [l + b] ßª‚.
e t
✪
. n
È®çúø’ ÇÆæ-†o- ¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Ö†o Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«Eo ®√ç•Æˇ (Ææ´’-îª-ûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç)
★
h a
Åçö«®Ω’. -™‰-ü∆ ÅEo ¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Ö†o îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«Eo ®√ç•Æˇ Åçö«®Ω’.
b
®√ç•Æˇ äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç.
★
★ t i
®√ç•-Æˇ-™E éπ®√g©’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ©ç•-Ææ-´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®·.
★
r a
®√ç•Æˇ v°æA-éπ®Ωgç ü∆Eo È®çúø’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬ N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC.
®√ç•Æˇ áü¿’-öÀ-éÓ-ù«©’ Ææ´÷†ç. ü∆E ÇÆæ-†o-éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 180°.
✪
u p
d
°æéπ\¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Ö†o D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒEo îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç Åçö«®Ω’. -™‰-ü∆ äéπ ®√ç•-Æˇ™ äéπ
★ n a
éÓùç ©ç•-éÓ-ù-¢Á’iûË ÅC îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç Å´¤ûª’çC.
★
. e
îªûª’-®Ω-vÆæç™ ÅEo ¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
e
ÅEo éÓù«©’ Ææ´÷†ç. v°æA éÓùç N©’´ 90°.
★
w w
éπ®√g©’ Ææ´÷†ç. ÅN °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ©ç•-Ææ-´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®·.
e t
★
w . n
v°æA-éπ®Ωgç îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒEo È®çúø’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷† Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬ N¶µº->-Ææ’hçC.
★ îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª = 4 × ¶µº’ïç ßª‚.
h a
= 4 × s ßª‚.
i b
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
îª-ûª’®Ω’s¥ïç EJtç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ é¬¢√-Lq† ¢Áj¨»©uç °æôç
®Ωéπç éπFÆæ éÌ©ûª© Ææçêu
D C
5 d
A=  [h1 + h2)
t
îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
2
îª.ßª‚. A
n
(îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç)
B
e
Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç 4
h
A =  [a + b]
2
D
a . C
bh
(-võ„°‘->ßª’ç) îª.ßª‚.
A B
i
(võ„°‘->ßª’ç)
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç 3
a t
A = bh îª.ßª‚. D C
r A B
up
(Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç)
1
A =  d1 d2
Ææ´’-îª-ûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç
a d
2
2 D C
en
(®√ç•Æˇ) îª.ßª‚.
A B
e
(®√ç•Æˇ)
w.
D®Ω`- îª-ûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç 2 A = lb îª.ßª‚. D
t
C
w w A
=
n e =
îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç 1 A = s2 îª.ßª‚.
a . (D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç)
(or)
b
= 1 / 2d2 îª.ßª‚. h D C
(d =
t i
îªûª’-®ΩvÆæ éπ®Ωgç) A
(îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç) B
r a
-†-´‚-Ø√ -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
u p
1.
d
äéπ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç §Òúø´¤, ¢Áúø-©’p©’ 3 : 2 E≠æp-Ah™ ÖØ√o®·. ü∆E §Òúø´¤ 48 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË
a
en
Ç D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ ¢Áj¨»©uç (îª.ÂÆç.-O’.-©™) áçûª?
1) 1356 2) 1546 3) 1536 4) 1564
.e
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ §Òúø´¤, ¢Áúø-©’p© E≠æpAh = 3: 2
w ww
Ç D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ §Òúø´¤ = 3x Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
¢Áúø©’p = 2x Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç
™„éπ\ v°æé¬®Ωç §Òúø´¤ = 48 ÂÆç.O’.
3x = 48 ÂÆç.O’.
48
⇒ x =  = 16 ÂÆç.O’.
3
Ç D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ ¢Áúø©’p = 2x
= 2 × 16 = 32 ÂÆç.O’.
e t
= ×
. n
a
Ç D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ ¢Áj¨»©uç §Òúø´¤ ¢Áúø©’p
= 48 × 32
b h
= 1536 îª.ÂÆç.O’.
t i
a
ï¢√•’: 3
2. ABCD ®√ç•-Æˇ™ ∠A = 60°, AB = 6
p r
ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË éπ®Ωgç BD §Òúø´¤ (ÂÆç.O’.-©™)
áçûª?
1) 6 2) 8
d u 3) 4 4) 10
≤ƒüµ¿†: ABCD ®√ç•Æˇ™
n a D C
∠A = 60°
.e e
w w
∆ABD ™ AB = AD é¬•öÀd ∠ABD = ∠ADB
∆ABD ™ ∠A + ∠B + ∠D = 180° A
60°
e t
w
60° + ∠B + ∠D = 180°
. nB
∠B + ∠D = 180° − 60° = 120°

h a
∠B = ∠D é¬•öÀd, ∠B = 60°, ∠D = 60°
i b
∆ABD ™
t
v°æA-éÓùç N©’´ 60° Å´¤-ûª’çC é¬•öÀd ∆ABD Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç.
a
r
∆ABD Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç Å®·ûË, AB = BD = AD Å´¤-ûª’çC.
p
u
AB = 6 ÂÆç.O’. é¬•öÀd BD = 6 ÂÆç.O’. Å´¤-ûª’çC.
d
ï¢√•’: 1
n a
3. ABCD Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ ∠A = 50° Å®·ûË ∠B, ∠C, ∠D N©’-´©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ .....
.e e
1) 50°, 130°, 130° 2) 130°, 50°, 130°
w ww
3) 130°, 130°, 50°
≤ƒüµ¿†: ABCD Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç Å®·ûË
4) 130°, 50°, 50°
D C
∠A = ∠C,
A B
∠B = ∠D, ÇÆæ†o éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 180° èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç Å´¤-ûª’çC.
∠A = 50° é¬•öÀd ∠C = 50°, ∠A + ∠B = 180°
⇒ 50° + ∠B = 180°
∠B = 180° − 50°
e t
= 130°
. n
∴∠B = 130°
∠B = ∠D é¬•öÀd ∠D = 130° h a
∴ ∠B, ∠C, ∠D N©’-´©’ 130°, 50°, 130°
i b
´®Ω’-Ææí¬
a t
r
ï¢√•’: 2
p
4. Ææ´÷çûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ áü¿’-öÀ-éÓ-ù«© ´’üµ¿u -¶µ‰-ü¿ç?
u
1) 180° 2) 90°
a d 3) 0° 4) 100°
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç™ áü¿’-öÀ -éÓ-ù«©’ Ææ´÷†ç. é¬•öÀd ¢√öÀ -¶µ‰-ü¿ç 0° Å´¤-ûª’çC.
e n
e
ï¢√•’: 3
w.
5. äéπ ®√ç•-Æˇ™  éπ®√g© §Òúø-´¤©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ 6 ÂÆç.O’., 8 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË ü∆E ¶µº’ïç §Òúø´¤
t
w w
(ÂÆç.O’.-©™) .....
1) 7 2) 7.5 3) 2 4) 5
n e
a .
≤ƒüµ¿†: ABCD ®√ç•Æˇ Å®·ûË AC, BD éπ®√g©’ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ©ç•-Ææ-´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®·.
AC = 6 ÂÆç.O’., BD = 8 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË D
b h C
AO = 3 ÂÆç.O’. OB = 4 ÂÆç.O’. Å´¤-û√®·.
t i O
∆AOB ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç Å´¤-ûª’çC. [∠O = 90°]
r a
AB2 = AO2 + OB2
= 32 + 42 u p A B
= 9 + 16
a d
= 25
e n
.e
⇒ AB = √
25 = 5
ww
ÂÆç.O’.
∴ ®√ç•Æˇ ¶µº’ïç = 5 ÂÆç.O’.
w
ï¢√•’: 4
6. äéπ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª 60 O’. ü∆E §Òúø´¤ ¢Áúø-©’p-†èπ◊ È®çúø’ È®ôx-®·ûË, ü∆E ¢Áj¨»©uç
áçûª?
1) 200 îª.O’. 2) 160 îª.O’. 3) 180 îª.O’. 4) 220 îª.O’.
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ D®Ω`îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç ¢Áúø©’p = x Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç
§Òúø´¤ = 2 x Å´¤-ûª’çC.
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª = 2 [ §Òúø´¤ + ¢Áúø©’p]
e t
= 2 [ 2x + x ]
. n
= 2 (3x) = 6x
h a
6x = 60 O’.
i b
60 O’.
x =  = 10 O’.
6
a t
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç ¢Áúø©’p = 10 O’.
p r
d u
§Òúø´¤ = 2x = 2 × 10 = 20 O’.
a
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ ¢Áj¨»©uç = §Òúø´¤ × ¢Áúø©’p
n
.e e = 20 × 10 = 200 îª.O’.
ï¢√•’: 1
w w í∫-ûªç-™ -Å-úÕ-T-† -v°æ-¨¡o-©’ e t
w . n
1. PQRS ®√ç•Æˇ ¢Áj¨»-©uç 144 îª.O’. Åçü¿’-™ äéπ éπ®Ωgç 12
h a
O’. Å®·-ûË È®ç-úÓ éπ®Ωgç §Òúø´¤
áçûª?-
1) 12 O’. 2) 24 O’. 3) 42 O’.
i b (úŒ-áÆ‘q, 2003)
4) 21 O’.
2.
a t (úŒ-áÆ‘q, 2003)
1) 3 2) 4 r
Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«-Eo EJtç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ é¬-¢√-Lq-† Ææyûªçvûª éÌ©-ûª© Ææçêu?
p 3) 5 4) 6
3.
a du
äéπ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«-Eo EJtç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ é¬-¢√-Lq-† Ææyûªçvûª éÌ©-ûª© Ææçêu? (úŒ-áÆ‘q, 2001)
1) 4
e n 2) 2 3) 5 4) 3
4.
.e
äéπ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç-™-E °æéπ\ -éÓ-ù«© E≠æpAh 5:7 Å®·-ûË, Ç éÓù«© N©’-´©’?
ww
(úŒ-áÆ‘q, 2000)
5.
w1) 100°, 80° 2) 65°, 115° 3) 85°, 95°
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ï-ç™ v°æA-éÓ-ùç ©ç•-éÓ-ù-¢Á’iûË ÅC ....?
4) 75°, 105°
(úŒ-áÆ‘q, 2006)
1) D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-vÆæç 2) îªûª’-®Ω-vÆæç
3) ®√ç•Æˇ 4) Ææ´’-©ç• îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç
6. ABCD -Å-ØË -äéπ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-vÆæ-ç™ éπ®Ωgç AC = 10 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·-ûË éπ®Ωgç BD = ..?
1) 10 ÂÆç.O’. 2) 8 ÂÆç.O’. 3) 5 ÂÆç.O’. 4) 20 ÂÆç.O’.
7. äéπ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ï-ç-™E éπ®√g©’ Ææ´÷†ç, °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç ©ç• Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† îËÊÆh, ÅC....?
e t
1) îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç
n
2) ®√ç•Æˇ (îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç é¬ü¿’)
.
3) îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç é¬E D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç
a
4) Â°j-¢Ë-O é¬´¤
h
8.
b
ABCD Å-ØËC äéπ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ïç. AC, BD éπ®√g©’ “O” ´ü¿l ©ç•-çí¬ êçúÕç-îª’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®·.
i
t
Å®·ûË éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ àC Ææûªuç?
1) AB + BC + CD + AD = AC + BD
2) AB + BC + CD + AD < AC + BD
r a
3) AB + BC + CD + AD > AC + BD
u p
1
a d
4) AB + BC + CD + AD =  (AC + BD)-
4
e n -ï-¢√-•’-©’
w.e
1-2; 2-2; 3-3; 4-4; 5-1; 6-1; 7-1; 8-3.
t
-®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg
w w n e
a .
b h
t i
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ

í∫-ùÀ-ûªç
vA¶µº’-ñ«©’
vA¶µº’ïç: ´‚úø’ Í®ë«-êçú≈©ûÓ à®Ωp-úÕ† Ææç´%-ûª-°æö«Eo vA¶µº’ïç Åçö«®Ω’.
∆ABC ™
A
  
i) AB, BC, CA ©’ vA¶µº’-ï- ¶µº’-ñ«©’
ii) ∠ABC, ∠BCA, ∠CAB ©’ vA¶µº’ï éÓù«©’
iii) A, B, C ©-†’ vA¶µº’ï Q®√{©’ Åçö«®Ω’. B C
iv) vA¶µº’-ïç-™ E 3 éÓù«© ¢Á·ûªhç 180° éÀ Ææ´÷†ç.
1
v) vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç =  × ¶µº÷N’ × áûª’h.
e t
2
. n
vA¶µº’ñ«™x ®Ωé¬©’:
h a
∆ABC Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç Å®·ûË AB = BC = CA Å´¤-ûª’çC.
i b
Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç: ´‚úø’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Ö†o vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo 'Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç— Åçö«®Ω’.
A
Note: Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ v°æA-éÓùç N©’´ = 60°

a t
p r
★ äéπ Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ïç "a" ßª‚. Å®·ûË...

√3
d
ü∆E áûª’h (h) =  a. ßª‚, u B C
2
na
.e e √3 2
ü∆E ¢Áj-¨»©uç (A) = 4
a îª.ßª‚. Å´¤-ûª’çC.
1.
w
w
äéπ Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ïç 8 ßª‚. Å®·ûË ü∆E áûª’h, ¢Áj¨»©uç áçûª?

w1) 2 √ 3 ßª‚., 4 √ 3 îª.ßª‚.
 
2) 3 √ 3 ßª‚., 9 √ 3 îª.ßª‚.
 
3) 4 √ 3 ßª‚., 16 √ 3 îª.ßª‚.
 
4) 6 √ 3 ßª‚., 36 √ 3 îª.ßª‚.
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ïç (a) = 8 ßª‚.

√3
(h) =  a
2
áûª’h
R-13-1-15

√3 
=  × 8 = 4 √ 3 ßª‚.
2

√3 2
¢Áj¨»©uç (A) = 

√3
a =  (8)2 e t

4 4
. n
√3 
=  (64) = 16 √ 3 îª.ßª‚.
h a
4
i b
ï¢√•’: 3
a t
2. äéπ Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ äéπ ¶µº’ñ«Eo §ÒúÕTÊÆh à®ΩpúË ¶«£æ«u-éÓùç N©’´ áçûª?
1) 60° 2) 90°
p r
3) 100° 4) 120°
≤ƒüµ¿†: ∆ABC Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç.
d u A
n a
BC E §ÒúÕTÊÆh à®Ωp-úÕ† ¶«£æ«u-éÓùç ∠ACE. ¶«£æ«u-éÓùç 60°
.e e
N©’´ ü∆E Åçûª®Ω ÅGµ-´·-ê- éÓù«© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç.
∠ACE = ∠CAB + ∠ABC = 60° + 60° = 120°
60° ?
60°
>
ï¢√•’: 4
w w B C E
w
Ææ´’-Cy¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç: È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© éÌ©-ûª©’ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Ö†o vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo 'Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç—
Åçö«®Ω’. A
∆ABC ™ AB = AC Å®·ûË ∆ABC ÅØËC Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç.
★ ∆ABC Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç™ AB = AC Å®·ûË ∠B = ∠C
Å´¤-ûª’çC. B C
3. ∆ ABC ÅØËC Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç AB = AC. ∠A = 80°° Å®·ûË ∠B = ?

1) 100° 2) 50° 3) 40° 4) 60°
≤ƒüµ¿†: ∆ABC Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç, AB = AC
Å®·ûË ∠B = ∠C Å´¤-ûª’çC. ∠B = x Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
⇒ 80° + x + x = 180°
⇒ 2 x = 180° − 80°
⇒ 2 x = 100°
100°
⇒ x =  = 50° ∴ ∠B = 50°
2
ï¢√•’: 2
4. äéπ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç ABC ™ AB = AC, ∠A = 40°°. Ç vA¶µº’-ïç™ BC E
§ÒúÕTÊÆh à®Ωp-úË ¶«£æ«u-éÓùç N©’´ áçûª?
1) 110° 2) 70° 3) 80° 4) 90°
e t
≤ƒüµ¿†: ∆ABC ™ AB = AC, ∠A = 40° Å®·ûË A
. n
∠B = ∠C = 70° Å´¤-ûª’çC. 40°
h a
∠ACE = ∠A + ∠B
i b
= 40° + 70° = 110°
r at B C E
p
ï¢√•’: 1
d u
N≠æ-´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç: à È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«© éÌ©-ûª©’ Ææ´÷-†ç -é¬E vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo N≠æ-´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç
a A
Åçö«®Ω’.
  
n
∆ABC N≠æ-´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç Å®·ûË AB ≠ BC ≠ CA Å´¤-ûª’çC.
e
w.e B
t C
5.
w w
∆ ABC
n e
™ ´‚úø’ éÓù«©’ 1 : 4 : 5 E≠æp-Ah™ Öçõ‰ Åûªu-Cµéπ éÓù«-EéÀ, Åûªu©p éÓù«-EéÀ
´’üµ¿u Ö†o ûËú≈ áçûª?
a .
1) 60° 2) 75° 3) 72°
b h
4) 90°
≤ƒüµ¿†: vA¶µº’-ïç-™E ´‚úø’ éÓù«© E≠æpAh: 1 : 4 : 5
Ç ´‚úø’ éÓù«©’ 1x, 4x, 5 x Å†’èπ◊çü∆ç.
t i
r
1x + 4x + 5x = 180° ⇒ 10x = 180° ⇒ x = 18° a
∴ Åûªu-Cµéπ éÓùç N©’´
u p
= 5x = 5 × 18° = 90°; Åûªu©p éÓùç = 1x = 18°;
ûËú≈ = 90° − 18° = 72°
a d
ï¢√•’: 3
e n
.e
Note: ∆ABC ßÁ·éπ\ ¶µº’ñ«©’a, b, c ©’ Å®·ûË Ç
ww

vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç = √ s (s − a) (s − b) (s − c) îª.ßª‚.,
w a+b+c
s = 
2
©ç-•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E äéπ éÓùç N©’´ 90° Å®·ûË ü∆Eo ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç Åçö«®Ω’.
∆ABC ™ ∠B = 90° Å®·ûË Ç vA¶µº’ïç ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç. A
e t
★ "B" E ©ç•-Q®Ω{ç Åçö«®Ω’.
. n
★ ©ç• Q®√{-EéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o ¶µº’-ñ«-Eo (AC) éπ®Ωgç Åçö«®Ω’.
a
Note (1):
A
ÅØËC ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç, ∠B = 90° Å®·ûË
i bh B
vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç
C
B C
a t
1
=  × ©ç•-éÓùç éπL-T†
p r
2
u
¶µº’ñ«© ©•l¥ç
1
=  × BC × AB
2
a d
e n
Note (2): ∆ABC ÅØËC ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç, ∠B = 90°
e
Å®·ûË Â°jü∑∆-í∫-®ΩÆˇ Æœü∆l¥çûªç v°æé¬®Ωç
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
w.
Note (3): ©ç•-éÓù =
t
w w 3, 4, 5;
vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«©’ (Â°jü∑∆-í∫-J-ßª’Ø˛ vAé¬-©’)
8, 15, 17; 5, 12, 13
n e
7, 24, 25; 9, 40, 41; 11, 60, 61
a .
h
-¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†-N.
Note (4): ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç™ ©ç•-éÓùç éπL-T† ¶µº’ñ«©’ Ææ´÷†ç Å®·ûË Ç vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo '©ç•-éÓù
Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç— Åçö«®Ω’.
i b
t 
Note (5): ©ç•-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ éπ®Ωgç ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ √ 2 È®ô’x Öçô’çC.
a
r
Note (6): ∆ABC ©ç•-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç, ∠B = 90° Å®·ûË ∠A = 45. ∠C = 45°
p
u
Å´¤-û√®·.
d
6. äéπ ©ç•-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’-ïç™ ©ç•-éÓù ¶µº’ñ«© §Òúø´¤ 8 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË éπ®Ωgç
a
n
§Òúø´¤ áçûª?
  
e
1) 16 ÂÆç.O’.
.e
2) 16 √ 2 ÂÆç.O’. 3) 4 √ 2 ÂÆç.O’. 4) 8 √ 2 ÂÆç.O’.
ww
≤ƒüµ¿†: ©ç•-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï éπ®Ωgç

= √ 2 × ¶µº’ïç -§Ò-úø-´¤
w
ï¢√•’: 4
 
= √ 2 × 8 = 8 √ 2 ÂÆç.O’.
Å©p-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç: äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E v°æA-éÓùç éÌ©ûª Å©p-éÓùç (< 90°) Å®·ûË Ç vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo
'Å©p-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç— Åçö«®Ω’.
-Ö-ü∆-: 40°, 60°, 80° éÓù«©’†o vA¶µº’ïç
Å-CµéπéÓ-ù -vA--¶µº’-ïç: -äéπ -vA-¶µº’-ïç-™-E -à-üÁj-Ø√ -äéπ éÓùç éÌ-©-ûª ÅCµéπ éÓùç ( > 90°) Å®·ûË Ç
vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo 'ÅCµéπéÓù vA¶µº’ïç— Åçö«®Ω’.
e t
-Ö-ü∆-: 25°, 30°, 125° éÓù«©’†o vA¶µº’ïç
. n
Ç vA¶µº’ï Ö†oA ™‰ü∆ áûª’h Åçö«®Ω’.
h a
vA¶µº’ï Ö†oA ™‰ü∆ áûª’h: vA¶µº’ï Q®√{™x üËE †’ç* Å®·Ø√ ü∆E áü¿’öÀ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ UÆœ† ©ç¶«Eo,
A
i b
↑
a t
r
áûª’h
↓
up
B C
D
a d
í∫´’-Eéπ: i) äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E Ö-†o-ûª’©’ ÅFo äÍé Gçü¿’´¤ O’ü¿’í¬ -¢Á-∞«h®·.
n
ii) vA¶µº’-ïç-™ E Ö†o-ûª’© N’Rûª Gçü¿’´¤†’ '©ç•-Íéçvü¿ç— Åçö«®Ω’.
e
.e
´’üµ¿u-í∫ûª Í®ê: äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E Q®√{-Eo ü∆E áü¿’öÀ ¶µº’ïç ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’-´¤èπ◊ éπL°œûË à®ΩpúË
w t
w
Í®-ë«-êçú≈Eo 'Ç vA¶µº’ï ´’üµ¿u-í∫ûªç— Åçö«®Ω’.
w A
n e
a .
B II
M
II C
b h
t i
r a
í∫´’-Eéπ: i) äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E ´’üµ¿u-í∫ûª Í®ê©’ ÅFo äÍé äéπ Gçü¿’´¤ O’ü¿’í¬ -¢Á-∞«h®·.
ii) vA¶µº’-ïç-™ E ´’üµ¿u-í∫ûª Í®ê© N’Rûª Gçü¿’-´¤-†’ 'í∫’®Ω’-ûªy- Íéçvü¿ç— Åçö«®Ω’.
u p
iii) í∫’®Ω’-ûªy -Íéçvü¿ç ´’üµ¿u-í∫ûª Í®ê†’ 2 : 1 E≠æp-Ah™  N¶µº>Ææ’hçC.
a d A
en
G= í∫’®Ω’ûªy Íéçvü¿ç 2
G
.e
AG : GM = 2 : 1
1
ww
B II II C
M
Note: ★
w ★
vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«© ©ç•-Ææ-´’-Cy-êç-úø† Í®ê© N’Rûª Gçü¿’´¤: °æJ-´%-ûªh -Íéçvü¿ç
vA¶µº’ï Q®√{© O’ü¿’í¬ -¢Á-∞Ïx ´%ûªhç: °æJ-´%ûªhç
★ vA¶µº’ï °æJ-´%-ûªh- Íéçvü¿ç vA¶µº’ï Q®√{-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†- ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçô’çC.
★ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-êç-úø† Í®ê© N’Rûª Gçü¿’´¤: Åçûª-®Ω-´%-ûªh -Íéçvü¿ç
★ vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«-©†’ û√èπ◊ûª÷ (Ææp %PÆæ÷h) -¢Á-∞Ïx ´%ûªhç Åçûª-®Ω-´%ûªhç
★ Åçûª®Ω ´%ûªh-Íéçvü¿ç vA¶µº’ï ¶µº’ñ«-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†- ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçô’çC.
★
t
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E éÓù«©’ 1 : 2 : 3 E≠æp-Ah™ Öçõ‰ ¢√öÀ-Èé-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æpAh

e
★
=1:√3 :2
1:1:2
. n

äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E éÓù«©’
=1:1:√2 a
E≠æp-Ah™ Öçõ‰ ¢√öÀ-Èé-ü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æpAh
h
-´·-êu-¢Á’i-† -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
i b
1.
a t
r
vA¶µº’-ïç-™E Ö†o-ûª’© N’Rûª Gçü¿’´¤ ......
1) ©ç•-Íéçvü¿ç
u p 2) Åçûª-®Ω-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
2.
3) í∫’®Ω’-ûªy -Íéçvü¿ç
a d 4) °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
äéπ vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç 30 îª.ÂÆç.O’. vA¶µº’ï Ö†oA ü∆E Çüµ∆-®Ω -¶µº’ïç éπçõ‰ 7
n
ÂÆç.O’. áèπ◊\-
1) 5
.e e
¢Áj-ûË Çüµ∆-®Ω- ¶µº’ïç §Òúø´¤ (ÂÆç.O’.-©™) .....
2) 7 3) 4 4) 6
3.
w w
éÀçC à vA¶µº’ï éÓù«©’ Å©p-éÓù vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·?
e t
w
1) 43°, 63°, 73° 2) 44°, 62°, 73°
. n
3) 44°, 63°, 73° 4) 44°, 63°, 74°
h a
4. éÀçC à vA¶µº’ï éÓù«©’ ÅCµéπ éÓù vA¶µº’-ñ«Eo Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·?
i b
1) 116°, 36°, 64°
3) 36°, 64°, 100°
a t
2) 16°, 64°, 100°
4) 16°, 96°, 100°
5.
p r
äéπ Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç 49 √3 îª.ßª‚. Å®·ûË Ç vA¶µº’ï áûª’h áçûª?
1) 9 ßª‚.
d u
2) 7 ßª‚.

3) 8 √ 3 ßª‚.

4) 7 √ 3 ßª‚.
6.
n a
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E éÓù«-©’ 1 : 1 : 2 E≠æp-Ah™ Öçõ‰ Ç vA¶µº’ïç .....
.e e
1) Å©p-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç 2) Ææ´’-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç
ww
3) ©ç•-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïç 4) ÅCµéπ éÓù vA¶µº’ïç
7. äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç-™ ©ç•-éÓùç Ö†o ¶µº’ñ«©’ 8 ÂÆç.O’. 12 ÂÆç.O’ Å®·ûË ü∆E ¢Áj¨»©uç
w
áçûª?
1) 48 îª.ÂÆç.O’. 2) 64 îª.ÂÆç.O’.
3) 72 îª.ÂÆç.O’. 4) 96 îª.ÂÆç.O’.
8. vA¶µº’-ïç™ ´’üµ¿u-í∫ûª Í®ê© N’Rûª Gçü¿’-´¤E à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?
1) ©ç•-Íéçvü¿ç 2) í∫’®Ω’ûªy Íéçvü¿ç
3) °æJ-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç 4) Åçûª-®Ω-´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç
e t
9.
n
äéπ vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç 88 îª.ÂÆç.O’. ü∆E ¶µº÷N’ áûª’h éπçõ‰ 5 ÂÆç.O’. ûªèπ◊\´ Å®·ûË Ç
.
vA¶µº’ï áûª’h áçûª?
1) 11 ÂÆç.O’. 2) 12 ÂÆç.O’. 3) 20 ÂÆç.O’.
h a
4) 16 ÂÆç.O’.
10.
i b
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E éÓù«©’ 1 : 2 : 3 E≠æpAh™ Öçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o ¶µº’ñ«© E≠æpAh.....

1) 1 : √ 3 : 2 2) 1 : 3 : 2
a t
3) 1 : 1 : 2

4) 1 : 3 : √ 2
11.
p r
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ñ«EéÀ îÁçC† éÌ©ûª©’ àN?
d u
1) 1 ÂÆç.O’., 1 ÂÆç.O’., 6 ÂÆç.O’. 2) 2 ÂÆç.O’., 2 ÂÆç.O’., 6 ÂÆç.O’.
n a
3) 3 ÂÆç.O’., 3 ÂÆç.O’., 6 ÂÆç.O’. 4) 4 ÂÆç.O’., 4 ÂÆç.O’., 6 ÂÆç.O’.
12.
.e e
äéπ vA¶µº’-ïç-™E ¶µº÷N’, áûª’h Ææ´÷†ç. Ç vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç 50 îª.ÂÆç.O’ Å®·ûË ü∆E áûª’h
áçûª? (ÂÆç.O’.-©-™)
1) 5
w w 2) 10 3) 20 4) 25
e t
13.
w
∆ PQR ™ PR ÅØËC éπ®Ωgç Å®·ûË ©ç•-éÓùç Ö†o Q®Ω{ç àC?
. n
14.
1) P 2) Q 3) R
h a 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
äéπ vA¶µº’ïç ¶µº’ñ«©’ 5 ÂÆç.O’., 12 ÂÆç.O’., 13 ÂÆç.O’., Å®·ûË Ç vA¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç áçûª?
1) 30 îª.ÂÆç.O’. 2) 45 îª.ÂÆç.O’.
i b
3) 60 îª.ÂÆç.O’. 4) 72 îª.ÂÆç.O’.
15.
a t
äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ ©ç•-éÓùç Ö†o ¶µº’ñ«©’ 30 ÂÆç.O’., 40 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË Ç vA¶µº’ï
éπ®Ωgç §Òúø´¤ áçûª?
p r
1) 70 ÂÆç.O’.
d u
2) 60 ÂÆç.O’. 3) 50 ÂÆç.O’. 4) 45 ÂÆç.O’.
16.
a
äéπ ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ È®çúø’ ¶µº’ñ«©’ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’, ¢√öÀ ¶µ‰ü¿ç 50. Å®·ûË ´‚úÓ ¶µº’ïç
n
e
N©’´?
1) 60
.e 2) 70 3) 65 4) 64
w ww -ï-¢√-•’-©’
1-1; 2-1; 3-3; 4-2; 5-4; 6-3; 7-1; 8-2; 9-4; 10-1; 11-4; 12-2; 13-2; 14-1; 15-3; 16-1.
-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ

e t
E≠æp-Ah –- Å-†’-§ƒûªç
. n
h a
b
È®çúø’ ®√¨¡Ÿ-©†’ ¶µ«í∫-£æ…®Ωç ü∆y®√ §Ú©a-úø¢Ë’ E≠æpAh.
a
★ a, b © E≠æp-AhE a : b í¬ ®√≤ƒhç. a : b E 
t
★ a : b ™ a E °æ‹®Ωy °æü¿-´’E, b E °æ®Ω -°æ-ü¿-´’E Åçö«®Ω’.
i
b -Å-E èπÿú≈ ®√ßÁ·îª’a.
Öü∆: 10, 15 © E≠æpAh = 10 : 15

r a
=2:3
u p
★ 2 : 3 ÅØË
a d
E≠æp-Ah™ °æ‹®Ωy°æü¿ç = 2
e n
°æ®Ω-°æü¿ç = 3
★
.e
a : b ÅØË E≠æp-AhéÀ N™´’ E≠æpAh = b : a
w t
w
1 w
Öü∆: 4 : 5 ÅØË E≠æp-AhéÀ N™´’ E≠æpAh = 5 : 4
1
n e
1.  : 
4 5
ÅØË E≠æp-AhéÀ N™´’ E≠æpAh áçûª?
a .
1 1
 : > = 1(5) : 1(4) = 5 : 4
>
b h
4
1 1
5
t i
 :  = 5 : 4 ÅØË
4 5
r a
E≠æpAhéÀ N™´’ E≠æpAh = 4:5
1 1
 : 
u p
=x:y
x y
d
ÅØË E≠æp-AhéÀ N™´’ E≠æpAh
2.
n a
äéπ ™£æ«ç™ ®√T, >çé˙ 9 : 5 E≠æp-Ah™ ÖØ√o®·. Åçü¿’™ >çé˙ •®Ω’´¤ 9.5 ví¬. Å®·ûË
e e
®√T •®Ω’´¤ áçûª?
.
ww
1) 16.1 ví¬. 2) 17.1 ví¬. 3) 18.1 ví¬. 4) 19.1 ví¬.
≤ƒüµ¿†: äéπ ™£æ«ç™ ®√T, >çé˙© E≠æpAh = 9 : 5
w ®√T •®Ω’´¤ = 9x Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç
>çé˙ •®Ω’´¤ = 5x Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç
R-27-12-14
™„éπ\ v°æé¬®Ωç: >çé˙ •®Ω’´¤ = 9.5 ví¬
9.5 ví¬
5x = 9.5 ví¬ ⇒ x =  = 1.9 ví¬.
5
e t
®√T •®Ω’´¤ = 9x
= 9 × 1.9 ví¬
. n
= 17.1 ví¬.
ha
∴ ®√T = 17.1 ví¬.
i b
t
•®Ω’´¤
ï¢√•’: 2
ÆæçéÀ~°æh °æü¿nA: ®√T : >çé˙ r a
9 : 5
u p
↓
a d
e 9.5 ví¬ n
w.e
>çé˙ •®Ω’´¤ = 5 Ææ´÷† ¶µ«í¬©’
t
w w = 9.5 ví¬
9.5
n e
1 Ææ´÷† ¶µ«í∫ç =  = 1.9 ví¬
5
a .
®√T •®Ω’´¤ = 9 Ææ´÷† ¶µ«í¬©’
b h
9 × 1.9 ví¬. = 17.1 ví¬.
t i
★
★
a
a : b = c : d Å®·ûË a, b, c, d ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçö«®·.
r
⇒ 
a
=
c

b ⇒ a×d=b×c u p
a, b, c, d ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰, a : b = c : d
a d
a : b = c : d Å®·ûË a × d = b × c
e n
-Åç-ûªu°æ-ü∆-© -©-•l¥ç = -´’-üµ¿u°æ-ü∆-© -©-•l¥ç
.e
3. 36, 9, 64 © Å†’-§ƒûª îªûª’®Ωn °æü¿ç áçûª?
w ww
1) 16 2) 18
≤ƒüµ¿†: 36, 9, 64, x ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰
3) 19 4) 20
36 : 9 = 64 : x
36 × x = 9 × 64
9 × 64
x =  = 16
36
t
ï¢√•’: 1
★ a : b = b : c Å®·ûË a, b, b, c
©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçö«®·.
★ a, b, b, c ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰ a, b, c ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçö«®·. n e
★ a, b, c ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰, b2 = ac Å´¤-ûª’çC.
a .
b h
★ a, b, c ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰ 'b' E a, c © Å†’-§ƒûª ´’üµ¿u´’ç Åçö«®Ω’.
Note: 1) a, b, c ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰
t i
b2 = ac
r a

b = √ ac
u p
(... a, c
d
© Å†’--§ƒûª ´’üµ¿u´’ç = b)
a 
e n
2) a, b © Å†’-§ƒûª ´’üµ¿u´’ç = √ ab

w e
3) x, y © Å†’-§ƒûª ´’üµ¿u´’ç = √ xy
.
4. 9, 16 © Å†’-§ƒûª ´’üµ¿u´’ç áçûª?
t
w w
1) 10 2) 12 3) 14 4) 15
n e
≤ƒüµ¿†: 9, 16 © Å†’-§ƒûª ´’üµ¿u´’ç
a .

= √ 9 × 16
b h

= √144 = 12
t i
ï¢√•’: 2
r a
Å†’-™-´÷-†’-§p
ƒûªç
d u (Directly Proportional)
a
en
äéπ ®√P Â°J-TûË È®çúÓ ®√P èπÿú≈ Â°®Ω-í∫úøç ™‰ü∆ äéπ ®√P ûªT_ûË È®çúÓ ®√P èπÿú≈ ûªí∫_úøç
ïJTûË Ç È®çúø’ ®√¨¡Ÿ©’ Å†’-™´’ îª®Ωûªyç (Å†’-™-´÷-†’-§ƒûªç) éπLT ÖØ√o-ßª’E Åçö«®Ω’.
e
x, y ©’ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰ x ∝ y ÅE ®√≤ƒhç
.
ww
x
x ∝ y Å®·ûË  y = k (k = Æœn®√çéπç Å´¤-ûª’çC)
w
5. x ∝ y, x = 102 Å®·ûË y = 170; x = 132 Å®·ûË y = ?
1) 212 2) 208 3) 210 4) 220
≤ƒüµ¿†: x 102 132
y 170 ?
102 132
x ∝ y é¬•öÀd  = 
170 ?
170
⇒ ? = 132 ×  = 220
102
e t
ï¢√•’: 4
N™-´÷-†’-§ƒûªç (Inversely Proportional) . n
h a
i b
''äéπ ®√P Â°J-TûË È®çúÓ ®√P ûªí∫_úøç ™‰ü∆ äéπ ®√P ûªT_ûË È®çúÓ ®√P Â°®Ω-í∫úøç—— É™« ïJ-TûË Ç
È®çúø’ ®√¨¡Ÿ©’ N™´’ îª®Ωûªyç (N™-´÷-†’-§ƒûªç) éπLT ÖØ√o-ßª’E Åçö«®Ω’.
x, y ©’ N™-´÷-†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçõ‰ x ∝ 
1
a t
y ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’
x∝ 
1
y Å®·ûË xy = k (k = Æœn®√çéπç)
p r
u
6. ®ÓVèπ◊ 54 Ê°@© îÌ°æ¤p† îªC-NûË äéπ °æ¤Ææhéπç 16 ®ÓV™x °æ‹®Ωh´¤-ûª’çC. 9 ®ÓV™x Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç
d
a
°æ‹Jh îËßª÷-©çõ‰ ®ÓVèπ◊ áEo Ê°@©’ îªü¿-¢√L?
1) 86
e n2) 88 3) 96 4) 94
w e
≤ƒüµ¿†: Ê°@©’ (x) 54 ?
.
®ÓV©’ (y) 16 9
t
w 1
x ∝  é¬•öÀd, 54 × 16 = ? × 9
w y
n e
54 × 16
  = ? ⇒ ? = 96 Ê°@©’
a .
9
b h
i
ï¢√•’: 3
-´÷-C-J -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
a t
1. A, B, C
r
©’ véÀÈéö¸ véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’. äéπ ´÷uî˝™ A, B © °æ®Ω’í∫’© E≠æpAh 3 : 2; B, C ©
p
°æ®Ω’í∫’© E≠æpAh 3 : 2. ¢√J ´·í∫’_J ¢Á·ûªhç ≤Ú\®Ω’ 342 °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ Å®·ûË Ç ´÷uî˝™ A
îËÆœ† °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ áEo?
d u
1) 162
n a 2) 142 3) 122 4) 182
.e e
≤ƒüµ¿†: A : B = 3 : 2, B : C = 3 : 2
A:B:C=9:6:4
w ww
9
9
A ≤Ú\®Ω’ =  × 342
9+ 6 + 4
=  × 342 = 162
19
∴ A °æ®Ω’í∫’©’ = 162
ï¢√•’: 1
2. 30 ´’çC °æE-¢√®Ω’ äéπ °æEE ®ÓVèπ◊ 7 í∫çô© îÌ°æ¤p† °æE-îËÆæ÷h 18 ®ÓV™x °æ‹Jh îËßª’í∫©®Ω’.
ÅüË °æEE 21 ´’çC ®ÓVèπ◊ 8 í∫çô© îÌ°æ¤p† °æE-îËÆæ÷h áEo ®ÓV™x îËßª’-í∫-©®Ω’?
1) 21 ®ÓV©’
1
2) 21  ®ÓV©’
2
1
3) 22  ®ÓV©’
2
1
4) 24  ®ÓV©’
2
e t
≤ƒüµ¿†: ´’çC – í∫çô©’ – ®ÓV©’
. n
30 – 7 – 18
h a
21 – 8 – ? (x)
i b
t
´’çC ®ÓV©’
30 ↓ – 18 ↑
r a
21 – ? (N™-´÷-†’-§ƒûªç)
u p
(ûªT_ûË) (Â°®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·)
a d
n
í∫çô©’ – ®Ó--V-©’
7 ↑
8
.e e 18 ↓
?
w t
(N™-´÷-†’-§ƒûªç)
w
(Â°J-TûË)
w 30 7 45
(ûªí∫’_-û√®·)
1
n e
x = 18 ×  ×  =  = 22 
21 8 2 2
®Ó-V-©’.
a .
ï¢√•’: 3
b h
3. a : b = 7 : 5, b : c = 9 : 11 Å®·ûË a : b : c =?
t i
1) 63 : 14 : 55
≤ƒüµ¿†: a : b = 7 : 5,
2) 63 : 45 : 55
b : c = 9 : 11
r a 3) 16 : 14 : 15 4) 7 : 14 : 55
u
a : b : c = (7 × 9) : (9 × 5) : (5 × 11)p
= 63 : 45 : 55
a d
ï¢√•’: 2
e n -´·-êu-¢Á’i-† -v°æ-¨¡o-©’
.e
1.
ww
äéπ Ææçêu 42 †’ 3 : 4 E≠æp-Ah™ N¶µº>ÊÆh ´îËa È®çúø’ Ææçêu© ´®√_© ¢Á·ûªhç áçûª?
w
1) 400 2) 500 3) 800 4) 900
2. äéπ Ææç*™ 25 Â°jÆæ©’, 10 Â°jÆæ©’, 5 Â°jÆæ© Ø√ù‰©’ 1 : 2 : 3 E≠æp-Ah™ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ
¢Á·ûªhç N©’´ 30 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å®·ûË Ç Ææç*™ Ö†o 5 Â°jÆæ© Ø√ù‰©’ áEo?
1) 150 2) 130 3) 120 4) 180
3. 84 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©†’ A, B ©’ 13 1
:
4
E≠æpAh™ °æçîª’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√JéÀ ©Gµç-*† ¢√ö«© ¶µ‰ü¿ç
áçûª?
1) ®Ω÷-.7 2)
®Ω÷-.9 3) ®Ω÷-.12 4) ®Ω÷-.15
e t
4. A : B = 3 : 5, B : C = 4 : 7 Å®·ûË A:B:C=?
. n
1) 12 : 20 : 27 2) 12 : 20 : 35 3) 11 : 20 : 35
h a4) 12 : 17 : 35
5. A : B = 8 : 15, B : C = 5 : 8, C : D = 4 : 5 Å®·ûË A : D = ?
1) 15 : 14 2) 1 : 4 3) 4 : 5
i b 4) 4 : 15
6.
3 5 3 2
a : b =  :  , b : c =  :  Å®·ûË a : b : c = ?
a t
5 7
1) 63 : 75 : 40
4 5
2) 63 : 15 : 40
p r
3) 36 : 75 : 40 4) 63 : 75 : 20
7. äéπ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ 6655
d u
´’çC Nü∆u®Ω’n©’Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’™ ¶«L-éπ©’ 2420 Å®·ûË, ¶«©-¶«-Léπ©
E≠æpAh áçûª?
n a
8.
1) 4 : 7
6
.e e 2) 6 : 5 3) 7 : 4 4) 3 : 4
Mô®Ωx Â°vö©’ûÓ äéπ é¬®Ω’ 112 éÀ.O’. v°æßª÷-ùÀç-îª-í∫-©ü¿’. Å®·ûË 272 éÀ.O’.
w w
v°æßª÷ùÀçîªú≈EéÀ áEo Mô®Ωx Â°vö©’ Å´-Ææ®Ωç?
e t
w
1) 14 M-ô-®Ω’x 2) 17 M-ô-®Ω’x 3) 16 M-ô-®Ω’x 4) 19 M-ô-®Ω’x
. n
®ÓVèπ◊ 5 12 í∫çô© ´çûª’† °æE-îËÊÆh äéπ °æE 45 ®ÓV™x °æ‹®Ωh´¤-ûª’çC. ®ÓVèπ◊ 7 12 í∫çô©’
9.
h a
°æE-îËÊÆh -Å-üË °æE áEo ®ÓV™x °æ‹®Ωh´¤ûª’çC?
1) 42 ®Ó-V-©’ 2) 36 ®Ó-V-©’
i
3) 33 ®Ó-V-©’ b 4) 32 ®Ó-V-©’
10.
a t
äéπ £æ…Ææd™¸™ ®ÓW 120 Mô®Ωx §ƒ©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. äéÌ\-éπ\-JéÀ 250 N’.M. ÉÊÆh Ç §ƒ©’
áçûª-´’ç-CéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®·?
p r
1) 480 2) 460
d u
1 1
3) 440
1
4) 420
624 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’-©†’ A, B, C ©’  :  :  E≠æpAh™  °æçîª’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. B èπ◊ ©Gµç-*†
11.
n a 2 3 4
¢√ö« áçûª?
.e e
1) 216 ®Ω÷. 2) 212 ®Ω÷. 3) 206 ®Ω÷. 4) 208 ®Ω÷.
12.
ww
11 E. 55 ÂÆéπ-†xèπ◊; 2 í∫ç. 11 E. 5 ÂÆéπ-†xèπ◊ ´’üµ¿u E≠æpAh?
w
1) 2 : 21 2) 3 : 7 3) 11 : 14 4) 1 : 11
13. È®çúø’ Ææçêu© E≠æpAh 5 : 8. v°æA Ææçêuèπ◊ 12 éπL-°œûË Ç Ææçêu© E≠æpAh 3 : 4 Å®·ûË Ç
Ææçêu©’?
1) 25, 40 2) 10, 16 3) 15, 24 4) 55, 88
14. äéπ §ƒ®∏Ω¨»©™E Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Ææçêu 425. v°æûËuéπçí¬ äéπ ®ÓV† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©èπ◊ £æ…ï-È®j†, £æ…ï®Ω’-é¬E
¢√J E≠æpAh 15 : 2. Å®·ûË Ç ®Ó-V-† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©èπ◊ £æ…ï-È®j† ¢√J Ææçêu?
1) 395 2) 375 3) 50 4) 385
e t
15.
n
80 -ßª÷°œ™ ¸ °æçúøx†’ A, B, C ©’ 2 : x : 4 E≠æpAh™  °æç-*-ûË A , C ©èπ◊ éπL°œ 60 -ßª÷°œ™ ¸
°æçúø’x ´î√a®·. Å®·ûË x N©’´?
.
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4
h a
4) 1
16. é¬®Ω’ §ƒJ\çí˚ üµ¿®Ω©’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ÖØ√o®·.
i b
a) 4 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ®Ω÷.60
t
b) 8 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ®Ω÷.100
a
c) 24 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ®Ω÷.260
p r d) 12 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ®Ω÷.180
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ Å†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Ö†o ïûª
1) b, c 2) a, d
d u
17.
n a 3) a, b
x : y = 8 : 9, x : z = 6 : 5 Å®·ûË y, z © E≠æpAh?
4) a, c
.e e
1) 27 : 20 2) 20 : 27 3) 9 : 5 4) 5 : 9
18.
w
5 ´÷N’úÕ, 4 Ø√Jçï °æçúøx üµ¿®Ω : 3 ´÷N’úÕ, 7 Ø√Jçï °æçúøx üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç. Å®·ûË äéπ
w e t
w
´÷N’úÕ, äéπ Ø√Jçï üµ¿®Ω E≠æpAh áçûª?
1) 4 : 3 2) 3 : 2 3) 1 : 3
.
4) 2 : 3 n
h a
ï¢√-•’©’
i b
17-1; 18-2.
a t
1-4; 2-1; 3-3; 4-2; 5-4; 6-1; 7-3; 8-2; 9-3; 10-1; 11-4; 12-4; 13-3; 14-2; 15-1; 16-2;
d u
n a
.e e
w ww
à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ

-´÷u-ü∑˛q (éπç-õ„ç-ö¸)
e t
- úŒ-áÆ‘q °æ-Kéπ~-™ -áÆˇ-@-öÃ -N-¶µ«í¬-EéÀ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* 180 -´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ °æ-Kéπ~ -Öç-ô’ç-C. -Éç-ü¿’-™
. n
í∫ùÀû√EéÀ 30 -´÷®Ω’\-©’ Íé-ö«®·ç-î√®Ω’. -Ñ 30 -´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ éπç-õ„ç-ö¸, -¢Á’-ü∑¿-ú≈-©-@ -v°æ-¨¡o-©’ -É≤ƒh®Ω’.
Æœ©-•-Æˇ™E Åç¨»©’: 1) Ææçë«u ú´Ææn a
2) ÅJ-ü∑˛-¢Á’-öÀé˙ (Åçéπ í∫ùÀûªç)
h
3) ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«©’ 4) Hï í∫ùÀûªç
i b
5) Í®ë« í∫ùÀûªç
t
6) Íé ~vûª-N’A
a
p r
7) ü¿û√hç¨¡ NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç, ≤ƒçêuéπ ¨»ÆæYç.
Ææçë«u ú´Ææn
d u
★
n a
≤ƒn† N©’´, îªûª’-Jyüµ¿ v°ævéÀßª’©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† éÌEo ´÷CJ Ææ´’-Ææu©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
1) 7991
.e e
v°æ: 78563 ÅØË Ææçêu™ 8 ≤ƒn† N©’´, Ææ£æ«ï N©’-´© ¶µ‰ü¿ç áçûª?
2) 7992 3) 7993 4) 7998
w w
N´-®Ωù: 78563 ™ 8 ≤ƒn† N©’´ = 8000
e t
w 8 ßÁ·éπ\ Ææ£æ«ï N©’´ = 8
. n
¶µ‰ü¿ç = 8000 − 8 = 7992
h a
ï¢√•’: 2
i b
a t
v°æ: 2, 5, 6, 7 ÅØË NGµ†o¢Á’†i Ø√©’í∫’ ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ø√©’í∫’ ÅçÈé©’†o Ææçêu©’ áEo
Öçö«®·?
p r
1) 16 2) 18
d u 3) 24 4) 30
N´-®Ωù: 2567 5267
a
6257 7625
2576
.e
2657 en
5276
5627
6275
6527
7652
7256
w ww
2675
2756
5672
5726
6572
6725
7265
7526
2765 5762 6752 7562
¢Á·ûªhç: 24
R-18-12-14
™‰ü∆
Ø√©’í∫’ NGµ†o ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ø√©’í∫’ ÅçÈé-©’†o Ææçêu©’ = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
ï¢√•’: 3
e t
★ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’, Ææçßª·éπh Ææçêu©’
. n
a
v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu-©’: 1, ÅüË Ææçêu ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬-©’í¬ Ö†o Ææçêu-©†’ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu-©’
h
Åçö«®Ω’.
i b
a t
Öü∆: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73,
79, 83, 89, 97 (100 ™°æ¤†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’).
p r
u
Ææçßª·éπh Ææçêu-©’: È®çúø’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬©’†o Ææçêu-©†’ Ææçßª·éπh Ææçêu-©’ Åçö«®Ω’.
Öü∆: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10...
a d
í∫´’-Eéπ: 1 ÅØËC v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu é¬ü¿’, Ææçßª·éπh Ææçêu é¬ü¿’.
e n
v°æ: 100 ™°æ¤ -Ö†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ áEo?
1) 24
w.e 2) 25 3) 26 4) 28
t
w w
N´-®Ωù: 25 ™°æ¤ -Ö†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ = 9
n e
25-50 ´’üµ¿u Ö†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ = 6
50-75 ´’üµ¿u Ö†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ = 6
a .
75-100 ´’üµ¿u Ö†o v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ = 4
b h

25

t i
r a
p
ï¢√•’: 2
v°æ: äéπôx ≤ƒn†ç™ 1 Ö†o
1) 4
100
2) 5
d u™°æ¤ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ áEo?
3) 6 4) 7
n a
N´-®Ωù: äéπôx ≤ƒn†ç™ 1 -Ö-†o 100 ™°æ¤ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ = 11, 31, 41, 61, 71
ï¢√•’: 2
.e e
ww
v°æ: éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu àC?
w1) 97
ï¢√•’: 4
2) 997 3) 9997 4) Â°j´Fo
v°æ: 100 ™°æ¤†o éπ´© v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ áEo?

1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) 9
N´-®Ωù: 100 ™°æ¤†o éπ´© v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’: 3, 5; 5, 7; 11, 13; 17, 19; 29, 31; 41, 43; 59,
61; 71, 73.
¢Á·ûªhç: '8' ÖØ√o®·.
e t
ï¢√•’: 3
¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vû√©’ . n
h a
i b
4 ¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: äéπ Ææçêu *´J È®çúø’ ÅçÈé-©ûÓ (äéπôx, °æü¿’© ≤ƒnØ√™xE) à®Ωp-úÕ† Ææçêu-
t
†’ 4 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îªí∫-L-T-ûË Ç Ææçêu-†’ 4 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-ç-îª-´-îª’a.
a
v°æ: éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ 4 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îªí∫-© Ææçêu àC?
r
1) 5,31,038 2) 5,31,058
d up 3) 5,31,048 4) 5,31,078
a
N´-®Ωù:
★ 5,31,038
e n
™ *´J È®çúøç-Èé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ææçêu = 38. -D-Eo 4 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îª-™‰ç.
★
★
5,31,058
w
5,31,048.e ™ *´J È®çúøç-Èé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ææçêu = 58. DEo 4 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-ç-îª-™‰ç.
t
= 48. DEo 4 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-ç-îª-´-îª’a.
w e
™ *´J È®çúøç-Èé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ææçêu
★
w5,31,078 ™ *´J È®çúøç-Èé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ææçêu
. n
= 78. DEo 4 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îª-™‰ç.
ï¢√•’: 3
h a
Ç Ææçêu-†’ 8 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îª-´-îª’a.
i b
8 ¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: äéπ Ææçêu-™E *´J ´‚úø’ ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúÕ† Ææçêu-†’ 8 ûÓ ¶µ«Tç-îªí∫-LTûË
a t
-v°æ-¨¡o: 9362 ★ ÅØË Ææçêu†’ 8 -ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TÊÆh, ★ ≤ƒn†ç™ Öçú≈-Lq† ÅçÈé ....?
1) 4 2) 6
p r
3) 8 4) 0
d u
N´-®Ωù: 9362★ ™E *´J 3 ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ææçêu 62★
a
62★ †’ 8 ûÓ ¶µ«TÊÆh, 8)62★ (7
n
.e e 56

6★
ww

w8
ï¢√•’: 1
í∫’ùÀ-ñ«--™x 64 ÖçC é¬•öÀd. ★ ≤ƒn†ç™ Öçú≈Lq† ÅçÈé: 4
9 ¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: äéπ Ææçêu-™E ÅçÈé© ¢Á·û√hEo 9 -ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îªí∫-L-T-ûË (™‰ü∆) äéπ
Ææçêu Åçéπ-´‚©ç 9 Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu†’ 9 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«T-ç-îª-´-îª’a.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 7362451★ ÅØË Ææçêu†’ 9 -ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«TÊÆh ★ ≤ƒn†ç™ Öçú≈-Lq† ÅçÈé ....
1) 2 2) 4 3) 6 4) 8
N´-®Ωù: 7362451★ Ææçêu Åçéπ-´‚©ç
e t
=7+3+6+2+4+5+1+★
. n
= 28 + ★ = 10 + ★
=1+ ★ =9 ★ = 8 h a
é¬¢√-©çõ‰ Å´¤-ûª’çC.
i b
ï¢√•’: 4
a t
r
11 ¶µ«ï-F-ßª’û√ Ææ÷vûªç: äéπ Ææ£æ«ï Ææçêu™E ¶‰Æœ ≤ƒnØ√™xE ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç, ÆæJ-≤ƒnØ√™xE ÅçÈé©
¢Á·û√hEéÀ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-ûË (™‰ü∆) ¢√öÀ ¶µ‰-ü∆-Eo 11 ûÓ ¶µ«Tçîªí∫L-T-ûË Ç Ææçêu†’ 11 -ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬
¶µ«Tçîª´-îª’a.
u p
a d
-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ 11 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îª-í∫© Ææçêu àC?
1) 726352
e n 2) 736251 3) 736354 4) 736357
w e
N´-®Ωù: 726352 ™E ¶‰Æœ≤ƒnØ√--™xE ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç = 2 + 3 + 2 = 7
.ÆæJ-≤ƒn-Ø√--™xE ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç = 7 + 6 + 5 = 18
t
w w ¶µ‰ü¿ç = 18 – 7 = 11
n e
736251 ™E ¶‰Æœ≤ƒnØ√--™ xE ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç
a .
=3+2+1=6
b h
ÆæJ-≤ƒn-Ø√--™xE ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç = 7 + 6 + 5 = 18
t i
¶µ‰ü¿ç = 18 – 6 = 12
r a
= 3 + 3 + 4 = 10
u p
736354 ™E ¶‰Æœ≤ƒnØ√-™ xE ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç
a d
e n
¶µ‰ü¿ç = 18 – 10 = 8
.e
736357 ™E ¶‰Æœ-≤ƒn-Ø√-™ xE ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç
w ww
= 3 + 3 + 7 = 13
¶µ‰ü¿ç = 18 – 13 = 5
ï¢√•’: 1
-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ 11 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îª-í∫© Ææçêu -à-C?
1) 23532 2) 3478743 3) 486684 4) 78387
N´-®Ωù: ÆæJ ÅçÈé©’†o Cy´·ê Ææçêu©†’ (§ƒL-Ø˛-vúÓ¢˛’ Ææçêu©’) 11
e t
-ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îª-´-îª’a.
ï¢√•’: 3
. n
í∫ûª °æK-éπ~-™x -Å-úÕ-T-† v°æ¨¡o©’
h a
1. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ 11 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tçîªí∫© Ææç-êu?
i b (-úŒ-á-Æ‘q – 2006)
2.
1) 59875565
1 †’ç* 100
2) 58795655
r at
3) 58976555 4) 55896755
(-úŒ-á-Æ‘q – 2006)
p
´’üµ¿u ÖçúË éπ´© v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’ áEo?
1) 8 2) 7
d u 3) 10 4) 6
3.
n a
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu ..... (-úŒ-á-Æ‘q – 2006)
4.
1) 67
20
.e e 2) 57 3) 87 4) 77
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w t
éÀ ™°æ¤†o v°æüµ∆-Ø√ç-é¬©’ .......... (-úŒ-á-Æ‘q
w
1) 11
w 2) 8 3) 13 4) 9
n e
5. 45617 ÅØË Ææçêu-†’ 11 ûÓ ¶µ«Tç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ´JhçîË Eßª’´’ç?
1) ÆæJ≤ƒnØ√™xE ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç ¶‰Æœ≤ƒnØ√™x-E ÅçÈé© ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç. .
(-úŒ-á-Æ‘q – 2001)
a
2) äéπôx ≤ƒn†ç™ Ö†o ÅçÈé ¶‰Æœ Ææçêu.
b h
3) ÆæJ, ¶‰Æœ≤ƒnØ√-™ xE ÅçÈé© ¢Á·ûªhç ûËú≈ 11 ßÁ·éπ\ í∫’ùÀïç
t i
4) Ææçêu-™ E ÅçÈé©’ ¢Á·ûªhç 23. ÉC v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu.
r a
u
6. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™  8 ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îªí∫-© Ææçêu?p (-úŒ-á-Æ‘q – 2000)
1) 3246
a d
2) 4444 3) 5274 4) 4848
en
7. 84 èπ◊ Ö†o é¬®Ωù«çé¬© Ææçêu.............. (-úŒ-á-Æ‘q – 1996)
1) 6
.e 2) 10 3) 12 4) 224
8.
w ww
128 ßÁ·éπ\ ÅEo é¬®Ωù«çé¬©†’ (¶µ«ïé¬©†’) éπ†’èπ◊\E ¢√öÀE Ç®Ó-£æ«ù véπ´’ç™ Å´’-JÊÆh,
Ç véπ´’ç™E Ç®Ó é¬®Ω-ù«çéπç
1) 64 2) 128 3) 16
(-õ„-ö¸ – 2014)
4) 32
9. 32512 Ææçêu-™ E ÅçÈé 2 ≤ƒn† N©’´ -¶µ‰-ü¿ç .... (-õ„-ö¸ – 2014)
1) 1998 2) 1899 3) 1989 4) 1988
10. 999999 ÅØË Ææçêu†’ 99 ûÓ ¶µ«TÊÆh ´îËa ¶µ«í∫ °∂æ©ç ..... (-õ„-ö¸ – 2014)
1) 10110 2) 11011 3) 10101 4) 111
11. éÀçC Ææçêu-™x 1, ÅüË Ææçêu†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬-©’í¬ éπL-T† Ææçêu ..... (-õ„-ö¸
t
– 2014)
e
1) 49 2) 39 3) 69
n
4) 59
.
12. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu© ïûª ...
a (-õ„-ö¸ – 2011)
1) 14, 9
13. 1 †’ç* 100
2) 9, 12 3) 27, 21
i bh 4) 14, 16
t
´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç
1) 5020 2) 5030
a
3) 5040
r
14. Ø√©’í∫’ ÅçÈé© í∫J≠æe Ææçêu†’ v°æüµ∆† é¬®Ω-ù«ç-é¬© ©•l¥çí¬ ®√ÊÆh ......
4) 5050
1) 99 × 101
u p 2) 3 × 3 × 11 × 101
3) 9 × 11 × 101
a d 4) 3 × 33 × 101
15.
e n
äéπ È®çúøç-Èé© v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu†’ A°œp ®√ßª’í¬ ´îËa Ææçêu èπÿú≈ v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu ÅßË’u Nüµ¿çí¬
1) 71 .e
ÖçúË í∫J≠æe Ææçêu àC?
w 2) 79 3) 73 4) 97
t
w w
16. È®çúø’ Ææçêu© ¢Á·ûªhç 49, ¢√öÀ ¶µ‰ü¿ç 3. Å®·ûË Ç Ææçêu© ©•l¥ç ....
n e
1) 598 2) 958 3) 589 4) 859
a .
17. a679b ÅØË 5 ÅçÈé© Ææçêu 72 í∫’ùÀïç, Å®·ûË a + b N©’´ áçûª?
h
18.
1) 2 2) 4 3) 6
t ib 4) 5
äéπ Ææçêu†’ 119 ûÓ ¶µ«Tç-îªí¬ ¨Ï≠æç 19 ´*açC. ÅüË Ææçêu†’ 17 ûÓ ¶µ«Tç-îªí¬ ´îËa ¨Ï≠æç
áçûª?
r a (-SSC– 2008)
1) 2 2) 7
u p 3) 10 4) 12
19. éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ 99
a d
ûÓ E¨Ïz-≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îªí∫-© Ææçêu -à-C? (-SSC– 2006)
1) 998877
e n 2) 887766 3) 776655 4) 665544
.e
20. 100 ™°æ¤†o Ææçßª·éπh Ææçêu©’ áEo? (-úŒ-á-Æ‘q – 2006)
ww
1) 74 2) 73 3) 72 4) 75
w ï¢√-•’©’
1-3; 2-1; 3-1; 4-2; 5-3; 6-4; 7-3; 8-4; 9-1; 10-3; 11-4; 12-1; 13-4; 14-2; 15-4; 16-1;
17-4; 18-1; 19-3; 20-2.
Íé~vûª-í∫-ùÀûªç
e t
-vA°æ-J-´÷-ù«éπ%-ûª’-™„j-† °æôdéπç, °œ®ΩN’--úøxèπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† i) °æéπ\ûª© ™‰ü∆ ´véπ-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç,
. n
ii) Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç, iii) °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ù«© í∫ù† í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
°∂æ’†-´-Ææ’h´¤: §Òúø´¤, ¢Áúø©’p, áûª’h (´’çü¿ç) Ö†o ´Ææ’h´¤†’ °∂æ’†-´-Ææ’h´¤ Åçö«®Ω’.
h a
i
Öü∆: 1) v°æßÁ÷-í∫-¨»-©™ í¬V °æôd-é¬©’ 2) Ñ>°ˇd™E °œ®ΩN’úø’x 3) †÷ØÁ†’ éÌLîË ¨¡çé¬-é¬®Ω ™‰ü∆ b
Ææ÷h§ƒé¬®Ω §ƒvûª 4) ®Óúø’f ®Ó©®Ω’.
a t
p r
°∂æ’Ø√-é¬®Ω ´Ææ’h´- ¤©†’ ¢- √-öÀ ¶µº÷N’, Â°j ¶µ«í∫ç, °æéπ\ûª™- «© Çé¬-®√© Çüµ∆®- Ωçí¬ °æôé-d ¬©’, °œ®ΩN’úø’íx ¬
N¶µº>- ≤- ƒh®Ω’.
d u
n a
°æôdéπç: ¶µº÷N’, Â°j ¶µ«í¬©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω ûª™«™„j, °æéπ\ ûª-™«©’ Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«-™„j† °∂æ’Ø√-é¬®Ω
.e e
´Ææ’h´¤†’ '°æôdéπç— Åçö«®Ω’. É™«çöÀ °æôdé¬™x ¶µº÷N’, Â°j ¶µ«í¬© ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’-´¤-©†’ éπLÊ°
Í®ê, éÀ~Aï Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ω-Í®-êèπ◊ ©ç•çí¬ -Öç-úø-ü¿’.
w w e t
-véπ-´’°æôdéπç: ¶µº÷N’, Â°j¶- «µ í¬-©’ Ææ´- ÷-çû- ®ª Ω û- ™-ª «-©- ’, Ææ®Ωy Ææ´- ÷-†¢- Á’,i °æéπ\ û- ™-ª «-©’ D- ®Ω`î- û-ª ª’®Ωv- ≤ƒ-™û-j„ Ë -
w . n
Å™«çöÀ °∂æ’† ´- Ææ’h´- ¤†- ’- véπ´- ’°æô- éd πç Å- ç-ö«®Ω’. O- ö- ™-À  ¶- ºµ÷N- ’, Â°j¶- «µ í¬-© ´- ’-ü¿µu G- ç-ü¿’´- ¤©- †- ’ éπ-
LÊ° Í®ê- éÀ~A- ï- Ææ´- ÷ç-û®ª Ω Í®ê- èπ◊ ©- ç-•ç- í¬ Ö- ç-ô’ç-C.
h a
A
i b
¶µº÷N’ Çé¬®Ωç Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬ véπ´’-°æ-ôd-é¬-EéÀ Ê°®Ω’ Öçô’çC.
a t A
ABX ≠ 90°
p r
du
X X
B
B ABX = 90°
°æôdéπç °æéπ\ ¶µº’ñ«©’
Ææ´÷ç-ûª®Ω îªûª’-®Ω’s¥-ñ«©’
n a °æôdéπç °æéπ\ ¶µº’ñ«©’
e e
°æôdéπç ¶µº÷ Çé¬®Ωç
.
°æôdéπç Ê°®Ω’
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ©’, véπ´’-°æ-ôdéπç
ww
vA¶µº’ïç vA¶µº’ï °æôdéπç
w véπ´’-≠æ-úø’s¥>
°æçîª-¶µº’>
véπ´’-≠æ-úø’s¥> °æôdéπç
°æçîª-¶µº’> °æôdéπç
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç
°æôd-é¬-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´·êu Ææ÷vû√©’: äéπ °æçîª-¶µº’-ñ«-é¬®Ω °æôd-é¬Eo BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
★ véπ´’-°æ-ôdéπç °æéπ\ûª-™«© Ææçêu = véπ´’-°æ-ôdéπç ¶µº÷ ¶µº’ñ«-©Ææçêu
°æéπ\ûª©ç Ê°®Ω’ ¶µº’ïç
EAFJ EA ¶µº’ïçÂ°j
e t
DEJI DE ¶µº’ïçÂ°j
. n
CDIH
BCHG
CD ¶µº’ïçÂ°j
BC ¶µº’ïçÂ°j
h a
ABGF AB ¶µº’ïçÂ°j
i b
¢Á·ûªhç °æéπ\ûª-™«© Ææçêu = 5
a t
★
r
véπ´’-°æ-ôdéπç ¢Á·ûªhç ûª™«© Ææçêu = °æéπ\ûª-™«© Ææçêu + 2
p
u
Öü∆: EAFJ, DEJI, CDIH, BCHG, ABGF, ABCDE, FGHIJ. OöÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ø√©’í∫’
d
a
ûª™«©’ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ©’. *´J È®çúø’ ûª™«©’ °æçîª-¶µº’-V©’.
véπ´’-°æ-ôdéπç Åçîª’© Ææçêu = 3 × °æôdéπç -¶µº÷ ¶µº’ñ«© Ææçêu
★
e n
w e
Öü∆: AB, BC, CD, DE, AE (¶µº÷ Åçîª’©’ = 5)
. FG, GH, HI, IJ, JF (éπ°æ¤p Åçîª’©’ = 5)
t
ww AF, BG, CH, DI, EJ (°æéπ\ Åçîª’©’ = 5)
n e
★ véπ´’ °æôdéπç Åçîª’© ¢Á·ûªhç §Òúø´¤ = S = n × h + 2s
a .
Öü∆: véπ´’°æôdéπç ¢Á·ûªhç Åçîª’© §Òúø´¤ = S
b h
n = ¶µº÷ ¶µº’ñ«© Ææçêu, s = ¶µº÷ îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª, h = °æôdéπç áûª’h
= (AB + BC + CD + DE + AE + ...) +
t i
r
(FG + GH + HI + IJ + JF + ...) + a
p
(AF + BG + CH + DI + EJ + ...) +
u
d
= (a +b +c + d + e ...) + (a + b + c + d + e ...)
a
e n + (h + h + h + h + h + ...)
e
Ééπ\úø véπ´’-°æ-ôd-é¬Eo BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√oç é¬•öÀd
.
ww
AB = FG = a, BC = GH = b, CD = HI = c,
DE = IJ = d, AE = JF = e, ...,
w
AF = BG = CH = DI = EJ = h
∴ S = n × h + 2 (a + b + c + d + e + ...)
= n × h + 2 -× ¶µº÷ -îª’-ô’déÌ-©-ûª
★ véπ´’-°æ-ôdéπç °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = °æéπ\ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ© ¢Áj¨»-™«u-© ¢Á·ûªhç
= EAFJ D.îª.¢Áj.+ DEJI D.îª.¢Áj.+ CDIH D.îª.¢Áj.
+ BCHG D.îª.¢Áj. + ABGF D.îª.¢Áj.
= AE × AF + DE × DI + CD × DI + BC × CH + AB × BG e t
=e×h+d×h+c×h+b×h+a×h
. n
h
= (a + b + c + d + e + ....) × h a
= ¶µº÷N’
i b
îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª × áûª’h
∴ L.S.A. = P × h (L.S.A. = °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç)
a t
(P = ¶µº÷N’ îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª)
r
★
up
véπ´’-°æ-ôdéπç Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = °æéπ\ûª-™«© ¢Áj¨»™«u© ¢Á·ûªhç
d
T.S.A. = L.S.A. + 2 × ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç
+ 2 × ¶µº÷N’ ¢Áj¨»©uç
★
n a
véπ´’-°æ-ôdéπç °∂æ’† °æJ-´÷ùç = ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç × áûª’h
.e e V=A×h
w w
D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç: DE ¶µº÷N’, °æéπ\ûª-™«©’ D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ©’ ™‰ü∆ îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ©’ F
E
e t P
D
1.
w D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = °æôdéπç °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç O
n h
C
= D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç ¶µº÷ îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª × áûª’h

a.
A b
B
l
= 2(l + b)h
b h Fig(i)
í∫C Ø√©’í∫’ íÓúø© ¢Áj¨»©uç èπÿú≈ ÉüË

t i
2.
a
D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæç Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = °æôdéπç Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç
r
= D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç + 2
u p
× D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç F
E
P
D
a d 2(l + b)h + 2lb O

C
en
a
= 2(lb + bh + hl) îª.ßª‚-Eô’x A
a B
B
B
B
B
Fig (ii)
3.
e
D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç
.
=°æôdéπç °∂æ’-†-°æ-J-´÷ùç
×
ww
= D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç áûª’h
= lb × h = lbh °∂æ’.ßª‚Eô’x
1.
w
Ææ´’-°∂æ’†ç: -D®Ω`°∂æ’-†ç-™ l = b = h = a -Å®·-ûË -Å-C Ææ-´’°∂æ’-†ç
Ææ´’-°∂æ’†ç °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = 2h(l + b)
= 2(a + a)a = 4a2
2. Ææ´’-°∂æ’†ç Ææç°æ‹®Ωg-ûª-© ¢Áj¨»©uç = 2(lb + bh + hl)
= 2(a2 + a2 + a2) = 6a2
3. Ææ´’-°∂æ’†ç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = l . b . h = a . a . a = a3.
e t
í∫´’-Eéπ: D®Ω`-°∂æ’-†ç-™E Néπ-®√g©’ Ææ´÷†ç.
Fig(i)™ ∆ OAB ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç. (... OAB = 90°) . n
∴ OB2 = OA2 + AB2 = b2 + l2 = l2 + b2 h a
∆ OBP ©ç•-éÓù
i b
(... OBP = 90°)
vA¶µº’ïç
∴ OP2 = OB2 + BP2 = l2 + b2 + h2
a t
∴ OP =

√ l2 + b2 + h2 p r
= D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç
d u
n a
Néπ®Ωgç §Òúø´¤.
l = b = h = a Å®·ûË Ææ´’-°∂æ’†ç.
.e e 
= OP = √ a2 + a2 + a2 = √ 3 a

w t
Néπ®Ωgç §Òúø´¤ ßª‚Eô’x.
w w
°œ®Ω-N’ú˛: °æéπ\ûª-™«©’ vA¶µº’-ñ«-©’í¬, ü∆E äéπ *´®Ω •£æ›-¶µº’->í¬, ´’®Ó *´®Ω
n e
O  
OP ⊥ PE
 
OE ⊥ BC
Q®Ω{çí¬ Ö†o °∂æ’† ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ Åçö«®Ω’. °œ®Ω-N’ú˛™ °æéπ\
a .
h
ûª-™«©’ vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ é¬•öÀd OöÀ Q®√{-©Fo éπLÊÆ Gçü¿’-´¤†’ °œ®Ω-N’ú˛
D C
Q®Ω{çí¬ E®Ωy-*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
i b
Q®Ωç{ †’ç* ¶µº÷N’éÀ UÆœ† ©ç¶«Eo °œ®NΩ- ’ú˛ áûª’h Åçö«®Ω’. äéπ¢- ∞Ë ¡ A B Fig (iii)
P E
a t
°œ®NΩ- ’ú˛ ¶µº÷N’ véπ´’ •£æ›¶- ºµ’> Å®·ûË, ü∆E Q®Ωç{ †’ç* ¶µº÷N’éÀ
véπ´’ °æôdéπç
p r
UÆœ† ©ç•ç ¶µº÷ Íéçvü¿ç ü∆y®√ ¢- ∞-Á Ïh, Ç °œ®NΩ- ’ú˛†’ véπ´’ °œ®NΩ- ’ú˛ Åçö«®Ω’.
d u
véπ´’ °œ®Ω-N’ú˛™ Q®Ω{ç †’ç* ¶µº÷ ¶µº’ñ«™x àüÁjØ√ äéπ ¶µº’ñ«-EéÀ UÆœ† ©ç¶«Eo °œ®Ω-N’ú˛
a
àô¢√©’ áûª’h (l)í¬ E®Ωy-*-≤ƒh®Ω’.
n
.e e
OP = °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ áûª’h = h
OE = °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ àô-¢√©’ áûª’h = l
1.
w ww
véπ´’ °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç
= ∆OAB ¢Áj + ∆OBC ¢Áj + ∆OCD ¢Áj + ∆ODA ¢Áj + ...
1 
=  × AB × (O †’ç* AB Â°jéÀ UÆœ† ©ç•ç)
2
1 
+  × BC × (O †’ç* BC Â°jéÀ UÆœ† ©ç•ç)
2
1 
+  × CD × (O †’ç* CD Â°jéÀ UÆœ† ©ç•ç)
2
1 
+  AD × (O †’ç* AD Â°jéÀ UÆœ† ©ç•ç)
(
2
1
2
1
2
1
=  AP × l +  BC × l +  CD × l +  AD × l + ..
2
1
2 ) ne t
1
=  l (AP + BC + CD + AD + ...)
a .
1
2
=  × ¶µº÷ °æJCµ × àô-¢√©’ áûª’h b h
2.
2
t i
°œ®Ω-N’ú˛ Ææç°æ‹®Ωg ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = véπ´’ °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç +
3.
véπ´’
r a ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç
véπ´’ °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = véπ´’ °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ ¶µº÷N’éÀ, áûª’hèπ◊ Ææ´÷†¢Á’i† -¶µº÷-N’, -á-ûª’h -Ö†o
u p
éÌ©-ûª-©’çúË véπ´’-°æ-ôdéπç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ùç™ ´‚úÓ-´ç-ûª’
1
=  × ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç × áûª’h.
3
a d
í∫´’-Eéπ: Fig (iii)™ ∆OPE ™ OE ⊥ BC é¬•öÀd,
e
OE2 = OP2 + PE2 n
w.e
Ææ÷h°æç, ¨¡ç π◊-´¤: Ææ÷h§ƒEo °æôd-é¬-EéÀ; ¨¡çèπ◊-´¤-†’ °œ®ΩN’ú˛èπ◊ ≤ƒ®Ω÷-°æuçí¬
t
w w ¶µ«Nçîª´îª’a.
n e r
.
Ææ÷h°æç: äéπ véπ´’ °æôéd πç ¶µº÷N’, Â°j ¶µ«í¬©’ Ææ®ΩyÆ- ´-æ ÷† ´%û√h©®·ûË Ç °æôé-d ¬Eo
a
h
1.
Ææ÷h°çæ í¬ E®Ωy*- ≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰ °æéπ\ûª©ç ´véπû- ©-ª çí¬ Öçô’çC.
Ææ÷h°æç ´véπ-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = °æôdéπç °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç
b h r
r = Ææ÷h°æç ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç
= ¶µº÷ °æJCµ × áûª’h

t i h = Ææ÷h°æç áûª’h
= 2 Πrh
r a
2.
p
Ææ÷h°æç Ææç°æ‹®Ωg ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = °æôdéπç Ææç-°æ‹®Ωg ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç
u
= Ææ÷h°æç ´véπ-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç + 2 × Ææ÷h°æç -¶µº÷¢Áj¨»©uç
a d = 2Πrh + 2Πr2 = 2Πr (h + r)

3.
e n
Ææ÷h°æç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = °æôdéπç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = Ææ÷h°æç ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç × áûª’h = Πr2h
.e
ww
¨¡ç π◊-´¤: véπ´’ °œ®ΩN- ’ú˛ ¶µº÷N’ ´%ûªhç Å®·ûË ÅC véπ´’ ´%ûªh ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ Åçö«®Ω’. véπ´’ ´%ûªh ¨¡çèπ◊´¤
àô-¢√©’ áûª’h = l, E©’-´¤õû„ ª’h = h, ¶µº÷ ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωç¥l = r Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰
1.
w véπ´’ ´%ûªh ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç
1
=  × ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ ¶µº÷ °æJCµ ×
2
àô-¢√©’ áûª’h
1
=  × 2 Πr × l = Πrl
2
2. véπ´’ ´%ûªh ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç
= véπ´’-´%ûªh ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ ´véπû
- ©ª ¢Á¨j »©uç + véπ´’-´%ûªh ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç
= Πrl + Πr2 = Πr (l + r)
∆OAB ©ç•-éÓù e t

OB2 = OA2+ AB2
vA¶µº’ïç é¬•öÀd
∴ l = √ r2 + h2 . n
l2 = h2 + r2
h a
3.
1
=  × véπ´’-´%ûªh ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç × áûª’h
i b
véπ´’ ´%ûªh ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = véπ´’ °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç
1
3
1
=  × Πr2 × h =  Πr2h
a t O
3 3
p r D
r
E
u
¨¡ç π◊ êçúøç: •Èéö¸ Çé¬-®√Eo í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. véπ´’ ´%ûªh ¨¡çèπ◊´¤†’ äéπ
d
Ææ´’-ûª©çûÓ éÀ~Aï Ææ´÷ç-ûª-®Ωçí¬ îµËCÊÆh ¨¡çèπ◊ êçúøç à®Ωp-úø’-ûª’çC.
a
h
l
e n
Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ¨¡çèπ◊ êçúøç äéπ *´®Ω Â°ü¿l ´%ûªhç, ´’®Ó *´®Ω A C R B
e
*†o ´%ûªhç Öç-ö«®·.
1.
w.
¨¡çèπ◊- êçúøç àô-¢√©’ áûª’h

t
w w
=l= √ (R − r)2 + h2
¨¡çèπ◊ êçúøç ´véπ-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = Πl (R + r) n e
2.
¨¡çèπ◊ êçúøç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = 13 Πh (R2 + Rh + r2) a .
3.
R = Â°ü¿l ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç; r = *†o ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç
b h
l = ¨¡çèπ◊ êçúøç àô-¢√©’ áûª’h
t i
h = ¨¡çèπ◊ êçúøç E©’-´¤-õ„ûª’h.
r a
u p –-úÕ. -X-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
a d
e n
.e
w ww
e t
1. îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒé¬®Ω ¶µº÷N’ Ö†o °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ áûª’h 12 ÂÆç.O’. ü∆E °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç
Å®·ûË °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç áçûª? (îª.ÂÆç.O’. ©™) . n 400 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’.
1) 250 2) 260 3) 280

h a4) 300
2.
i b
¶µº÷ ¶µº’ñ«©’ 3 : 2 E≠æp-Ah™ Ö†o D®Ω`-°∂æ’† îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ-é¬®Ω °æôdéπç áûª’h 12 ÂÆç.O’. ü∆E
Å®·ûË ü∆E °∂æ’† °∂æ©ç – (ÂÆç.-O’.3 ©™.) a t

°æéπ\ûª™«-EéÀ ®Ωçí∫’ ¢Ëßª’ú≈-EéÀ îªü¿®Ω°æ¤ ÂÆçöÃ-O’-ô-®Ω’èπ◊ 5 Â°jÆæ© ´çûª’† ®Ω÷. 90 ê®Ωa´¤-ûª’çC.
r
3.
1) 15200 2) 14860
d up 3) 16820 4) 16200
äéπ D®Ω` îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ-é¬®Ω îÁ®Ω’´¤ §Òúø´¤ 100 O’., ¢Áúø©’p 80 O’. ü∆E-™éÀ 1 îª.O’. ¢Áj¨»©uç
a
Ö†o ûª÷´· ü∆y®√ F®Ω’ EN’-≥ƒ-EéÀ 40 O’. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ v°æ´-£œ«ÊÆh Ç îÁ®Ω’-´¤-™éÀ 1.5 O’. ™ûª’
n
1) 5
.e e
´®Ωèπ◊ F®Ω’ ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ áçûª é¬©ç °æúø’-ûª’çC? (í∫çô™x)
2) 6 3) 8 4) 9
4.
w w e t
vA¶µº’-ñ«-é¬®Ω °æôdéπç ¶µº÷ ¶µº’ñ«©’ 12 ÂÆç.O’., 16 ÂÆç.O’., 20 ÂÆç.O’. ü∆E áûª’h 15 ÂÆç.O’.
w
Å®·ûË ü∆E °∂æ’†-°∂æ©ç – (ÂÆç.-O’.3 ©™)
. n
1) 1540 2) 1640 3) 1480
h a 4) 1440
5.
b
È®çúø’ Ææ÷h§ƒ© °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»-™«u©’ Ææ´÷†ç. Å®·ûË ¢√öÀ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ù«© E≠æpAh üËEéÀ
i
t
Ææ´÷†ç?
1) ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥© E≠æpAh
3) ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥© N™´’ E≠æpAh
r a 2) áûª’h© E≠æpAh
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
u p
6. È®çúø’ ¨¡çèπ◊-´¤© ¶µº÷ ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥©’ Ææ´÷†ç. Å®·ûË ¢√öÀ °∂æ’†°æJ-´÷-ù«© E≠æpAh éÀçC¢√öÀ™ 
üËEéÀ Ææ´÷†ç?
a d
e n
1) ¢√öÀ áûª’h© ´®√_© E≠æpAh 2) ¢√öÀ áûª’h© E≠æpAh
.e
3) ¢√öÀ àô-¢√©’ áûª’h© E≠æpAh 4) àD-é¬ü¿’
ww
7. È®çúø’ ¨¡çèπ◊-´¤© °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»-™«u©’ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’iûË –
w
1) ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥©’, àô-¢√©’ áûª’h Å†’-™ -´÷-†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçö«®·.
2) ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥©’, àô-¢√©’ áûª’h N™´’ E≠æp-Ah™  Öçö«®·.
3) ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥©’ áûª’hèπ◊ Å†’-™ -´÷-†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçö«®·.
4) àD-é¬ü¿’
8. ¨¡çé¬-é¬®Ω §ƒvûª àô-¢√©’ áûª’h 28 O’. -§ƒ-vûª °æéπ\ûª-™«-EéÀ ®Ωçí∫’ ¢Ëßª’ú≈-EéÀ äéπ îªü¿-®Ω°æ¤ ÂÆçöÃ-
O’-ô-®Ω’èπ◊ ®Ω÷.5 îÌ°æ¤p† ®Ω÷. 3520 ê®Ωa®·ûË ü∆E ü∆E E©’´¤õ„ûª’h áçûª? (ÂÆç.O’.-©™)
   
1) 5 √ 7 2) 12√ 5 3) 12√ 3 4) 3√ 7
9. 7 ÂÆç.O’. ¢√uÆæç Ö†o Ææhç¶µ«-é¬®Ω ñ«úŒ™ éÌçûª-¶µ«í∫ç F®Ω’çC. 0.5
e t
¢√uÆæç Ö†o 294 Æ‘Ææç í∫’∞¡x†’ äéÓ\-öÀí¬ Ç ñ«úŒ™ ¢ËÊÆh Åçü¿’-™E
. n
Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’ç-úø’
h
a
bh
FöÀ ´’ôdç áçûª Â°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC?
1) 0.25 ÂÆç.O’. 2) 0.50 ÂÆç.O’. h
3) 0.75 ÂÆç.O’.
i
4) 0.05 ÂÆç.O’.
t
10. 4
r a 7/2 7/2
p
ÂÆç.O’. ¢√uÆæç Ö†o Ææ÷h§ƒé¬®Ω ñ«úŒ-E éÌçûª´®Ωèπ◊ FöÀûÓ Eç§ƒ®Ω’. Åçü¿’™ äÍé °æJ´÷ùç
u
Ö†o 300 íÓ∞«-é¬®Ω Æ‘Ææç í∫’∞¡x†’ ¢ËÊÆh, ñ«úŒ-™E FöÀ-´’ôdç 0.8 ÂÆç.O’ Â°JTçC. Å®·ûË
d
a
äéÓ\ í∫’çúø’ ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç (ÂÆç.O’.-©-™) áçûª?
11.
1) 0.01
e n 2) 0.2 3) 0.02
äéπ ™£æ« D®Ω`-°∂æ’†ç éÌ--©-ûª-©’ 49 ÂÆç.O’. × 16 ÂÆç.O’. × 11 ÂÆç.O’. ü∆Eo éπJ-Tç* 42
4) 0.12
w.
1) 14√ 3
e
ÂÆç.O’. áûª’h†o ¨¡çé¬-é¬®Ω §ƒvûª†’ ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÊÆh ü∆E àô-¢√©’ áûª’h áçûª? (ÂÆç.O’.-©™)

2) 14√ 5

3) 14√ 10

4) 14√ 7

t
12. 25
w wO’. §Òúø-´¤†o ü¿÷©ç ´’üµ¿u-îËa ¥ü¿ç 2.8 O’. ¶µº’ïç Ö†o îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç. ü∆E †’ç* ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u
n e
í∫J≠æe Ææ÷h°æ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç (°∂æ’.O’.-©™)
a .
1) 162 2) 145 3) 165
b h 4) 154
ï¢√-•’©’
t i
a
1-2; 2-4; 3-1; 4-3; 5-1; 6-2; 7-2; 8-4; 9-2; 10-2; 11-3; 12-4.
r
u p
N´-®Ω-ù©’
1. ü¿û√hç¨¡ç †’ç*,
a d
1
PA =  e n
OP = °œ®Ω-N’ú˛áûª’h = 12 ÂÆç.O’.
2
.e °œ®Ω-N’ú˛ ¶µº÷¶µº’ïç
w ww a
=  ÂÆç.O’.
2
1
°œ®Ω-N’ú˛ °∂æ’.°æ. =  ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç × áûª’h
3
1
=  × a2 × 12 = 400
3
∴ 4a2 = 400 ⇒ a2 = 100
∴ a = 10
∴ ∆ OPA ©ç•éÓù vA¶µº’ïç †’ç*
10 2 e t
OA2 = OP2 + AP2 = 12 + 
2
2
( )
. n
= 144 + 25 = 169
∴ OA = 13
h a
1
i b
°œ®Ω-N’ú˛ °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç =  × ¶µº÷N’
2
a t
îª’ô’d-éÌ-©ûª × àô-¢√©’ áûª’h
1
p r
=  × 4a × 13 = 2 × 10 × 13
2
d u
= 260 ÂÆç.O’2
-ï-¢√-•’: 2 n a
e e
2. D®Ω`-°∂æ’† îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ-é¬®Ω °æôd-é¬-EéÀ ¶µº÷ ¶µº’ñ«©’ l = 3x, b = 2x (ÂÆç.O’.)
.
w w
°æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = 
°æéπ\ûª-™«-EéÀ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ëßª’ú≈-EéÀ Å®·† ê®Ω’a
e t
w Í®ô’
. n
9000
=  = 1800 îª.ÂÆç.O’.
5
h a
⇒ 2h( l + b) = 1800
i b
⇒ 2 × 12 (3x + 2x) = 1800
a t
⇒ 120 x = 1800
p r
∴ x = 15
∴ D®Ω`-°∂æ’† d u
a
îªûª’-®Ω-v≤ƒ-é¬®Ω °æôdéπç °∂æ’.°æ. = l.b.h
.e en = 3x × 2x × 12
= 72 × 15 × 15 = 16200 ÂÆç.O’.3 -
ww
ï-¢√-•’: 4
w
3. îÁ®Ω’-´¤†’ l = 100 O’.
b = 80 O’.
h = 1.5 O’. éÌ©-ûª-©’†o °æôd-éπçí¬ Ü£œ«ÊÆh
îÁ®Ω’´¤ °∂æ’.°æ. = l × b × h = 100 × 80 × 1.5 = 80 × 150 O’3
EN’-≠æç™ äéπ îªü¿®Ω-°æ¤-O’-ô®Ω’ ¢Áj¨»©uç Ö†o ûª÷´· ü∆y®√ îÁ®Ω’-´¤-™éÀ v°æ´£œ«çîË FöÀ
°∂æ’† °æJ-´÷ùç = ûª÷´· ´·ê ¢Áj¨»©uç × v°æ¢√£æ« ¢Ëí∫ç
= 1 × 40 = 40 O’3
e t
. n
1.5 O’. ™ûª’-´-®Ωèπ◊ îÁ®Ω’´¤ Eçúøö«-EéÀ °æõ‰d é¬©ç = îÁ®Ω’´¤ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç ÷ ûª÷´· ü∆y®√
80 × 150
= 
h a
b
v°æ´£œ«çîË FöÀ °∂æ’.°æ. 40
t i
= 300 EN’≥ƒ©’ ™‰ü∆ 5 í∫çô©’. -
ï-¢√-•’: 1
r a
122 + 162 = 202
u p
4. vA¶µº’-ñ«-é¬®Ω °æôd-éπç™ AB = 12, AC = 16, BC = 20 Å†’-èπ◊çõ‰,
i.e., AB2 + AC2 = BC2 é¬•öÀd

a d
e
∆ ABC ©ç•-éÓù n
e
vA¶µº’ïç.
w. 1
=  AB × AC
t
w 2
e
°æôdéπç ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç
w 1
=  × 12 × 16 = 96 ÂÆç.O’2.
. n
∴ vA¶µº’-ñ«-é¬®Ω
2
°æôdéπç °∂æ’.°æ.= ¶µº÷¢Áj-¨»©uç × áûª’h h a
= 96 × 15
i b
= 1440 ÂÆç.O’3.
a t
-ï-¢√-•’: 3
p r
5. ü¿û√hç¨¡ç †’ç* 2Πr1h1 = 2Πr2h2
d u
r1
⇒ 
r2
h2 h2 r2
=  i.e.  = 
h1
nh1 r1 a
e e
∴ V1 : V2 = Πr12 h1 : Π r22 h2
.
w ww r12
= r12 h1 : r22 h2
-™‰-ü∆
V1
()
r1 h1 r2 r1
 =   = 2 ×  = 
V2 r2 h2 r2 r1 r2
ï-¢√-•’:1
6. ü¿û√hç¨¡ç †’ç* r1 = r2
1 1
V1 : V2 =  Πr12 h1 :  Π r22 h2
3 3
e t
= r12 h1 : r22 h2 = h1 : h2 (... r1 = r2)
. n
ï-¢√-•’: 2
Πr1l1 = Πr2l2 h a
7. ü¿û√hç¨¡ç †’ç*,
r1 l2
i b
i.e.  = 
r2 l1
a t
i.e. ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥©’, àô-¢√©’
p r
áûª’h N™-´÷-†’-§ƒ-ûªç™ Öçö«®·.
ï-¢√-•’: 2
d u
8.
n a = 
ê®Ω’a
. e
¨¡çé¬-é¬®Ω §ƒvûª °æéπ\-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç
e 3520
-Í®ô’
w w
⇒ Πrl =  = 704
5
e t
w 22
⇒  × r × 28 = 704
. n
7
h a
∴ r = 704 ×  ×  = 8
7
22
1
28
i b
a t
l2 = r2 + h2 é¬•öÀd 282 = 82 + h2 i.e., h2 = 784 - 64 = 720
r
¨¡çèπ◊´¤èπ◊

∴ h = 12 √ 5 ÂÆç.O’.
u p
-ï-¢√-•’: 4
a d
9. 7 ÂÆç.O’. ¢√uÆæçûÓ Ö†o Ææ÷h§ƒé¬®Ω ñ«úŒ™  Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’∞¡x†’ ñ«®Ω-N-úÕ-*† ûª®√yûª Â°JT†
e n
FöÀ ´’ôdç = h ÂÆç.O’. Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
.e 1 5 1
=  ×  = 
ww
Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’çúø’ ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç ÂÆç.O’.
2 10 4
wäéÌ\éπ\ Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’çúø’ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç

4
=  × Πr3
3
4 22 1 1 1
=  ×  ×  ×  ×  ÂÆç.O’.3
3 7 4 4 4
4 22 1 1 1 77
294 Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’∞¡x °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = 294 ×  ×  ×  ×  ×  =  ÂÆç.O’.3
3 7 4 4 4 4
★ = Πr2h
Â°J-T† FöÀ °∂æ’.°æ.
22 7 7 77
e t
=  ×  ×  × h =  h. ÂÆç.O’.
7 2 2 2
3
. n
h a
ÇJ\-¢Á’-úÕÆˇ Ææ÷vûªç †’ç* Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’çúø’x -ûÌ©Tç*† vü¿´ °∂æ’†°æ-J-´÷ùç = Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’çúøx °∂æ’.°æ.
77 77
= h = 
i b
2 4
h = 0.5 ÂÆç.O’.
a t
-ï-¢√-•’: 2
p r
u
10. ü¿û√hç¨¡ç †’ç* Ææ÷h°æç ¢√uÆæç = 4 ÂÆç.O’.,
d
a
¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = 2 ÂÆç.O’.
n
e e
äÍé Çé¬®Ωç™ Ö†o 300 íÓ∞«-é¬-®Ω°æ¤ Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’çúøx†’ Ñ Ææ÷h°æç™ ¢ËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Â°-JT† FöÀ-´’ôdç
= 0.8 ÂÆç.O’.; Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’çúø’ ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = r ÂÆç.O’. Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
.
w t
ÇJ\-¢Á’-úÕÆˇ Ææ÷vûªç †’ç* Ææ÷h§ƒé¬®Ω §ƒvûª™ í∫’çúøx ´©x ûÌ-©-T-§Ú®·-† FöÀ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç =
w e
w 300 Æ‘Ææ°æ¤ í∫’çúøx °∂æ’.°æ.
22
⇒  × 2 × 2 × 0.8 = 300 ×  ×  × r 3
4 22
. n
7 3 7
h a
100r 3 = 0.8 ™‰ü∆
8

10
i b
r3 =
8 2 3
( r) a
 =  ⇒ r = 0.2 ÂÆç.O’.
1000 10
t
-ï-¢√-•’: 2
u p
- æ’∂ †ç °∂æ’†-°J-æ ´- ÷ùç = 49 × 16 × 11 ÂÆç.O’.3
11. D®Ω`°
a d
¨¡çé¬-é¬®Ω §ƒvûª áûª’h = 42 ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË
e n 1
=  Πr2h
.e Ñ §ƒvûª °∂æ’.°æ.
3
w ww 1
3
22
=  ×  × r2 × 42
7
= 44 r2 ÂÆç.O’.3
vü¿¢√uEo éπJTÊÆh ÅC Ø√¨¡†ç îËßª’-•-úøü¿’ ™‰ü∆ Ææ%≠œdç-îª-•-úøü¿’ é¬•öÀd
44r2 = 49 × 16 × 11
11
r2 = 49 × 16 ×  = 49 × 4
44
r = 14 ÂÆç.O’.
l2 = r2 + h2 = 142 + 422 = 1960
e t
n
¨¡çèπ◊-´¤èπ◊
 
l = √ 1960 = 14 √ 10 ÂÆç.O’.
-ï-¢√-•’: 3 a .
12. í∫J≠æe Ææ÷h°æç ¶µº÷ ¢√uÆæç =îªûª’®- ΩvÆæ ¶µº’ïç
i bh 2.8
= 2.8 O’.
í∫J≠æe Ææ÷h°æç ¶µº÷ ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = 1.4 O’. at 25
r
O’.
í∫J≠æe Ææ÷h°çæ áûª’h = 25 O’.

í∫J≠æe Ææ÷h°æç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = Πr2h u p
a d22
e n =  × 1.4 × 1.4 × 25 = 154 O’.3

7
-ï-¢√-•’: 4
w.e t
w w ®Ω-îª®·-ûª : -üµ¿-Jt-¨Î-ön e
a . Àd -vQ-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
h
t ib
r a
u p
a d
e n
.e
w ww
e t
. n O
a
í∫’©x ¨¡ç π◊´¤:
bh
OP Í®ë«-êçúøçûÓ ïEç-*† ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ °æéπ\ûª-™«Eo 'í∫’©x ¨¡çèπ◊´¤— Åçö«®Ω’.
 P
Æœn®Ω Gçü¿’´¤ 'O'†’ Q®Ω{ç ÅF, OP E ï†† Í®ê Å-F Åçö«®Ω’.
t i
°∂æ’† ¨¡ç π◊´¤:
r a O
u p
¨¡çèπ◊´¤ ´véπ-ûª©ç, ü∆E ´%û√h-é¬®Ω Ææ´’-ûª© ¶µº÷N’ûÓ
a d
°æJ-´%ûª¢Á’i† ®Óü¿-Æœ-™E °æô¢Ë’ °∂æ’†-¨¡ç-èπ◊´¤.
A B
í∫´’-Eéπ:
e n
1) ∆AOB- ™ A = 90°. OA †’ Æœn®√-éπ~çí¬ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-E ∆ AOBE A°œp-ûË, Åçûª-®√-∞¡ç™ à®ΩpúË
w.e
°∂æ’Ø√-éπ%-AE Ü£œ«ÊÆh ÅC ¨¡çèπ◊-´¤ -Å-´¤-ûª’çC.
t
w w n e
2) ÂÆé¬d®Ω’ ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥-©†’ äéπ-ü∆-EûÓ äéπöÀ û√Íé-ôô’x Öç*ûË à®ΩpúË Çé¬®Ωç ¨¡çèπ◊´¤. Å°æ¤púø’ ÂÆé¬d®Ω’
a .
¢Áj¨»©uç ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ -´-vô’-ûª-© ¢Áj¨»-™«u-EéÀ, ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ àô-¢√©’ áûª’hèπ◊
Ææ´÷-†-´’-´¤-û√®·.
∴ ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ -´-vô’-ûª-© ¢Áj¨»©uç = ÂÆé¬d®Ω’ ¢Áj¨»©uç b h r o
=  1 × ÂÆé¬d®Ω’ î√°æç × ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç

t i
2
r a h
1 ×
= 
2 p
¨¡çèπ◊´¤ ¶µº÷ °æJCµ × àô-¢√©’ áûª’h
u
d
Ééπ\úø ÂÆé¬d®Ω’ î√°æç = ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ ¶µº÷ °æJCµ
a
r
3)
e n
Åçûª®Ω ¢√uÆæç, áûª’h Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Ö†o í∫’©x ¨¡çèπ◊´¤, í∫’©x Ææ÷h§ƒEo BÆæ’-èπ◊E, ¢Á·ü¿-ô ¨¡çèπ◊´¤†’
.e
FöÀûÓ Eç°œ, Ç FöÀE Ææ÷h°æç™ §Úßª’çúÕ. ÑN-üµ¿çí¬ éπ*aûªçí¬ ´‚úÓ-≤ƒ-JéÀ Ææ÷h°æç
w ww
Eçúø’ûª’çC.
∴ ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç
1 × Ææ÷h°æç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç
= 
3
1 × Πr2h
= 
3
r
í∫’©x Ææ÷h°æç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç:
¶«£æ«u Ææ÷h°æç ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç R ÅF, Åçûª®Ω Ææ÷h°æç ¢√u≤ƒ-®Ωl¥ç r ÅF
Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç. í∫’©x Ææ÷h°æç èπÿú≈ °æôd-é¬-EéÀ ≤ƒ®Ω÷°æuç é¬•öÀd,
í∫’©x Ææ÷h°æç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = í∫’©x Ææ÷h°æç ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç × áûª’h
h
e t
= Π(R2 − r2)h = Π(R + r) (R − r) h.
. n
h a R
-íÓ∞¡ç
i b
a t
v- A°æJ- ´- ÷ù Åçûª®- √-∞¡ç™ äéπ Æœ®n Ω Gçü¿’´¤ †’ç* Æœ®n Ω ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçúË Gçü¿’´- ¤© ÆæN’-AE 'íÓ∞¡ç—
p r
ÅE, Æœ®n Ω Gçü¿’´- ¤†’ 'íÓ∞¡ Íéçvü¿ç— ÅE Åçö«®Ω’. Æœ®n ¢Ω- Á’†i ü¿÷®√Eo íÓ∞¡ ¢√u≤ƒ-®´-¥Ωl ’E Åçö«®Ω’.
u
í∫’©xíÓ∞«-EéÀ Íéçvü¿ç îÁçü¿ü¿’. ÅüË °∂æ’†íÓ∞«-EéÀ ü∆E Íéçvü¿ç îÁçü¿’û- ª’çC.
d
a
Öü∆: Æ‘Ææç í∫’çúø’x, íÓS©’ ¢Á·ü¿-™„j-†N °∂æ’†-íÓ-∞«©’. ´’çü¿ç-™‰E •çA ü∆ü∆°æ¤ í∫’©x-íÓ∞¡ç.
n
íÓ∞¡ éπ®Ωp®Ωç:
.e e
DEo È®çúø’ àéπ Íéçvü¿ íÓ∞«© ¶µ‰ü¿çí¬ E®Ωy-*ç-îª-´îª’a. íÓ∞¡ éπ®Ωp-®√-EéÀ ü∆E Ö°æ-J-ûª©ç ´’çü¿çí¬
w w
Öçô’çC. íÓ∞¡ éπ®Ωp-®√Eo È®çúø’ àéπ Íéçvü¿ °∂æ’† íÓ∞«© ¶µ‰ü¿çí¬ èπÿú≈ E®Ωy-*ç-îª-´îª’a.
e t
w . n
O r A O A
→ ←
h
O a
i b
O ∉ íÓ-∞¡ç O ∈ íÓ∞¡ç
a t
í∫’©x-íÓ∞¡ç °∂æ’†-íÓ∞¡ç
p r íÓ∞¡ éπ®Ωp®Ωç
íÓ∞¡ç Ö°æ-J-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç:
d u
'r' ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç, h = 2 r áûª’h Ö†o Ææ÷h°æç™ 'r' ¢√u≤ƒ-®Ωl¥´·†o íÓ∞«Eo °æôç™ îª÷°œ-†-N-üµ¿çí¬
n a
e
Öç*†ôx-®·ûË,
>
e
★ íÓ∞¡ Ö°æ-J-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = Ææ÷h°æç °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç
.
ww
= 2 Πr h = 2 Π r × 2 r = 4 Π r2 2r = h
r
★
wÈ®çúø’ íÓ∞«© Ö°æ-J-ûª-™«-© ¢Áj¨»-™«u© E≠æpAh ¢√öÀ ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥© ´®√_©
>
E≠æp-AhéÀ Ææ´÷†ç. r
i.e., S1 : S2 = 4 Π r12 : 4 Π r22
S1 : S2 = r12 : r22
íÓ∞¡ç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç:
O
r r
>
íÓ∞¡ç ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç 'r' Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç. r ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç, 2r áûª’h Ö†o Ææ÷h§ƒEo
°æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ. r
e t
2r = h
Ñ Ææ÷h°æç †’ç* 'r' ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç, r áûª’h Ö†o È®çúø’ °∂æ’† ¨¡çèπ◊-´¤-©†’
. n v
a r
B¨»´’†’èπ◊çü∆ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ææ÷h°æç™ N’TL† v§ƒçûª °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç,
'r' ¢√u≤ƒ-®Ωl¥´·†o íÓ∞¡ç °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ù-ç -Å-´¤-ûª’çC.
h
>
r r
∴ íÓ∞¡ç = −
i b
t
°∂æ’.°æ. Ææ÷h°æç °∂æ’.°æ. È®çúø’ ¨¡çèπ◊´¤© °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ù«© ¢Á·ûªhç
1 Πr2 × r
= Πr2 (2r) − 2 × 
3
r a
2
3
u p
= 2 Π r3 −  Π r3 = 4 Π r3
3 R
í∫’©x Å®Ωl¥-íÓ∞¡ç (TØÁo):
a d ●
r
e n
í∫’©x-íÓ∞¡ç ¢Á©’-°æL, ™°æL ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥-©†’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ R, r Å†’èπ◊çõ‰,
1)
w.e = −
t
w e
Å®Ωl¥-íÓ∞¡ç °æü∆®Ωn °∂æ’†-°∂æ©ç •ßª’öÀ Å®Ωl¥-íÓ∞¡ °∂æ’.°æ. ™°æL Å®Ωl¥-íÓ∞¡ °∂æ’.°æ.
w 2 2 2
=  ΠR3 −  Πr3 =  Π (R3 − r3)
3 3 3
. n
2) í∫’©x Å®Ωl¥-íÓ∞¡ç ¢Á©’-°æL Ö°æ-J-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = 2 Π R2
h a
í∫’©x Å®Ωl¥-íÓ∞¡ç ™°æL Ö°æ-J-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = 2Πr2
í∫’©x Å®Ωl¥-íÓ∞¡ç Åçîª’ ¢Áj¨»©uç = éπçéπùç ¢Áj¨»©uç = Π(R2 − r2) i b
a t
+ Åçîª’ ¢Áj¨»©uç
p r
í∫’©x Å®Ωl¥-íÓ∞¡ç Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = •ßª’öÀ Ö°æ-J-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç + ™°æL Ö°æ-J-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç
d u = 2ΠR2 + 2 Πr2 + Π(R2 − r2)
n a = Π(2R2 + 2r2 + R2 − r2) = Π(3R2 + r2)
e e
1. äéπ í∫úÕf¢√´· ´·êç D®Ω`îª-ûª’-®Ω-vÆæçÂ°j Å®Ωl¥-´%ûªhç ¶Jxç-*† Nüµ¿çí¬ ÖçC. D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæ éÌ©-
.
ww
ûª©’ 20 × 15 (O’.). í∫úÕf¢√´· §Òúø´¤ 28 O’. Å®·ûË í∫úÕf-¢√´·™E í∫úÕf °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç
áçûª? (O’3©™)
w1) 10280 2) 12080 .
15
3) 12800 4) 12008
28
20
2.
ü∆E áûª’hèπ◊ Ææ´÷-†çí¬; ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ áûª’h Ñ ¢√u≤ƒ-®√l¥-EéÀ √3 È®ô’x ÖçC. í∫’ú≈-®√-EéÀ
äéπ Ææ®Ω\Æˇ í∫’ú≈®Ωç Çé¬®Ωç Ææ÷h°æçÂ°j ¨¡çèπ◊´¤†’ ¶Jxç-*† Nüµ¿çí¬ ÖçC. Ææ÷h°æç ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç,
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† é¬Ø√yÆæ’ ´ÆæYç NÆ‘h®Ωgç 2464 îª.O’. Å®·ûË í∫’ú≈®Ωç í∫J≠æe áûª’h áçûª? (O’.
©™)
    e t
1) ( √ 3 − 1)14 2) ( √ 2 − 1)14 3) ( √ 2 + 1)14
 n
4) ( √ 3 + 1)14
. 
3.
°∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’. Å®·ûË Ç °æôdéπç °∂æ’† °∂æ©ç áçûª? (ÂÆç.O’.3 ©™) h a
äéπ véπ´’ ≠æúø’s¥-ñ«-é¬®Ω °æôdéπç ¶µº÷ ¶µº’ïç 6√ 3 ÂÆç.O’. ü∆E °æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç 162 √ 3
1) 1458 √ 3

2) 1548√ 3

3) 1845√ 3

i b 4) 1584√ 3

4.
a t
äéπ D®Ω`°- æ∂’† îªûª’®- Ωv- ≤ƒ-é¬®Ω Jï-®√y-ßª’®Ω’ ¶µº÷ ¶µº’ñ«©’ 4 : 3 E≠æpA- h™ ÖØ√o®·. ü∆E áûª’h
24 O’. Jï-®√y-ßª’®Ω’ Ææç°æ‹®- Ωû
r
-g ©ª ¢Á¨j »©uç 10440 îª.O’. Å®·ûË ü∆E-™E FöÀ °∂æ’†-°J-æ ´- ÷ùç
p
(Mô-®Ω™
x ).
1) 68400
d
2) 64800u 3) 60084 4) 60048
5.
n a
äéπ é¬©’´ A®Ωué˙ îµËü¿ç võ„°‘>ßª’ç. ü∆E Â°j¶µ«í∫ç, Åúø’í∫’ ¶µ«í∫ç ¢Áúø-©’p©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ 10 O’.,
.e e
6 O’.; ™ûª’ 5 O’. í∫çôèπ◊ 5 éÀ.O’. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ é¬©y Eçú≈ F®Ω’ v°æ´-£œ«ÊÆh, í∫çô™ äéπ Gçü¿’´¤
w t
†’ç* áEo éÀ™-M-ô®Ωx F®Ω’ v°æ´-£œ«-Ææ’hçC?
1) 5 × 105 2) 3 × 105 3) 4 × 105 4) 2 × 105
6.
w w n e
äéπ °æ®Ω†∏ ´’çC®Ωç §Òúø´¤, ¢Áú©ø ’p©’ ´®ΩÆ- íæ ¬ 10 O’., 8 O’. Å- ®·-ûË ü∆E Åúø’í-f Óúø 5 O’. áûª’h
a .
´®Ωèπ◊ D®Ω`î- û-ª ª’®- vΩ- ≤ƒ-é¬®Ωç™, ü- ∆EÂ°j ©ç•-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-¶«£æ› vA¶µº’ïçí¬ Ö- ç-C. DçöxE í¬L
°∂æ’†-°Jæ ´÷ùç (O’3. ©™).
h
1) 560 2) 506 3) 650
t ib 4) 605
1.
N´-®Ω-ù©’
r a
p
í∫úÕf-¢√´·†’ äéπ °æôd-éπçí¬ ¶µ«Nç-îª-´îª’a.
1 22
d u
í∫úÕf¢√´· ´·ê ¢Áj¨»©uç = D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ ¢Áj¨»©uç + Å®Ωl¥-´%ûªh ¢Áj¨»©uç
= 20 × 15 +  ×  × 10 × 10
n2 7 a
e
= 300 + 
. e
1100
7
îª.O’.
ww
í∫úfÕ °∂æ’†-°J-æ ´- ÷ùç = í∫ú¢fÕ √´· ´·ê¢Á¨j »©uç × §Òúø´¤
w ( 1100
= 300 +  × 28
)
. 10
10
15
7
28
= 8400 + 4400 = 12800 O’3. 20
ï¢√•’: 3
2. 
ü¿û√hç¨¡ç †’ç*: h = √ 3r
Ææ÷h°æ ¶µº÷ ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ ¶µº÷ ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = r
Ææ÷h°æç áûª’h = ü∆E ¶µº÷ ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç = r
¨¡çèπ◊´¤ áûª’h = √3 r, ¨¡çèπ◊´¤ àô-¢√©’ h=r
e t
 
áûª’h (l) = √ r2 + h2 = √ r2 + 3r2 = 2r . n
h
r
a
∴ í∫’ú≈®√EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† é¬Ø√yÆæ’ NÆ‘h®Ωgç = Ææ÷h°æç, ¨¡çèπ◊-´¤© ´véπ-ûª© ¢Áj¨»-™«u© ¢Á·ûªhç
22 22 44r2 + 44r2
= 2 ×  × r × r +  × r × 2r =  = 
88r2
i b O’2
7 7 7 7
a t
88r2
∴  = 2464 ⇒ r2 = 28 × 7
7
p r
∴ r = 14 O’.
d u 
= r + √ 3r = (1 + √ 3

) 14 O’.
a
í∫’ú≈®Ωç í∫J≠æe áûª’h
ï¢√•’: 4
3.
e n =3×

= 3 × 6 √ 3 = 18 √ 3

e
véπ´’-≠ú-æ ’ø s¥ñ- «-é¬®Ω °æôéd πç ¶µº÷ îª’ô’dé- Ì-©ûª ¶µº’ïç ÂÆç.O’
w.
véπ´’ ≠æ-úø’s¥ñ«-é¬®Ω °æôdéπç

t
w w
°æéπ\ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = ¶µº÷ °æJCµ × áûª’h

∴ 18 √ 3 h = 162 √ 3 ⇒ h = 9

= 18 √ 3 × h
n e
= ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç × áûª’h
a .
6√ 3

°æôdéπç °∂æ’†-°∂æ©ç
 
=  × 6√ 3 × 6√ 3 × 9 b h
4

t i
= 1458 √ 3 ÂÆç.O’3
r a
ï¢√•’: 1
4.
u p
Jï-®√y-ßª’®˝ ¶µº÷ ¶µº’ñ«©’ l = 4x O’, b = 3 x O’. -Å-†’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç.
a d
Jï-®√y-ßª’®˝ Ææç°æ‹-®Ωg-ûª© ¢Áj¨»©uç = 2(lb + bh + hl)
.e
≤ƒCµÊÆh x = 15
en = 2(12x2 + 72x + 96x) = 10440 (ü¿û√hç¨¡ç)
w ww
Jï-®√y-ßª’®˝™E FöÀ °∂æ’.°æ. =l×b×h
= 4x × 3x × 24
= 60 × 45 × 24 = 64800 O’3
ï¢√•’: 2
5. é¬©’´ A®Ωué˙ îµËü¿ç ¢Áj¨»©uç = võ„°‘->ßª’ç ¢Áj¨»©uç
1
=  × 5 (10 + 6) = 40 O’2
2
e t
n
é¬©’´ A®Ωué˙ îµËü¿ç †’ç* v°æ´-£œ«çîË
FöÀ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç = A®Ωué˙ îµËü¿ç ¢Áj¨»©uç × v°æ¢√£æ« ¢Ëí∫ç × é¬©ç
= 40 × 5000 = 200000 O’3
a .
= 200000 × 1003 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’.
b h(1000 ÂÆç3 = 1
i
Mô®Ω’)
200000 × 100 × 100 × 100
= 
1000 × 1000
éÀ.M.
a t
= 2 × 105 éÀ.M.
p r
ï¢√•’: 4
d u
6. °æ®Ω†
n a
∏ ´’çC®Ωç °æôç™ îª÷°œ†- N- ü- ¿çµ í¬ ÖçC. DEo °æôé-d πçí¬ ¶µ«Nç-î´-ª îª’a.
.e e E
w w e t
w D
C
. n
5
h a
10
i b
A B
a t
°æôdéπç ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç
8
= ABCD D.îª.
p r
¢Á¨j »©uç + CDE ©ç•-éÓù Ææ´’-Cy-¶«-£æ› -vA-¶µº’ï ¢Áj¨»©uç
( ... CDE ¢Áj¨»©uç d u 1

= AB × BC +  DE2
2
n
1
2 a 1
=  × DE × CE =  DE2 CD2 = 2DE2
2
)
.e e 1
= 8 × 5 +  × 32
2
∴ 2DE2 = 64; DE2 = 32
ww
= 40 + 16 = 56 O’2
∴ °æ®∏Ω† °æ®∏Ω-†´’çC®Ωç ¶µº÷ ¢Áj¨»©uç × §Òúø´¤
w ´’çC®Ωç™ í¬L °∂æ’.°æ. =
= 56 × 10 = 560 O’3
ï¢√•’: 1
®Ω-îª®·-ûª : -úÕ.-vQ-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
-´%-û√h-©’-
e t
n
Í®ë«-í∫-ùÀ-ûªç-™E ÅA-´·êu ¶µ«´†™x '´%ûªhç— äéπöÀ. ´%û√h-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç* éÀçC ´·êu
.
a
¶µ«-´†©†’ í∫ùÀûª Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ßª·© Eßª÷-´’éπ §Ú-öÃ °æKéπ~™x ÅúÕÍí Å´-é¬¨¡ç áèπ◊\´.
1) ´%ûªhç – Åçü¿’™E ¶µ«í¬©’ – Æœü∆l¥ç-û√©’
b h
3) ´%ûªhç – Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê
t i
2) °æJ-´%ûªhç – Åçûª®Ω ´%ûªhç – îªvéÃßª’ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç – îªvéÃßª’ îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ï üµ¿®√t©Â°j Ææ´’-Ææu©’
4) êçúÕûª ´%û√h©’ – Ææp-Jz-ûª ´%û√h©’

r a
u p
5) v°æûªuéπ~ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®-ê©’, A®Ωué˙ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê©’ – àé¬çûª®Ω ´%ûªh-êçúø Æœü∆l¥çûªç –
a
´%ûªhç-™E ñ«u©Â°j Æœü∆l¥çûªç.
d
e n´%ûªhç ´·êu ¶µ«´-†©’ – Æœü∆l¥ç-û√©’
★
w e
Æœn®Ω Gçü¿’´¤ ('O') †’ç* Æœn®Ω- ü¿÷®Ωç (r)™ Ö†o Gçü¿’ ÆæN’-AE ´%ûªhç Åçö«®Ω’. DEo
.
C (O, r) í¬ ®√≤ƒhç. 'O' †’ ´%ûªh-Íéç-vü¿-´’E, 'r' †’ ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ-®Ωl¥-´’E Åçö«®Ω’.
t
X
w w
O ∉ C (O, r).
 n e r
P
★ C(O, r) Â°j A, B©’ È®çúø’ Gçü¿’-´¤©’ Å®·ûË ABE î√°æçí¬, AB

a . †’
O
ñ«uí¬ ®√≤ƒhç. AB
b h
ñ«u ´%ûªh-Íéçvü¿ç ü∆y®√ ¢ÁRûË, ÅC ¢√uÆæ-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.
B
★
´%ûªhç™ Â°ü¿l -ñ«u†’ ¢√uÆæç Åçö«®Ω’.
t i A
Y
★
r a
v°æA ¢√uÆæç ´%û√h-EéÀ äéπ ≤˘≠æe-¢√éπ~ç. é¬•öÀd ´%û√h-EéÀ ≤˘≠æe-¢√-é¬~ © Ææçêu Å†çûªç.
p
Íéçvü∆EéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ ¢Á∞ÏxéÌDl 'ñ«u— §Òúø´¤ ûªí∫’_-ûª’çC.
★
d u
A, B ∈ C (O, r) °æôç™ X, Y©’ èπÿú≈ C(O, r) Â°j È®çúø’ Gçü¿’-´¤©’.
n a
AXB > AXB é¬•öÀd AXB E ÅCµéπ î√°æ-´’E, AYB E Å©p-î √-°æ-´’E Åçö«®Ω’.
AXB = AYB Å®·ûË AXB, AYB ©†’ Å®Ωl¥-´%-û√h-©ç-ö«®Ω’.
★
e e
î√°æç AXB ûÓ, ñ«u AB
.

ûÓ Ææç´%-ûª-¢Á’i-† ´%ûªh- ¶µ«í¬Eo ´%ûªh-êçúøç Åçö«®Ω’.
ww
AXB > AYB Å®·ûË AXBE ÅCµéπ ´%ûªh êçúø-´’E, AYB E Å©p-´%ûªh êçúø-´’E Åçö«®Ω’.
★
wA, B ∈ C(O, r) Å®·ûË AXB E ÅCµéπ ´%ûªh-êçúøç™E éÓùç -Å-E, AYB E Å©p-´%ûªh
êçúøç-™E éÓù-´’E Åçö«®Ω’.
★ ÅCµéπ ´%ûªh-êç-úøç-™E éÓùç Å©p-éÓùç, Å©p-´%ûªhêçúøç-™E éÓùç ÅCµéπ éÓùç, Å®Ωl¥-´%-ûªhç-™E
éÓùç ©ç•-éÓùç.
´%ûªhç – î√°æç – ñ«u©Â°j Æœü∆l¥ç-û√©’
i) C(O, r), C(O', r) ´%û√h©’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷†ç.
ii) ´%ûªhç™ Ææ´÷† î√§ƒ©’ Ææ´÷† ñ«u©†’ êçúÕ≤ƒh®·. N°æ-®Ωußª’ç èπÿú≈ Eïç.
e t
iii) ´%ûªhç™ Ææ´÷† ñ«u©’ Íéçvü¿ç †’ç* Ææ´÷† ü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçö«®·. N°æ-®Ωu-ßª’çí¬ ´%ûªhç™
. n
Íéçvü¿ç †’ç* Ææ´÷† ü¿÷®Ωç™E ñ«u©’ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Öçö«®·.
h a
iv)
v) b
´%ûªhç™ Ææ´÷† î√§ƒ©’ Íéçvü¿ç ´ü¿l Ææ´÷† éÓù«-©†’ îË≤ƒh®·. N°æ-®Ωu-ßª’ç èπÿú≈ Ææûªuç.
i
vi)
a t
´%ûªhç™ àüÁjØ√ ñ«u ©ç•-Ææ-´’Cy êçúø† Í®ê ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç ü∆y®√ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC.
r
´%ûªhç™ Íéçvü¿ç †’ç* àüÁjØ√ ñ«u èπ◊ UÆœ† ©ç•ç ñ«u†’ Ææ´’--Cy-êç-úø† îËÆæ’hçC.
vii)
u p
´%ûªh-Íéçvü¿ç, ñ«u ´’üµ¿u-Gç-ü¿’-´¤†’ éπLÊ° Í®ê ñ«uèπ◊ ©ç•çí¬ Öçô’çC.
a d´%ûªhç – Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê
i)
nÅ®·ûË OP = r
C(O, r) ´%û√h-EéÀ l Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê
e
O
}
} et
r
ii)
iii)
w.e
C (O, r) ´%û√h-EéÀ l êçúÕûª ™‰ü∆ -îµË-ü¿-†-Í®ê Å®·ûË OP < r
C(O, r) èπ◊ l Åêç-úÕûª Í®ê Å®·ûË OP > r Å´¤-ûª’çC.
w w n P
l
´%û√h© ÆæpKz-ßª’ûª
a .
i) C (A, r1), C(B, r2) ´%û√h©’ ¶«£æ«u-Ææp-Jz-û√-™„jûË
b h r1 r2
ii)
AB = AP + BP ™‰ü∆ d = r1 + r2
AB = r1 − r2
t i A B
iii)
Åçûª®Ω ÆæpJz-û√-™„jûË
r a P
d
p
ÅêçúÕ-û√-™„jûË
AB > r1 + r2
d u
n a
.e e A B P A
r1 . P
Q
. r2
B
iv) w ww
êçúÕ-û√-™„jûË AB < r1 + r2 Å´¤-ûª’çC.
d
★ i) ¶«£æ«u-Ææp-Jzûª ´%û√h-©èπ◊ Ußª’í∫LÍí Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®-ê© Ææçêu = 3 Åçõ‰ d = r1 + r2 Å®·ûË

C(A, r1), C(B, r2) ©èπ◊ Ußª’í∫LÍí Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê© Ææçêu = 3
l3
l1
A B
e t
l2
. n
ii) C (A, r1), C(B, r2) ©’
h
È®çúø’ Åçûª®Ω ÆæpJz-û√-™„jûË OöÀéÀ Ußª’í∫LÍí a
Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®-ê© Ææçêu = 1.
l
i b
a t
p r
u
A B
d
n a
. e
iii) C (A, r1), C(B, r2) ©’
e
È®çúø’ -êç-úÕ-ûª -´%-û√h-©èπ◊ -U-ßª’í∫-L-Íí
= 2.
w w
Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®-ê© Ææçêu
l1
e t
w .n
h a
l2
A B
i b
t
ra
iv) È®çúø’Åêç-úûÕ ª ´%û√h©’ C(A, r1), C(B, r2) Å®·ûË ¢√öÀéÀ Ußª’ü¿T†
Ö´’túÕ Ææp®ΩzÍ- ®ê- © Ææçêu = 4.
u p
a d l3 l4
l1
e n
.e A B
ww
l2
w
v°æûªuéπ~ A®Ωué˙ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê©’:
Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê È®çúø’ ´%û√h-©èπ◊ äÍé¢Áj°æ¤† Öçõ‰ ü∆Eo v°æûªuéπ~ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê- Å-E îÁ®Ìéπ ¢Áj°æ¤
Öçõ‰ ü∆Eo A®Ωué˙ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê- -ÅE Åçö«®Ω’.
C(A, r1), C(B, r2), AB = d Å†’-èπ◊çü∆ç
a) d = r1 + r2 Å®·ûË v°æûªuéπ~ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê© Ææçêu = 2
b) d < r1 + r2 Å®·ûË A®Ωué˙ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê© Ææçêu = 0.
e t
n
c) d > (r1 + r2) Å®·ûË È®çúø’ v°æûªuéπ~ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê©’, È®çúø’ A®Ωué˙ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®-ê©’
.
ú´-Æœn-ûª-´’-´¤-û√®·.

√ h a
d) v°æûªuéπ~ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê §Òúø´¤ = d2− (r1 − r2)2
i b

A®Ωué˙ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê §Òúø´¤ = √ d2− (r1 + r2)2
a t
r
up
e) C(O, r) ÅØË ´%û√h-EéÀ Íéçvü¿ç †’ç* 'd' ü¿÷®Ωç™E P ¶«£æ«u Gçü¿’´¤ †’ç* È®çúø’
Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê©†’ Ußª’-í∫©ç.

∴ PA = PB = √ d2− r2 a d
.e en r
A
w w r
d P
e t
w B
. n
Æœ-ü∆l¥ç-û√©’
h a
★
i b
t
Íéçvü¿ç †’ç* Ææp®Ωz-Gç-ü¿’-´¤†’ éπLÊ° ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç, Ææp®Ωz-Gç-ü¿’´¤ ´ü¿l Ææp®Ωz-Í®-êèπ◊ ©ç•ç.
★
a
äéπ-Í®ê äéπ-´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ®Ωl¥ç *´J Gçü¿’-´¤ ´ü¿l ¢√u≤ƒ®√l¥EéÀ ©ç•-¢Á’iûË, ÇÍ®ê ´%û√hEéÀ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê.
r
u
Íéçvü¿çí¬ Ö†o ´%û√h-EéÀ A ´ü¿l ↔
p
àé¬çûª®Ω ´%ûªh-êçúø Æœü∆l¥ç-ûªç

'O'
a d PQ Ææp®Ωz-Í®ê, AB ñ«u. C B
e n
ACB Â°j 'C' äéπ Gçü¿’´¤ Å®·ûË ACB E BAQ éÓ-ù«-E-éÀ O
D
e
-àé¬ç-ûª®Ω -´%-ûªh-êç--úøç-™-E éÓ-ù-´’-E, ACB éÓù«-EéÀ ´’®Ó
.
ww
àé¬çûª®Ω ´%ûªh-êçúøç™E éÓù-´’E E®Ωy-*-≤ƒh®Ω’. P A Q
w ACB = BAQ, ADB = BAP é¬-´-ú≈-Eo -àé¬ç-ûª®Ω -´%-ûªh-êç-úø Æœ-ü∆l¥ç-ûªçí¬ -E®Ωy-*≤ƒh®Ω’.
-N°æ®Ωu-ßª’çí¬ Å®·-ûË ACB = BAQ, ADB = BAP

↔
PQ Í®-ê -´%û√h-EéÀ -A ´ü¿l
Ææp®ΩzÍ®-ê -Å-´¤-ûª’-ç-C.
´%ûªhç – ñ«u©’
´%ûªhç™ È®çúø’ ñ«u©’ Åçûª-®Ωçí¬ ™‰ü∆ ¶«£æ«uçí¬ êçúÕçîª’èπ◊†o-°æ¤púø’, ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-ü∆E È®çúø’
e
êçú≈© ´©x à®ΩpúÕ† D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ ¢Áj¨»©uç, È®çúÓ-ü∆E È®çúø’ êçú≈© ´©x à®ΩpúÕ† D®Ω`-îª-ûª’-®ΩvÆæ
t
¢Áj¨»-™«u-EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç.
 
∴C(O, r) èπ◊ AB, CD ©’ È®çúø’ ñ«u©’. ÅN 'P' ´ü¿l êçúÕ-û√©’.
C
. n
O.
∴ PA. PB = PC. PD a B
i) PA. PB = PC. PD= r2 − OP2

i bh A P
D
(P Åçûª®Ω Gçü¿’´¤ Å®·ûË)
a t C
D
ii) PA. PB = PC. PD = OP2 − r2
r O
(P ¶«£æ«u Gçü¿’´¤ Å®·ûË)
d up B
P
a A
en
Æœü∆l¥çûªç:
PAB -îµË-ü¿†Í®ê C(O, r) ´%û√hEo A, B ™x êçúÕÊÆh PT Ææp®Ωz-Í®ë« êçúøç §Òúø-´¤†’ éÀçC
.e
Ææ÷vûªç Ææ£æ…ßª’çûÓ éπ†’-èπ◊\ç-ö«®Ω’.
w
PA.PB = OP2 − r2 A
t B
w w = PT2
n e O
a.
P r
(... ∆ POT ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç)

∴ PT= √ PA.PB
b h T
Æœü∆l¥ç-ûªç:
t i
r a
Åçûª®Ωçí¬ ™‰ü∆ ¶«£æ«uçí¬ ÆæpJzçîª’èπ◊ØË È®çúø’ ´%û√h© Ææp®Ωz-Gç-ü¿’´¤, ¢√öÀ Íéçvü∆©†’
éπL-Ê°- Í®-êÂ°j Öçô’çC.
u p
C(A, r1), C(B, r2) ´%û√h©’ 'P' ´ü¿l ÆæpJz-û√©’
a d
i) r1 + r2 = AB Å®·ûË AB E 'P', r1 : r2 E≠æp-Ah™  Åçûª-®Ωçí¬,
n
ii) r1 − r2 = AB Å®·ûË AB E 'P', r1 : r2 E≠æpAh™  ¶«£æ«uçí¬ N¶µº>≤ƒh®·.
e
Æœü∆l¥çûªç:
w.e C
w
È®çúø’ ´%û√h©èπ◊ UÆœ† v°æûªuéπ~, A®Ωué˙ Ö´’túÕ
w
Ææp®Ωz-Í®-ê© êçúø† Gçü¿’-´¤©’ Ç È®çúø’ ´%û√h©
A B
D
P
Íéçvü∆©†’ éπLÊ° Í®ë«-êç-ú≈--Eo ¢√öÀ ¢√u≤ƒ®√l¥©

E≠æp-Ah™ ¶«£æ«uçí¬, Åçûª-®Ωçí¬ êçúÕ≤ƒh®·.
C(A, r1), C(B, r2) C
´%û√h©’ AB > r1 + r2 ÅßË’u™« Öçõ‰, v°ûæ uª éπ~ Ææp®ΩzÍ- ®ê- © êçúø†
Gçü¿’´¤ 'P', AB E r1 : r2 E≠æpA- h™ ¶«£æ«uçí¬ N¶µº>Ææ’hçC.
A®Ωué˙ Ö´’túÕ Ææp®Ωz-Í®-ê© êçúø† Gçü¿’´¤ P, AB E r1 : r2
A P B
e t
E≠æp-Ah™ Åçûª-®Ωçí¬ êçúÕÆæ’hçC.
. n D
h a
b
i®Ω-îª®·-ûª : üµ¿-Jt-¨Î-öÀd -vQ-E-¢√Ææ’-©’
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w w e t
w . n
h a
i b
a t
p r
d u
n a
.e e
w ww

TSTRT SGT Maths Content Method Prathibha

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n 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç

n a 4) Ææ%≠œdçîªúøç (™‰ü∆) Öûªp-Ah îËßª’úøç.

.e e 2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç

e n2) Å´-í¬-£æ«† 3) NE-ßÁ÷í∫ç 4) ØÁj°æ¤ùuç

30. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰≠ˇ ÅØË Nü∆uJn x2 + bx + b = 0 ÅØË ´®Ω_ Ææ-O’-éπ-®Ωùç ´‚™«©’ α, β Å®·ûË ⎯

w w 2) 1729 3) 1749 4) 1769

r a 3) Æœü∆l¥çûª P®Ó-´’ùÀ 4) ú≈ö«

w 2) ii, iii 3) iii, iv 4) i, iv

ii) AMIT - îÁØÁj o

i) ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ 20 †’ç* 30 ´’çC Nü∆u®Ω’n©’ Öçú≈L.

d up 3) i, ii, iv 4) ii, iii, iv

n 2) ßª‚Eö¸ °æü∑¿éπç 3) §ƒ®∏Ωu-°æ-ü∑¿éπç 4) Â°j´Fo

a t4) v§ƒí∫’-éÀhéπ ´‚™«uç-éπ†ç

h a4) i, ii, iii

p r ®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg

-à°‘ -õ„-ö¸ éπ-¢˛’ -öÃ-Ç®˝-öÃ

Ææéπ© ¨»≤ƒY-©. èπ◊e

wv°æ¨¡çÆæF-ßª’-¢Á’içC, v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-•-úËüË í∫ùÀûªç. – ¶„ç>-n

Çé¬®Ωç ¢√öÀ ¶µº’ñ«© ´’üµ¿u

w äéπ ®√ç•Æˇ îªvéÃ-ßª’-¢Á’i-ûË ÅC îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

a 2) 85° 3) 115° 4) 105°

.e 2) 50° 3) 70° 4) 30°

w w Eßª’´’ç: éÓùç – ¶µº’ïç – éÓùç Eßª’´’ç

Ææ´÷†ç Å®·ûË Ç vA¶µº’-ñ«©’ Ææ®Ωy-Ææ-´÷-Ø√©’.

∆ ABC ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’-ïç™ éπ®Ωgç AC = 25 ÂÆç.--O’.

w w ÂÆç.--O’. 2) 12 ÂÆç.--O’. 3) 15 ÂÆç.--O’.

∆ XYZ™, PQ ⎟⎟ YZ, ⎯ = ⎯ , XQ = 3 ÂÆç.--O’. Å®·-ûË QZ = .............

e n 2) 27 O’. 3) 7 O’. 4) 26 O’.

1) äéπ ©ç• éÓùç 2) éπFÆæç È®çúø’ Å©p éÓù«©’

p r 3) ©ç•-éÓù vA¶µº’ïç 4) -ÅFo

a d 4) ¶«£æ«u ´%ûªh Íéçvü¿ç

1) ©ç•-éÓùç à®Ωp-JîË ¶µº’ïç ´’üµ¿u Gçü¿’´¤ 2) ©ç•-éÓù Q®Ω{ç

2x = 2016 Å®·ûË 2x − 3 N©’´?

é¬F, ™„éπ\ v°æé¬®Ωç n2

w.e ®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg

wÆæ£æ«ï Ææçêu©’ = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .....

w. 4 − ÅçÈé© Ææçêu©’ = 9000 ÖØ√o®·

u p 7654 4765 5764 6754 = 24

.e (iii) 5, 4, 2, 3 ÅØË NGµ†o ÅçÈé-©ûÓ à®ΩpúË Ø√©’-í∫ç-Èé© Ææçêu© Ææçêu©’ = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24

w.e 2) 10041 3) 10004 4) 10055

e 2) 997 3) 9997 4) -ÅFo

w ®Ω-îª®·-ûª: Æ‘Â£«-î˝. ®√-üµ∆éπ%-≠æg

a éÌ†o-¢Á-© × (100 +- ™«-¶µº-¨»ûªç)

∴ úÕ-≤˘\ç-ö¸ =  × 100

w.e 100 100

.e e E ãúÕçîË ü¿÷®Ωç = 100.0 - 89.3

®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçêu-©†’ £œ«çü¿÷–-Å-®Ω-Gé˙ Ææçêu-©’í¬i´÷®Ωa-ú≈-EéÀ Eßª’´÷©’

2) ®Ó´’Ø˛ Ææçïc-™ x 7 í∫’®Ω’h©’ -Öç-ö«®·.

aG) LVI Æœ) CVI úÕ) XLXVI

ÅCµ-éπçí¬ A®Ωí¬Lq† ü¿÷®Ωç

7. ÆæJ-Ææç-êu©’: '2— -ûÓ E¨Ïz≠æçí¬ ¶µ«Tç-îª-•úË (¨Ï≠æç Ææ’Ø√o ´îËa)

6) à ÆæçêuØÁjØ√ 2ûÓ ¶µ«TÊÆh ¨Ï≠æç Ææ’Ø√o ´ÊÆh, -Ç Ææçêu-©†’ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

á) -¶‰Æœ Ææçêu©’ G) v°æüµ∆† Ææçêu©’

–Èé.-´·®Ω-S -¢Á÷£æ«-Ø˛ ®√-V

e B) îªûª’-®Ω’s¥ïç C) îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç D) võ„°‘->ßª’ç

9. È®çúø’ àéπ Íéçvü¿ ´%ûªh ¢√u≤ƒ®√l¥©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬

n B) ®Ω÷.15,500 C) ®Ω÷.15,600 D) ®Ω÷.16,500

A) 8 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’. B) 16 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’. C) 27 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’. D) 64 °∂æ’.ÂÆç.O’.

3. w á) ®Ω÷.4000 G) ®Ω÷.4300 Æœ) ®Ω÷.4500 úÕ) ®Ω÷.5000

áÆ‘b-öÃ – í∫-ùÀ-ûªç (éπçõ„çö¸)

−1. (m1.m2 = −1)

é¬•öÀd X− Åéπ~ç ¢√©’ = 0