An-Najah National University ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬

Faculty of Engineering and IT ‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬

Department of Chemical Engineering

Properties of Engineering Materials and Corrosion
)10626213(
Dr. Shadi Sawalha
Fall 2023

Report #1
BIOMATERIALS

Student Name Registration Number

Shayma’ Sulaiman 12115339
Sarah Al-Heeh 12113631
Raghad Farah 12113538
Rahaf Abbas 12113801
Khawla Khraiwesh 12113550

Date: 2nd of Dec 2023

Day: Saturday

Contents
1.1 Abstract.................................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................4
1.3 History...................................................................................................................................................5
1.4 Properties..............................................................................................................................................6
1.5 Types of biomaterials............................................................................................................................8
1) Natural Biomaterials........................................................................................................................8
2) Synthetic/Artificial Biomaterials.....................................................................................................8
a) Metal-Based Biomaterials:...........................................................................................................8
b) Ceramic-based biomaterials.........................................................................................................9
c) Polymer-Based Biomaterials.......................................................................................................9
3) Hybrid Biomaterial Combinations.................................................................................................10
1.6 biomaterials manufacturing................................................................................................................11
1.7 Applications.........................................................................................................................................12
1.8 conclusion............................................................................................................................................13
References.................................................................................................................................................14

1.1 Abstract
This report investigates the essential function of materials in addressing a wide range of medical
challenges related to genetic defects, aging, illness, trauma, or accidents. Both synthetic as well
as natural biomaterials have been developed to be compatible with tissue that is alive, assisting in
the reconstruction and treatment of systems including structural parts. The thousands-of-year-
long progress in biomaterials demonstrates ongoing developments caused by technological
advances and medical requirements. The study focuses into biomaterial characteristics like their
biocompatibility, non-toxic properties, resistance to corrosion, reactivity, hardness, modulus of
elasticity, and fracture toughness. It also divides biomaterials into natural, synthetic, and
composite types, emphasizing their bioinert, bioactive, or bioresorbable properties. A
comprehensive investigation of the manufacturing process highlights the essential steps, ranging
from biomaterial design and raw material selection through different stages of production.
1.2 Introduction

Genetic defects, age, illness, degeneration, trauma, or injuries can cause human tissues and
organs to fail to perform their normal functions. Some of these conditions are handled with the
use of day-to-day medication. However, some cannot be repaired/rectified by providing
medicines and require the use of unique materials and devices. These then bring about the
inevitability of surgical repair, which encompasses anatomical sections such as knee joints,
elbow joints, vertebrae, teeth, and other crucial organs such as heart, skin, kidney, etc. Therefore,
Alternatives were needed to enable humans to live their life in a normal manner. These called
'biomaterials'.
Advanced medical solutions and the replacement of body parts often involve the use of
'biomaterial'. They are nonviable, medical, non-drug materials that are mainly made or
engineered for biological compatibility with the tissue and cells so that they can be used for
healing or repairing purposes on a living organism. The field of biomaterials combines
knowledge from materials science, biology, chemistry, and engineering to develop materials that
can perform specific functions within the body. These materials can be natural, such as collagen
or silk, or synthetic, such as polymers or ceramics.It also can be mixed of both and it is called
hybrid. [i] [ii] [iii] [vii]
One of the key considerations in biomaterials design is biocompatibility, which refers to the
ability of a material to exist in contact with the tissues of the human body without causing an
unacceptable degree of damage to that body. This involves understanding the interactions
between the material and the cells, tissues, and organs it comes into contact with. Comprehension
this term is crucial to understand the difference between “materials” and “biomaterials.” [iv] [ii]
In the late 1940s and 1950s, medicine utilized the first biomaterials as we know them today.
Pioneering physicians used these off-the-shelf materials that were originally developed for other
applications and applied to medicine.[v]
Biomaterials have played a significant role in improving the quality of life and longevity of
humans in recent years. Because the development of them has contributed to a significant
improvement in diagnosis and treatment of injury and illness, which has resulted in the saving of
lives and easing of suffering.[vi]

1.3 History

The history of biomaterials is rich and spans thousands of years, with advancements
influenced by scientific discoveries, technological innovations, and medical needs. Here is a
brief overview of the historical milestones in the development of biomaterials:

Neanderthal man seems to have used dental implants made of wood, and in ancient Egypt,
from 3200 century B.C. to the 323 century B.C., the sutures made from animal sinew were used
to try to repair and solve different body problems, as deduced from the study of mummies found,
and that is the first historical use of biomaterials.[vii] [viii]

In Greece and Rome, from the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D., materials such as
metals and others natural materials like bone and ivory for medical, dental applications, the
treatment of wounds and other problems. [viii]

From 16th to 19th century, materials such as gold, silver, seashells, and alloys were used for
dental crowns and tooth bridges. The development of metal alloys laid the foundation for the use
of metals in orthopedic implants later on. [viii]

In 20th century, polymers, such as acrylics and silicones were used in contact lenses, heart
valves, and soft tissue implants. In addition, stainless steel and titanium became prominent
materials for orthopedic implants, joint replacements, and dental implants. Also, in the 1960s,
Dr. Larry Hench developed bioglass, a bioactive glass that forms a bond with living tissues. [viii]
[ix]

In 21st century, integration of nanotechnology into biomaterials, enabling precise control over
material properties at the nanoscale. Smart Biomaterials with responsive properties to
environmental stimuli, such as pH or temperature changes, have been developed. [viii] [ix] [x]

The history of biomaterials reflects a continuous quest for materials that can seamlessly
integrate with the human body, providing solutions to medical challenges and improving the
quality of healthcare. Ongoing research and innovation in biomaterials continue to drive
advancements in medical technology and contribute to the development of novel therapeutic
approaches. There is still a long way to go in the world of biomaterials.

1.4 Properties xi

Biomaterials that are used in the human body must have specific characteristics to prevent
rejection and interaction with the patient. Here are some of the most important biological,
chemical, mechanical and physical properties of biomaterials that should be carefully studied,
evaluated and considered before using them:
1) Biocompatibility –it’s mentioned in the intro-: the relationship between materials and
living body, including blood compatibility and histocompatibility, to stimulate an
appropriate host response in a specific application and to interact with living systems
with no possibility of risks, injury, toxicity, or immune system rejection, and no
undesirable or inappropriate local or systemic consequences.

2) Non-toxicity: In general, nontoxicity refers to noncarcinogenic, nonpyrogenic,

nonallergenic, blood compatible, and noninflammatory of biomaterial. The design of a
biomaterial should be aimed at serving its function in the living body's environment
without causing harm to other bodily organs. This is why it needs to be nontoxic. xii
3) Corrosion, wear, and fatigue properties: Biomaterials applied to replace part of the body
functions are exposed to different mechanical forces and corrosion processes due to body
fluids, which might result in the generation of corrosion products, wear debris and
particles potentially leading to inflammation and inhibition or loss of function. Implant
failure is often attributed to wear so Biocompatibleness increases with corrosion
resistance.xiii

4) Reactivity: It's important to consider how this substance interacts with human bodies
when developing new biomaterials.xiii

5) Hardness: it’s one of the most crucial parameters to consider when comparing materials'
properties. It is used for finding the suitability of the clinical use of biomaterials. It is
important for the hardness of biomaterial to match bone hardness, otherwise it may
penetrate into the bone. Higher hardness resulted in less abrasion.xiv

6) Elastic modulus: it’s defined as the ratio of stress-to-strain within the proportional limit.
Physically, it measures how stiff a material is when a load is applied within its elastic
range. It is therapeutically significant because it implies that the chosen biomaterial has
deformable qualities similar to those of the material it would replace. High elastic
modulus and low deflection are required for these force-bearing materials. The fracture
resistance of a material decreases as its elastic modulus increases. The elastic modulus of
a material is typically calculated using a bending test since deflection is easily detected in
this situation as opposed to very minor elongation in compressive or tensile loads.
Biomaterials (for bone replacement) are often porous, hence sample sizes are tiny. xv xvi

7) Fracture toughness: is a measure of how resistant a material is to crack propagation under

stress. It depends on several material factors, such as composition, structure, porosity,
and surface properties. For example, metals tend to have higher fracture toughness than
ceramics or polymers. However, they- ceramics and polymers- have lower fracture
toughness, but they can be reinforced with fibers, particles, or nanostructures to improve
it. Surface properties, such as roughness, coating, or functionalization, can influence the
 adhesion and friction between the biomaterial and the surrounding tissue, which can
affect the crack initiation and propagation. It also depends on several biological factors,
such as tissue response, remodeling, and aging. For example, tissue response can affect
the fracture toughness of biomaterials by inducing inflammation, infection, or foreign
body reaction, which can alter the mechanical and chemical environment around the
biomaterial.xvii xviii

Besides many physical properties, such as the size, shape and surface texture of biomaterials.
Several chemical factors such as electronegativity, biodegradability and acidity/basicity are
needed to be considered.xiii. And many mechanical properties like tensile strength, fatigue
strength and elongation.xix

1.5 Types of biomaterials

Life materials can be categorized into three categories depending on their source:
1) Natural Biomaterials
Natural biomaterials are materials extracted from living organisms or their by-products.
Biomaterials grounded on cellulose, chitin, chitosan, alginate, dextran,
glycosaminoglycan, collagen, gelatin, elastin, fibrinogen, laminin, silk, bioinks are
natural biomaterials. Bioniks can be used to establish hierarchically complex biological
3D scaffolds through 3D bioprinting technologies. Additionally, natural biomaterials
have mechanical adaptability, microstructure interconnectivity, and inherent bioactivity,
making them ideal for the design of living implants for tissue engineering and
regenerative medicine .Natural rubber, for example, can be modified and grafted with
hyaluronic acid to create a novel biomaterial with potential applications in tissue repair
processes. The synthesis of biopolymers from natural sources, such as chitosan and
collagen, offers benefits such as biodegradability, circular economy, and recycling,
making them suitable for medical and biological applications.xx xxi
2) Synthetic/Artificial Biomaterials
These are man-made materials that are compatible with human body. Can be classified
based on chemical structure into 3 classes:
a) Metal-Based Biomaterials: Metal-based biomaterials have gained significant
attention in the field of medicine due to their excellent properties and potential
applications. These biomaterials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and
Schiff base coatings, offer enhanced bone repair, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,
anti-tumor, and bioactivity improvement capabilities .Additionally, metal-based
biomaterials, including stainless steel, titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium, nickel-
titanium, magnesium alloys, and tantalum-based alloys, have superior mechanical
properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, making them suitable for
long-term implanted medical devices .Furthermore, bioengineered metal-based
nanomaterial coatings, prepared using biological resources such as plant extracts,
fungi, bacteria, and algae, have shown great potential for surface coatings with
advanced features, including antimicrobial properties . These advancements in
metal-based biomaterials offer promising prospects for various medical applications,
including bone repair, orthopedic devices, and antimicrobial coatings.xxii xxiii xxiv

b) Ceramic-based biomaterials: they have various properties and applications in

healthcare, particularly in bone replacement. They can be classified into oxide and
nitride-based bioinert ceramics, bioresorbable calcium phosphate-based materials,
and bioactive glasses/glass ceramics. These biomaterials can be synthesized using
processes such as chemical precipitation, hydrothermal process, and sol-gel
method .Calcium-based ceramic biomaterials, including calcium phosphates, calcium
silicates, and calcium sulfates, have been extensively studied. Factors such as
chemical composition and external modifications affect their physical, structural,
chemical, and biological properties, making them suitable for biomedical
applications [3]. Composite biomaterials with good mechanical response and partial
biodegradability have been developed using α-Al2O3, poly (L-lactic acid), and
methyl methacrylate. These materials show promise for orthopedic surgery and drug
delivery systems .Ceramics used in skeletal repair and tissue regeneration include
 bioinert ceramics like alumina and zirconia, as well as bioactive ceramics like
calcium phosphates. Hydroxyapatite, a widely used calcium phosphate ceramic, can
undergo various ionic substitutions. The properties of ceramics, such as mechanical
properties, surface properties, biocompatibility, and bioactivity, are important
considerations for tissue engineering applications.xxv xxvi

c) Polymer-Based Biomaterials: Polymer-based biomaterials have gained significant

attention in the field of tissue engineering and regeneration. Researchers have made
notable advancements in the development of smart polymeric biomaterials with self-
healing and shape memory properties. Bio-based polymers, derived from biological
sources, have emerged as eco-friendly and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic
polymers. When formulated with nanomaterials, biopolymer-based nanocomposites
exhibit improved properties such as permeability, thermal stability, and elasticity,
making them suitable for various applications including packaging, water treatment,
and wound healing. Polysaccharides, such as chitosan, dextran, and hyaluronic acid,
have been extensively explored as biomaterials in biomedical applications due to
their biocompatibility and easy accessibility. These polysaccharides can be used in
the form of composites, hydrogels, and fibers for drug delivery systems, wound
healing, and tissue engineering .Polyphosphazenes (PPZs) have also shown promise
as biomaterials, particularly in the form of nanoparticles and hydrogels, for
applications such as drug delivery, bioimaging, and bone regeneration . Overall,
polymer-based biomaterials offer a wide range of properties and applications in the
field of biomedical science. xxvii xxviii

3) Hybrid Biomaterial Combinations

Hybrid biomaterial combinations offer unique properties and have applications in
various fields. Bioactive glass-based organic/inorganic hybrids have shown promise in the
biomedical field, overcoming limitations of traditional composites. Hybrid materials
combining organic materials or metals with biological systems have been used in bio-
sensors, bio-fuel cells, and nanostructured photoelectronic devices. Polymer-polymer
hybrid systems, such as bioelastomers and hydrogels, have high biocompatibility and are
 used in drug delivery systems and tissue engineering. Conformable hybrid bioelectronic
systems, combining mechanical compliance with advanced electronic functions, have
potential in understanding diseases and reversing conditions. Hybrid materials, with a
combination of inorganic and organic components, can be tailored for targeted
applications.xxix xxx

These natural, synthetic or hybrid biomaterials are widely classified into three main categories
according to life compatibility:
1) Bioinert biomaterials: The term bioinert refers to any material that once placed in the
human body has minimal interaction with its surrounding tissue, examples of these are
stainless steel, titanium, alumina, partially stabilized zirconia, and ultra-high molecular
weight polyethylene. Generally a fibrous capsule might form around bioinert implants
hence its biofunctionality relies on tissue integration through the implant.xxxi xxxii

2) Bioactive biomaterials: Bioactive refers to a material, which upon being placed inside the
human body interacts with the surrounding bone and in some cases, even soft tissue. This
occurs through a time – dependent kinetic modification of the surface, triggered by their
implantation within the living bone. Prime examples include, glass ceramics and vital
glass.xxxi xxxiii

3) Bioresorbable biomaterials: Bioresorbable refers to a material that upon placement inside

the human body starts to dissolve or is absorbed and slowly replaced by advancing tissue
(such as bone). Common examples of bioresorbable materials are tricalcium phosphate
[Ca3(PO4)2] and polylactic–polyglycolic acid copolymers. Calcium oxide, calcium
carbonate and gypsum are other common materials that have been utilized during the last
three decades. xxxiv xxxiii

1.6 biomaterials manufacturing xxxv xxxvi xxxvii

The manufacturing process of biomaterials varies depending on the type of biomaterial and
the intended application. However, the general process of biomaterial manufacturing can be
summarized as follows:
1. Biomaterial Design: The manufacturing process begins with determining the desired
properties of the biomaterial, such as chemical composition, crystalline structure, mechanical
properties, and compatibility with living tissues.

2. Selection of Raw Materials: Suitable raw materials are chosen based on the specified design.
These materials can be natural substances like collagen or hyaluronic acid, or they can be
synthetic materials such as polymers or ceramics.

3. Manufacturing Process: This step involves various processes such as mixing, casting, shaping,
drying, freezing, solidification, and three-dimensional (3D) printing. The manufacturing process
varies depending on the type of biomaterial and the techniques employed.

4. Surface Treatment: Surface treatments may be performed to enhance the properties of the
biomaterial, such as coating with a thin layer or modifying the surface to improve compatibility
with living tissues.

5. Testing and Analysis: Manufactured biomaterials are tested to ensure they meet the required
specifications. Various techniques such as mechanical testing, degradation testing, and
biocompatibility testing are employed.

The goal of biomaterial manufacturing is to obtain a final product that possesses the desired
composition and properties to achieve the specific application, while considering safety and
biocompatibility. Biomaterial manufacturing requires deep knowledge of engineering, chemistry,
and biology, along with extensive experimentation and testing to ensure the quality of the final
product.

1.7 Applications
1.8 conclusion
References
i
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-biomaterial-definition-examples.html

ii
Emerging breakthroughs in biomaterials for orthopedic applications: A comprehensive review.

iii
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-6698-1_10

iv
https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.002554.pdf an article about Requirements for Selection/Development of a
Biomaterial by Silvio José Gobbi, Faculty of Technology, University of Brasilia- UnB, Brazil

v
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-120940 biomaterials: been there, done that, and
evolving into the future by Buddy D. Ratner (Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA)

vi
https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/14700-biomaterials-your-life-may-depend-on-them

vii
https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/biomaterials

viii
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2022.864016/full

ix
https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-023-01046-8

x
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/15/3806 nanomaterials

xi
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/9789811228186_0004 An Introduction to Biomaterials Science and
Engineering book- chapter 4 basic concepts -from www.worldscientific.com

xii
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/biomaterial comprehensive biomaterials book 2011 by Paul Ducheyne.

xiii
https://www.scribd.com/document/503759085/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Biomaterials
Current opinion in biomedical engineering book by George A. Truskey

xiv
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-116521.html

xv
https://ame.nd.edu/research-legacy/faculty-research-labs/rroeder/publications/publication-pdf/2013%20CoB
%20Ch3%20Roeder.pdf

xvi
https://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/publication_12_19824_1707.pdf

xvii
https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/skills-mechanical-testing/?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_publisher-author-card

xviii
Fracture Toughness Properties of Three Different Biomaterials Measured by Nanoindentation (March 2007) from
Jornal of bionic engineering by Jin Tong and Ji-yu Sun

xix
https://www.britannica.com/technology/materials-science/General-requirements-of-biomaterials

xx
Fabrication, applications and challenges of natural biomaterials in tissue engineering
Author links open overlay panelSaleem Ullah, Xin Chen

xxi
Bioinks of Natural Biomaterials for Printing Tissues

xxii
Advances in Schiff Base and Its Coating on Metal Biomaterials—A Review

xxiii
Metal-organic frameworks functionalized biomaterials for promoting bone repair
xxiv
Metal‐organic framework‐based biomaterials for biomedical applications

xxv
Ceramic Materials for Biomedical Applications: An Overview on Properties and Fabrication Processes

xxvi
Bioceramics for medical applications: a computational view

xxvii
Research Progress of Polymer Biomaterials as Scaffolds for Corneal Endothelium Tissue Engineering

xxviii
New Insights to Bioadhesive-based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

xxix
Hybrid Bioelastomer Reinforced by Ultrathin Nanowires of Lanthanide Hydroxycarbonates for Promising Biomedical
Applications

xxx
Conformable Hybrid Systems for Implantable Bioelectronic Interfaces

xxxi
BIOINERT AND BIOACTIVE MATERIALS – NARRATIVE REVIEW Dr. H. Murali Rao.,BDS.,MDS.1 ,
Dr.K.Rajkumar.,BSc.,MDS.,PhD.2 , Dr. Vanamala Narayana .,BDS.,MDS.3 , Dr. Akash M, BDS.,(MDS) 4 , Dr. Jeeba
Sabu, BDS.,(MDS) 5 , Dr. Ramya Ramadoss, BDS.,MDS.,PhD.

xxxii
Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and in vivo Biological Activities of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Datura
stramonium reasearch (13 April 2020) Amira Zaïri1*, Amani Khalifa1,2, Khaled Hibar3 , Houda Haddad1,3, Sahar Nouir2 ,
Lotfi Achour2

xxxiii
https://uomus.edu.iq/NewDep.aspx?depid=13&newid=12729

xxxiv
Bioceramics Development and Applications

xxxv
Physical approaches to biomaterial design, Samir Mitragotri, Joerg Lahann
Nature materials 8 (1), 15-23, 2009

xxxvi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2793340/
xxxvii
Power Technology (Received 18 July 2017) a review of powder additive manufacturing processes for metallic
biomaterials W.S.W. Harun a, ⁎, M.S.I.N. Kamariah b , N. Muhamad c , S.A.C. Ghani a , F. Ahmad d , Z. Mohamed