A Just a Phase

"Why did you do that?" the mother cries as she looks at her three-year-old son. The boy is covered with marker
from head to toe. Apparently he was tired of coloring on paper and decided to color on himself. If he had been an
adult, maybe he would have answered his mother's question with, "Well, mom, I'm at a phase right now where I
want to explore everything around me. I wanted to see what marker felt like, on my skin. That's why!" But instead,
the boy just looks at his mother and smiles.

Some parents believe their children do bad things to make their lives difficult. In most cases, children do these
things just to experiment with their environments. Parenting experts suggest that experimentation is how children
learn. We know that children love to play make-believe. Experts claim that these creative experiences are
opportunities for children to practice what they are learning about the real world.

Parenting experts have discovered that there are different developmental stages in a child's life. In the example
from the first paragraph, the three-year-old is in a sensory stage. He is learning through what he feels, sees, tastes,
hears, and touches. This is the reason for the markings all over his body. Experts point out that older children, 4-5
year olds, start paying more attention to rules. They get upset when their siblings or classmates break the rules.
Some children get so upset that they may hit the rule-breaking child. When the teacher or parent asks, "Why did
you do that," they might say, "I don't know." And just like the three-year-old boy, they probably don't know how to
answer the question. But if they could, perhaps they would say, "Don't worry. It's just the developmental phase I'm
in right now."

In the paragraph 1 why did the mother ask. “Why did you do that?”

a) She was frustrated

b) She treated her son like an adult
c) She expected her son to answer her
d) She wanted to know what her son was learning

What does play make believe mean in paragraph 2?

a) to experience new things

b) to make things by yourself
c) to create games or stories in your mind
d) to play a game with many other children

what is paragraph 7 mainly about?

a) Which games children like to play

b) How children learn through experimentation
c) How children make their parent´s lives difficult
d) What children are learning about the real world

What does sensory mean in paragraph 3?

a) About the five senses

b) About learning
c) Difficult
d) New

According the paragraph 3. Why do some children get so upset?

a) Because they break a rule

b) Because other kids break rules
c) Because they don´t like other children
d) Because they don´t know how to answer questions
More Than Just a Number
A person's IQ is a measurement of a person's intelligence. It stands for intelligence quotient, the amount or degree
of intelligence. IQ tests have been around since the beginning of the 20th century, although people have been
trying to measure intelligence for much longer than that.

French psychologist Alfred Binet was one of the first people to come up with what we know as the IQ test. In 1905,
he was tasked with creating a tool for measuring which students in school were more likely to do poorly. A new law
had been passed in France that made all children go to school. Education leaders wanted to separate out the
children who were not as intelligent as the others.

Binet developed a test that would consider two factors: a child's chronological age (How old was he or she?) and a
child's mental age (Was the child thinking at, below, or above the level of other children his or her age?). He
developed questions for specific age groups. If a child could answer questions that older children could answer, that
child's mental age was higher than his chronological age. If a different child could not answer questions that
children his own age could answer, then that child's mental age was lower than his chronological age.

Binet did not believe his test fully measured a person's intelligence. He felt intelligence was something you could
not put a number on. He said more research needed to be done. Despite this, an American psychologist at Stanford
University read Binet's work and developed the test further. It became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scales. This test became one of the most popular IQ tests of the 20th century. The test may be useful, but Alfred
Binet was right: intelligence is more than just a number.

What does psychologist mean in paragraph 2?

a) Doctor who treats people sadnesses and injuries

b) Person who studies the way people think and feel
c) Person who works in the government
d) Person who teaches in the university

What does paragraph 2 mainly about?

a) Why educations leaders wanted to separate French school children?

b) Why some students do more poorly in school than others
c) Why Alfred Binet became a psychology
d) Why Alfred created an IQ test

Who does others refer to in paragraph 2

a) Overage students
b) Educations leaders
c) French people
d) All children

What information was Binet’s test based on?

a) Chronological and mental age

b) Family background
c) Height and weight
d) Personality

What is the purpose of this passage?

a) To argue an opinion
b) To give information
c) To compare test
d) To list benefits
"Why did you do that?"

the mother cries as she looks at her three-year-old son. The boy is covered with marker from head to toe.
Apparently he was tired of coloring on paper and decided to color on himself. If he had been an adult, maybe he
would have answered his mother's question with, "Well, mom, I'm at a phase right now where I want to explore
everything around me. I wanted to see what marker felt like, on my skin. That's why!" But instead, the boy just
looks at his mother and smiles.

Some parents believe their children do bad things to make their lives difficult. In most cases, children do these
things just to experiment with their environments. Parenting experts suggest that experimentation is how children
learn. We know that children love to play make-believe. Experts claim that these creative experiences are
opportunities for children to practice what they are learning about the real world.

Parenting experts have discovered that there are different developmental stages in a child's life. In the example
from the first paragraph, the three years old is in a sensory stage. He is learning through what he feels, sees, tastes,
hears, and touches. This is the reason for the markings all over his body. Experts point out that older children, 4-5
years old, start paying more attention to rules. They get upset when their siblings or classmates break the rules.
Some children get so upset that they may hit the rule-breaking child. When the teacher or parent asks, "Why did
you do that," they might say, "I don't know." And just like the three-year-old boy, they probably don't know how to
answer the question. But if they could, perhaps they would say, "Don't worry. It's just the developmental phase I'm
in right now.

The Teenage Brain

Parents, teachers, and others who deal closely with teenagers know how difficult the adolescent years can be.
Adolescents have always been known to do wild, even dangerous, things. This was thought to be due to the
"foolishness of youth." Now, brain-imaging technology allows scientists to study the physical development of the
brain in more detail than ever before. Their discoveries have led to a new theory of why teens act this way.

A Work in Progress

Recently, scientists discovered that though our brains are almost at their full size by the age of six, they are far from
fully developed. Only during adolescence do our brains truly "grow up." During this time, they go through great
changes, like a computer system being upgraded. This "upgrade" was once thought to be finished by about age 12.
Now, scientists have concluded that our brains continue to change until age 25. Such changes make us better at
balancing impulses with following rules. But a still-developing brain does this clumsily. The result, scientists claim, is
the unpredictable behavior seen in teenagers.

Pleasure Seekers

The studies confirm that teens are more likely to take risks and behave in extreme ways. Fortunately, the news isn't
all negative. As brain scientist B. J. Casey points out, the teen brain inspires such behavior in order to help teens
prepare for adult life.

One way the brain does this is by changing the way teens measure risk and reward. Researchers found that when
teens think about rewards, their brains release more of the chemicals that create pleasure than an adult brain
would. Researchers believe this makes the rewards seem more important than the risks, and makes teens feel the
excitement of new experiences more keenly than adults do.

Research into the structure of the teen brain also found that it makes social

connections seem especially rewarding. As such, teens have an intense need to meet new people. Scientists suggest
this is because as teens, we begin to realize our peers may one day control the world we live in. Because it is still
developing, a teen brain can change to deal with new situations. So, it connects social rewards with even more
pleasure. In this way, the brain encourages teens to have a wide circle of friends, which is believed to make us more
successful in life.

Unfortunately, this hunt for greater rewards can sometimes lead teens to make bad decisions. However, it also
means that teens are more likely, and less afraid, to try new things or to be independent. The scientists' findings
suggest that in the long run, the impulses of the teen brain are what help teens leave their parents' care and live
their own lives successfully.
What is this passage mainly about?

a) The possible reason teenagers behave as they do

b) The effects of research on the teenage brain
c) The problems teenagers face
d) The risks teenager’s lake

What is another word for adolescent in paragraph 1?

a) Parents
b) Teachers
c) Scientist
d) Teenagers

Which sentence from paragraph 5 gives the main idea?

a) Research into the structure of the teen brain also found that it makes social connections seem especially
rewarding
b) Scientist suggest this is because as teens, we begin to realize peers nay one day control the world we live
in
c) Because it is still developing, a teen brain can change to deal with new situation
d) As such, teens have an intense need to meet new people

In paragraph 5, what does it refer to?

a) Teen brain
b) Research
c) Structure
d) Excitement

According to the passage, which of the following is not true?

a) Our brans are fully developing by the age of 12

b) Social connections are very important to teenager
c) Teen’s feet more excitement over new things than adults
d) A teen’s desire to try new things leads to being an independent adult
More Than Just a Number
A person's IQ is a measurement of a person's intelligence. It stands for intelligence quotient, the amount or degree
of intelligence. IQ tests have been around since the beginning of the 20th century, although people have been
trying to measure intelligence for much longer than that.
French psychologist Alfred Binet was one of the first people to come up with what we know as the IQ test. In 1905,
he was tasked with creating a tool for measuring which students in school were more likely to do poorly. A new law
had been passed in France that made all children go to school. Education leaders wanted to separate out the
children who were not as intelligent as the others.
Binet developed a test that would consider two factors: a child's chronological age (How old was he or she?) and a
child's mental age (Was the child thinking at, below, or above the level of other children his or her age?). He
developed questions for specific age groups. If a child could answer questions that older children could answer, that
child's mental age was higher than his chronological age. If a different child could not answer questions that
children his own age could answer, then that child's mental age was lower than his chronological age.
Binet did not believe his test fully measured a person's intelligence. He felt intelligence was something you could
not put a number on. He said more research needed to be done. Despite this, an American psychologist at Stanford
University read Binet's work and developed the test further. It became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scales. This test became one of the most popular IQ tests of the 20th century. The test may be useful, but Alfred
Binet was right: intelligence is more than just a number.

SEEING DOUBLE
Gene Theory

Many scientists once believed that physical similarities between identical twins are genetic, while their
personalities, intelligence, and other differences between them are an effect of their environment. Now scientists
are discovering that the boundaries between genetics and environment are not so clear.
The Jim Twins
Identical twins Jim Springer and Jim Lewis were adopted as babies and raised by different couples. When the Jims
finally met at age 39, they discovered they had plenty in common. Both were six feet tall, 180 pounds. They had the
same smile and the same voice. When psychologist Thomas Bouchard Jr. invited the Jim twins to his lab, his
colleagues found it very hard to tell them apart.
But the similarities didn't stop at the physical. They'd both had dogs named Toy. They had both married women
named Linda, and then divorced them. They'd both been sheriffs, enjoyed carpentry, suffered severe headaches,
and admitted to leaving love notes around the house for their wives. They had so much in common, it seemed
unlikely these were just coincidences.
Genetics and Intelligence
The Jim twins were just one of 137 sets of separated twins Bouchard tested. When they compared the twins' IQ
scores, Bouchard and his team reached a surprising conclusion. They concluded that intelligence was mostly
connected to genetics rather than to training or education. It seemed the differences in family and environment had
little effect.
However, genes can't control everything, argues geneticist Danielle Reed, who also studies twins. Reed's research
shows that though nothing can truly change our DNA, environmental differences that a child experiences before
birth and in their first year can sometimes affect the way the DNA behaves, making even identical twins into very
different people. "What I like to say is that Mother Nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen," she
explains. "Things written in pen you can't change. That's DNA. But things written in pencil you can."
In paragraph 1 what does refer to?

a) Identical twins
b) Personalities
c) Similarities
d) Scientists

What is one thing Jim Springer and Lewis don´t have in common?

a) Occupation
b) Name of cat
c) Name of ex-wife
d) Height and weight

According to the passage, what so scientist believe today?

a) Intelligence comes from a person´s DNA

b) Family environment does not affect a person
c) Personalities and intelligence come from a person environment
d) There is nothing you can change about your personality and intelligence
Is Global Warming Real?
What's Happening?

Earth is showing many signs of climate change. It's a fact that average temperatures around the world have climbed
0.8 degrees Celsius since 1880. The speed of warming is also increasing, with the years from 1980 to 2000 being the
hottest in 400 years. The ice in the Arctic region is melting rapidly, and this area may experience its first completely
ice-free summer by 2040. Further south, coral reefs, which are affected by tiny changes in water temperature,
suffered the greatest losses ever recorded in 1998. In some places, as much as 70 percent of the reef area died.
Scientists predict that as temperatures continue to rise in the next 50 years, these sorts of events will also increase.

Are Humans Causing It?

A group of more than 2,500 scientists from more than 130 countries released a report in 2007 saying that humans
have caused all or most of the current warming. For example, the growth of industrial operations, the loss of forest
lands, and increased quantities of air pollution all cause global warming. We are putting so much pollution into the
environment that plants and oceans cannot handle it. Even if we can stop all the activities that cause this pollution,
the problems would still continue for many years.

What's Going to Happen?

Although no one knows for sure what the future holds, researchers expect that there will be serious problems if we
don't stop global warming. The sea level could rise between 18 cm (7 inches) and 58 cm (23 inches) by the end of
the century. This would mean that large parts of Southeast Asia and other low-lying coastal lands would be covered
with water. Increased temperatures could make it difficult for farmers to grow a sufficient amount of food, causing
critical problems and possibly leading to starvation in some areas. Damage from heat waves, wildfires, and other
extreme weather events would likely increase. This will cause financial loss as well as the loss of human lives. It's
clear that global warming is a serious problem. Many governments and individuals are using all the resources they
can to try to save the environment and solve the problem of global warming.

Will Polar Bears Survive?

Wild polar bears are only found in the Arctic, the region around the Earth's North Pole. This region sits in the middle
of the Arctic Ocean. Although it is an ocean, you could walk across it. It's so cold, the surface freezes into ice. Most
polar bears live and hunt on the ice. The ice is strong enough to hold a polar bear's weight.

In the southern regions of the Arctic, the ice melts in the summer. When this happens, polar bears move onto land.
Land isn't the best place for polar bears because they're cut off from their main food supply: fish and seals. Hunting
on land is hard work. Polar bears need to use twice as much energy as other animals to walk. Just 12 seconds of
running can burn more energy than a polar bear would get from eating a whole seal!

Scientists measuring arctic temperatures have discovered an alarming trend. The Arctic is heating up. As it becomes
warmer, ice melts earlier in the year. This gives the bears less time to hunt on the ice, forcing them onto land
sooner. Many polar bears cannot find enough food on land.

For polar bears, warmer weather could mean disaster. They have to find enough food to survive the warmest
months. Already in some areas, the bears must eat enough in only three or four months to last the rest of the year.
That means they go months eating nothing at all.

Polar bears have a history of survival. Their eating habits change depending on where they can find food: on ice or
on land. They adapt to survive. Scientists are not sure what will happen to polar bears. But there is hope that polar
bears will survive despite the challenges they face in a warmer world.
The Chacaltaya ski area sits
upon a small mountain glacier in Bolivia. Although the area is less than a kilometer long, it once hosted international
ski competitions. In the past ten years, however, the snow has melted very quickly. As Chacaltaya glacier melts, dark
rocks are uncovered. These rocks absorb more heat, causing the snow to melt faster. The cycle seems unstoppable
in the long run. Today, the snow is almost gone, and so are Chacaltaya's days as a popular ski resort.

A Global Problem

In recent years, scientists all around the world have come to a terrifying conclusion. Global warming is a real
problem, and one largely caused by human activity. But as experts debate how to solve the problem, ice in
mountains such as Chacaltaya, and near the North and South Poles, is melting faster than even the most pessimistic
environmentalists once feared. Ten years ago, scientists warned that the Arctic Ocean could lose all its ice in about a
hundred years. Now, they think it could happen much sooner. As climate scientist Mark Serreze puts it, "Reality is
exceeding expectations."

Glacier Run

The ice sheet of Greenland is also melting more quickly than scientists predicted. Its largest outlet glacier,
Jacobshavn Isbr, is moving toward the sea faster than expected. In fact, the glacier is moving twice as fast as it was
in 1995. Rising air and sea temperatures are two well-known causes. Researchers have also discovered other
unexpected processes that cause them to melt faster. For instance, water from melting ice runs down cracks in the
glacier and gets between the ice and the rock below. This makes it easier for the glacier to slide into the warmer sea
water.

Some researchers believe that Greenland's melting, if it continues, could add at least a meter to global sea levels by
2100. If the ice sheet of Antarctica, now largely unaffected, begins to melt, the next few centuries could see at least
a two-meter rise in sea levels, forcing tens of millions of people out of their homes.

Drying Out

While the melting of glaciers may flood some areas of the Earth, global warming is making the water disappear from
other places. Many scientists think the glaciers of the Himalayas and the Andes could disappear in this century. As a
result, millions of people in India, Bangladesh, Bolivia, and Peru who depend on water from mountain glaciers like
Chacaltaya could find themselves in a critical situation. An increasing number of heat waves and droughts
worldwide also suggests global warming is having an impact on humans right now, and that it could change the face
of the world in the future.

How can we avoid these terrible consequences? "We have to have a serious and immediate shift in attitude," says
Laurie David, a producer of the movie An Inconvenient Truth, which helped to raise awareness of the problem.
Many believe that an attitude of hope and a desire to stay informed make a good beginning. As most would agree,
an informed public is clearly in a better position to help address this critical issue.

Is Global Warming Real?

What's Happening?
Earth is showing many signs of climate change. It's a fact that average temperatures around the world have climbed
0.8 degrees Celsius since 1880. The speed of warming is also increasing, with the years from 1980 to 2000 being the
hottest in 400 years. The ice in the Arctic region is melting rapidly, and this area may experience its first completely
ice-free summer by 2040. Further south, coral reefs, which are affected by tiny changes in water temperature,
suffered the greatest losses ever recorded in 1998. In some places, as much as 70 percent of the reef area died.
Scientists predict that as temperatures continue to rise in the next 50 years, these sorts of events will also increase.

Are Humans Causing It?

A group of more than 2,500 scientists from more than 130 countries released a report in 2007 saying that humans
have caused all or most of the current warming. For example, the growth of industrial operations, the loss of forest
lands, and increased quantities of air pollution all cause global warming. We are putting so much pollution into the
environment that plants and oceans cannot handle it. Even if we can stop all the activities that cause this pollution,
the problems would still continue for many years.

What's Going to Happen?

Although no one knows for sure what the future holds, researchers expect that there will be serious problems if we
don't stop global warming. The sea level could rise between 18 cm (7 inches) and 58 cm (23 inches) by the end of
the century. This would mean that large parts of Southeast Asia and other low-lying coastal lands would be covered
with water. Increased temperatures could make it difficult for farmers to grow a sufficient amount of food, causing
critical problems and possibly leading to starvation in some areas. Damage from heat waves, wildfires, and other
extreme weather events would likely increase. This will cause financial loss as well as the loss of human lives. It's
clear that global warming is a serious problem. Many governments and individuals are using all the resources they
can to try to save the environment and solve the problem of global warming.

Jens Danielsen kneels

on his dogsled as it slides along the rough edge of a frozen sea. "Harru, harru," he calls out urgently. "Go left, go left.
Atsuk, atsuk. Go right, go right." The 15 dogs in his team move carefully. Despite the freezing temperatures of the
Arctic in late March, the ice is thin and has broken up, making travel dangerous. "The sea ice used to be three feet
thick here," Danielsen says. "Now it's only four inches thick." Global warming is clearly having an unfavorable effect
on the amount of sea ice needed for hunting.

As big as a bear and with a kind, boyish face, Danielsen is a 45-year-old ice hunter from Qaanaaq, a village of about
650 people whose brightly painted houses cover a hillside overlooking a fjord. He's heading toward the ice edge to
find walruses, as Inuit hunters have done for as long as they and their ancestors can remember. With his extended
family and 57 dogs to feed, he will need to kill several walruses on this trip.

In the past, a thick shelf of ice would cover parts of the ocean near northwestern Greenland in September and stay
until June. But for a number of years, the ice has been thick and the hunting good for only three or four weeks. The
ice shelf gives hunters access to walruses, seals, and whales. Without the ice, hunting these creatures becomes
nearly impossible. One winter, Qaanaaq's hunters found themselves without sufficient food to feed their starving
dogs. The hunters, understandably, asked for help. The government responded with money, while fishing
corporations assisted by sending in fish by airplane. And the hunters and their families survived one more year out
on the ice.

Sadly, today, fewer than 500 ice hunters are able to live by hunting alone. They travel by dogsled, wear skins, and
hunt with harpoons, just as their ancestors did. At the same time, they now also use guns, cell phones, and watch
TV. "This changing weather is bad for us," Danielsen says, scowling. "Some [of our] people have to go other ways to
make a living." His wife, Ilaitsuk, who used to go with him on these hunting trips, has had to take a job at a day-care
center in Qaanaaq to help pay their bills. The government now funds job training programs to help ice hunters find
other employment.

Warmer weather does provide some opportunities. Quantities of valuable fish that prefer warmer water are
increasing, and melting ice has uncovered some of Greenland's valuable natural resources--minerals, metals, and
gems. Electric power plants, with the promise of new jobs, may soon be built on rivers filled by melting ice. But the
last ice hunters may not be able to get used to working as fishermen, in mines, or in power plants. As Danielsen
says, "Without ice, we can't live. Without ice, we're nothing at all."

What does whose refer to paragraph 2?

 a) Danielsen´s
b) Hunters
c) People’s
d) Bear’s

According to paragraph 3 how long is the ice good for hunting now?

a) From September to June

b) For three or four weeks
c) For a numbers of years
d) One winter

What is the paragraph 4 mainly about

a) How men usually work while women stay home

b) How ice hunters´ lives are changing
c) Which technology ice hunters use
d) How ice hunters pay their bills

What can we infer from the last paragraph?

a) Ice hunters will die when the ice melts

b) There´s nothing good about the warmer weather
c) It´s not easy for ice hunters to change their way of life
d) No one will want to work in the electrical power plants

Where would the following sentence fit best?

“People are adapting because they have no other choice.

a) At the end of the paragraph 1

b) At the end of the paragraph 2
c) At the end of the paragraph 3
d) At the end of the paragraph 4
Wild polar bears are only found in the Arctic,
the region around the Earth's North Pole. This region sits in the middle of the Arctic Ocean. Although it is an ocean,
you could walk across it. It's so cold, the surface freezes into ice. Most polar bears live and hunt on the ice. The ice is
strong enough to hold a polar bear's weight.

In the southern regions of the Arctic, the ice melts in the summer. When this happens, polar bears move onto land.
Land isn't the best place for polar bears because they're cut off from their main food supply: fish and seals. Hunting
on land is hard work. Polar bears need to use twice as much energy as other animals to walk. Just 12 seconds of
running can burn more energy than a polar bear would get from eating a whole seal!

Scientists measuring arctic temperatures have discovered an alarming trend. The Arctic is heating up. As it becomes
warmer, ice melts earlier in the year. This gives the bears less time to hunt on the ice, forcing them onto land
sooner. Many polar bears cannot find enough food on land.

For polar bears, warmer weather could mean disaster. They have to find enough food to survive the warmest
months. Already in some areas, the bears must eat enough in only three or four months to last the rest of the year.
That means they go months eating nothing at all.

Polar bears have a history of survival. Their eating habits change depending on where they can find food: on ice or
on land. They adapt to survive. Scientists are not sure what will happen to polar bears. But there is hope that polar
bears will survive despite the challenges they face in a warmer world.

What is the best purpose of the passage

a) Describe a problem
b) Talk about history
c) Argue a point
d) Tell a story

In paragraph 2 what does cut off mean?

a) Cut into pieces by something sharp

b) Separated, can´t get something
c) Hunt for a long time
d) Eat to much

What does them refer to in paragraph 3

a) Food
b) Popular bears
c) Scientists
d) Temperatures

Does the author think polar bears sill survive?

a) Yes, because they have done it already

b) Yes, but only if people help then
c) No, their food supply is gone
d) No, they´ll probably die out

What does the following sentence form paragraph 5 mean?

“They adapt to survive”

a) The live off of no food during the summer months

b) They charge how they live in order to stay alive
c) Some polar bears live to be 100 years old
d) They change the way they look
Army Ants
One of the best places to observe army ants is Barro Colorado, an island in a lake created by the Panama Canal. The
island is home to as many as 50 colonies of Eciton burchellii, the most studied army ant in the world.

The colonies of this army ant are huge, ranging from 300,000 to 700,000 ants. Linking their legs together, they have
the capability to use their own bodies to form enormous nests called bivouacs. There they stay for about 20 days as
the queen lays as many as 300,000 eggs. When the ants go hunting, as many as 200,000 of them leave the nest in a
group that broadens into a fan as wide as 14 meters across. The swarm raid takes a slightly different course each
day, allowing the hunters to cover fresh ground.

Protecting the ants wherever they go are the soldiers, recognizable by their unusual, oversized jaws. The soldiers
have a powerful bite--but their attack is almost always suicidal. Because their jaws are shaped like fishhooks, it's
impossible for the soldiers to pull them out again. Amazonian tribes have used soldier ants to close wounds,
breaking off the bodies and leaving the heads in place.

Eciton burchellii are blind and can't see what's ahead of them, but they move together in such great numbers that
they easily kill the non-army ants, insects, and other small creatures that constitute their prey. When the group
happens upon a break in the path, ants immediately link legs together and form a living bridge so that they can
move forward without any delay.

In Japanese, the word ant is written by linking two characters: one meaning "insect," the other meaning "loyalty."
Indeed, individual ants are completely loyal to their fellow ants. They display many examples of selfless cooperation
that, while certainly extreme, can't fail to win human admiration.

The Everyday Life of Army Ants

Army ants are known for their ability to form huge cooperative groups that are capable of going out and killing as
many as 10,000 animals a day. Some of the creatures they kill are larger than the ants themselves. The ants also
travel long distances during these food searches, even though they are almost totally blind. In addition to these
surprising facts, the details of the home life of these amazing insects are also worth learning about.

Domestic Life

Army ants have special parts on their feet called hooks that allow them to connect their legs securely to another
ant's. They use these hooks to form a large nest called a hive, which hangs from a tree. They add nothing extra to
this structure, so the hive, constituted entirely of the bodies of worker ants, is actually a living thing.

Making Babies

In the hive lives a single queen whose job is to produce all of the babies for the group. At one point, several female
worker ants leave the hive and come back with a male with wings who will become the queen's mate. Some males
are credited with helping a queen produce as many as 300,000 baby ants. The male then dies, leaving the queen to
care for the eggs. They are placed in the middle of the hive and are retained there until they are large enough to
survive on their own. If the group needs to be moved for some reason, the ants all hold on to each other and form a
ball, and the entire living hive moves itself to a new location.

Who's the Boss?

The queen is the most important ant because she is the source of all the ants in the group. Next come the workers,
who collect food and keep the hive clean. Then there are the soldiers, whose job is oversee the safety of the hive
and to protect it from anything that disturbs it. When they discover a threat, their reaction is quick and very
forceful.

It usually takes them only moments to overwhelm the invaders. Although these creatures' way of life may seem
unusual to us, their organization is what keeps them alive.

For many people,

moths are swarming, dust-colored pests that eat our clothes and disturb us by flying around lights after dark.
However, to artist Joseph Scheer, they are creatures of beauty. The images he creates bring out the beauty of
moths, with colors, shapes, and patterns that have never before been seen so clearly. "Digital tools let you see
things you'd never see just looking with your eyes," Scheer says. Scheer's images have been displayed around the
world, and one reaction is heard everywhere: "People insist, ‘No, that can't be a moth,'" says Scheer. One Swiss
viewer credited the insects' lovely variety to their exotic American origin: "We don't have such nice moths in our
country," he declared. In fact, every country has moths that can amaze.

The process began with a moth hunt in the state of New York. Scheer would leave the lights on and windows open
overnight at his university office. He later returned to collect the moths that had flown in. When the building
cleaners complained, he moved the hunt to his friend Mark Klingensmith's yard. "Mark's a gardener with lots of
stuff growing on his property," Scheer says. "Moths like it." They set up lights shining over a plastic container on a
white sheet. Then they watched as moths emerged from the darkness, flew carelessly into the sheet, and fell into
the plastic container. "We got a different species every night that first season," Scheer says. "The patterns and
colors were overwhelming."

Scanning the Details

Using a powerful scanner designed for camera film, they were able to capture detailed pictures of moths. Small
moths present special challenges. "One twitch of the finger and there goes a wing," says Scheer. "I try to drink less
coffee when I'm working on [them]."

The scanner records so much information that a single moth can take 20 minutes to scan. A scan of just two small
moths fills an entire CD. All that information means the size of an image can be increased 2,700 percent, but still
retain all the details and appear perfectly clear. You'd need a microscope to see the details shown in Scheer's prints.

Scheer's work is not only a new form of art. He can also be congratulated for making a valuable contribution to the
record of moths where he lives. He has helped identify more than a thousand different species. "Not from Alaska or
the Amazon," Klingensmith says. "All from one backyard."

Mirror Image
If you were to draw a line down a moth's back, the moth's right side would look like a reflection of its left side. This
is called bilateral symmetry. Moths are an example of symmetry in nature. In nature, though, both sides aren't
always exactly the same. You can see that if you draw a line of symmetry down the middle of your face. You might
notice that one eyebrow is slightly higher than the other. Maybe when you smile, you've got only one dimple
instead of two. Both sides of your face have an eye, an ear, and half a smile. Both are almost alike. So your face is
still symmetrical.

When you look at a luna moth, it's very easy to see bilateral symmetry. Find one resting with its wings open. Then
you can really see how its two sides look the same. A pair of pale green wings grows from each side of the moth's
body. Two feathery antennae stick up from its head. Its body parts are about the same size and shape. They are
evenly arranged along its white furry body.

If you take a look at the pretty patterns on its green and purple wings, you can see symmetry there, too. A ribbon of
purple runs along the edges of its wings. The matching spots on its wings look just like a pair of eyes staring at you.
The patterns are made by thousands of tiny overlapping, matching scales.

Bilateral symmetry is all around you. Most animals have it. Camels, beetles, pigeons, and frogs have it. You can even
look at your pet for signs of symmetry. Moths are a great example. Once you start looking, you'll see nature's
symmetry all around you.

The Dream of Flight

For thousands of years, humans have dreamed of flying. The ancient Greeks told the legend of Icarus, a boy who
flies so high that the sun melts his man-made wings and he comes crashing down to Earth. Across history, many
more people have died after jumping from a tower or cliff with man-made wings that didn't quite work. Flying, for
humans, seemed an impossible feat.

Yet, many continued to dream of flying as free as birds. One such dreamer was the great 15th-century artist and
inventor Leonardo da Vinci. He studied the flight of birds and even designed his own flying machines, but they--and
he--never left the ground.

Five hundred years later, standing on a windy hill in North Carolina, in the U.S., I was about to make the dream
come true. Unlike Leonardo, I had the help of a hang glider--a light, modern machine that makes flying simple and
safe enough even for tourist entertainment. I held on to the hang glider as tightly as I could. Terrified, I ran down
the hill. Suddenly, I was running in the air. I was flying! What a thrill! Now I wanted more.

A friend in my hang gliding class suggested I next try a "tandem flight." She explained that it's flying in a hang glider
for two people. A small airplane tows you up 600 meters into the air and lets you go. I decided to try it with my
instructor, Jon Thompson. Up we went. When the airplane released us, it felt like falling from a building, headfirst.
"You can fly now," Jon said. After a few moments, I found the courage to turn the glider a little to the left, and then
a little to the right. I was more like a pigeon than an eagle, but I was flying!

Of course, hang gliding is not the only way mankind has learned to enjoy the freedom of flight. Today, some people
skydive, while others--known as BASE jumpers--enjoy the excitement of jumping off buildings, cliffs, and bridges,
often illegally. They free-fall for a few exciting moments, and then open a parachute before hitting the ground. "It's
as close as human beings can get to flying like a bird," says BASE jumper J. T. Holmes.

Switzerland's Yves Rossy might disagree. The wings he has invented for personal flight have four small engines. He
steers them just by moving his shoulders. For ten minutes at a time, Rossy does seem to fly as free as a bird, having
both power and control. One of his longest flights was across the water from France to England. "It's awesome, it's
great, it's fantastic!" says Rossy. Since then, he has continued to improve his wing design, and hopes he can
"motivate the next generation of thinkers to do something different . . . even if it seems impossible."

Adventure is How We Learn

"Adventure is how we learn." These are the words of Felix Baumgartner. Baumgartner is a skydiver who took his
extreme sport to an even more extreme level. Together with a team of scientists, Baumgartner prepared to jump
from the Earth's stratosphere, the outer part of the Earth's atmosphere that is 10-50 kilometers (6-30 miles) above
ground.

No one had ever attempted this before. Baumgartner would break records. He'd also provide important scientific
data. His team of scientists had questions only his jump could answer. They wanted to know how a human body
would react to such a big fall from such a high place. They wanted to see how well the technology created to
protect him worked. They wanted to find out how far and how fast he could fall--and still survive.

The experiment was not without its dangers. The air pressure is different in the stratosphere and can do strange
things to the body. It causes saliva, tears, and other liquids to turn into gases and expand. A person's body starts to
swell. It can puff up to twice its normal size. Also, there is not enough oxygen for a person to breathe. Because of
these dangers, scientists had Baumgartner wear a special suit. The suit provided him with oxygen and kept his body
from swelling up.

Baumgartner got into a giant balloon and went 39 kilometers (24 miles ) above the ground. When the balloon
stopped rising, Baumgartner jumped out. At first he felt like he was floating. Then he began to pick up speed. He did
a free fall towards the earth at a top speed of 1358 kilometers (844 miles) per hour. Nine minutes after his jump,
Baumgartner landed safely on the ground. He set a speed record and scientists got the answers they were looking
for.

The Deepest Cave

It's August 2004. Caver Sergio Garca-Dils de la Vega kisses his girlfriend good-bye at the entrance of Krubera Cave.
He doesn't know it yet, but Krubera, in the western Caucasus Mountains, is the deepest known cave in the world. It
will be weeks before he sees her again.

A member of an international team of 56 cavers from seven countries, Garca-Dils' mission was to explore Krubera.
The team also hoped to be the first to reach a depth of 2,000 meters (6,562 feet), a feat compared to conquering
the North and South Poles. One team member even describes descending into Krubera as "like climbing an inverted
Mount Everest."

Like climbers making their way up that famous peak, the cavers descend slowly. They climbed down ropes through
huge tunnels, and crawled through tight passages. Bringing over five tons of equipment and other necessities with
them, they established underground camps along the route. At each camp, they stopped to rest, eat, sleep, and
plan the next part of the journey. Some days, they worked for up to 20 hours at a time. And each day, they left miles
of rope behind them to ease their return ascent, and telephone lines to communicate with people above.

In the third week, they reached 1,775 meters, the deepest point achieved by cavers so far. Here, progress was
blocked by a sump--a passage filled with water. The cavers had only a few options: They could empty out all the
water, dive through, or go around it. Gennady Samokhin dove to the bottom but was disappointed: "No chance to
get through," he said. Searching for a way around the sump, Garca-Dils risked entering a cascade of near freezing
water. "The water was so cold I lost the feeling in my fingers," he said. He, too, was unsuccessful.

Finally, the team found a way around the sump through a tight passage they called the "Way to the Dream." At first,
they were exhilarated. However, it soon led to yet another sump at 1,840 meters. After a short test dive, Samokhin
emerged, smiling. There was a promising passage, he reported. Sadly, it would have to wait. After nearly four weeks
underground, with supplies running low, the team was out of time. They would have to return to the surface.
Four weeks later, following the path opened by Garca-Dils' team, a team of Ukrainian cavers reached the sump at
1,840 meters relatively quickly. After much searching, a pit (named the "Millennium Pit") was discovered that
allowed them to pass the 2,000-meter depth. More pits and passages led them to 2,080 meters, a spot they named
"Game Over." But the caving game is never over. In 2009, Gennady Samokhin returned to Krubera. This time, he
reached a depth of 2,191 meters. Then in 2012, he broke his own record, diving to a point six meters deeper, at a
total depth of 2,197 meters. And so the caving game goes on, with deeper and deeper caves calling out to be
explored.

A Cave without a Name

Back in 1940, the small town of Boerne, Texas held a contest to name a new cave. A schoolboy wrote down the
phrase, "too pretty to have a name." The judges liked it, and he won the $250 prize. The cave was officially named,
"A Cave without a Name."

The cave was discovered in the 1935 by several farm children. The owner of the land decided to open the cave to
the public. Stairs were built into the cave, and to this day guests continue to descend into its artificially lit
chambers1. The cave has two main areas. The main part of the cave has 6 large rooms where tours are given. The
other part has a complex series of tunnels that continue to be explored.

Photo of stalactites in a cave

The main area's rooms have amazing displays of various rock formations. Stalactites are icicle-shaped formations
that hang from the ceiling. These were created by years and years of dripping rainwater. As the water dripped into
the cave, it would evaporate and leave behind a deposit of minerals. The minerals built up over time and formed
structures on the ceiling of the cave. Any rainwater that dripped to the bottom of the cave would form stalagmites.
Just like stalactites, the water would evaporate and leave behind a mineral deposit. The deposit would form a little
tower over time. Sometimes the stalagmites and stalactites would meet up with each other and form a column.

Visitors who come to see the cave's natural beauty are rarely disappointed. Live concerts, a sculpture garden, and
over a mile of hiking trails are also offered at the cave. Like its unusual name, A Cave without a Name continues to
attract people's attention

THE LIMITS OF LYING

Lying is a part of human nature. But how far will people go?

Psychologist Dan Ariely became interested in dishonesty about 15 years ago. During a long-distance flight, he came
across an IQ test in a magazine. He answered the first question and checked the answer key to see if he got it right.
He then took a quick look at the next answer before looking back at the quiz. He continued in this way through the
whole test. Not surprisingly, he scored very well. "When I finished, I thought - I cheated myself," he says. So why did
he do it? "Presumably, I wanted to know how smart I am, but I also wanted to prove I'm this smart to myself." The
experience led Ariely to develop a lifelong interest in the study of lying and other forms of dishonesty.

To find out more about lying habits, Ariely developed a series of studies known as the Matrix Experiments. In the
experiments, volunteers completed a test with 20 simple math problems. They were given five minutes to solve as
many as they could. For each correct answer, they were told they would receive a sum of money. When the time
was up, the volunteers counted the number of problems they solved correctly. They were then asked to destroy
their answer sheets in a shredder. After reporting their own test scores, they were paid accordingly. However, there
was something the volunteers didn't know. Their answer sheets were never actually destroyed.

By comparing actual test scores to reported scores, Ariely's research team found out how many volunteers lied, and
how much they lied by. The results? Of the 40,000 people who participated in the experiment, nearly 70 percent
lied about their test score. On average, volunteers said they solved six problems, but it was closer to four. The
results are similar across different cultures. Most of us lie, but only a little.

The question Ariely finds most interesting is not why so many of us lie, but rather why we don't lie a lot more. In
one version of the experiment, participants were offered significantly more money for each correct answer.
However, this did not cause them to cheat more. "Here we give people a chance to steal lots of money, and people
cheat only a little bit. So something stops us - most of us - from not lying all the way," Ariely says.

The reason, he believes, is that we want to see ourselves as honest, because honesty is a value taught to us by
society. This is why most of us place limits on how much we lie. We may be able to come up with an excuse for
taking Post-it Notes from an office fairly easily. "But it is much more difficult to come up with an excuse for taking
$10,000," Ariely explains. The extent of our lying is determined largely by what is acceptable by society. "Cheating is
easier," he says, "when we can justify our behavior."
Text 1
Hello, nice to meet you. My name is Nico and my last name is Aguirre. I am nineteen years old. 1 am from
Argentina, but I live in London with my mother, my little brother and my dog. We live in a small house in Greenwich.
I am a student. I study Business and management at university. 1 live near my university, so I walk there every day.
My professors are very friendly, but they give us a lot of homework. My best friends are Daniel and Eddy and they
are also my classmates. We help each other with homework. We love to travel and we are always planning our next
trip. We prefer an active holiday like hiking, skiing or watersports. I like Italian food. I eat out pasta with my family
once a week.

After reading, we can say that the text is about

A. Describing the activities that the main character does every day.
B. Providing personal information about the main character.
C. Telling the adventures of the main character and his friends.
D. Describing how the main character lives in London.
E. Describing the performance of the main character's professors
Which of the following ideas do not describe to the main character?

A. He was born in Argentina, but he lives in London.

B. He lives in a small house with some members of his family.
C. His university is near his house so he can walk.
D. He has a part time job on weekends.
E. He studies with his best friends.
What activity do Nico and his friends like to do?

A. They like doing their homework together.

B. They like planning their activities for weekends.
C. They like travelling and practice different sports.
D. They like going to eat Italian food.
E. They like going at university walking.
How does Nico describe to his professors?

A. They are unfriendly, but they do not give homework

B. They are very strict and give a lot of homework
C. They are very funny and never give homework.
D. They are friendly and never give homework.
E. They are friendly, but give a lot of homework
From the text it can be inferred that

A. Daniel and Eddy study Business and management.

B. The professors are unfriendly because they give a lot of homework.
C. Nico cannot take a taxi near his home.
D. Nico wants to travel to Argentina.
E. Nico likes to walk around the city.

Text 2
I am a country agricultural agent. Basically, my job is to counsel farmers in my country to improve farming methods
and to increase quality and production.
This is a major concern of farmers in my area: the improvement of agriculture by bettering methods of production.
We spend a lot time discussing problems common to farmers, planning research projects. Hopefully, we can apply
what is learned in the various farms around the country.
My work is very interesting because it combines a large degree of the “human element” with the ongoing battle
against nature to get more and better food into the mouths of hungry people.

What is the best tittle for the text?

A. Common problems on the farms.

B. My job as a country agricultural agent.
C. Improvement of farms in recent years.
D. A day in my farm.
 E.The major concern of farmers.

After reading the text we can say the text is about.

A. The problems that farmers have every day.

B. Application of technologies on the farms to solve their problems.
C. The importance of farms to feed the population.
D. The main functions of a country agricultural agent.
E. The importance of farmers in a country.

According to the text we can say that.

A. The country agricultural agents counsel farmers to be able to export their products.
B. The country agricultural agents and the farmers work together to be able to get better food for the
population.
C. The country agricultural agents and farmers spend a lot of time discussing ways to increase the cost of
their products.
D. The country agricultural agents do not improve agricultural methods of production.
E. The country agricultural agents visit farmers once a week.

Determine the false sentence according to the text

A. The major concern of farmers is to export their products.

B. A country agricultural agent counsels farmers to improve farming methods.
C. There are many problems on the farms that are often solved with the support of the country agricultural
agents.
D. One of the functions of a country agricultural agents is to increase quality and production.
E. A country agricultural agent helps to solve many farm problems around the country.

Text 3
Christmas which is celebrated on December 25th is an important Christian holiday. The origin of the word
"Christmas" comes from "Christ" and the "Holy Mass". It is believed that the day commemorates the birth of Jesus
Christ although a lot of people doubt that the Day corresponds to the actual date of his birth. In spite of its Christian
origin, Christmas is also celebrated by a lot of non-countries and the celebration includes a lot of non-religious
customs. People exchange gifts and greeting cards. Homes are decorated with Christmas trees, light and garlands.
Dinners are planned with special food and all the families gather to have a lot of fun. A central imaginary figure in
Christmas is Father Christmas, also called Santa Claus. He is believed to fly on his sleigh bringing gifts for children.

Christmas is also an opportunity for economic growth. It has become an important period for business activity.
Shops make a lot of profit and a lot of countries realized this economic impact.

1. Christmas celebration is on?

a) December 24
b) December 25th
c) December 26th
d) December 25
e) December 1

2. Jesus Christ's Date of birth

a) It is on December 25*
b) It is on December 24*
c) It is on December 22th
d) It is on December 26
e) We are not sure about the exact date.

3. Why is Christmas an opportunity for economic growth?

a) Shops give profit for free.

b) People make profit and countries realized this economic impact.
 c) Shops don’t make profit.
d) Shops realized this economic impact.
e) Shops make profit and countries realized this economic impact.

Text 3
Joanne Kathleen Rowling was born in Chipping Sodbury in J965. She spent her childhood near Bristol. Two of the
children she played with were called Pofier, a nome she liked very much. At school she wasn’t good at sports, but
she was very imaginative and very interested in languages and she wrote her first story when she was five or six
years old. When she was nine years old, she had a school teacher who terrified her.

After school she studied French at Exeter University and spent one year in Paris. In J992 she went to Portugal to
teach English. Her marriage to a Portuguese TV toumolist ended in divorce and she returned to Britain with her
daughter. They sefiled in Edinburgh. She was out of work and she spent her time writing.

The idea of telling the story ofo boy who was a wizard come to her in 1990. She continued working on the story for
several years and finished her novel when she was in Edinburgh. Then she sent it to mony publishers who rejected
it. Finally in 1996, Bloomsbury Children’s Book bought her novel Harry Pofier and the Philosopher’s Stone. It was
published in 1997 and immediately become a best- seller. Writing is now J.K. Rowling’s full-time job.

1. From the text it can be inferred thot

a) J.K. Routing likes sports.

b) J.K. Routing, is a British writer.
c) J.K. Rowling lived in France some years.
d) J.K. Rowling got married with a French lv journalist
e) J.K. Rowling spends time reading magazines.
2. According to the text we can soy

a) J.K. Rowling didn’t live near Bristol when she was a little girl.
b) She invented the name Potter.
c) She enjoyed practicing sport.
d) The first book Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone was published when J.K. Routing was thirty-two.
e) J.K. Rowling was born in Bristol in 1965.
3. Choose the answer with the true sentence.

a) She started writing stories after university.

b) She was a French teacher in Portugal.
c) She got married to Portuguese journalist, but then she got divorced.
d) Publishers were immediately interested in Harry potter.
e) J.K. Rowling changed her name after her first book.

Text 4
Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist, olthoug h most people probably know him as the most intelligent
person who ever lived. His nome has become port of mony languages when we wont to soy someone is a genius, as
in the phrase, “She’s a real Einstein”. He must hove been pretty brainy to discover the Theory of Relativity and the
equation E -mc2.

in 19P9, ’Time’ magazine named Einstein as the Person of the Century. No one could hove guessed this wouid
happen when he was at school. He was extremely interested in science but hated the system of ieorning by heart.
He said it destroyed learning and creativity.

He had already done mony experiments, but foiled the entrance exams to a technical college. He didn’t let this
setback stop him. When he was 16, he performed his famous experiment of imagining traveling alongside a beam of
light. He eventually graduated from university, in 1900, with a degree in physics. Twelve years later he was a
university professor and in 1921, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. He went on to publish over 300 scientific
papers. Einstein is the only scientist to become a cult figure, a household nome, and port of everyday culture. He
once joked that when people stopped him in the street, he always replied: “Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken
for Professor Einstein.” Today, he is seen as the typical mod, absent-minded professor, who iust happened to
change our world.

Albert Einstein died in 1955. He was seventy-six years old.

1. According to the text, which of the following events occurred first.

 f) Einstein was 76 years old when he died.
g) Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
h) Einstein foiled the entrance exams to a technical college.
i) Einstein published many scientific articles.
j) Einstein graduated from university.
2. From the text it can be inferred thot Einstein was a university professor in

a) 1955
b) 1999
c) 1932
d) 1912
e) 1921

3. Which is the synonym of “absent-minded”

a) forgetful
b) Suspicious
c) Mod
d) Annoyed
e) Grumpy

4. Determine the false sentence according to the text:

a) Albert Einstein was a scientist who was born in Germany.

b) Einstein disliked the system of learning by heart.
c) Einstein graduated with a degree in physics and a few years later become a university professor.
d) Einstein has published many scientific articles.
e) Einstein won two Nobel Prizes in Physics in 1921.

Text 5
Jhon:

Do you feel like a juicy burger? Well, it's OX. F-ast food isn't that bad for you. Remember we need protein in our diet
to be strong and healthy, and our body needs a little fat, too. Also, eating a few fries every now and then doesn't
make you unhealthy. Potatoes are rich in carbohydrates and they give you energy. Just don't overdo it with fried
food. For some vitamins, choose a fresh salad with olive oil. Nowadays, most fast-food places have salad bars. So,
don't avoid fast food completely. Eating too much of it is unhealthy.

Ross:

Fast food is junk food. It's full of fat, salt and sugar, and it doesn't contain many vitamins. Many teenagers have
made fast food a regular part of their diet and are overweight. Also, they don't exercise enough, so at some point,
they will probably have health problems. Teens need to avoid fast food. They should eat home- cooked meals and
lots of salads. They should drink lots of milk instead of soft drinks. Milk and dairy products are rich in protein and
calcium and are necessary for healthy teeth and bones.

1. What does Jhon think of fast food?

a) He thinks that eating too much of it is unhealthy.

b) He thinks that eating too much of this is healthy.
c) He thinks that teens need to avoid fast food.
d) He thinks that eating too much of it is good for health.
e) He thinks that eating too much it gives us protein.

2. According to Ross: What does fast food contain?

a) It contains a little fat, carbohydrates and energy.

b) It contains full of fat, salt and sugar.
c) It contains many vitamins.
d) It contains protein.
e) It contains many vitamins and proteins.
 3. What should teenagers do to change their diet?

a) They shouldn’t avoid fast food because this food is healthy.

b) They should avoid fast food.
c) They should eat home cooked meals, a lot of salad bars and drinks a lot of milk instead of soft drinks.
d) They should eat more junk food because is healthy.
e) They should drink lots of soda.

4. According to the text:

a) Junk food isn't fast food.

b) Junk food isn't full of fat.
c) Junk food isn't full of salt and sugar.
d) Junk food contains many proteins.
e) Junk food doesn't contain many vitamins.

5. From the text it can be inferred that:

a) We should avoid junk food because we may have health problems in the future.
b) Junk food is a good for our health and an option for all people.
c) Teenagers do exercise and eat a balanced diet.
d) Junk food is good for health and an option for teenagers.
e) Nothing can be inferred.

6. According to the text:

a) Junk food is fast food.

b) Junk food isn't fast food.
c) Fast food is healthy.
d) Junk food is healthy.
e) Fast food and junk food are very good for health.

Text 6
My name is Mary and I am an architect. I get up every morning and have cereal for breakfast. I also have a can of
coke. I drink too much coke but really like it. For lunch have a sandwich but also eat a lot of fruit. I don't do enough
exercise but I try and do for a run once a week. For dinner I usually have pasta or salad. My brother is called Tim
and he works in an office. He doesn't eat breakfast in the morning but he has a salad and a glass of orange juice for
lunch. He does a lot of exercise and goes to the gym every day but he eats too many cakes. He works very hard
and sometimes just has a sandwich for dinner. I don't think he gets enough sleep.

1. From the text it can be inferred that:

a) Mary has a balanced diet.

b) Mary does exercise every day.
c) Mary only drinks water.
d) Mary hates junk food.
e) Mary only eats fruit.

2. How many times a week does Mary exercise?

a) Once a week.
b) Three times a week.
c) Twice a week.
d) Four times a week.
e) Mary doesn’t do exercise.

3. How many times a week does Tim exercise?

a) Once a week.
b) Every day.
c) Twice a week.
d) Three times a week.
 e) Tim doesn't do exercise.

4. From the text it can be inferred that Mary and Tim

a) They never eat junk food because ii isn´t healthy.

b) They do a lot of exercise.
c) They try to eat healthy but many times they eat junk food.
d) They love junk food.
e) They never eat junk food.

Text 7
It was raining very hard when the bus left the school. As we got home, my mom and dad were waiting for us. They
told us to run into the basement. Them I looked up the rood and sow thot a twister was coming towards our house.
We all ron to the shelter but it was too late. The twister was passing over us while we were trying to get down the
stairs. We were closing the door when the wind suddenly pulled it off. The noise was as loud as a train, and it was
very dark. My dad was holding me down when suddenly the twister lifted him and threw him against a wall. The
next moment there was panic. Everybody was screaming for help while the twister was throwing things on top of
us. Suddenly the wind stopped. It become very quiet. Afterwards I was ok, but my dad and brother were hurt.
Fortunately, we all survived.

1. In the sentence ‘As we got home, my mom and dad were waiting for us’. The word ‘As’ means:

a) Because
b) While
c) Since
d) For
e) Before
2. From the text it can be inferred that

a) Afterwards my dad was of but my mom and brother were hurt.

b) A Twister does not cause damage to people, it only destroys objects.
c) A Twister con only occur at sea.
d) We all ron to the shelter and we were safe from the Twister.
e) The most dangerous aspect of a Twister is the force thot lifts upward inside the funnel cloud.

TEXT 8
Dolphins are marine mammals closely related to whales and porpoises. The name is originally from Greek (delphus),
meaning womb. The animal's name can therefore be interpreted as meaning a fish with a womb. Along with whales
and porpoises, dolphins are descendants of terrestrial mammals. There are almost forty species of dolphin and are
found worldwide. They are carnivores, eating mostly fish and squid. Dolphins are members of the family Delphin
which evolved relatively recently, about ten million years ago. Doplhins' senses are very developed. Most dolphins
have acute eyesight, both in and out of the water, and they can hear frequencies ten times or more above the
upper limit of adult human hearing. Hearing is also used for echolocation, which all dolphins have.

1. Is the dolphin a fish?

a) No, it isn’t.
b) Yes, it is.
c) The dolphin is not a fish.
d) No, the dolphin is not a fish.
e) Yes, but it doesn’t exit.

2. Humans have better hearing abilities than dolphins?

a) No, it isn’t.
b) Yes, it is.
c) The dolphin is not a fish.
d) No, the dolphin is not a fish.
e) Yes, but it doesn’t exit.
TEXT 9
The floors of the ocean contain many riches that can be used by men. Oil and some chemicals and minerals already
are taken from the sea.
By using nuclear energy, ocean water can be turned into freshwater by removing the salt.
Producing food from farms under the sea is a possibility in the future. Food grown in the sea could help solve the
problem of many of the world's people who go hungry every day.
About 10-15% of the world's people do not have enough food. Some scientists believe that some day the sea will be
used to make electric power. This would help to find more power for the world's industries. The decreasing supply
of coal, oil, and gasoline shows that the need to find new kinds of power is urgent.
According to the text determine the false sentence
A. Some minerals are taken from the sea
B. Ocean contains many riches
C. Producing food under the sea is possible
D. To find new kinds of power isn't urgent
E. Ocean water can be changed into freshwater
What can be a synonym of riches in the reading?

A. Abundance
B. Weak
C. Scanty
D. Poor
E. lack

TEXT 10
Language shows the way that man looks at the world around him. Man Iives in a world of words. By talking to one
another, people are able to know and to understand one another. A people's language allows them to do this.

But not all the people of the world speak the same language. This can cause people and nations not to understand
or agree with one another. Different languages see the world in different ways.

Each group of people thinks that its language is the best. Other languages seem strange or wrong. But each
language is clear to the people that speak it. Every language in the world has words that tell the time, age, sex, and
the way of life of the people that speak it. The language of a nation shows the customs and values of its people.

Which of the following sentences is true?

A. All languages see the world the same way

B. Man doesn't live in a world of words
C. Each language isn't clear
D. Each group of people doesn't think that its language is the best
E. Different languages see the world in different ways
From the text it can be inferred that:

A. Learning languages is complicated

B. Teaching language is easy
C. A language shows habits and values of a nation
D. People speak strange languages
E. Different languages in the world are incorrect

TEXT 11
We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we know that it has been used in many different ways
throughout history. Historical evidence shows, for example, that people who lived over 3 000 years ago ate salted
fish. Thousands of years ago in Egypt, salt was used to embalm the dead

Stealing salt was considered a major crime during some eras of history in the 18 th century for instance, if a person
were caught stealing salt, he could be put in jail. History records that about ten thousand people were put in jail
during that century for stealing salt!
Salt was an important item on the table of royalty. t was traditionally placed in front of the king when he sat down
to eat. Important guests at the king's table had a place near the salt less important guests farther away from it.

What happened in the 18th century to someone who stole salt?

A. They received money

B. They were considered important people
C. They received a prize
D. They could be put in a jail
E. They were invited for royalty
Which of the following alternatives is false?

A. Stealing salt was considered a joke

B. Years ago, people ate salted fish
C. People were put in a jail for stealing salt
D. Salt was important for royalty
E. Important people for royalty were sat near salt

TEXT 12
Dogs are probably the most popular animal pets in the United States. People usually give a dog as a present for
birthday and at Christmas. Most children love animals. Small children love to play with their puppies for hours, they
are happy to have a dog, sometimes large dogs act as guards of small children. There is a saying: “A dog is a man´s
best friend”.

select the correct information

A. A dog is the best friend for a man

B. Dogs don´t like people
C. Dogs aren´t popular pets in the United States
D. In the United States people don´t like dogs
E. Small children don´t play with their dogs
When do people give a dog as a present?

A. On Independence Day
B. On Thanksgiving Day
C. On New Year’s Eve
D. At Christmas
E. Easter

Text 13
We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we know that it has been used in many different ways
throughout history. Historical evidence shows, for example, that people who lived over 3 000 years ago ate salted
fish. Thousands of years ago in Egypt, salt was used to embalm the dead
Stealing salt was considered a major crime during some eras of history in the 18th century for instance, if a person
were caught stealing salt, he could be put in jail. History records that about ten thousand people were put in jail
during that century for stealing salt!
Salt was an important item on the table of royalty. t was traditionally placed in front of the king when he sat down
to eat. Important guests at the king's table had a place near the salt less important guests farther away from it.

What happened in the 18th century to someone who stole salt?

F. They received money

G. They were considered important people
H. They received a prize
I. They could be put in a jail
J. They were invited for royalty

Which of the following alternatives is false?

F. Stealing salt was considered a joke

G. Years ago, people ate salted fish
H. People were put in a jail for stealing salt
I. Salt was important for royalty
J. Important people for royalty were sat near salt
TEXT 14
Dogs are probably the most popular animal pets in the United States. People usually give a dog as a present for
birthday and at Christmas. Most children love animals. Small children love to play with their puppies for hours, they
are happy to have a dog, sometimes large dogs act as guards of small children. There is a saying: “A dog is a man´s
best friend”.
select the correct information
F. A dog is the best friend for a man
G. Dogs don´t like people
H. Dogs aren´t popular pets in the United States
I. In the United States people don´t like dogs
J. Small children don´t play with their dogs
When do people give a dog as a present?
F. On Independence Day
G. On Thanksgiving Day
H. On New Year’s Eve
I. At Christmas
J. Easter
TEXT 15
The floors of the ocean contain many riches that can be used by men. Oil and some chemicals and minerals already
are taken from the sea.
By using nuclear energy, ocean water can be turned into freshwater by removing the salt.
Producing food from farms under the sea is a possibility in the future. Food grown in the sea could help solve the
problem of many of the world's people who go hungry every day.
About 10-15% of the world's people do not have enough food. Some scientists believe that some day the sea will be
used to make electric power. This would help to find more power for the world's industries. The decreasing supply
of coal, oil, and gasoline shows that the need to find new kinds of power is urgent.
According to the text determine the false sentence

F. Some minerals are taken from the sea

G. Ocean contains many riches
H. Producing food under the sea is possible
I. To find new kinds of power isn't urgent
J. Ocean water can be changed into freshwater

What can be a synonym of riches in the reading?

F. Abundance
G. Weak
H. Scanty
I. Poor
J. lack

TEXT 16
Language shows the way that man looks at the world around him. Man Iives in a world of words. By talking to one
another, people are able to know and to understand one another. A people's language allows them to do this.

But not all the people of the world speak the same language. This can cause people and nations not to understand
or agree with one another. Different languages see the world in different ways. Each group of people thinks that its
language is the best. Other languages seem strange or wrong. But each language is clear to the people that speak it.
Every language in the world has words that tell the time, age, sex, and the way of life of the people that speak it.
The language of a nation shows the customs and values of its people.Which of the following sentences is true?

A. All languages see the world the same way

B. Man doesn't live in a world of word
C. Each language isn't clear
D. Each group of people doesn't think that its language is the best
E. Different languages see the world in different ways
From the text it can be inferred that:

F. Learning languages is complicated

G. Teaching language is easy
 H. A language shows habits and values of a nation
I. People speak strange languages
J. Different languages in the world are incorrect
TEXTO OCCUPATIONS AND COMMUNITY
In our community, there are different occupations that people do to help others and make the
world a better place. A gardener takes care of plants and makes sure they grow well. They
plant flowers and trees to make the surroundings beautiful.
A musician creates music with instruments or their voice, bringing joy to people's lives. They
play instruments like the guitar or piano. A nurse works in a hospital and takes care of sick
people. They help doctors and ensure that patients are comfortable and safe. These
occupations are essential and make our community a happier and healthier place.
Glossary:
- Ensure: make certain that (something) shall occur or be the case (asegurar).
- Surroundings: the things and conditions around a person or thing (alrededores).

What does a musician do to bring joy to people's lives?

a) Takes care of plants
b) Plays instruments like the guitar or piano
c) Works in a hospital
d) Helps doctors
e) Ensures patients are comfortable and safe
What is the main responsibility of a nurse in the text?
a) Police officers
b) Taking care of plants
c) Creating music
d) Ensuring patients are comfortable and safe
e) Planting flowers and trees
f) Playing instruments like the guitar or piano
Which idea is NOT mentioned in the text?
a) A gardener takes care of plants and helps them grow well.
b) Musicians play instruments like the guitar or piano.
c) Nurses work in gardens to make surroundings beautiful.
d) Nurses ensure that patients in the hospital are comfortable and safe.
e) Occupations like gardening, music, and nursing make the community happier and
healthier.

GLOBAL GREETINGS
Greetings around the world are a fascinating reflection of diverse cultures. In Western
cultures, a firm handshake or a friendly wave communicates a warm welcome. In many
Asian societies, bows are a traditional and respectful form of greeting. The bows may
be different, depending on age and social status. In the Middle East, people do
multiple cheek kisses, emphasizing the importance of hospitality. South
American cultures care about being warm, using hugs and kisses, especially with
friends and family. In New Zealand, the Maori tradition involves a "hongi," a nose press
meaning “the exchange of breath and sharing of life”. As the world becomes more
interconnected, understanding and appreciating diverse greetings becomes essential
to promote peace and respect.
What is a common form of greeting in many Western cultures?
a) Bow
b) Cheek kiss
c) Hug
d) Handshake
e) Nose press
Which characteristic best describes greetings in South American cultures?
a) Age
b) Social status
c) Warmth
d) A and B
e) B and C
What is the Maori tradition of "hongi" in New Zealand?
a) Hug
b) Handshake
c) Bow
d) Cheek kiss
e) Nose press
Select “T” for true or “F” for false according to the text.
- All cultures in the world have the same greetings
- Asian cultures care about respect in their greetings
- South American societies tend to use the “bow”
- A more interconnected world means forgetting your own culture
a) false / true / true / true
b) false / true / false / false
c) true / false / true / false
d) true / false / false / true
e) false / true / true / false

"LEARNING ENGLISH"
Today, millions of people want to learn or improve their English but it is difficult to find the
best method. Is it better to study in Britain or America or to study in your own country? The
advantages of going to Britain seem obvious. Firstly, you will be able to listen to the language
all the time you are in the country. The language will surround you wherever you go. Another
advantage is that you have to speak the language if you are with other people. In Italy, it is
always possible, in the class, to speak Italian if you want to and the learning is slower.
On the other hand, there are also advantages to staying at home to study. You do not have to
make big changes to your life. As well as this, it is also a lot cheaper than going to Britain but it
is never possible to achieve the results of living in the UK. If you have a good teacher in Italy, I
think you can learn in a more concentrated way than being in Britain without going to a school.
Therefore, in conclusion, I think that if you have enough time and enough money, the best
choice is to spend some time in the UK. This is simply not possible for most people, so being
here in Italy is the only viable option. The most important thing to do in this situation is to
maximize your opportunities: to speak only English in class and to try to use English whenever
possible outside the class.
What is the article about?
a) How many people learn English?
b) The best way to learn English.
c) English schools in England and America.
d) English is difficult subject
e) Learn new things is a good idea.

What is one of the advantages of going to the UK to learn English?

a) There are no Italians in Britain.
b) You will have to speak English and not your language.
c) The language schools are better.
d) You know many interesting people.
e) It is nice to know other places.

What is one of the advantages of staying in your country to learn English?

a) Students doesn ́t need to travel.
b) You win a lot of money.
c) The teachers are not very good in Britain.
d) You have to work too hard in Britain.
e) Your life can continue more or less, as it was before

People who do not have a lot of time and money should...

a) Learn may other languages at school.
b) Learn English in Britain.
c) Try and speak English in class more often.
d) Go to Italy to learn English.
e) Learn Spanish and English at the same time.

READING: TEXT 02
Read the text and choose the best answer. Mrs. Barley’s job Mrs. Barley is a good teacher. She
is an English teacher. She works at a secondary school. She loves her job. Her work is good .She
works efficiently. Her classes are very funny too. She is a lovely and hardworking teacher. She
always gets up early, has breakfast and walks to school. Students like her a lot.
Her classes are nice. They often say Mrs. Barley is the most affectionate teacher. Her students
have reading classes before lunch but this week, they are outside for physical exercises and
training. She takes care of her students and worry about their learning. They are preparing for
a contest. Last year, they were not lucky and they ranked the second team, but this year, they
hope they will be the best one. Mrs. Barley is sure that they will achieve it.
What is the contest mainly about?
a) Fine arts.
b) Social sciences.
c) Physical performance.
d) Spiritual values.
e) Biology and science.

Where does Mrs. Barley teach?

 a) At a library.
b) At a pension.
c) At a middle school.
d) At a primary school.
e) At kindergarten.

How does Mrs. Barley go to work?

a) She walks.
b) She cycles.
c) She takes a taxi.
d) She drives.
e) She takes the bus.

The phrase “they hope...” Means _________________ .

a) They have.
b) They expect.
c) They accept.
d) They know.
e) They wait.

Which of the following is true?

a) Students are preparing hard for the contest.
b) Mrs. Barley is not certain that students will win next time.
c) Students performed best last year.
d) Students do not respect Mrs. Barley.
e) Students hate her classes.

TEXT 1: Read the emails of two students.

Then choose the correct alternatives.
Hi Ruth,
I’m from a small town in Spain. My father is a farmer and my mother is a nurse. My two
brothers go to university. I study English at a school on Mondays,
Wednesdays and Fridays from 6:00 to 7:30 pm. On
Saturdays, I always go to the cinema with my friends. On Sundays, I sometimes go to the park
with my brothers and take photos. I have a new camera. See you! Kate Hi Kate,
Thanks for your email. I’m from a big city in Mexico. My mum is a school teacher and my dad is
a bus driver. I don’t have any brothers or sisters. I go to English class
from 4:30 to 6:30 pm. on Mondays, Tuesdays and Saturdays. I work on Sundays in an office. I
take photos, but I don’t have a good camera. It's old. Sometimes I play volleyball with my
friends. Bye! Ruth
According to the text, which statements are “True” or “False”?
- Ruth and Kate take photos. (__)
- Ruth and Kate study English on Fridays. (__)
- Kate always goes to the cinema with her brothers. (__)
- Ruth doesn’t work. (__)
a) True / True / True / True
 b) False / True / False / True
c) False / False / False / False
d) False / True / True / False
e) True / False / False / False

How often does Kate have English class?

a) From Monday to Friday.
b) Three times a day.
c) Three times a week.
d) Twice a week.
e) Once a week.

What is the purpose of the text?

a) To learn about their daily routines.
b) To get to know each other.
c) To study together.
d) To work together.
e) To meet their families.

From the text we can infer that:

a) Ruth is an only child.
b) Ruth has 2 brothers.
c) Kate and Ruth live in the same city.
d) They don’t like studying English.
e) Kate’s mother doesn’t work.

TEXT 2
My weekly routine. I’m Sean and I have a very busy week. I study
mathematics at university. I love my career and I go there from Tuesday to Friday. I study all
the morning and have lunch at the Uni cafeteria. After that, I usually give private classes on
Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays. I work with school students who need to practice and
improve their math skills. My life is full of numbers, problems and exercises. On Saturdays, I
take English classes at the university language center. I go from 8am to 12 o’clock, it’s tiring
but I don’t think it’s hard, I do good with languages. I give myself the afternoon for my English
homework. Then, on Sunday, I visit my parents for a few hours only because I work in a
touristic restaurant. I almost have no time for social life. You may think that Monday is my day
off, but actually I have to do my university assignments and prepare my private classes. I think
being busy is the best way to have your mind healthy.
*Glossary
Busy: full of work (ocupado)
Improve: get better (mejorar)
Skills: abilities (habilidades)
Almost: about, very close (casi)
Day off: the day you don’t work (día libre)

Sean goes to university...

a) Twice a week.
b) Four days a week.
 c) Five days a week.
d) Six days a week.
e) Seven days a week.

What is false about Sean?

a) He has lunch at university.
b) He loves math.
c) He has two jobs.
d) He teaches English.
e) He thinks English is easy.

Which statement is correct.

a) He does his homework only on Saturday.
b) He finishes English classes at noon.
c) He sees his father and mother on Saturday.
d) He takes all Monday for his assignments.
e) He feels being too busy is not OK.

TEXT 1: EMILY
Hi there, I am Emily Smith and my best friend is Vicky. We always do a lot of things together.
We are in the same class, so we always go to school together by bus. When we aren't together,
I often send her text messages at least twice a day, and she phones me every evening, before I
go to bed. She sometimes sleeps at my house on Friday nights, and four times a month you can
find me at Vicky's house on Saturday mornings to do homework. We have different hobbies.
Vicky doesn’t like playing computer games and I love them! On the other hand, I love listening
to pop music and she likes reggae.
OLIVER Hi there, I’m always busy! I like doing a lot of things at home. Every day, I clean my two
bathrooms, vacuum the living room and the stairs, also I sometimes mop the kitchen floor and
dust the furniture. I have a big family! I love cooking all the meals, doing the washing up and
three times a week I have to take the dog for a walk, and at least once a month I have to bath
him! I have a job where twice a day I fill in reports and complete administrative assignments. I
love reading stories to the kids in the evening and I always bath them. I hope my wife
appreciates me. I am a good husband, but don't tell her that I never do the gardening.
Glossary
Dust: To remove dust. (desempolvar)
Furniture: Things such as chairs, tables, cupboards, etc. (muebles)
On the other hand: From another point of view. (por otro lado)
Mop: To rub, clean with a mop. (limpiar con un trapeador)
Vacuum: To clean something with a vacuum cleaner. (aspirar, pasar la aspiradora)

Read the texts about two people and answer the questions.
According to the text, which statements are “True” or “False”?
- You can always find Emily at Vicky’s house every Friday night. (__)
- Vicky and Emily are close friends, but they study in different classes. (__)
- Oliver makes only breakfast and dinner. (__)
- Oliver does the gardening once a year. (__)
a) True / True / True / True
b) False / True / False / True
c) False / False / False / False
 d) False / True / True / False
e) False / False / False / False

What activity does Oliver like doing?

a) Exercising
b) Housework
c) Gardening
d) Homework
e) Clubbing

How often does he water the plants and flowers?

a) Once a day
b) Rarely
c) Always
d) Once a week
e) Never

According to the text, What’s the correct sentence?

a) Oliver doesn’t have any pets.
b) Oliver has a child.
c) Emily and Oliver are friends.
d) Emily loves playing computer games.
e) Oliver is unsure that his wife appreciates him.

TEXT 2
August in Arequipa
Seasons are not very differentiated in Arequipa, Peru, but there are some characteristics we
can say about some of them. Winter starts at the end of June and ends on September 23rd, on
Youth Day, also known as Student’s Day, when the spring starts. Therefore, Arequipa’s
anniversary, which takes place in August, is during the winter. The weather is windy these
days, and people go to the countryside to fly kites. Many kids love it. Even though Misti
volcano is covered with snow, some brave young people go climbing the mountain!!! Some
years ago, two Spanish youtubers had a very bad experience there. Some others go hiking
before climbing the volcano as they do when they hike to the Vigen de Chapi sanctuary in May.
Most people stay in the city and simply celebrate the party though. There is a large parade
called “Corso de la Amistad” on August 15th, and a little parade in the eve called
“Serenata”.
Glossary
Therefore: then, thus (por consiguiente)
Take place: happen, occur (acontecer, ocurrir)
Even though: Although (a pesar que)
Though: however (sin embargo)
Parade: a march of dance groups (pasacalle)

What is the text mainly about?

a) Sports during August in Arequipa.
b) The weather in August here.
c) Activities people do in Arequipa in August.
d) Things tourists like in a specific month.
 e) Different seasons in Arequipa.

What is true about the text?

a) It’s snowy high in the mountains in August.
b) Some Spanish people almost died.
c) They go climbing for the Virgen of Chapi.
d) People fly kites because autumn is windy.
e) Kids love Misti.

What is false about the text?

a) People walk long to get to the Chapi sanctuary.
b) The city anniversary is in winter.
c) There are parades two days.
d) The anniversary is after Student’s Day.
e) People celebrate on the 14th at night.