BY

zahraa adnan Mustafa Ahmed

Order
Muhanad Ahmed Mohammed Majid

1
 )‫التعلٌمات الصادرة من لجنة الملفات والتدقٌق (لوزه‬
2222 ‫الً تنقري ب دفعتنه‬

‫ كلها تنقري‬21 ‫ إلى ورقه‬2 ‫من ورقه‬

⬇ ‫ كلها متنقري عدا هذا السؤال‬35 ‫ إلى ورقه‬22 ‫ومن ورقه‬
?Which gland secretes melatonin-
Pineal gland
...‫ كلها تنقري‬44 ‫ إلى‬36 ‫ومن ورقه‬
‫ كلها متنقري ما عدا هاي االسئلة حسب اعتقادي موجوده‬66 ‫الى ورقه‬45 ‫ومن ورقه‬
...‫عدنه‬
-What is the connective tissue sae surrounding the heart‫؟‬
Pericardium
-What is the connective tissue called which surrounds an individual
cardiac Muscle fiber‫؟‬
Endocardium
-Which of the following is not true regarding the endocardium‫؟‬
The endocardium is layered
-Where is endothelium located‫؟‬
Endocardium
-Where are the blood vessels which supply the heart located?
Epicardium
-Which layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle‫؟‬
Myocardium

‫اما السنوات القادمة الجاٌه والدفع الجاٌه ٌكون ملف كله مطلوب منكم‬
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1. Where is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?
a. Stomach
b. Small intestine
c. Ascending colon
d. Descending colon
e. Both a and bequally
Answer: b
The small intestine is the primary site for absorption of nutrients.

2. Which cell type secretes intrinsic factor?

A. Enterocyte
b. Macrophage
e. chief cell
d. parietal cell
Correct d

3. What type of tissue lines the upper esophagus?

A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
E. Transitional epithelium
Ans: D

4. What are the finger like projections of mucosa that are seen in the small
intestine?
a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi
Answer: E

There are several features of the small intestine

The lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is a lacteal.

Crypts of Lieberkuhn are the intestinal glands. The plica circulares is a

projection with a core of submucosa. The plica circulares is also called the
valve of Kerckring.

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Microvilli that are seen on the epithelial cells in the small intestine form the
brush border or striated border.
Villi are finger like projections of mucosa seen in the small intestine.

5. What is the outer layer of the GI tract called when it is abutting another
Organ?
A. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia
Answer: e

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium,

lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.
The submucosa is connective tissue. Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve
plexuses. Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa.
The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains
Auerbach's plexus.
The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa
consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective
tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting
another organ the posterior abdominal wall.

6. What is the innermost layer of the GI tract called?

a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia
Answer: a

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium,

lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The submucosa is connective tissue.
Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner's plexus is
located in the submucosa.
The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains
Auerbach's plexus. The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or
serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and

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underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract
when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall.

7. Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

A. Parietal cells
B. Oxyntic cells
C. Chief cells
D.Mucous neck cells
E. Parietal cells and Oxyntic cells
Ans: C

8. Where is mesothelium found?

A. Mucosa
B. Sub mucosa
C. Muscularis externa
D. Serosa
E. Adventitia
Ans: D

9. What type of tissue lines most of the gastrointestinal tract?

A Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
E. Transitional epithelium
Ans: C

10. Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

A. Conversion of glucose into glycogen
B. Storage of glycogen
C. Storage of bile (‫ ينخزن ب‬Gallbladder)
D. Storage of fat-soluble vitamins
E. Cholesterol synthesis
Ans: C

11. Which of the following is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

a. Islets of Langerhans
b. Alpha cells
e. Beta cells
d. Delta cells

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e. Acini
Answer: e

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans.
Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon.
The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma
cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The acini is the exocrine portion of the
pancreas.

12. What structure is in the middle of the hepatic lobule?

a. Hepatic artery
b. Portal triad
c. Central vein
d. Portal vein
e. Sinusoids
Answer: c

Hepatocytes are the liver cells. They are arranged to form a liver lobule,
which is the functional unit of the liver. The liver lobule is a hexagonal shaped
structure. At the angles of the liver lobule are portal triads. The portal triad is
composed of a
Inch of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. In the middle of the liver
obule is a central vein. Hepatic sinusoids run between the hepatocytes.

13. What is the space between the liver sinusoids and the hepatocytes called?
a. Space of Disse
b. Space of Mall
e. Vacuole
d. Lacuna
e. Howship's lacuna
Answer: a

The space of Disse is in the liver. The space of Disse is also called the
perisinosoidal space. It is the space between the liver sinusoids and the
hepatocytes.
The space of Mall is also in the liver. The space of Mall is located at the portal
canal and is the region between the connective tissue and the liver
parenchymal cells. It is the site where lymph is formed within the liver.
A vacuole is a small clear space within an individual cell.

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A lacuna is a small space or depression. The space that the chondrocyte rests
in is a lacuna
Howship's lacuna is seen in bone. Howship's lacuna is a space seen undemeath
an osteoclast.

14. What is the name of the cellular mass for the endocrine portion of the
Pancreas?
A. Islets of Langerhans
b. Alpha cells
c. Beta cells
d. Delta cells
e. Acini
Answer: a

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

Ndocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within
meisiets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The
beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells
secrete pancreatic polypeptide

15. What is the functional unit of the liver?

A. Lobule
B. Portal triad
C.Central vein
D. Hepatocyte
E. Sinusoids
Ans: A

16. Which structures are part of the portal triad?

A. Portal vein
B. Hepatic artery
C. Central vein
D. Sinusoids
E. Portal vein and Hepatic artery
Ans: E

17. Which cell is a macrophage found in the central nervous system?

a. Kupffer cells
b. Histiocyte
c. Dust cell

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d. Langerhans cell
e. Microglia
Answer: e

Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Many tissues have resident (fixed)

macrophages. Fixed macrophages are given a unique name, depending on the
tissue that they are located in Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages.

Histiocytes are macrophages sectory tract. Langerhans acrophages.

Rocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue. Dust cells are alveolar
rophage found in the respiratory tract. Langerhans cells are macrophages
seen
Kin. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.
In the skin. Microglia are the

18. Which meninx is made of a delicate web like connective tissue?

a. Dura mater
b. Arachnoid
c. Pia mater
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: b

The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater,
arachnoid, and pia mater.
The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense
irregular
Connective tissue.
The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue.
The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.
Note from Sarah Bellham: Arachnoid is derived from the Greek word for
spider. It is used in the words arachnophobia, arachnids and arachnoid.
19. Which of the following is involved in the blood brain barrier?
a. Astrocytes
b. Ependymal cells
c. Oligodendrocytes
d. Microglia
e. Schwann cells
Answer: a

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Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes,
neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells,
oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia.

Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes a star shaped cells involved in the blood
brain barrier.
Astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are
Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal.
Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system.
Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.
Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not
considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of
neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

20. Which of the following is NOT considered neuroglia?

A. Astrocytes
B. Ependymal cells
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Microglia
E. Schwann cells
Ans: E

21. The colloquialism "gray matter" refers to somebody using his intellector
reasoning ability. In reality, what is gray matter?
A. Meninges
B. Myelinated nerve fibers
C. Cell bodies
D. Nodes of Ranvier
E. Neurofilaments
Ans: C

22. Which meninx covers the brain intimately?

A. Dura mater
B. Arachnoid
C. Pia mater
D. Dura mater and Arachnoid
E. All of the above
Ans: C

22. What is the cell body of a neuron called?

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A. Ganglion
B. Soma
C. Astrocyte
D. Nissl
E. Terminal bouton
Ans: B

24. Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system?

A. Receptors
Brachial plexus
C. Sciatic nerve
D. Ganglia
E. Spinal cord
Ans: E

25. What is tissue which surrounds a nerve fascicle?

A. Perimysium
B. Periosteum
C. Perichondrium
D. Perineurium
E. Endosteum
Feedback: The perineurium is the covering of nerve fascicles. The prefix
"peri" means around, such as in the word "perimeter

26. What is the smallest airspace Of the respiratory tree?

a. Alveolar duct
b. Alveoli
c. Alveolar sac
d. Respiratory bronchiole
e. Terminal bronchiole
Answer: b

27. What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Pseudostratified epithelium
Answer: E

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28. Which structure is part of the conducting portion of the airway?
a. Bronchi
b. Alveolar ducts
c. Alveoli
d. Alveolar sacs
e. Respiratory bronchioles
Answer: a

29. What type of tissue forms the alveoli in the lung?

A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
E. Pseudostratified epithelium
Feedback A The alveoli are formed by simple squamous epithelium.
Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple squamous epithelium is
simple" because it is one cell thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the
cells are flat.

30. Which cell secrets the surfactant?

a. Clara cell
b. Type I pneumocyte
c. Type II pneumocyte
d. Dust cell
e. Brush cell
Answer: C

31. Which cell is a respiratory macrophage?

a. Kupffer cells
b. Histiocyte
c. Dust cell
d. Langerhans cell
e. Microglia
Answer:C

32. What cell types are found in the respiratory mucosa?

a. Ciliated cells
b. Goblet cells

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c. Basal cells
d. Brush cells
e. All of the above
Answer: E

33. What type of tissue makes up the epiglottis?

a. Compact bone
b. Spongy bone
c. Hyaline cartilage
d. Fibrocartilage
e. Elastic cartilage
Answer: E

34. What type of epithelium is associated with goblet cells?

a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Pseudostratified epithelium
Answer:c

35. What type of epithelial cells are as tall as they are wider
a. Simple
b. Stratified
c. Squamous
d. Cuboidal
e. Columnar
Answer: d

36. What do you call the simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood
Vessels?
a. Epithelioid tissue
b. Mesothelium
c. Endothelium
d. Transitional
e. Pseudostratified
Answer: C
37. What type of gland secretes its product through a duct or tube?
a. Endocrine gland
b. Multicellular gland

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c. Exocrine gland
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Answer: c

38.What forms the brush border?

a. Microvilli
b. Stereocilia
c. Cilia
d. Keratinization
e. Both a and b
answer: a

33-Which of the following is NOT a fiber found in connective tissue?

a. Collagen fiber
b. Elastic fiber
e. Reticular fiber
e. All of the above are fibers found in connective tissue
d. Purkinje fiber
Answer: d

40. Which cell is a connective tissue macrophage?

A Kuptfer cells
b. Histiocyte
c. Dust cell
d. Langerhans cell
e. Microglia
Answer: b

41. Which of the following can be classified as "specialized connective

tissue "?
a. Mesenchyme
b. Mucous connective tissue
c. Dense connective tissue
d. Blood
e. Loose connective tissue
Answer: d

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42.What type of basic tissue type is cartilage?
a. Muscle
b. Nervous
c. Cartilage
d. Epithelium
e. Connective tissue
Answer: e

43. What are the three types of epithelial cell junctions

A. Tight, Gap, Macula Adherens
B. Macula Adherens, Junctions, Gap
C. Gap, Loose, Tight
Ans: A

44. What are the 4 types of tissues found in the Body?

A. Blood, Nerve, Epithelial, Skeletal
B. Epihelial, Nerve, Muscle, Bone
C. Epithelial, Nerve, Connective, Muscle
D. Connective, Bone, Skin, Blood
Ans: C

45. This type of Epithelim cell has one layer and flat like eggs
A. Stratified Cuboidal
B. Simple Cuboidal
C. Simple Columnar
D. Simple Squamous
Ans: D

46. This type of tissue covers exposed surfaces, lines internal

passageways & chambers, and forms glands
A.Skin
B. Connective Tissue
C. Epithelial Tissue
D. Nerve Tissue
Ans: C

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47. Connexons are the proteins found in which plasma membrane
specialisation?
Desmosomes
B. Gap Junctions
C. Microvilli
D. Tight Junctions
Ans: B

48. What type of epithelium appears stratified, but is not?

A. Epithelioid tissue
B. Mesothelium
C. Endothelium
D. Transitional
E. Pseudostratified
Ans: E

49. Which connective tissue cell type produces the ground substance
in connective tissue?
A. Fibroblast
B. Myofibroblast
C. Histiocyte
D. Plasma cell
E. Mast cell
Correct A

50. What type of epithelium is composed of cells which all touch the
basement
Membrane and is only one cell layer thick?
A. Stratified squamous epithelium
B. Transitional epithelium
C. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
D. Pseudostratified epithelium
E. None of the above
CORRECT D
51. Which connective tissue cell type produces collagen'
A. Fibroblast
B. Connective tissue macrophage

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C. Histiocyte
D. Plasma cell
E. Mast cell
Correct A

52. Which of the following can be classified as "specialized connective

tissue"?
A. Cartilage
B. Loose connective tissue
C. Mesenchyme
D. Dense connective tissue
E. Mucous connective tissue
Correct A

53. What type of epithelium is composed of flat cells?

A. Simple
B. Stratified
C. Squamous
D. Cuboidal
E. Columnar
Correct C

54. How many types of cartilage are there?

a. 1
b. 2
c.3
d. 4
e. 5
Answer: C

55. What do you call the space where a chondrocyte sits in?
a. Space of Disse
b. Space of Mall
c. Vacuole
d. Lacuna
e. Howship's Lacuna
Answer: D

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56. Which type of cartilage is found in the walls of the eustachian
tube?
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Answer: b

57. Which type of cartilage forms the intervertebral disc?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
c. None of the above
Answer:C

58. Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of elastic

fibers?
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Answer: b

59. Which type of cartilage is highly vascular?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Answer: e
60. What is compact bone?
a. Dense bone
b. Woven bone

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c. Immature bone
d. Cancellous bone
e. Spongy bone
Answer: a

61. What cell is involved in bone resorption?

a. Osteoclast
b. Osteon
c. Osteocyte
d. Osteoblast
e. Osteoid
Answer: a

62. What type of basic tissue type is bone?

a. Epithelium
b. Connective tissue
c. Muscle
d. Nervous
e. Bone
Answer: b

63. What is woven bone?

a. Cancellous bone
b. Compact bone
c. Dense bone
d. Immature bone
e. Spongy bone
Answer: d

64. What forms the epiphyseal growth plate?

a. Elastic cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Hyaline cartilage
d. Compact bone
c. Spongy bone
Answer:c

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65. What sits in a lacuna?
a. Osteoclast
b. Osteon
c. Osteocyte
d. Osteoblast
e. Osteoid
Answer:c

66. What is the connective tissue covering of a muscle fascicle?

a. Sarcolemma
b. Endomysium
c. Epimysium
d. Sarcoplasm
e. Perimysium
Answer: e

67. What is actin?

a. Myofilament
b. Myosin
c. Muscle fibers
d. Myofibrils
e. Myocardium
Answer: a

68. Which of the following is composed of smooth muscle?

a. Upper esophagus
b. Heart
c. Tongue
d. Biceps muscle
e. Walls of the visceral organs
Answer: e

69. What is line that bisects the dark band in muscle?

a. A band
b. I band

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c. Z ling
d. H band
e. M line
Answer:d

70. What type of muscle has branching cells?

A. Skeletal muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Smooth muscle
D. Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle
E. Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle
CORRECT: B

71. What is another term for the Haversian system?

A. Osteoclast
B. Osteon
C. Osteocyte
D. Osteoblast
E. Osteoid
Correct B

72. What is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell called?

A. Endomysium
B. Sarcolemma
C. Sarcoplasm
D. Perimysium
E. Epimysium
Correct B

73. What is the connective tissue covering of a muscle fascicle?

A. Sarcolemma
B. Endomysium
C. Epimysium
D. Sarcoplasm
E. Perimysium
CORRECT :E

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1.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endocrine
systeme
a. Products secreted into blood
b. Glands with ducts
c. Secretes hormones
d. Non localized response
e. All of the following are characteristics of the endocrine system
Answer: B

The endocrine system is a system of cellular communication. The

means of
Communication is via hormones. The hormones are secreted by
ductless glands
Directly into the bloodstream. Generally, the response to hormones is
non
Localized.
If a gland secretes its product through a duct, it is an exocrine gland.

2.What type of hormone is testosterone?

a. Protein
b. Amino acid chain
c. Steroid
d. Catecholamine
e. None of the above
Answer: C

Hormones can have a variety of structures. Hormones which are

proteins include
Insulin and prolactin. Peptide chains are short chains of amino acids.
Examples of
Hormones which are peptide chains are antidiuretic hormone and
oxytocin. Steroid
Hormones are cholesterol derivatives. Steroid hormones include
testosterone and
Estradiol. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamines.

3.What organ is nicknamed the "master gland"

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a. Adrenal medulla
b. Adrenal cortex
c. Brain
d. Pituitary
e. Heart
Answer:d

The pituitary is nicknamed the master gland.

4.What cell type secretes ACTH?

a. Lactotropic cells
b. Thyrotropic cells
c. Somatotropic cells
d. Corticotropic cells
e. Gonadotropic cells
Answer: d

There are several cell types in the pars distalis (anterior pituitary).
Lactotropic cells
Secrete prolactin. Thyrotropic cells secrete thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH).
Somatotropic cells secrete growth hormone. Corticotropic cells
secrete
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
(MSH). Gonadotropic cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
and
Luteinizing hormone (LH).

5. Where is corpora arenacea found?

a. Pituitary
b. Pineal gland
c. Adrenal gland
d. Pancreas
e. Thyroid
Answer: b

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Corpora arenacea is nicknamed "brain sand". Corpora arenacea is
Calcification seen in the pineal gland.

6.Which gland secretes melatonin?

a. Pancreas
b. Thyroid
c. Pineal gland
d. Adrenal gland (cortex)
e. Adrenal gland (medulla)
Answer: c

The endocrine portion of the pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and

somatostatin.
The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and
calcitonin. The
Pineal gland secretes melatonin. The cortex of the adrenal gland
secretes a variety
Of corticosteroids. It secretes mineralocorticoids (such as
aldosterone),
Glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and sex steroids. Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Are secreted from the adrenal medulla.

7 Which cell type are involved in the secretion thyroglobulin?

A Principal cell
b. Oxyphil cell
c. Parafollicular cells
d. Follicular cells
e. Chromaffin cells
Answer: d

There are two cell types in the parathyroid gland: principal cells and
oxyphil cells.
Principal cells are also called chief cells. Principal cells are the more
prevalent.
Oxyphil cells are also found in the parathyroid gland; however they
are not as

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Prevalent as principal cells.
There are two cell types in the thyroid: follicular cells and
parafollicular cells.
Follicular cells release and store thyroid hormone. Parafollicular cells
of the
Thyroid gland are also called C cells. They secrete calcitonin.
The cells of the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells.

8. Where is insulin secreted from?

a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Gamma cells
d. Delta cells
c. Acini
Answer: b

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ,

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the Islets of

Langerhans. Within
The islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete
glucagon. The beta
Cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostatin. The gamma
cells secrete
Pancreatic polypeptide
The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

9. Which of the following is part of the adrenal gland?

a. Chromaffin cells
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona glomerulosa
d. Zona fasciculata
e. All of the above
Answer: E

The adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal
medulla.

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The layers of the adrenal cortex, from outermost to innermost are:
zona
Glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. The respective
principle
Products are: mineralocorticods, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids.
The cells of the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells. They secrete the
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine),
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: A mnemonic to remember the
layers of the
Adrenal cortex and their respective products is "Go Find Rex; Make
Good Sex"
(glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) (mineralocorticoid,
glucocorticoid, sex
Steroids).

10. Which part the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids?

a. Chromaffin cells
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona glomerulosa
d. Zona fasciculata
e. None of the above
Answer: d

The adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal
medulla.
The layers of the adrenal cortex, from outermost to innermost are:
zona
Glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. The respective
principle
Products are: mineralocorticods, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids.

1.Which cells produce testosterone?

a. Interstitial cells
b. Leydig cells
c. Sertoli cells
d. Sustentacular cells
e. Both a and b

25
Answer: E

Leydig cells produce testosterone. These are also called "interstitial

cells" or
"interstitial cells of Leydig". Sertoli cells are directly involved in
spermatogenesis.
They are also called "sustentacular cells" or "nurse cells".

2. How many seminiferous tubules are found in each testis of an

average man?
a. 4-6
b. 40-60
c. 400-600
d. 4000-6000
e. 40,000-60.000
Answer: C

The average testis in an adult man has between 400 and 600
seminiferous tubules.

3. Which of the following are produced by the Leydig cells?

a. Inhibin
b. Androgen binding protein
c. Testosterone
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: C

Sertoli cells produce inhibin and androgen-binding protein. The

interstitial cells of
Leydig produce testosterone.

4. Which of the following is NOT considered part of the male genital

duct system?
a. Rete testis
b. Tubuli recti
c. Seminal vesicles

26
d. Ductus deferens
e. Ductus epididymidis
Answer: C

The male genital duct system contains: rete testes, tubuli recti, ductuli
efferentes,
Ductus epididymidis, and ductus deferens. The male accessory glands
contain the
Bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, and prostate.

5. What is the surface modification seen on the cells of the epididymis?

a. Microvilli
b. Stercocilia
c. Cilia
d. Keratinization
e. Both a and b
Answer: b

Microvilli are the finger like projections seen on the surface of some
cells. The
Appearance of microvilli form what is also called the brush border or
striated
Border.
Stereocilia are very long microvilli. Stereocilia are seen in the
epididymis and the
Hair cells of the car.
Cilia is the hair like surface modification seen on some epithelia. Cilia
are made of
Microtubules.

Keratinization is seen in the epidermis. Cells in the stratum corneum

are essentially
Just bags of keratin.

6. What type of hormone is testosterone?

a. Protein
b. Amino acid chain

27
c. Steroid
d. Catecholamine
e. None of the above
Answer: C

Hormones can have a variety of structures. Hormones which are

proteins include
Insulin and prolactin. Peptide chains are short chains of amino acids.
Examples of
Hormones which are peptide chains are antidiuretic hormone and
oxytocin. Steroid
Hormones are cholesterol derivatives. Steroid hormones include
testosterone and
Estradiol. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamines.

7. Which of the following is true?

a. There is one corpus cavemosa and one corpus spongiosum
b. There is one corpus cavernosa and two corpora spongiosum
e. There are two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum
d. There are two corpora cavernosa and two corpora spongiosum
e. There are four corpora cavernosa and two corpora spongiosum
Answer: C

The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum are erectile tissue.

There are two
Corpora cavemosa and one corpus spongiosum.

8 - What gland in the male is homologous to the greater vestibular

gland in the Female?
a. Bartholin's gland
b. Prostate gland
c. Skene's gland
d. Cowper's gland
e. Brunner's gland
Answer: D

The prostate gland is found in males.

28
Skene's glands are also called the lesser vestibular glands and are
found in females.
The bulbourethral glands are also called Cowper's glands. The
bulbourethral glands
Are found in males and are homologous to the Bartholin's glands in
females.
Brunner's glands are found in the duodenum.
9. What is the most commonly seen type of epithelium in the prostate?
a. Transitional
b. Simple columnar
c. Stratified squamous
d. Simple squamous
e. Simple cuboidal
Answer: B

The glandular epithelium of the prostate is most often simple

columnar, however a
Variety of types can be found.

10. What type of epithelium lines the epididymis?

a. Pseudostratified
b. Simple columnar
c. Stratified squamous
d. Simple squamous
e. Simple cuboidal
Answer: a

Pseudostratified epithelium lines the epididymis.

1. What are developing gametes called?

a. Oogenesis
b. Ovary
c. Ovulation
d – oocyte
ans: D

29
A primordial follicle is a primary oocyte in the outer region of the
cortex. It is
Arrested in the first meiotic prophase. It is surrounded by flattened
follicular
Epithelial cells.
The primary follicle is marked by the surrounding of flattened
(squamous)
Follicular cells becoming cuboidal and the oocyte becomes bigger.
.2What is the inner part of the ovary ?
a. Follicle
b. Germinal epithelium
c. Medulla
d. Tunica albuginea
e. Cortex
Answer: C

The ovary is covered with germinal epithelium. Underneath the

germinal epithelium is connective tissue called the tunica albuginea.
The outer region of the ovary is called the cortex. The inner region of
the ovary is called the medulla. The ovarian follicle contains the
oocyte. Note from Sarah Bellham: The outer region of some other
organs is also sometimes called a cortex. The inner/middle region of
some other organs is also sometimes called a medulla .

.3Which stage of the follicle is arrested in prophase ?

a. Primordial follicle
b. Primary follicle
c. Secondary follicle
d. Mature follicle
e. Graffian follicle
Answer: a

The presence of the antrum is a characteristic of a secondary follicle. A

follicle at
This stage is also called an "antral follicle".
The mature follicle is also called the Graffian follicle.

32
4 - What is the cavity with in a secondary follicle?
a. Graffian follicle
b. Theca folliculi
c. Granulosa cells
d. Zona pellucida
e. Antrum
Answer: E

The follicle which is ovulated is the Graffian follicle. The connective

tissue layer
Around the primary follicle is the theca folliculi. The follicular cells
are granulosa
Cells. The acidophilic glycoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte is the
zona
Pellucida. A cavity within the follicle is the antrum.

5. During the first week to 10 days, what is the main hormone which
stimulates the Growth of the follicles?
a. FSH
b. LH
c. HCG
d. Estrogen
e. Progesterone
Answer: a

During the first week to 10 days, FSH is the main hormone which
stimulates the
Growth of the follicles. Ovulation is triggered by a dramatic increase
in LH. During
A pregnancy, HCG is the hormone which maintains the corpus luteum.

.6What is the female organ called where gametogenesis occurs?

a. Oogenesis
b. Ovary
c. Ovulation
d. Oocyte

31
e. Ova
Answer: B

The term for the production of gametes is called gametogenesis.

Gametogenesis in
The female is referred to as oogenesis. The ovary is the organ where
gametogenesis
(oogenesis) occurs. Ovulation is the release of an oocyte and occurs
every 28-30
Days. The developing gametes are called oocytes. The mature gamete
is an ova.

7 Which stage of the follicle is marked by the surrounding of flattened

(squamous) Follicular cells becoming cuboidal?
A Primordial follicle
b. Primary follicle
c. Secondary follicle
d. Mature follicle
e. Graffian follicle
Answer: B

A primordial follicle is a primary oocyte in the outer region of the

cortex. It is
Arrested in the first meiotic prophase. It is surrounded by flattened
follicular
Epithelial cells.
The primary follicle is marked by the surrounding of flattened
(squamous)
Follicular cells becoming cuboidal and the oocyte becomes bigger
The presence of the antrum is a characteristic of a secondary follicle. A
follicle at
This stage is also called an "antral follicle".
The mature follicle is also called the Graffian follicle.

8.What is ovulated?
a. Graffian follicle
b. Theca folliculi

32
c. Granulosa cells
d. Zona pellucida
e. Antrum
Answer: a

The follicle which is ovulated is the Graffian follicle. The connective

tissue layer
Around the primary follicle is the theca folliculi. The follicular cells
are granulosa
Cells. The acidophilic glycoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte is the
zona
Pellucida. A cavity within the follicle is the antrum.

9.What is the outer part of the ovary?

a. Follicle
b. Germinal epithelium
c. Medulla
d. Tunica albuginea
e. Cortex
Answer: E

The ovary is covered with germinal epithelium. Underneath the

germinal
Epithelium is connective tissue called the tunica albuginea. The outer
region of the
Ovary is called the cortex. The inner region of the ovary is called the
medulla. The
Ovarian follicle contains the oocyte.
Note from Sarah Bellham: The outer region of some other organs is
also
Sometimes called a cortex. The inner/middle region of some other
organs is also
Sometimes called a medulla.
10 During a pregnancy, which hormone which maintains the corpus
luteum?
a. FSH
6. LH

33
С. HCG
d. Estrogen
e. Progesterone
Answer: C

During the first week to 10 days, FSH is the main hormone which
stimulates the
growth of the follicles. Ovulation is triggered by a dramatic increase in
LH. During
a pregnancy, HCG is the hormone which maintains the corpus luteum

11 - Which structure contains the oocyte?

a. Follicle
b. Germinal epithelium
c. Medulla
d. Tunica albuginea
e. Cortex
Answer: a
The ovary is covered with germinal epithelium. Underneath the
germinal
epithelium is connective tissue called the tunica albuginea. The outer
region of the
ovary is called the cortex. The inner region of the ovary is called the
medulla. The
ovarian follicle contains the oocyte.
Note from Sarah Bellham: The outer region of some other organs is
also
sometimes called a cortex. The inner/middle region of some other
organs is also
sometimes called a medulla.

12 - Which follicular stage is also called an antral follicle?

a. Primordial follicle
b. Primary follicle
c. Secondary follicle

34
d. Mature follicle
e. Graffian follicle
Answer: c
A primordial follicle is a primary oocyte in the outer region of the
cortex. It is
arrested in the first meiotic prophase. It is surrounded by flattened
follicular
epithelial cells.
The primary follicle is marked by the surrounding of flattened
(squamous
follicular cells becoming cuboidal and the oocyte becomes bigger.

The presence of the antrum is a characteristic of a secondary follicle. A

follicle at
This stage is also called an "antral follicle".
The mature follicle is also called the Gruffian follicle.

HISTOLOGY WRITTEN EXAMI

MULTIPLE CHOICE: CHOOSE THE SINGLE BEST ANSWER. EACH
ANSWER IS WORTH 1 POINT EACH FOR
THE WRITTEN EXAM
5. The three basic components of all types of connective tissue
A. Elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and most celis
B. Collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and lymph
C. Blood vessels Type Il collagen, and fibroblasts
D. Lymphocytes, matrix protein and ground substance
E. Cells, fibers, and ground substance
Ans : E

13. A section of strated-deletal muschis out in cross section and

examined with election microscopy. A recurring pattern is seen
consisting of one ofament surrounded by six thin filaments in which
portion of the sarconere would you most likely be?
A. The H-Zone
B. The A bend
C. The Z-band
35
D. The Hand
E. The Mine
ans : B

14. In the lung, pulimonary surfactant

A - Increases the alveolar surface tension
B - is derived from monocytes
C - is produced by neuroendoorne cells
D. Coats the epithelium of the trachea
E - is secreted by Type Il preumocytes
Ans : E

16. The defining characteristic of endocrine glands is the presence of

A. Mucous cinturrounding an indistinct lumen ined by mesothelium
B. Both serous and mucou ach in the secretory portion of the gland
C. Ducts that convey the secretory proud to a body surface.
D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium linning the small ducts.
E. Extensive capillary network that conveys product to a target organ
Ans : E

18. Which of the following statements about hyaluronic acid is correct?

A It is a proteoglycan with a shape resembling a bottlebrush.
b- organizes elastiintolastic fibers.
C. It is glycosaminoglycan
D. It stains with silver stains
E. it is one of the integrins
Ans : C

19. Which of the following is a specialized electro-mechanical junction

found in cardiac
muscle?
A - Triad
B Motor and place
C. Desmosome
D. intercalated disk
E Dense Feet
Ans : D

36
20. Due to progressively worsening cardiac output a year old man
undergoes a cardiac biopsy. Which of the following best desorbes
normal cardiac muscle?
A has an extensive vascular network
B. Each fiber is directly innervated by an individual nerve.
C. tacks myofibrils
D. Tubules are found at the function of the Aband and I band.
E. Few mitochondria are present
Ans : A

21. Which of the following is true regarding neuron?

A The nucleus is typically eccentrically placed
B. Nisl substance is present in the axons of motor neurons
C. Pseudounipolar neurons are found only in embryo.
D. They have multiple short processes inown as axons
E por neurons are found in the retira and auditory system
Ans : E

22. Which of the following is a characteristic of slow oxidative-red

skeletal muscle?
A. Numerous mitochondria
B. Low blood supply content
C. Use of glucose as substrate
D. Extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum network
E. Anaerobic metabolism
Ans : A

24. Each of the following is associated with smooth muscle EXCEPT

A Intermediate filaments
B Actin
C. Troponin regulation
D. Myosin
E Dense bodies
Ans : C

37
25. You have learned that there is a difference in both the cols and to
process of myelination in the central nervous system versus the
peripheral nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system

A. A thin perineurium surrounds multiple fasicies of nerve fibers.

B. Ganglia contain neuron cell bodies, capilaries, and satellite colis.
C. Axons are all myelinated.
D.Nodes of Ranvier are areas of myelination between segments of
non-myelination
E. A single oligodendrocyte can myelinate only one axon.
Ans : B

28. Which of the following belongs exclusively to the conducting

portion of the respiratorysystem?
A Alveolar pore
B Alveolar sac
C. Alveolar duct
D. Respiratory bronchiole
E. Terminal bronchiole
Ans : E

29. The outermost fiberous, connective tissue covering of a skeletal

muscle fascicle is the
A. intramysium
B. Permysium
C. Epimysium
D. Endomysium
E. Sarcolemma
Ans : B

30.Which of the following is a characteristic of osteoclass?

A They are derived from osteoprogenitor cells
B. They contain a single large nucleus
C. They can be found in a Howshig's lacuna
D. They are activated by calcitonin
E. They produce collagen
Ans : C

38
31. Goblet cells..
A Are single glands found in mucous producing epithelium
B. Have minute ducts lined by cuboidalepithelium
C. Associate with serous ces to form sero mucous comunes
d- Release the secretion into the vascular system
E Divide rapidy, forming stratified columnar epithelium
Ans : A

33. While looking a section of normal brain you see large triangular
shaped cells with a prominent nucleus. You suspect these are neurons
and begin looking for Nissle substance. Nissl substance is composed of
A Neurofitaments and microtubules
B. Melanin and liptusoin granules
C. Poyribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
E. Synaptic vesicles and acetylcholine
Ans : C

38. Microglial cells

A Are the primary site of HIV infection in the CNS
B. Are derived from undifferentiated neurons
C. Are responsible for myelination in the CNS
D. For corpora am acea folowing brain injury
Are frequent, though atout to see in the normal brain
Ans : A

37. During your lunch break you vist the Surgical Pathology Bulte at
the hospital. The pathologist shows you a portion of the ho joint (the
head of the femur) that has been removed during hip replacement
surgery. Since this piece of bone contains an antolar
surface you know that you could expect to see hyaline cartilage when
ass section
is viewed microscopically. The pathologist asks you to name one
feature of hyaline
cartilage. Wishing you had never stopped by in the first place you tell
her that haline

39
cartilage
A is an important component of the fetal skeleton
B. Can only enlarge by appositional growth
C. is never associated with a perichondrium.
D. Has numerous elastic fibers in addition to collagen
E. Contains Type I collagen in the matte
Ans : A

40. Epithelium that is classified as perudostratified is composed of

A Multiple layers of cells with a superficial columnar layer with cila
B. Multiple layers of cels with dome-shaped apical surfaces
C. A single layer of cells transitioning to multiple layers.
D. A single layer of cells beneath several layers of Keratin
E. A single layer of cells all in contact with the basement membrane.
Ans : E

41. Which of the following call types is NOT found in respiratory

epithelum?
A Cilliated cells
B. Sensory cells
C. Goblet cells
D. Basal cells
E Satellite cells
Ans : E

42. A microscopic evaluation of a biopsy taken from the fomur of a 3-

year-old girl shows
Interstil ameltoe as well as other normal contents of bone
interstitialismetse are a consequence of which of the following events?

A Puling part of Haversion systems by Sharpey's fibers

B. Normal remodeling of bone by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
C. Stimulation of osteoclasts by calcitonin
D. Lack of sufficient osteoprogenitor cells
E. Failure of Haversian systems to form property
Ans : B

42
43. While playing tennis, a 49-year-old man breaks the ulna in his
forearm. Bone is a specialized form of connective issue with which of
the following characteristics?
A Osteoclasts resorb bone
B. It contains actively dividing osteocytes
C. The presence of Vokman's canais running paralel to the long as of bone.
D. Osteoblasts are located in the canalicu
E. The femoral bone is formed by intramembros ossification
Ans : A

44. Electrical coupling between cardiac myocytes occurs via:

A. Tight unctions
B. Gap junctions
C. Intermediate junctions
D Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Ans : B

46. Each of the following is a component of bone matrix EXCEPT

A Type I collagen
B. Osteoprogenitor cells
C. Gycoprotein
D. Calcium
E Qycosaminoglycans
Ans : B

47. The basal lamina of epithelia celsis anchored to the underlying

connective issue by Which type of collagen?
A. IX
B. I
C. VII
D. V
E. II
Ans : C

41
50 The basic structure of all types of cartilage includes each of the
following EXCEPT
A Glycosaminoglycans
B. Chondrocytes
C Lacunae
D Osteoid
E. Collagen
Ans : D

51. The epicardium of the heart

A Lines the mitral and tricuspid valves
B is continuous with the endocardium
C. is composed of modified cardiac muscle cels
D. is adherent to the visceral pericardium
E. Contains Purkinje cells
Ans : D

53. Your Great Uncle Bay Bob has a persistent hacking cough. He has
smoked 3 packs of cigarettes a day for the last 40 years. Which of the
following is the most likely cause for
his hacking?
A A deviated nasal septum
B. Accumulation of carbon in macrophages.
C. Loss of functional circulation to the lungs.
D. Loss of cilia from the respiratory epithelium
E. The foul Houston air
Ans : D

58. In the long each of the following is true regarding the pores of
Kohn, EXCEPT:
A Cannot be visualized with light microscopy
B. Allow collateral droutation of a
C. Are found in the terminal bronchioles
D. Can equalize pressure between alveol
E. Allow passage alveolar macrophages.
Ans : E

42
59. Which of the following is true regarding osteogenesis?
A Bone can enlarge by appositional and interstitial growth
B. Intramembranous ostication involves formation of primary and
secondary
ossfication centers
C. The primary ossification center involves the epiphyseal area of the
precursor tissue
D. Endochondral bone growth occurs throughout the life of an adult
E. Endochondral bone growth involves e epiphyseal plate
Ans : E
20-A
60. A 52-year-old man is seen by a neurologist for progressive muscle
21-E
weakness and loss of sensation is his extremities. Suspecting a
demyelination process may be occurring 22-A

the neurologist performs a peripheral nerve biopsy. Which of th 23-E

folowing cells is responsible for myelination of peripheral nerves? 24-C
A Basket cells 25-B
B. Schwarn cells 1-D
26-D
C Microglial cells 2-D
D. Oigodendrocytes 27-C
3-B 51-D
E Astrocytes 28-E
4-C 52-C
Ans : B 29-B
5-E 53-D
30-C
6-C 54-E
31-A
7-D 55-D
32-C
8-B 56-C
33-C
9-C 57-B
34-C
10-D 58-E
35-D
11-A 59-E
36-A
12-B 60-B
37-A
13-B
38-A
14-E
39-A
15-C
40-E
16-E
41-E
17-B
.1 42-B
18-C
43 43-A
19-D
44-B

45-D
 One of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endocrine system.
a. Products secreted into blood
b. Glands with duct system
c. Secretes hormones
d. Highly vascular
ans : B

2. What is the type of secretion of endocrine glands?

a. Mucus
b. Serous fluid
c. Hormones
d. Enzymes
ans : C

3.The gland that is nicknamed (inaccurately) the "master gland" is the

a. Adrenal medulla
b. Adrenal cortex
c. Pituitary
d. Pineal gland
ans : C

4. Which cells secrete ACTH?

a. Mammotrophs
b. Thyrotrophs
c. Somatotrophs
d. Corticotrophs

44
ans : d

5.Acervuli cerebri or brain sand found in

a. Pituitary gland
b. Pineal gland
c. Pancreatic islets
d. Thyroid follicles

asn : B

1. Which layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle?

A- Epicardium
b. Pericardium
c. Myocardium
d. Endocardium
e - Endomysium
Answer: C

The heart consists of three layers: epicardium, myocardium and

endocardium.
The epicardium is the outer layer of the heart, containing the blood
vessels and nerves which
Supply the heart
The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart
The endocardium is the inner layer of the heart. The innermost
portion of the endocardium is
Composed of endothelium, a simple squamous epithelium.
The pericardium is the connective tissue sac that the heart sits in
Endomysium is the connective tissue covering of an individual muscle
cell.
Where is the Author
Right click
Liceo
Answer: d ( left ……. )
The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart. It is thickest in the
left ventricle, since the

45
Left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the
systemie circulation

3. What is the connective tissue sae surrounding the heart?

Epicardium
b. Pericardium
c. Myocardium
d. Endocardium
e. Endomysium
Answer: B

The heart consists of three layers: epicardium, myocardium and

endocardium.
The epicardium is the outer layer of the heart containing the blood
vessels and nerves which
Supply the heart
The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart
The endocardium is the inner layer of the heart. The innermost
portion of the endocardium is
Composed of endothelium, a simple squamous epithelium.
The pericardium is the connective tissue sac that the heart sits in
Endomysium is the connective tissue covering of an individual muscle
cell

4 - What is the connective tissue called which surrounds an individual

cardiac
Muscle fiber?
a. Epicardium
b. Pericardium
c. Myocardium
d. Endocardium
e. Endomysium
Answer: E

The heart consists of three layers: epicardium, myocardium and

endocardium.

46
The epicardium is the outer layer of the heart, containing the blood
vessels and nerves which
Supply the heart
The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart
The endocardium is the inner layer of the heart. The innermost
portion of the endocardium is
Composed of endothelium, a simple squamous epithelium
The pericardium is the connective tissue sac that the heart sits in
Endomysium is the connective tissue covering of an individual muscle
cell.

5. What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A - Sinoatrial node
b. Atrioventricular node
e Bundle of His
d. Right bundle branch
e. Purkinje fiber
Answer: A

A cardiac impulse is transmitted through a specific pathway of

modified cardiac tissue within
The heart. The pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node (SA
node). The impulse then goes
To the AV node. It goes through the ventricles via the bundle of His.
The bundle of His is also
Called the atrioventricular bundle. This divides into right and left
bundle branches. From there
The impulse is transmitted into Purkinje fibers.

6. Which of the following is not true regarding the endocardium?

The endocardium contains abundant adipose tissue
b. The endocardium is layered
c. The endocardium contains blood vessels
d. The endocardium contains smooth muscle
c. The endocardium is lined by endothelium
Answer ; a

47
The epicardium contains abundant adipose tissue, not the
endocardium
The endocardium is the inner layer of the heart. The layers of the
heart being endocardium,
Myocardium, and epicardium. The endocardium itself is layered. The
innermost layer of the
Endocardium is lined by endothelium. The middle layer of the
endocardium is connective
Tissue and smooth muscle. The outer layer of the endocardium is the
subendocardial layer.
The endocardium contains blood vessels.
7. What is the atrioventricular bundle?
a. Sincatrial node
b. Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His
d. Right bundle branch
e. Purkinje fiber
Answer: c

A cardiac impulse is transmitted through a specific pathway of

modified cardiac tissue within
The heart. The pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node (SA
node). The impulse then goes

To the AV node. It goes through the ventricles via the bundle of His.
The bundle of His is also
Called the atrioventricular bundle. This divides into right and left
bundle branches. From there
The impulse is transmitted into Purkinje fibers.

8- Where is endothelium located?

A- Epicardium
b. Pericardium
c. Myocardium
d. Endocardium
e. Endomysium
Answer: D

48
The heart consists of three layers: epicardium, myocardium and
endocardium.
The epicardium is the outer layer of the heart, containing the blood
vessels and nerves which
Supply the heart
The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart.
The endocardium is the inner layer of the heart. The innermost
portion of the endocardium is
Composed of endothelium, a simple squamous epithelium.
The pericardium is the connective tissue sac that the heart sits in
Endomysium is the connective tissue covering of an individual muscle
cell.

9.Pulling on heartstrings" refers to urong feelings of kne or sympathy

ulling onc's conciene. What anatomical struture is ita reference to?
A.Sincatrial node
B. Bondle of His
C.Right bundle branch
D. Purkinje iber
E.Chonde tendinac
Answer: e

The chordae tendinae are threadlike structures between the papillary

muscles to the valves of
The heart
A cardiac impulse is transmitted through a specific pathway of
modified cardiac tissue within
The heart. The pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node (SA
node). The impulse then goes
To the AV node. It goes through the ventricles via the bundle of His.
The bundle of His is also
Called the atrioventricular bundle. This divides into right and left
bundle branches. From there
The impulse is transmitted into Purkinje fibers,

10. Where are the blood vessels which supply the heart located?

49
A- Epicardium
b. Pericardium
c. Myocardium
d. Endocardium
e. Endomysium
Answer: a

1.At what level of the vascular tree does gas exchange occur?
A. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery
Answer: a

2.Which layer in an artery is primarily skeletal muscle?

A. Tunica intima
B. Tunica media
C. Tunica exterma
d. All of the above .
E. None of the above
Answer : e

3.Which of the folowing is NOT a distinguishing feature between

larger veins and arteries
a Veins have valves whereas arteries do not have valves
B. The tinics in veins are not as clearly delimited as are the tunics in
arteries
C. The walls in veins are thinner than the walls in arteries
d. The lumen of a vein is smaller than the lumen of an artery
e None. All of the above are true
Answer : d

4.In which structure are things moved across the epithelium via
pinocytotic vesicles?
A Continuous capillaries

52
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus
Answers : a

A characteristic of continuous capillaries is that things are transported

across the epithelium
Via pinocytotic vesicles.
A characteristic of fenestrated capillaries is the presence of pores or
fenestrae.
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) are wide leaky capillaries. They are
found in the liver,
Spleen, and bone marrow.
An arteriovenous anastomoses (AV anastomoses or AV shunt) is a
direct route between
Arteries and veins. It bypasses the capillary bed.
A venous sinus is a venous space lined by endothelium. A venous sinus
surrounding the brain
Exists which is called the dural sinus.

5. What is a thoroughfare which is a an intermediate between an

arteriole and capillary?
a. Metcapillary
b. Metartery
c. Me venule
d. Metarteriole
e. None of the above
Ans : D
A metarteriole is a thoroughfare that can be considered an
intermediate between an arteriole
And capillary is a metarteriole.

6. Which layer in an artery contains the endothelium?

a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa

51
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Answer: A

The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel. It is lined

by endothelium
The tunica media is the middle layer of a blood vessel. The tunica
media is primarily smooth
Muscle
The tunica externa or tunica adventitia is the outer layer of a blood
vessel. In large vessels, the
Tunica adventitia contains vasa vasorum (blood vessels) and nervi
vascularis (nerves),

7. What do you call the simple squamous epithelium that lines the
blood vessels?
a. Epithelioid tissue
b. Mesothelium
c. Endothelium
d. Transitional
e- Pseudostratified
Answer: c

Epithelial tissue has cells that are very tightly packed together. There
is always a free surface
Associated with epithelial tissue. If a tissue is composed of a
conglomeration of cells in tightly
Packed together, but it does not have a free surface, the tissue is called
epitheliold tissue. An
Example of epithelioid tissue is the parenchyma of the adrenal gland.
Mesothelium is simple squamous epithelium that lines the abdominal
cavity, the pericardial
Cavity, and the thoracic cavity.
Endothelium is simple squamous epithelium that lines the vascular
system
Transitional epithelium is seen in the urinary tract. Transitional
epithelium has dome shaped

52
Cells on the apical surface.
Pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that has cells
which all touch the basement
Membrane. Pseudostratified epithelium is only one cell layer thick.
Pseudostratified
Epithelium appears stratified, but it is not really stratified. Thus the
name. The prefix "pseudo
Means false, such as pseudonym or pseudo-science.

8. In which of the following is a portal system NOT found?

a. Kidney
b. Liver
c. Muscle
d. Brain
e. None of the above is correct; a portal system is found in all of the
above
Answer: C
The normal flow of blood is as follows artery – arteriole –
capillary.post capillary venule.
Vein. However, exceptions to this pattern of blood flow exist
The phenomenon when a vein is between two capillary beds is called a
venous portal system,
An example of this is the hepatic portal system. Another example of a
venous portal system is
Seen in the brain between the hypothalamus and pituitary
The phenomenon when an arteriole is between two capillary beds is
called an arterial portal
System. This is seen in the kidney,

9.What is the brachial artery?

a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c Venule
d- Elastic artery
e- Muscular artery
Answer ; e

53
Capillaries are very thin walled in order to casily allow the exchange of
gases. Gascous
Exchange between the blood and tissues occurs at the level of the
capillaries
Arterioles are small branches of arteries with only one or two layers of
smooth muscle in the
Tunica media. Arterioles regulate the amount of blood going into the
capillary bed.
Venules are small branches of veins
Elastic arteries are the arteries leaving the heart and the major
branches. The aorta is an elastic
Artery
Most of the named arteries are muscular arteries (with the exception
of the aorta and the
Major branches of the aorta). The dividing line between elastic
arteries and muscular arteries
Is not clear cut. However, a pronounced internal elastic membrane
and external elastic
Membrane are distinguishing characteristics of muscular arteries.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: Elastic arteries also have an
internal elastic membrane.
However, there is so much elastic material in the tunica intima of an
elastic artery, that a
Single, discrete internal clastic membrane is not visible.

10. Which of the following is a distinct structure found specifically in

the liver, spleen, and bone
Marrow?
a. Continuous capillaries
D. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus
Answer: c

A characteristic of continuous capillaries is that things are transported

across the epithelium

54
Via pinocytotie vesicles.
A characteristic of fenestrated capillaries is the presence of pores or
fenestrae.
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) are wide leaky capillaries. They are
found in the liver,
Spleen, and bone marrow,
An arteriovenous anastomoses (AV anastomoses or AV shunt) is a
direct route between
Arteries and veins. It bypasses the capillary bed.
A venous sinus is a venous space lined by endothelium. A venous sinus
surrounding the brain
Exists which is called the dural sinus.

1.What is the glomerulus?

a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta
Answer: c

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The

afferent
Arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a
capillary
Tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent
arteriole.
The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise
after
The efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of
Henle,
And distal tubule. Vasa recta are the straight vessels" which arise from
Some of the efferent arterioles.

2. What is a renal pyramid and its associated cortex referred to?

a. Medulla
b. Lobe

55
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray
Answer: b

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
A
Kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and
the
Associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between
the
Pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region
where
A portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to
as
Medullary ray.
3. Approximately how many nephrons are there in each kidney?
a. 1,000
b. 10,000
c. 100,000
d. 1,000,000
e. 10,000,000
Answer: d

There are approximately one million (1,000,000) nephrons in each

kidney,
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney,

4- What is the Malpighian corpuscle?

a. Glomerulus
b. Bowman's capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: c

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be

56
Divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft
of the
Nephron is referred to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a
double
Layered cap surrounding the glomerulus. This is the first portion of
the
Uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up
the
Renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian
Corpuscle.
Bowman's capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The
proximal
Convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the
distal
Convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the
Collecting duct.
5. What are the ducts of Bellini?
a. Collecting tubules
b. Distal convoluted tubule
c. Proximal convoluted tubule
d. Loop of Henle
e. Medullary ray
Answer: a

Large collecting tubules near the apex of the pyramid are the ducts of
Bellini. The ducts of Bellini are also called a papillary ducts.
6. What are the foot processes on podocytes?
a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
c. Pedicels
d. Juxtaglomerular cells
e. Macula densa
Answer: c

The Inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of

Cells called podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the
parietal

57
Layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized
cells
In the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The
Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular
Apparatus.
7.What vessel is a branch of the interlobular artery?
a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta
Answer: a

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The

afferent
Arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a
capillary
Tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent
arteriole.
The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise
after

The efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of

Henle,
And distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straight vessels which arise from
Some of the efferent arterioles.

8. What type of tissue lines the bladder?

a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithellum
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium
Answer: e

58
The lining of the bladder is transitional epithelium. Epithelium lines
body
Cavities and surfaces. There are domed shaped cells on the apical
surface.

9.What is the projection of the medulla into the renal cortex called?
a. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray
Answer: E

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
A
Kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and
the
Associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between
the
Pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region
where
A portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to
as
Medullary ray

10.What makes up the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

a. Pedicels
b. Juxtaglomerular cells
C. Macula densa
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c
Answer: e

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of

Cells called podocytes. Pedicels are the foot processes on the
podocytes.

59
The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are
specialized
Cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The
Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular
Apparatus.
1.What vessels arise from the efferent arteriole?
a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary Tuft
D. Peritubular capillaries
E. Vasa Recta
Ans : D

2.Which structure does the proximal convoluted lead to?

A. Glomerulus
b. Bowman's capsule
C. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: d

3. What is the correct term for the foot processes on podocytes?

A. Pedis
b. Pedicels
c. Pedalis
d. Pes
e. Pediocyte
Answer: b

4. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?

A. Erythropoietin production 67
b. Vitamin D modification
C. Acid base balance
d. Aldosterone production
e, Renin production
Answer. D

62
The kidney is involved in several things, in addition to urine
production.
Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney. Vitamin D is modified in the
Kidney, specifically, there is the addition of hydroxyl groups. The
kidney
Plays an important role in acid base balance. Renin is produced in the
Kidney.
Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal gland.

5.What is the space between the renal pyramids called?

a. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray
Answer: c

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
A
Kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, overlying cortex, and the
Associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between
the
Pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region
where
A portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to
as
Medullary ray.

6. What is the capillary tuft of the nephron?

a. Glomerulus
b. Bowman's capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: a

7. What vessel supplies blood to the glomerulus?

61
 A. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta
Ans. A

8 .What type of tissue composes the kidney tubules?

A. Simple squamous epithellum
b. Simple cuboidal epithellum
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithellum
e. Transitional epithelium
Answer: b

9. Where is renin secreted from?

A. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
C. Pedicels d. Juxtaglomerular cells
D .Juxtaglomerular Cells
e. Macula densa
Answer: d

10. What are the "straight vessels"?

a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta
Answer: e

1.What is the inner region of the kidney called?

A. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns

62
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray
Answer: a

2.What is the double layered cap on the glomerulus?

A. Glomerulus
b. Bowman's capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: b

2.What vessel supplies blood to the glomerulus?

a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta
Answer: d

3. Where are podocytes seen?

A. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
C. Pedicels
d. Juxtagiomerular cells
e. Macula densa
Answer: a
The kidney is involved in several things, in addition to urine
production.
Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney. Vitamin D is modified in the
Kidney, specifically, there is the addition of hydroxyl groups. The
kidney
Plays an important role in acid base balance. Renin is produced in the
Kidney.
Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal gland.
5.
What is the space between the renal pyramids called?

63
a. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray
Answer: c
The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
A
Kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, overlying cortex, and the
Associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between
the
Pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region
where
A portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to
as
Medullary ray.

6.What is the capillary tuft of the nephron?

a. Glomerulus
b. Bowman's capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: a

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be
Divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft
of the
Nephron is referred to as the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a
double
Layered cap surrounding the glomerulus. This is the first portion of
the
Uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up
the
Renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian
Corpuscle.

64
Bowman's capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The
proximal
Convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the
distal
Convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the
Collecting duct.

2.What vessel supplies blood to the glomerulus?

a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta
Answer: a

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The

afferent
Arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a
capillary
Tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent
arteriole.
The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise
after
The efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of
Henle,
And distal tubule. Vasa recta are the "straight vessels" which arise
from
Some of the efferent arterioles.

8.What type of tissue composes the kidney tubules?

a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboldal epithellum
C. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium
Answer: b

65
The kidney tubules are simple cuboidal epithelium. Epithelium lines
body
Cavities and surfaces. Simple cuboidal epithelium is "simple" because
it is
One cell thick. "Cuboidal" refers to the shape of the cells.

9.Where is renin secreted from?

a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
c. Pedicels
d. Juxtaglomerular cells
e. Macula densa
Answer: d
The Inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of
Cells called podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the
parietal
Layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocyte he
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized
cells
In the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The
Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular
Apparatus.

10.What are the "straight vessels"?

a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
C. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta
Answer: e

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The

afferent
Arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a
capillary
Tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent
arteriole.

66
The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise
after
The efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of
Henle,
Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up
Apparatus.

4.What vessel is formed from an aggregation of the glomerular

capillaries?
A. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arterlole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta
Answer: b

5. What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray
Answer: d

6. Which structure leads to the collecting duct?

A. Glomerulus
b. Bowman's capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: e

7.What cells are sensitive to sodium concentration?

A. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
c. Pedicels d. Juxtaglomerular cells

67
e. Macula densa
Answer: E

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of

cells called podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule is the
parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The
juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are 72
specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to
sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the
juxtaglomerular apparatus. a. Pancreas b. Thyroid c. Pineal gland d.
Adrenal gland (medulla)

7.Production and phagocytosis of thyroglobulin is the function of

a. Parathyroid oxyphil cell
b. Thyroid parafollicular cells
c. Thyroid follicular cells
d. Adrenal chromaffin cells

8.Insulin is secreted from which cell type of pancreatic islets?

A. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells
d. Acinus cells

ans : B

68