Midterm Module Chapter 1 3

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY MODULE
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PREFACE
The Science, Technology, and Society module is deliberately designed to acquire the
fundamentals of science and technology in the society. This interdisciplinary course has three-unit credits
and engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in the society.
Science, Technology and Society (STS) is an interdisciplinary field that studies the conditions under which
the production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems occurs. This
course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and
display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement.
This module is divided into five (5) chapters. Chapter 1 confers the Historical antecedents in
which social considerations changed the course of science and technology. Chapter 2 discusses the
Intellectual revolutions that defined society. Chapter 3 focuses on Science and Technology and Nation
Building. Chapter 4 emphasizes on The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology
and Technology as a Way of Revealing Human flourishing. Lastly, Chapter 5 centers on when technology
and humanity cross.
The parts of the module consist of the learning objectives, lesson content, and activities. An
evaluation activity is added for students to have a better understanding on the concepts following a
task-based and learner- centered approach. This course module is expressly for the students of Benguet
State University and is produced by the College of Numeracy and Applied Sciences-Physics
Department. Contributions from several authors of references or sources are properly acknowledged.
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COURSE GUIDE
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science
and technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of
our living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and technological
development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and
philosophical underpinnings at play. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that
they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and
technological advancement. This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and
environmental awareness.
The table presents the detailed course content of the subject:

CHAPTER 1
Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology
a. In the World: Pre-history, Ancient, Middle and Modern Age
b. In the Philippines
CHAPTER 2
Intellectual revolutions that defined society
a. Copernican
b. Darwinian
c. Newtonian
d. Lavoisier
CHAPTER 3
Science and Technology and Nation Building
a. The Philippine Government S&T Agenda
b. Major development programs and personalities in S&T in the Philippines
c. Science Education in the Philippines
d. Selected indigenous science and technologies
CHAPTER 4
The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology as a Way of
Revealing Human flourishing
CHAPTER 5
When technology and humanity cross:
a. Genetically Modified Organisms
b. Gene therapy (Stem Cells)
c. Nanotechnology
d. Robotics and AI
e. Information Age (Gutenberg to social media)
f. Why does the future not need us?
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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, the students, regardless of gender and ethnicity, are expected to:
Cognitive:
1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society.
2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in nation-
building.
3. Recognize the effect of socio- cultural and politico- economic factors on the development of
science and technology especially in the Philippine setting.
4. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ramifications
that are meaningful to the student as a part of society.
5. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine society
in general.
Affective:
1. Imbibe the importance of science and technology in the preservation of the environment and
the development of the Filipino nation.
2. Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology such that the
student may be able to define for himself/herself the meaning of the good life.
3. Foster the value of a healthy lifestyle toward the holistic and sustainable development of society
and the environment.
Psychomotor:
1. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society.
2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative and
creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards
3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact their lives and their
understanding of climate change.
COURSE REQUIREMENT
At the end of the course, you are expected to submit the following:
1. Written reports about assigned research works (when necessary)
2. Examinations
EVALUATION AND GRADING SYSTEM:

A. EVALUATION
Your performance is evaluated in terms of:
• Written reports about assigned activities and researches (if there are)
• Activity Reports 66.67% Examinations
33.33%
B. GRADING SYSTEM
Your final grade (FG) would be computed using the following:
Final Grade (FG): (2/3) FTG + (1/3) MTG where MTG
= Midterm Grade
= (2/3) CSG + (1/3) Midterm Exam Grade FTG
= Final Term Grade
= (2/3) CSG+ (1/3) Final Exam Grade
CSG = Class Standing Grade
= the CSG would be based on your submitted activities
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BSU VMGO ORIENTATION, COURSE CONTENT AND CLASSROOM POLICY ORIENTATION
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

 state the BSU Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives; and
 explain the relation of the institution’s VMGO to their course.
 define quantitative research; and
 describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative
research
Vision: BSU as an International University engendering graduates to walk the intergenerational highways.
Mission: Benguet State University CARES to:
Challenge innovation,
Advance technology and facilities,
Revitalize administration,
Engender partnership, and
Serve in sustaining intergenerational role
Goals & Objectives
Goal I: Challenge Innovation in the four-fold functions of the University
Objectives:
1. (Instruction) To provide quality education responsive to the needs of time
2. (Research) To enhance research productivity contributing to sustainable development
3. (Extension) To disseminate relevant research outputs and other scholarly activities consistent with BSU’s
mandated programs
4. (Production) To promote sustainable and appropriate resource generation strategies for the
implementation of development plans
5. (Administration) To advocate for resource management and effective energy efficiency in addressing
the demands of climate change
Goal II: Advance Technology and Facility by shaping the University become responsive to modern needs
Objectives:
1. (Instruction) To use information and communication technology learning resources to sustain and
enhance quality of alternative teaching - learning continuity endeavors
2. (Research and Extension) To upgrade facilities and enable researchers/extensionists to conduct
activities using specialized facilities
3. (Production) To acquire and update state-of-the-art facilities in the projects innovation
4. (Administration) To upgrade facilities and establish modern physical infrastructures
Goal III: Revitalize Administration by harmonizing performance monitoring, information, and reporting
systems
Objectives:
1. To elevate the BSU PRIME-HRM to a level of excellence for good governance and efficient public
service
2. To reinforce transparency, integrity, and objectivity in the delivery of service
3. To regenerate instruction, research, extension, production, linkages, governance, management, and
policies
4. To streamline operations to be efficient, effective, and responsive to challenges and changes
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Goal IV: Engender Partnership by proactively strengthening linkages
Objectives:
1. (Instruction) To establish academic partnerships with local, regional, national and international
institutions providing educational opportunities for faculty, staff, and students
2. (Research) To increase and sustain university relations with academe, industries, GOs, NGOs, and LGUs
for research funding
3. (Extension) To increase and sustain partnership with academe, LGUs, NGOs, industries, and others
4. (Production) To comply with existing laws, policies and other requirements
Goal V: Serve Intergenerational Role by revitalizing the Spiritual, Physical, Economical, Cultural, Intellectual,
Emotional, and Social (S.P.E.C.I.E.S.) state
Objectives:
1. To offer programs that embody social, cultural, economical and developmental needs both for local
and global markets
2. To champion local culture and languages in the University context through research, extension, and
academic programs
3. To document best practices of the University
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Score: __________
Program, Yr., and Section: __________________
ACTIVITY 1: Among the listed university goals and objectives, which one do you think is the
most relevant to the degree program you are undertaking (Example: Goal V, Objective 1)?
Explain why so? Write not more than 100 words. Detach the worksheet once finished.
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CHAPTER Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations
1 Changed the Course of Science and Technology
LESSON 1: PRE- HISTORY

 discuss how scientific and technological developments in the pre-history affected the
society and the environment;
 analyze the three important periods in prehistory; and
 identify the tools used in the different periods.
ENGAGE
Imagine you were living 5 million years ago, what was life like during this era? Write in 3- 5
sentences.
INTRODUCTION
Prehistory is the age that begins with the appearance of human being about five million years ago,
and finishes with the invention of writing, about 6,000 years ago. It is a long period divided into three periods:
the Paleolithic period, the Mesolithic period, and the Neolithic period. The Paleolithic period began with our
first ancestors and finished about 10,000 years ago. During that period, human beings used tools made of
stone and lived on hunting and gathering. In the Mesolithic period, the development of agriculture
contributed to the rise of permanent settlements. The Neolithic period or new age, human beings lived in
villages and human communities cultivated the land and raised cattle. Continuance of agriculture and
cattle herding gave rise to a productive economy as well as the discovery of metal. It is essential to
recognize the impact of the foremost inventions and development of tools used by pre historic human to
understand how it affected our society and environment.
EXPLAIN
The Paleolithic Period
Paleolithic Period also called Old Stone Age is characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped
stone tools. These included simple pebble tools (rock shaped by the pounding of another stone to produce
tools with a serrated crest that served as a chopping blade), hand adzes (tools shaped from a block of
stone to create a rounded butt and a single-bevel straight or curved cutting edge), stone scrapers,
cleavers, and points. Such tools were also made of bone and wood. The Paleolithic Period was also
characterized by the manufacture of small sculptures (e.g., carved stone statuettes of women, clay
figurines of animals, and other bone and ivory carvings) and paintings, incised designs, and reliefs on cave
walls.
Characteristics
1. Food supply and Population is directly related
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2. Humans had a very short life expectancy
3. Childhood illnesses were deadly
4. Paleolithic humans only stayed in one spot until the food supply was gone.
Obtaining Food
Roles of women and children Gathered nuts, berries, and eggs
Collected honey
Dug for roots
Roles of men Hand fishing
Hunting small animals w/ sticks and rocks
Hunting for larger animals in groups
Making Tools
1. Sticks and stones were sharpened into useful tools for hunting and other jobs
2. Pebble Tools
3. Chips were taken out of large stones to make jagged sharp edges
Making Fire
1. Fire was 1st discovered by humans as a natural
element, lighting causes fires
2. Soon the realized that they could make fire by
rubbing 2 sticks together to create sparks
3. Cooking food helped the digestion process allowing
humans more time to complete other tasks
4. Cooking also allowed for better nutrition
Fire was used by early humans in many ways:

Stay warm and dry, as weapon, For hunting, for
clearing land, cooking food
Seeking Shelter
1. The first humans lived on the open plains of Africa, they took shelter in pits they dug and dry river
beds in bad weather
2. As the prehistoric humans moved out of Africa and into Europe and Asia they began to use caves
as shelter
Making Clothing
1. As climate changed to cool and wet prehistoric man began to use large animal hides for clothing
2. They were sewn together to provide protection and warmth
The Neanderthals and the Cro- Magnons

These are the two species within the genus Homo and have achieved a Paleolithic level of
development. Below are the differences between the two species.
NEANDERTHALS CRO- MAGNONS
1. Discovered in Germany, found throughout 1. Discovered in France, remains found in North
Asia, Africa, and Europe Africa, Asia, and Europe
2. Believed 1 million lived on Earth at 1 time 2. Tool makers, invented the burin to make better
3. Skilled hunters, used traps (pitfalls) to catch weapons for hunting larger game
larger prey 3. Spear throwers were invented to expand their
4. 1st to bury their dead food source and make hunting safer
4. Invented the axe to cut down trees and bamboo
to make rafts and boats. Rafts allowed them to
become the 1st humans to reach Australia
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5. 1st to use bones, ivory, and shells for jewelry, and
decorate clothing
6. Made flutes from hollow bones to create music
The Mesolithic Period

The Mesolithic Period, or Middle Stone Age, is an archaeological term describing specific cultures
that fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods. The Paleolithic was an age of purely hunting and
gathering, but toward the Mesolithic period the development of agriculture contributed to the rise of
permanent settlements.
Characteristics
1. Second period in Human history
2. Based on the increased technology of “microlith”
3. The new technology allowed for an increase in leather work and basketry.
4. Tools were combined with other tools and refined for hunting
5. All these new tools were allowed for the domestication of plants and animals.
Tools
Microliths: tiny flints that were glued/fixed to Assorted flint blades: used as knives
wooden shafts to make arrows or spears for
hunting.
Axe head: The axe heads were fixed into a Scrapers: used for cleaning animal skins in the
wooden handle and used like axes today. process of making leather
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Flint core: raw material from which other tools Burins: used for carving or engraving wood and
could be made. bone, like a chisel
The Neolithic Period

The Neolithic or New Stone Age denotes to a stage of human culture following the Paleolithic and
Mesolithic periods and is characterized by the use of polished stone implements, development of
permanent dwellings, cultural advances such as pottery making, domestication of animals and plants, the
cultivation of grain and fruit trees, and weaving.
Characteristics
1. Hunter and Gatherers began to farm
2. Life became more sedentary and permanent villages developed
3. Seed planting and animal domestication
4. Neolithic people became food producers
5. Farming
6. growth in population
Tools
1. Hammers and Chisels: Hammers were mostly used with chisels in woodworking, though the
difference between a hammer and a war club is really only in the use.
2. Adzes: A larger adze also makes an effective tool for digging, removing roots and generally
preparing land for planting.
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3. Axe: Axes make the clearing of land much simpler, allowing the spread of agriculture. Axes also
make effective weapons, and it is thought that many Neolithic axes were meant to be used on
enemies rather than trees.
4. Three- Sided Blade Points: can be inserted deeper into a carcass, or run along a bone, and works
better for the fruits and vegetables of a settled agricultural life.
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Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: __________
Program, Yr., and Section: ________________________________
ACTIVITY 2: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished.
1. Compare and contrast Paleolithic period, Mesolithic period, and Neolithic period.
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2. Identify a tool in any period of the prehistory then write its impact in our society at present. Write not
more than 80 words.
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3. What is the implication of agriculture on human society? Write not more than 80 words.
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CHAPTER LESSON 2A: Ancient Civilization

1 (Sumerian, Babylonian, and Mayan)

 discuss the interactions between Science, Technology and Society in Ancient Civilization; and
 discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment.
ENGAGE : Below are writings in cuneiform. Decode it using the cuneiform “alphabet.”
Cuneiform “Alphabet”
INTRODUCTION
The term civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together
peacefully in communities. Ancient civilization refers specifically to the first settled and stable communities
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that became the basis for later states, nations, and empires. Moreover, a civilization is a complex human
society with certain characteristics of cultural and technological development. In many parts of the world,
early civilizations formed when people began coming together in urban settlements. The word “civilization”
relates to the Latin word “civitas” or “city.” This is why the most basic definition of the word “civilization” is
“a society made up of cities.”
SIX TRAITS OF A CIVILIZATION

1. CITIES: The first civilizations developed in river valleys (flat area between hills or mountains) where
people could carry on the large-scale farming that was needed to feed a large population. As food
became abundant (easier to get), more people would live in the city. New patterns of living soon
emerged.
2. GOVERNMENT: Growing numbers of people, the need to maintain the food supply, and the need for
defense (protection) soon led to the growth of governments. Governments organize and regulate
human activity. They also provide for smooth interaction between individuals and groups.
3. RELIGION: Important religious developments also characterized the new urban (city) civilizations. All of
them developed religions to explain the forces of nature and their roles in the world. They believed that
gods and goddesses were important to the community's success.
4. SOCIAL STRUCTURE: A new social structure based on economic (money) power also arose. Rulers and
an upper class of priests, government officials, and warriors dominated society. Below this class was a
large group of free people - farmers, artisans (people with special skills), and craftspeople. At the
bottom was a slave class.
5. WRITING: Writing was an important feature in the life of these new civilizations. Above all, rulers, priests,
merchants (businessmen), and artisans used writing to keep accurate records.
6. ART: Significant artistic activity was another feature of the new civilizations. Architects built temples and
pyramids as places for worship or sacrifice, or for the burial of kings and other important people.
Painters and sculptors portrayed (showed) stories of nature. They also provided depictions (drawings)
of the rulers and gods they worshiped.
Did you know that the Sumerian culture was lost to history until the 19 th century? All knowledge
of their history, language and technology—even their name—was eventually forgotten. Their
secrets remained buried in the deserts of Iraq until the 19th century, when French and British
archaeologists finally stumbled upon Sumerian artifacts while hunting for evidence of the
ancient Assyrians. Scholars such as Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, Julius Oppert and Paul
Haupt later took the lead in deciphering the Sumerian language and cuneiform, providing
historians with their first ever glimpse of the long lost history and literature of early Mesopotamia.
Since then, archaeologists have recovered numerous pieces of Sumerian art, pottery and
sculpture as well as some 500,000 clay tablets, the vast majority of which have still yet to be
translated (https://www.history.com/news/).
ANCIENT SUMERIANS
The Sumerians were the most extraordinary people who ever lived on the face of the earth. They
seemed to come from out of nowhere, and they single-handedly invented civilization when most of the rest
of the world was still living in the Stone Age. What’s more, they did it thousands of years before anyone else.
In regard to the Sumerians, you will need to revise your concept of ancient in comparison to the "ancient"
Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians. The Sumerian civilization was already ancient when it ended in 2004 B.C.,
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twenty centuries before Julius Caesar, sixteen centuries before Socrates, and seven centuries before
Tutankhamen.
CONTRIBUTIONS
FABRICATION OF COPPER
The archeological evidence states that they harnessed the skill
of extracting and working with copper around 5000 to 6000 years ago.
By developing this skill of fabricating copper, they helped in significant
growth of various Mesopotamia cities like Uruk, Sumer, Ur, and al’Ubaid.
Sumerians used copper in making heads of arrows, razors, harpoons
and many other small objects. Later, they also began making vessels,
chisels, and jugs from copper. These objects reveal excellent
craftsmanship of the Sumerians.
THE WHEEL
During this Bronze Age, people had already begun planting crops,
herding domestic animals and also had some form of social hierarchy. It was
none other than Sumerians, who were the firs to use wood as wheels. They
joined the logs together and further rolled them in a way that made it easier
for moving the heavy objects. Gradually, by observing the movement, they
went one step further by drilling a hole through the frame of the cart while
making a place for the axle. Ultimately, they connected the wheels to form a
chariot. Today, this wheel caters to transportation systems spread worldwide.
CUNEIFORM SCRIPT
It is the oldest writing form in the world and was first used by the
Sumerians in 3400 BCE. Here, a stylus is pressed into soft clay that
produces a wedge-shaped style of writing. These impressions represent
word signs which they used to keep a record of everything. It started
with pictorial cuneiform and later changed to phonograms or word
concepts. The cuneiform script was used for more than three
millenniums until the Roman era introduced alphabetical forms.
SAILBOAT
Sumerians came up with lightweight sailboats made from
wood and papyrus. The sails were square-shaped and made up of
cloth. Not only were these sailboats helpful in trade and commerce,
but they also proved to be of great use in irrigation and fishing. It is
considered to be one of the crucial inventions that really helped in
making the Mesopotamian civilization a great empire.
CODE OF UR-NAMMU
The oldest surviving law code produced towards the end of the third millennium BCE was written on
clay tablets in the Sumerian language. This code gives us an insight into how justice prevailed in the ancient
Sumerian society. Listed below are some laws followed under the Code of Ur-Nammu:
• A man must be killed if he commits a murder
• A man will be killed if he commits a robbery
• A man must be imprisoned and asked to pay 15 shekels of silver if he commits a kidnapping
• If a slave marries a slave and if that slave is set free, he does not leave the house
• If a slave marries a native, he should hand over his first son to his owner
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BOARD GAMES
The royal game named Ur or The Game of Twenty Squares is a
Sumerian version of the board game from ancient Mesopotamia that
existed around 2500 BCE. Its remains were founded by Sir Leonard
Woolley during 1920s. You can still find one of the two boards in the
British Museum of London. Known to be one of the oldest and most
popular board games, this could be played by only two people.
LUNAR CALENDAR
This calendar is entirely based on the recurrence of lunar phases which means, the phases of the
moons were used to count the 12 months. The Sumerians observed two seasons – summer and winter and
the sacred marriage rites were performed on New Year. They used the phases of the moon to count 12
lunar months as a year. To make up the difference between this year and the year of seasons, they added
an extra month to every year after four years.
Why is “The Hanging Gardens called such”? It’s because it has plants cultivated at a height
above ground level, and the roots of the trees are embedded in an upper terrace rather than
in the earth. This is the technique of its construction. The whole mass is supported on stone
columns so that the entire underlying space is occupied by carved column bases
(https://www.livescience.com/).
BABYLONIAN
The city of Babylon on the River Euphrates in southern Iraq is mentioned in documents of the late
third millennium B.C.E. and first came to prominence as the royal city of king Hammurabi (about 1790-1750
B.C.E.). He established his control over many other kingdoms stretching from the Persian Gulf to Syria.
CONTRIBUTIONS
POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEM

The Babylonian numeral system is the first
known positional numeral system and it is considered
by some as their greatest achievement in
mathematics. The value of a digit depends on both
the digit and its position. Positional system greatly
simplifies arithmetic. During that time the Babylonians
did not have a concept of zero or a digit for it and
made use of space instea. Due to their advanced number system, the Babylonians made great advances
in mathematics. It has now been established that Greek and Hellenistic mathematicians borrowed heavily
from the Babylonians.
ADVANCED ARITHMETIC CALCULATIONS AND SOLVED QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Babylonians constructed tables to aid in calculation. Unearthed
Babylonian tablets give squares of the numbers up to 59 and cubes of the
numbers up to 32. If one uses formulas, a table of squares is all that is necessary
to multiply numbers. As the Babylonians did not have an algorithm for long
division, they instead used a table of reciprocals. We still have their reciprocal
tables going up to the reciprocals of numbers up to several billion. Apart from
arithmetical calculations, Babylonian mathematicians also developed
algebraic methods of solving equations. These were also based on pre-calculated tables.
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FIRST TO USE SOPHISTICATED GEOMETRY TO TRACK MOVING OBJECTS
The Babylonians used geometry for the calculation of the areas
of rectangles, triangles and trapezoids as well as the volumes of simple
shapes such as bricks and cylinders. Five Babylonian tablets also provide
evidence that they were using sophisticated geometrical calculations
to track Jupiter across the night sky. They did this through a method for
estimating the area under a curve by drawing a trapezoid. Using this
method they tracked the position of Jupiter as well as its speed and the
distance that it traveled. This technique is fundamental to physics and
was previously believed to have originated in 14th century Europe.
BUILT MASSIVE AND MARVELOUS STRUCTURES LIKE ETEMENANKI AND THE ISHTAR GATE
The Mesopotamian civilization built a number of ziggurats.
The most famous of these is Etemenanki, which had a height of 91
meters but is now in ruins. It was constructed around 610 BC by the
Babylonian king Nabopolassar and was dedicated to the patron
deity of Babylon, Marduk. Etemenanki is most probably the
inspiration for the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, a tower tall
enough to reach heaven. The Babylonians were well known for
their large scale buildings. Apart from Etemenanki, they are said to
have constructed The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Hanging Gardens were
an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of
trees shrubs, and vines. They are described as a marvelous feat of
engineering and are said to have been constructed during the
reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (605 – 562 BC). However, some doubt
the existence of such a structure as there is no physical evidence
for it. Other awe-inspiring structures constructed by the
Babylonians include the Ishtar Gate, which was the main entrance
to the ancient city of Babylon.
ENACTED ONE OF THE EARLIEST AND MOST COMPLETE LEGAL CODES

Hammurabi (r. 1792 BC to 1750 BC) was the sixth king of the
First Babylonian Dynasty. He brought almost all of Mesopotamia
under Babylonian rule. Hammurabi enacted a set of laws to govern
his empire now renowned as the Code of Hammurabi. It was one
of the earliest and most complete written legal codes. Also, unlike
earlier Mesopotamian law code, it was one of the first law codes
to place greater emphasis on the physical punishment of the
perpetrator. The Code of Hammurabi contains as many as 300 laws
that discuss a wide range of subjects, including homicide, assault,
divorce, debt, adoption, tradesman’s fees, agricultural practices and even disputes regarding the brewing
of beer. It was among the first codes to establish the presumption of innocence, the principle that one is
considered innocent unless proven guilty.
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Did you know that their pyramids and cities of ancient Mayans are still being discovered? It’s
amazing to think that something as large as a pyramid could elude archaeologists today. But
it was only a few years ago that a Maya pyramid more than 1000 years old was discovered at
Toniná in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It had been hidden under what was believed to be a
natural hill. In 2015, researchers said this newfound monument was actually Mexico’s tallest
pyramid at 246 feet (75 meters) in height, surpassing the 213-foot Pyramid of the Sun at
Teotihuacan. The ruins of two Maya cities concealed by thick vegetation were also recently
discovered in Mexico’s state of Campeche (https://www.mentalfloss.com)
ANCIENT MAYAN
The Maya civilization began long ago in a place called 'Mesoamerica'. This huge area is made up
of Mexico and part of Central America. The Mayas built amazing cities like Tikal (which they called 'Yax
Mutal') and Palenque. Even though they lived in different cities, ruled by different kings and queens, the
Mayas shared a lot of common beliefs and traditions. They were experts at reading the stars and even built
their cities as a map of the sky! They were also inspired by the creatures of the forest and shared many
legends about animals, plants and nature spirits.
CONTRIBUTIONS
ASTRONOMY
Ancient Mayans recorded information on the development of the
sun, the moon, Venus, and the stars. They have also calculated the days to
be 365.2420 days (the true approximation is 365.2422).
BALL COURTS
Ball games were frequently played
during religious celebrations, lasting for up
to 20 days. The courts were situated at the
foot of sanctuaries to pay tribute to the gods and goddesses.
CHOCOLATE
Ball court The Ancient Mayans were the
first to first to discover the many uses
of the cacao bean between 250 and 900 AD. They mixed the cacao
bean with pepper and cornmeal to make a fiery chocolate drink.
HALLUCINOGEN
Every occasion was feted in a grand way, and people with
special powers known as shamans conducted rituals for the gods. The shamans took stimulating drugs to
induce trance-like states during these rituals in order to make contact with the spiritual world. These
substances affected the body in such a way that pain was not felt, and energy was increased.
LAW AND ORDER

Laws were standardized across every state and were
applicable to all levels of society. If someone broke the law, they
would go to court where punishments were meted out according to
the crime. Victims of theft were personally involved in the process of
justice.
IN AREA OF MATHEMATICS
20
Used a base 20 or vigesimal numbering system and to some extent base 5. They have also built the
concept of 0 into their numbering system by 36 BC.
MAYAN ART
The Maya created artwork from a variety of materials including
wood, jade, obsidian, and earthenware, and decorated stone
landmarks, stucco, and walls. Woodcuts were common but only a few
examples still survive. Stone sculptures are much more common today,
the most celebrated among them, from Copan and Quirigua, are
remarkable for their complexity of detail.
MAYAN WRITING
Glyphs are used to describe or represent a word, sound or even
a syllable through pictures or symbols. History suggests that the Maya
used around 700 different glyphs, and astonishingly 80 percent of the
language is still understood today.
RUBBER
The fundamental staples of the Mayan diet were maize, beans, and
squashes. Crops also included amaranth, bean stew peppers, sweet
potatoes, manioc, tobacco, chaya, cotton, cacao, vanilla, and of course
latex. The Maya took the latex from trees and blended it with the juice from
vines to make elastic.
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Name:_________________________________________________________ Score: _________
Program, Yr., and Section:________________________________

1. How did the development in science and technology shape human history?
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2. Select two (2) inventions from ancient Sumerian, Babylonian, or Mayan and discuss how these
inventions impacted the people and the society during the time period they were invented. Write not
more than 100 words.
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CHAPTER LESSON 2B: Ancient Civilization

1 (Greek, Roman, and Egyptian)
Did you know that the pyramids were not built by slaves but by paid laborers? Ancient
construction workers were a mix of skilled artisans and temporary hands, and some appear to
have taken great pride in their craft. The idea that slaves built the pyramids was first conjured
by the Greek historian Herodotus in the fifth century B.C., but most historians now dismiss it as
myth. While the ancient Egyptians were certainly not averse to keeping slaves, they appear to
have mostly used them as field hands and domestic servants (https://www.history.com/news).
ANCIENT EGYPT
The ancient Egyptian civilization began 5,000 years ago when people started building villages next
to the River Nile in north-east Africa. It lasted for around 3,000 years. The river was an important source of
water in a hot and dry desert landscape. It enabled the ancient Egyptians to grow crops like wheat, barley,
fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, they have established a lot in terms of infrastructure. Aside from
Engineering technology, the Egyptians have contributed other practical things that the world now
considers as essential.
CONTRIBUTIONS
THE PYRAMIDS
The oldest pyramid was erected for King Zoser between
2667-2648 BC.The oldest pyramid was erected for King Zoser
between 2667-2648 BC. In fact it is the first monumental stone
building designed and constructed that we know of.
WRITING
Along with the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians were the
first people to develop their language into a codified form of
writing. All early forms of writing were pictograms – pictures. All
writing systems developed in this way but their original forms
become lost as the pictures are refined into abstract forms. What
is interesting about the Egyptians is that although their writing
changed to the abstract form of Hieratic they deliberately
preserved the hieroglyphic pictures in their original forms.
PAPYRUS SHEETS
23
Papyrus sheets are the earliest paper-like material – all other civilizations used stone, clay tablets,
animal hide, wood materials or wax as a writing surface. Papyrus was, for over 3000 years, the most
important writing material in the ancient world. It was exported all around the Mediterranean and was
widely used in the Roman Empire as well
as the Byzantine Empire. Its use
continued in Europe until the seventh
century AD, when an embargo on
exporting it forced the Europeans to use
parchment.
BLACK INK
The Egyptians mixed vegetable gum, soot and bee wax to
make black ink. They replaced soot with other materials such as
ochre to make various colors.
THE CALENDAR
The Egyptians devised the solar calendar by recording the
yearly reappearance of Sirius (the Dog Star) in the eastern sky. It was
a fixed point which coincided with the yearly flooding of the Nile.
Their calendar had 365 days and 12 months with 30 days in each
month and an additional five festival days at the end of the year.
Calendar
However, they did not account for the additional fraction of a day
and their calendar gradually became incorrect. Eventually Ptolemy III added one day to the 365 days every
four years.
THE OX-DRAWN PLOUGH

Using the power of oxen to pull the plough revolutionized agriculture
and modified versions of this Egyptian invention are still used by farmers in
developing countries around the world.
THE SICKLE
The sickle is a curved blade used for cutting and harvesting grain, such as
wheat and barley.
IRRIGATION
The Egyptians constructed canals and
irrigation ditches to harness Nile River’s yearly
flood and bring water to distant fields.
THE SHADOOF
The Shadoof is a long balancing pole
with a weight on one end and a bucket on the other. The bucket is
filled with water and easily raised then emptied onto higher ground. Shadoof
24
CLOCKS
In order to tell the time Egyptians invented two types of clock.
Obelisks were used as sun clocks by noting how its shadow moved
around its surface throughout the day. From the use of obelisks they
identified the longest and shortest days of the year. An inscription in
the tomb of the court official Amenemhet dating to the16th century
BC shows a water clock made from a stone vessel with a tiny hole at
the bottom which allowed water to dripped at a constant rate. The
passage of hours could be measured from marks spaced at different
levels. The priest at Karnak temple used a similar instrument at night to
determine the correct hour to perform religious rites.
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
The Edwin Smith Papyrus shows the Egyptians
invented medical surgery. It describes 48 surgical cases of
injures of the head, neck, shoulders, breast and chest. It
includes a list of instruments used during surgeries with
instructions for the suturing of wounds using a needle and
thread. This list includes lint, swabs, bandage, adhesive
plaster, surgical stitches and cauterization. It is also the
earliest document to make a study of the brain. The Cairo
Museum has a collection of surgical instruments which
include scalpels, scissors, copper needles, forceps,
spoons, lancets, hooks, probes and pincers.
WIGS
During the hot summers many Egyptians shaved their heads to keep
them clean and prevent pests such as lice. Although priests remained bald as
part of their purification rituals, those that could afford it had wigs made in
various styles and set with perfumed beeswax.
MUMMIFICATION
The Egyptians were so expert at preserving the bodies of the
dead that after thousands of years we know of the diseases they
suffered such as arthritis, tuberculosis of the bone, gout, tooth
decay, bladder stones, and gallstones; there is evidence, too, of
the disease bilharziasis (schistosomiasis), caused by small, parasitic
flatworms, which still exists in Egypt today. There seems to have
been no syphilis or rickets.
Alarm
Did you know that It was common in ancient Greece to write manuscripts bi-directionally,clock
meaning that one line would be written from left to right and the following line would be written
from right to left. Just to make it doubly confusing, the letters were also mirrored from one line
25
to the other. This was called boustrophedon text (https://www.factinate.com).
ANCIENT GREECE
Ancient Greece was born on the shores of the Aegean Sea about 4,000 years ago. In over a
millennium it expanded to lands as far as west of Spain and Far East of India. There were collections of 1500
territories that acted as sovereign nation called City- States. Moreover, Ancient Greece acquired the 1st
large scale democracy which was developed in the city state of Athens. Greek empire established colonies
overseas and it is well protected from foreign invaders such as the Persian Empire. City- States are united to
defend their homeland (Example: LEONIDAS king of Sparta fought XEREX king of Persia). Soldiers are labeled
as HEROES which inspired the creation of Olympics that celebrated PHYSICAL COMPETITION. The Greek
empire contributed mainly on the arts and architecture, philosophy (reason, ethics, and natural law),
language, and Alphabet.
REASONS FOR DECLINE
1. Greece was divided into city-states. Constant warring between the city states weakened Greece and
made it difficult to unite against a common enemy like Rome.
2. The poorer classes in Greece began to rebel against the aristocracy and the wealthy.
3. The city-states of Ancient Greece had different governments and were constantly changing alliances.
4. Greek colonies had a similar culture, but were not strong allies to Greece or any of the Greek city-
states.
CONTRIBUTIONS
WATER MILL
The water mill was used for metal shaping, agriculture, and
milling. It originated from the Perachora wheel created in the third
century BC in Greece and was invented by the contemporary
Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium.
Water mill
ODOMETER
The odometer measures the distance traveled by a vehicle such as a
bicycle or automobile. It is mechanical in nature and slowly evolving into
electro-mechanical with the rise of technology. Vitruvius first described
the odometer as being used for measuring distance around 27 BC. Odometer
Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor used the odometer sometime
around the First Punic War. Some historians also attribute its invention to Heron of Alexandria.
ALARM CLOCK
The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large complicated mechanisms to time
the alarm. They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped
into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock
to signal the start of his lecture. His version used four water vessels lined up vertically. The
upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to
be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was tapped off at a faster rate into the
third vessel which would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise.
Afterwards, this vessel would empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse.
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CARTOGRAPHY
Anaximander was one of the first pioneer cartographers to
create a map of the world. He included all inhabited areas of the
world in his map. The map appeared in tablet form and featured
Ionia in the center. It was bounded on the east by the Caspian Sea
and stretched to the Pillars of Hercules in the west. Middle Europe
borders the map in the north while Ethiopia and the Nile feature at
the southern end.
OLYMPICS
It was dedicated to the
Olympian Gods. The game was for young men to show their physical
qualities and to enforce the relationship between the various Greek
cities. Only Greek men were allowed to participate in the Olympics but
not women. There are three stages of the Olympic Games. The Isthmian
Games (two years at the Isthmus of Corinth), Pythian Games (four years
near Delphi), and Olympia (southwest of Greece which takes place
every four years)
Did you know that ancient Romans built dams that are still in use today? Amazingly, two Roman
dams built in Spain are still in use after 1,900 years. These dams are noteworthy for their
extraordinary height, which remained unsurpassed anywhere in the world until the Late Middle
Ages (https://www.factinate.com/).
ANCIENT ROME
Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber
River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western
Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. Among the many legacies of Roman dominance are
the widespread use of the Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian)
derived from Latin, the modern Western alphabet and calendar and the emergence of Christianity as a
major world religion. After 450 years as a republic, Rome became an empire in the wake of Julius Caesar’s
rise and fall in the first century B.C. The long and triumphant reign of its first emperor, Augustus, began a
golden age of peace and prosperity; by contrast, the Roman Empire’s decline and fall by the fifth century
A.D. was one of the most dramatic implosions in the history of human civilization.
CONTRIBUTIONS
ARCHES
Romans first found a way to set an arch on top of two
tall pedestals such that it would span a walkway (and in
many cases, even highways). These arches went on to
become pivotal engineering constructions that laid the
foundation for many of the subsequent structural highlights
of ancient Rome. Many bridges were built upon these
arches, and so were the aqueducts, sewers, amphitheaters,
and even the great Colosseum.
GRID- BASED CITIES
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It is characterized by a rectangle or a square in a nearly perfect orthogonal layout of streets. The two main
streets, the “cardo” and the “decumanus”, would cross each other at a right angle in the center of the
grid. This grid was an ideal structure to organize the different components of a city such as housing, theaters,
and stores into particular blocks. To avoid the city becoming a monotonous series of blocks, the Romans
incorporated various items such as open theaters, public baths,
markets, and other recreational facilities within the city grid.
SEWERS AND SANITATION

The Romans established a number of public baths, latrines,
and an interlinked sewage line binding them all together in a
complex and efficient feat of engineering. Rome and other major
cities had an extensive network of sewers and drains that ran along
the sides of the streets.
CONCRETE
The Romans used to combine their cement with volcanic rock popularly known as “tuff,” enabling
the resulting concrete to endure possible chemical decay. It is not much of a surprise that many ancient
Roman structures such as the Pantheon, the Colosseum and the Roman Forum having been standing for
more than two millennia.
ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

Used for the rise of the Roman state, expanding all across
the Roman Republic and then the Roman Empire. In a period of
about 700 years, they built about 55,000 miles of paved highways
around the Mediterranean basin and across Europe. It ensured the
fast and efficient movement of goods, soldiers, and information
across the entire empire. Roman roads usually followed a straight
route across the countryside, making travel efficient and fast.
AQUEDUCTS
It is used to transport water from rivers, springs, and
reservoirs. The first Roman aqueducts were built around 312 BC It
uses the downhill flow of water to supply the city centers. Once
the water reached bigger cities like Rome, large reservoirs would
then contain it. The public baths, fountains, toilets, and private
villas could then all tap into the network and access the water.
SURGERY TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

They have invented procedures such as the cesarean
section. During the reign of Augustus, a military medical corps was
established to assist injured soldiers in battle They also invented tools
like bronze scalpels, obstetric hooks, bone drills, and forceps, and
also the rather frighteningly named vaginal speculum. Moreover,
they pioneered the earliest form of antiseptic surgery since they used
to dip medical tools in hot water to disinfect them before surgery.
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JULIAN CALENDAR
Ancient Romans instituted the 12 months of the year. It
is clear from the name that the calendar was named after
Julius Caesar himself, and some Eastern orthodox churches use
it to calculate holidays even today.
NEWSPAPERS
Newspapers were used for official announcements
and developments. Rome was the first empire to establish a
sophisticated system of circulating written news. It published
the “Acta Diurna” which translates as “Daily Events.” It is
comprised of political news, trials, military campaigns,
executions, major scandals, and other similar subjects these
handwritten news sheets were published daily and posted by
the government in the Roman Forum from the year 59 BC to
somewhere around 222 AD. The Romans also published the
“Acta Senatus” that recorded the proceedings in the Roman
Senate
Name:_________________________________________________________ Score: _______

Program, Yr., and Section:________________________________
1. Identify and write three (3) major scientific and technological developments in the
world that created a large impact on your daily life.
1 2 3
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2. What historical antecedent gave rise to the invention you mentioned in the first question?
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CHAPTER LESSON 2C: Ancient Civilization

1 (Chinese, Persian, and Indus-Hindu)
ENGAGE : Below are contributions of some ancient civilizations. Guess the names of these contributions,
its use, and in which civilization it belongs to.
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Did you know that China was the first country who used paper money? The first type of paper
money was called jiaozi (Chinese: 交子, Pinyin:/jyaoww dzrr/), printed in 1023 during the
Northern Song dynasty, in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province
(https://www.chinahighlights.com/).
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Ancient China is also known as middle kingdom. Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest
civilization in Asia. China is a vast country with great river systems called the Yellow River to the north and
the Yangtze to the south. These regions were the cradle of civilization in China. The fertile soil allowed the
ancient Chinese to grow their crops, mainly millet and rice. During the ancient period, China is ruled in
dynasties, each having its own contribution.
CONTRIBUTIONS
WOODBLOCK PRINTING
In this method of printing, Chinese characters were
engraved on a wooden plate then were stamped on a paper. This
was then improved by carving individual characters on pieces of
clay and then hardened them with fire. These movable type pieces
were later glued to an iron plate to print a page and then broken
up and redistributed for another page.
COMPASS “SI NAN”

The compass has a
ladle shaped lodestone placed on a metal plate. The lodestone
aligns itself to the north-south direction. It was originally used of feng
shui then it was used for navigating ships.
GUNPOWDER
This was accidentally discovered when an alchemist tried to
make a potion to gain human immortality. The gunpowder is made
of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter. This was used in fireworks during important celebrations. Furthermore, it
was used in gunpowder-propelled weapons to attack at a distance.
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TEA PRODUCTION
It is believed that tea was accidentally discovered by an emperor when
dried leaves went into his boiling pot of water. He drank it and tasted good. Tea
production was developed when an unknown inventor created a machine that
was able to shred tea leaves into strips. This enabled tea the increase of
production and the trade with other nations.
MECHANICAL CLOCK
This clock is considered to be the world’s first mechanical clock. This clock
is operated by dripping water that powered a wheel that made one full revolution
in 24 hours. An iron and bronze system of wheels, shafts, hooks, pins, locks, and
interconnected rods made the clock work. This system caused the automatic
chiming of a bell on the hour and the beating of a drum every quarter hour.
ACUPUNCTURE
Acupuncture is a medical technique that uses fine needles to relieve pain, cure disease, and
improve general health. Originally, pointed stones were used then followed by slivers of animal bones until
fine bamboo needles were used.
SILK PRODUCTION
Silk is naturally produced by silk worms but it was the Chinese who developed the technology to
harvest silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. Silk production resulted in the creation of product
trade. The silk trade opened China to the outside countries, making way for cultural, economic, and
scientific exchanges.
Did you know that the ancient Persian capital city of Persepolis, situated in southern Iran, ranks
among the world’s greatest archeological sites? It was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site
in 1979. The Achaemenian palaces of Persepolis were built upon massive terraces. They were
decorated with ornamental facades that included the long rock relief carvings for which the
ancient Persians were famous (https://www.history.com/).
PERSIA
Ancient Persia, roughly modern-day Iran, established its first empire under Cyrus the Great. Followed
by his son, Darius the Great was able to the stretch the Persian Empire from Europe’s Balkan Peninsula—in
parts of what is present day Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine—to the Indus River Valley in northwest India
and south to Egypt. With the accomplishment of these two leaders, Persia became the first global empire
and the leading nation during their time.
The Persians were the first people to establish regular routes of communication between three
continents—Africa, Asia and Europe. They built many new roads and developed the world’s first postal
service.
CONTRIBUTIONS
QANAT
This is the water supply system of ancient Persia. A gently sloping underground channel which can
extend to several kilometers carries water from an aquifer or water well to houses and fields. It is used for
the irrigation of crops and for drinking water.
32
YAKHCHAL
It literally means ice pit (yakh-ice, chal- pit). This ancient refrigerator,
though more of a cooler, is built in deserts of Persia. A containment area is
dug then a dome made of water-resistant mortar (sarooj) will be erected. It
is made cool either by transporting ice from nearby mountains in it or by
allowing water to pass using underground water channels (qanat). Yakhchal
is used to store and preserve food.
SULFURIC ACID
It was discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi. Its use during ancient times is still unknown,
but this discovery is one of the bases of the formation of chemical engineering in the modern field of
chemistry. At present, sulfuric acid is used in cleaning agents, fertilizers and detergents.
ANIMATION
Earthenware goblet and bowl with sequential drawings were found in
a burial site in Iran. Giving the bowl a spin, one would see a goat leaping to
snatch leaves from a tree. (You can check the animation on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kO_GqsvLRCc)
POSTAL SERVICE
Mails are carried by messengers (called as chapaar) on horseback
and once they reach a station, messengers stop to pass their packets of mail
to another messenger or to change their horses. These enabled faster delivery
of mails.
Did you know that during the Indus Valley Civilization, they used seals as an identifier? They
were engraved with words written in their own language. The seals consist of a lot of creatures,
animals, people, or perhaps even gods. The most famous among them is the “Pashupati seal”,
where a three headed man with buffalo horn on his middle head sits between a tiger and a
bull (https://detechter.com/).
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

The Indus Valley Civilization or also known as Harappan Civilization existed around 3300 B.C.E. until
2600 B.C.E. along the Indus river. At present, the area occupied by this civilization extends along
Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northwest India. Harrapans were able to develop the first accurate system of
standardized weights and measures, some as accurate as to 1.6 mm.
In the field of Mathematics, the Indus Valley civilization gave much contribution. Concepts of
negative and positive quantities, square root and cube root, quadratic equation, implications of zero and
infinity, and Fibonacci were from ancient and classical Hindus. In 1800 BCE, Indus Valley Civilization started
to decline. Most scholars believe that the collapse of the civilization is due to climate change.
Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________

Choose one among the Ancient Chinese, Persian, and Indus Valley Civilization. Identify one
of their inventions/ contributions (except for the ones in this module) then draw it. Explain in
33
your own words how the invention/ contribution work. Also, identify its uses and purpose.
Write in not more than 100 words.
CHAPTER
LESSON 3: Middle Age and Modern Age
1
34
Did you know that between 500 C.E -1400s:
• A pope is more powerful than a king?
• Eels were sometimes used as currency?
• Animals could be tried and convicted for crimes, and if found guilty will be sentenced
to death?
• Archery practice was compulsory for every Englishman?
• Their bread could get you high or kill you? (Sometimes they use stored rye which was
frequently infected with a fungus with LSD like qualities that causes hallucinations,
gangrene and - in extreme cases- death.)
• Their shoes could be up to two feet long?
MIDDLE/ MEDIEVAL AGE

Middle or medieval age, is a millennium from 500 CE to 1400 A.D. (some references extend it to
1600), is considered as “Dark Ages.” Unfortunate events such as invasion, wars and immigration were
prevalent in this period. Focusing in Europe, this is the period when the established civilization of Greeks and
Romans were destroyed by barbarians. As described by Edward Gibbon, this is a period of “Barbarism and
Religion.” During this time, one of the most powerful institution are the churches, Roman Catholic Church in
Europe and Islam in Central Asia. By 11th century, crusades were conducted by knights of Roman Catholic
Church in order to expel Muslims out of Jerusalem.
In 1300s a mysterious disease, called as Black Death also known as bubonic plague, spread across
Europe and resulted in the death of around 30%-60% of Europe’s population. This disease made its way to
Europe when ships trading in Asia docked in Sicily port. There is no exact account in how this disease was
eradicated but accordingly, it was stopped by the isolation of those uninfected.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Renaissance was a period in Europe from late 1400s to 1600s. The term renaissance is a French word
which means rebirth. It symbolized the beginning of a new era of art, rebirthing the classical models of
Ancient Greek and Rome periods while using the modern techniques. Renaissance is also described as
period of enlightenment. There was a cultural, political, scientific and intellectual explosion which gave a
new perspective to people. There was a shift in the view of people regarding nature. Some important
contributions during this period are the following:
• Invention of the printing press by Johannes Guttenberg in 1440. This invention led to information
revolution and enabled the mass production of printed books.
• Improvement of lenses- This led to the invention of microscope and telescope, enabling the
observation of heavenly bodies and tiny particles.
• Development of scientific method- Galileo used controlled experiments and analyzed data to
prove, or disprove, his theories. The process was later refined by scientists such as Francis Bacon and
Isaac Newton.
MODERN AGE
Early modern period began approximately at the beginning of the 1700s. In this period, the major
historical milestones including the Age of Discovery since the ancient period are tackled. Simple tools and
animals aid in human labor and activities. As science progressed, tools were replaced with simple machines
resulting in the significant increase of output. In the late 1600s, steam engine was invented and was
improved by James Watt in 1765. The discovery of steam engine propelled and improved industry
operations and the transport system. The work done by human hands and feet were transferred to
machines. This period is also known as the Industrial Revolution.
During the modern age, several people made important contributions in the field of Science. Here
are some:
35
Person Contribution Year
Blaise Pascal Invented the first mechanical calculator, also known as Pascaline. 1642
Robert Hooke Described cells for the first time. 1665
Anton Van First observed bacteria 1683

Leeuwennhoek discovered microorganism 1696
Gabriel Fahrenheit Constructed first mercury thermometer 1714
Benjamin Franklin Distinguished negative and positive charge 1751
Proposed the conservation of charge
Alessandro Volta Invented galvanic cell (battery) for storing and as a source of 1800
electricity
Hans Oersted Discovered that electric current generate magnetism 1820
Andre Marie Ampere Formulated Ampere’s law that tells us how electric current 1820
generates magnetism
Michael Faraday Discovered electromagnetic induction 1830
Samuel Morse Developed Morse code which is used in wire telegraph 1830
Robert Brown Discovered the nucleus in the cell 1831
Louis Pasteur Discovered pasteurization 1856

Developed vaccine against anthrax and rabies 1885
Thomas Alva Edison Notable for inventing the first long-lasting incandescent light bulb 1870
Alexander Graham Bell Invented telephone 1876
Heinrich Hertz Discovered that light and heat are electromagnetic waves 1887
Daniel Williams Conducted the first open heart surgery 1893
William Roentgen Discovered x-ray 1895
Henri Becquerel Discovered natural radioactivity 1896
Guglielmo Marconi Developed wireless telegraph 1897
Martinus W. Beijerinck First to recognize that viruses are reproducing entities that are 1898
different from other organisms
Discovered new types of bacteria from soil and described
biological nitrogen fixation
Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________
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CHAPTER EVALUATION: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished.
1. Choose an invention or discovery from renaissance period to modern age. You can
look for inventions or discoveries which were not discussed. Give its importance and
uses to the society at present. Write your answers in the box provided below.
2. Write “T” if the statement is true and “F” if the statement is False. If the statement is false, write the word
or phrase that made it incorrect and beside it write the correct answer.
The Neanderthals were early hominids discovered in France. They

were tool makers and invented the burin to make better weapons for
hunting.
During the Neolithic era sticks and stones were sharpened into useful
tools for hunting and other jobs.
The axe heads which were fixed into a wooden handle and used like
axes at present time were invented during the Mesolithic period.
Scrapers are flat pieces of stones with one longer slightly curved edge.
The edge is sharpened by "knapping" or “banging off “flakes with
another rock.
37
The three sided blade points make the clearing of land much simpler
and allowed the spread of agriculture. Moreover, these tools were
also effective weapons.
Paleolithic people started seed planting and large animal

domestication and eventually became food producers.
Perachora wheel was created in the thirteenth century BC in Greece

and was invented by the contemporary Greek engineer Philo of
Byzantium.
Speedometer measures the speed at which you are traveling while

Odometer measures the distance that you have travelled.
Arches went on to become pivotal engineering constructions that laid

the foundation for many of the subsequent structural highlights of
ancient Greece.
The first Roman aqueducts were built around 312 BC and were used
to transport water from rivers, springs, and reservoirs.
Wood and papyrus were used to make lightweight sailboats during

the ancient Egypt. The main reason is for them to move on water
easily.
Cuneiform script was the first writing system to be developed by the

Sumerians. This style of writing was wedge-shaped. A stylus was used
to produce different figures and pictorials by making cuts into soft
clay.
The Sumerians used geometry for the calculation of the areas of

rectangles, triangles and trapezoids as well as the volumes of simple
shapes such as bricks and cylinders.
The Ox- drawn plough has a curved blade used for cutting and
harvesting grain, such as wheat and barley.
The Egyptians constructed canals and irrigation ditches to harness Nile

River’s yearly flood and bring water to distant fields.
38
3. Explain some of the monuments/ architecture that were developed during the ancient period. Think of
how architecture changed.
4. Why was writing important during the ancient civilization and how did it change the lives of people?
39
CHAPTER
Intellectual Revolutions
2
Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 discuss how ideas of some intellectuals contributed to the spark of scientific
revolution; and
 explain how the scientific revolution changed the way how humans see the world.
ENGAGE
How can you change the thinking of a person?
Your answer:
DISCUSSION
A change from one thinking to another is known as paradigm shift. According to Thomas
Kuhn, paradigm shift is not a threat to science but contributes to its progress. In history, a paradigm
shift in science occurred. This period is known as scientific revolution.
Scientific revolution, which is claimed to have started on 16th century in Europe, is the
period of enlightenment when the development in Math, Biology, Physics, Astronomy and
Chemistry transformed the view of society about nature. This
period resulted in the emergence of modern science.
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas:
What can you observe on the model of the solar

system beside? If you notice, the Earth is the center of the
solar system instead of the sun. This model is known as
geocentric model of the solar system. During the time of
Ancient Greece, it was believed that Earth is the center of
the universe with the sun, moon, and planets revolving
around it. This idea had been unchanged until the
renaissance period.
40
In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published his book De
revolutionibus orbium coeletium (On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres) where the center of the universe is the sun. The
Earth and other planets revolve around the sun while the moon
revolves around the Earth. This model of the solar system is known
as the heliocentric model. This idea of Copernicus was not from
an extensive observation of heavenly bodies, rather it is a product
of thought experiment.
Nicolaus Copernicus The shift from an earth-centered to a sun-centered system

raised questions in the scientific community. Also, it seems to
https://science4fun.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Nicolaus-
Copernicus.jpg
create uncertainty to the teaching of the church. Protestant

reformers adhering to the literal interpretation of the Scripture were the first one to attack this idea.
Roman Catholic Church were silent at first until Galileo Galilei published his work supporting
Copernicus’ idea. Heliocentric model of the solar system was judged by the Roman Catholic
Church to be heretic and therefore it was banned for the rest of the 16th century.
Question to Ponder on…
Do you think church should intervene in scientific activities?
Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist,

astronomer, theologian, and author. Often, Newton’s work is
associated on an apple falling from a tree which made him wonder
why the fruit fell on the ground. This is just a portion but Newton’s
work leads back in answering gaps from the heliocentric model.
Copernicus’ heliocentric model of the solar system was
supported by the discoveries of Galileo Galilei and Johannes
Kepler. But the work of these two still did not satisfy all the questions
about the heliocentric model. In 1687, Newton published his work
entitled Philosphia Naturalis Principia Mathematica, better known
Isaac Newton as the Principia. This work introduced the universal law of gravitation
https://www.biography.com/.image/ar_8:10%2Cc_fill%2 and the three laws of motion which removed the last doubts on the
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:good%2Cw_620/MTcxMzkwNTQzNzgyMjI1OTAy/gettyim
validity of the heliocentric model. More than answering the
questions about the heliocentric model, laws of motion were the
solid foundation of mechanics; his law of universal gravitation combined terrestrial and celestial
mechanics into one great system. Other contribution of Newton includes being one of the
developer of calculus.
Newton quoted, "if I have seen farther than others, it is because I was standing on the
shoulders of giants." This is his way of acknowledging his predecessors for the contributions to
science which made his Principia possible.
41
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist and biologist
whose work is the most controversial during his time as it
contradicts the Divine Theory of creation. His work started when
went to a nearly five-year expedition to Galapagos Islands. He
observed that though some animals are of different species, they
have similarities. He accounted this to the environment. For
instance, he observed birds
which are endemic to
different islands are similar but
their beaks are different. The
Charles Darwin shape of their beaks are
accounted to the food they
https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c6457145033aa5622c3a6ef5
106f8da3e5287c2f/0_248_2481_1488/master/2481.jpg?widt
h=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=b505d86
9d70dec08855aafe0530a5737
eat.
In 1580, Darwin
published the book “The Origin of the Species” where he
introduced the theory of evolution. According to this theory,
organism have the ability to adapt to their environment
(natural selection) and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive
to survive (evolution).
Question to Ponder on…
How can Darwin’s theory influence the field of agriculture, political science and
religion in the modern times?
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier is regarded as the Father of

Modern Chemistry. His major contribution is on the discovery of
the conservation of mass, which disproved the phlogiston theory.
In phlogiston theory, combustible material contains particles
called phlogiston, an “immaterial” particle released in burning. If
we are going to burn a 5kg wood and weigh the ashes
produced, the ashes would weigh less than 5kg. This somehow
supports phlogiston theory. But if we contain all the products
(including the smoke and other particles) and weigh it, this would
be 5 kg. This idea on the conservation of mass later became a
law.
Other contribution of Antoine Lavoisier includes the
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
https://i2.wp.com/www.butterflyfields.com/wp-content/
invention of the system of naming compounds which is still used
uploads/2019/02/Antoine-Lavoisier.jpg?fit=630%2C779&ssl=1 today.
42
Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________
ACTIVITY 6:
Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished.
Science
Ideas
Scientific
Revolutions
Human Society
1. How did society shape science and how did science shape society?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. How do social and human issues influence science?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
43
3. How do the political and cultural landscapes of the society affect the development of
scientific culture, science activities, and science literacy?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
44
CHAPTER
Science and Technology and Nation Building
3
LESSON 1: THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AGENDA
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
✓ discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;
✓ evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of
their contributions to nation building; and
✓ identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise
their impact on the development of the Filipino nation
ENGAGE: How did Science and Technology start in the Philippines? How did Filipinos
learn Technology? How about Science?
How did Science and Technology start in the Philippines?

How did Filipinos learn Technology? How about Science?
Your answer:
DISCUSSION
The need to develop a country's science and technology has generally been recognized
as one of the imperatives of socioeconomic progress in the contemporary world. This has become
a widespread concern of governments especially since the post-world war II years. Among Third
World countries, an important dimension of this concern is the problem of dependence in science
and technology as this is closely tied up with the integrity of their political sovereignty and
economic self-reliance.
Science and Technology in the Philippines

The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in the Philippines is a government agency
tasked with overseeing and managing national technology development and acquisition,
undertaking technological and scientific research and promoting public consciousness of
45
science and technology. DOST is responsible for formulating and adopting a comprehensive
National Science and Technology Plan for the Philippines, and to subsequently monitor and
coordinate its funding and implementation. The DOST undertakes policy research, technology
assessment, feasibility and technical studies and maintains a national information system and
databank on science and technology.
Brief historical background of Science and Technology in The Philippines

It started before the Philippines gained its independence from the American colonizers.
Pre-Spanish Time
• Embedded in the way of life of the people.
• Scientific knowledge is observed in the way plant their crops, taking care of animals, and
food production.
• Science is observed in the way they interpreted the movement of heavenly bodies.
• They use science in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and discovered the medicinal
uses of plants.
• Building houses, irrigations, and in developing tools.
• Developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing
• Fighting enemies during war or tribal conflicts, transportation (both land and waterways).
• Musical instruments
• Sophisticated designs of gold and silver, jewelry ceramics, and metal tools.
• Trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries.
Colonization of Spaniards
• The Spaniards established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept of subjects
and disciplines and was the beginning of FORMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY in the
Philippines known as SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Topics includes
understanding concepts related to human body, plants, animals and heavenly bodies.
Also it focused on using and developing house tools used in everyday life.
• Adopted western technology.
• Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology brought by the Spaniards using
indigenous materials.
• Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities
established by the catholic orders.
• Galleon Trade brought additional technology and development in the Philippines. It
allowed ideas, cops, tools, cultural practices, technology and western practices to reach
the country.
• Filipinos who studied abroad contributed to the advancement of medicine, engineering,
arts, music, and literature.
Colonization of American
• Established the public education system
• Improved the engineering works and health conditions of the people.
• Established a modern research university (University of the Philippines)
• Created more public hospitals
• Mineral resources were explored and exploited.
46
• Transportation and communication systems were improved.
• Reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in public and private schools.
Influences in the development of Science and Technology in the Philippines
INTERNAL INFLUENCES
✓ SURVIVAL
✓ CULTURE
✓ ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Development
of Science and
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
Technology in
✓ FOREIGN COLONIZERS the Philippines
✓ TRADES WITH FREIGN
COUNTRIES
✓ INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC DEMANDS
Government Policies on Science and Technology

The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and
policies to boost the area of science and technology. The goal is to prepare the whole country
and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the
people to live in a world driven by Science.
The Department of Science and Technology (DOST), has sought the expertise of the
National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various sectors in the society to
study how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals. The NCRP is a
collegial body of highly-trained and productive scientists and researchers. It addresses the
demand for knowledge, skills and innovations in the sciences and humanities, in order to
effectively and efficiently contributes to nation-building and improvement of the quality of life of
the Filipino people by 2025 (http://www.nrcp.dost.gov.ph). Moreover, the NRCP is expected to
recommend policies and programs that will improve the competitiveness of the Philippines in the
ASEAN region.
THE NRCP MANDATES (ACT 4120)

1. Promotion and support of fundamental or basic research for the continuing improvement
of the research capability of individual or group scientists;
2. Foster linkages with local and international scientific organizations for enhanced
cooperation in the development and sharing of scientific information;
3. Provide advice on problems and issues of national interest;
4. Promotion of scientific and technological culture to all sectors of society.
THE NRCP clustered policies

1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance.
47
• Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum
• Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
• Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
• Local food security
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics.
• Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities
• Outright grants for peer monitoring
• Review of R.A 9184
• Harnessing Science and Technology as an independent mover of development
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
• Ensuring compliance of drug- manufacturing firms with ASEAN harmonized standards
by full implementation of the Food and Drug Administration
• Creating an Education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical
services and care.
• Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence- based research as pool
of information.
• Allocating two percent of the GDP to research
• Legislation a law supporting human genome projects
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
• Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws
• Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
• Promoting indigenous knowledge system and indigenous people’s conservation
• Formulation of common food and safety standards.
Other existing programs supported by the Philippine Government through the DOST
• Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology.
• Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field
of science and technology.
• Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System.
• Creating Science and Technology Parks.
• Balik Scientist Program.
• Developing Scientific Parks in the academic campuses.
• Establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex
within the University of the Philippines campus Diliman.
The Philippine- American Academy of Science and Engineering Capacity- Building Programs
• Establishment of national centers of excellence.
• Manpower and institutional development programs (ESEP- Engineering and Science
Education Program)
• Establishment of regional centers
• Establishment of science and technology business centers.
• Strengthen science education at an early stage through the Philippine Science High
School system.
48
In the field of Education, several science- related programs and projects were created to
develop the scientific literacy of the country. Special science classes were organized and special
science elementary schools were established in different regions. Science and Mathematics in
basic education were continuously improved. The current K to12 education program included
Science, Technology, and Engineering, and Mathematics STEM as one of its major tracks in the
senior high school program to encourage more students to enroll in science related fields in
college.
OTHER AREAS AND FIELDS FOR RESEARCH AND PROJECTS

1. Use of Alternative and safe energy
2. Harnessing mineral resources
3. Finding cure for various diseases and Illnesses
4. Climate change and global warming
5. Increasing food production
6. Preservation of natural resources
7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities
8. Infrastructure development
Development of Science and Technology Policies in the Philippines
NATIONAL GOALS
INTERNATIONAL
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TREATY
✓ Policies
✓ Programs
✓ Projects LEGAL FRAMEWORK
SOCIAL NEEDS,
ISSUES, and
PROBLEMS
FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
ANGEL C. ALCALA: Alcala was named a National Scientist of the

Philippines in 2014 for his research into Philippine amphibians and
reptiles, as well as the conservation of marine-protected areas
(https://www.nast.ph/index.php/).
49
RAMON CABANOS BARBA: Barba was named a National Scientist
of the Philippines in 2014 for inventing a way to induce flowering in
mango trees regardless of season, boosting the local mango
industry ((https://www.nast.ph/index.php/).
TETCHI CRUZ-CAPELLAN: CEO of Philippine renewable energy

provider SunAsia Energy Inc. and founder of the Philippine Solar
Power Alliance, hopes to grow the solar power industry in the
Philippines. She first became acquainted with solar power as the
country director of a rural electrification project funded by the
USAID (https://info.umkc.edu/unews/).
EDGARDO D. GOMEZ: Gomez led the world’s first national-scale

assessment of damage to coral reefs, work which led to him being
conferred the title of National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014
(https://rappler.com/nation/national-scientist).
ALFREDO MAHAR LAGMAY: He received the 2015 Plinius Medal

from the European Geosciences Union for his research into natural
hazards and disasters in the Philippines, in particular volcanic
hazards, earthquakes, typhoons, landslides and floods. He is also
executive director of the Department of Science and Technology
Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH)
(https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/).
AISA MIJENO: Professor of engineering at De La Salle University-

Lipa. Together with her brother Ralph, she co-founded Sustainable
Alternative Lighting (SALt), a social enterprise that is developing an
LED lamp that runs on just table salt and water
(http://www.questadventure.ph/wp-content).
REINA REYES: Reyes has been called “The Filipina who proved
Einstein right” after her work confirming Albert Einstein’s Theory of
Relativity on a cosmic scale in 2010 during her Ph.D. studies in the
United States. Reyes currently works as an independent data
scientist consulting for private companies
(http://www.science.ph).
50
GAVINO CAJULAO TRONO JR.: He was conferred the honor of
National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014 for his research into
tropical marine phycology with a focus on seaweed biodiversity
(((https://www.nast.ph/index.php/).
OTHER NOTABLE FILIPINO SCIENTSTS
Josefino Cacas Comiso: He observed the characteristics of Antarctica by

using satellite imaging. His research has revealed the extraordinary rate at
which Arctic ice is affected by global warming, at approximately three times
the intensity of the global average (https://prabook.com/web/josefino.)
Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.: Known internationally in the field of electrical engineering:
was elected as officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering.
Lourdes Jansuy Cruz: She researched on sea snail venom and was
proclaimed as National Scientist in 2006 by President of the Republic of the
Philippines (http://www.msi.upd.edu.ph/faculty/lourdes-j-cruz-ph).
Fabian Millar Dayrit: He researched on herbal medicines specifically on

phytochemical components of “lagundi” as part of the National Integrated
Research Program on Medicinal Plants (https://prabook.com/web/fabian).
Rafael Dineros Guerrero III: He spearheading the commercialization of the

artificial sex reversal technology for tilapia which is considered a “milestone”
in world aquaculture (http://www.nrcp.dost.gov.ph).
Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.: He invented the meconium drugs testing and also
looked at fetal exposure to environmental pesticides and its long-term effect
on neurobehavioral development (https://today.wayne.edu/medicine/).
51
Lilian Formalejo Patena: She is the Head of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture
Laboratory, Institute of Plant Breeding, Crop Biotechnology Division Crop
Science Cluster, College of Agriculture, UPLB. She researched on plant
biotechnology (https://quizlet.com/354599834/famous-filipinos-in-science).
Mari- Jo Panganiban Ruiz: She is an outstanding educator and graph theorist.

With graph theory as her chosen area of research, she is a published author
both locally and internationally (http://ateneo.edu/news/).
Factors that Influence the Development of Filipino Scientists
INDIVIDUAL
INTEREST IN
SCIENCE
SCHOOL SCIENCE SCIENCE
LABORATORIES
FAMILY
(TEACHERS AND
LEARNING REAL LIFE
ENVIRONMENT) CONTEXT
NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT
FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
52
Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________
ACTIVITY 7: Answer these multiple-choice questions. Write CAPITAL LETTERS for your final
answer and place them on the blanks provided. Detach this worksheet once finished.
1. The following are existing programs supported by the Philippine government through the
DOST except one. ___
a. Providing funds for basic research and patents
b. Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies
c. Creating Science and Technology parks
d. Establishment of national centers of excellence
2. In the development of Science and Technology in the Philippines. There are internal and
external influences to be considered. Which one is part of the internal Influences? ___
a. Foreign colonizers c. Economic Activities
b. Trades with foreign countries d. International Economic demands
3. All of the following are American influences that lead to the development of science and
technology in the Philippines except. ___
a. Established the public education system
b. Contributed to the advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature
c. Improved the engineering works and health conditions of the people.
d. Established a modern research university (University of the Philippines).
4. All of the following are important skills in science education except. ___
a. Comparing c. Critical thinking skills
b. Process skills d. Life skills
5. The following are variables on the development of science and technology except. ___
a. Policies c. Projects
b. Programs d. preparation
6. Establishment of national centers of excellence is a project of which of the following? ___
a. PAASE c. ASEAN
b. DOST d. STEM
7. Creating Science and Technology parks to encourage academe and industry partnership is
one project of which of the following? ___
a. PAASE c. ASEAN
b. DOST d. STEM
8. It is a collegial body of highly-trained and productive scientists and researchers which
addresses the demand for knowledge, skills and innovations in the sciences and humanities.
___
a. PAASE c. ASEAN
b. DOST d. NRCP
9. Which NRCP clustered policies does developing school infrastructure and providing ICT
broadband falls? ___
a. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance.
53
b. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and
Mathematics.
c. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
d. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
10. Which NRCP clustered policies does Harnessing Science and Technology as an independent
mover of development falls? ___
a. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance.
b. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
c. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and
Mathematics.
d. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
54
Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________
ACTIVITY 8: Choose two (2) among the following Filipino Scientists and inventors.
ANGEL C. ALCALA RAMON CABANOS BARBA TETCHI CRUZ-CAPELLAN
EDGARDO D. GOMEZ ALFREDO MAHAR LAGMAY AISA MIJENO
REINA REYES GAVINO CAJULAO TRONO JR. ENRIQUE MAPUA OSTREA JR.
1. Create a flash card showing the following.

a. Profession of the scientist/ Inventor
b. His of her specialization
c. His or her most significant contribution
2. Among the featured scientists/ inventors in your flash cards, identify the impact of their
inventions and discoveries by answering the following questions.
a. How did these inventions impact the society?
b. How were these inventions and discoveries supported by the Philippine government?
c. Did these inventions service the good? Elaborate your answer.
Your activity will look like this. Use another piece of bond paper. Any size will do.
Profession: Profession:
Specialization: Specialization:
Most significant contribution: Most significant contribution:
SCIENTIST/ INVENTOR A SCIENTIST/INVENTOR B

How did these inventions impact the society? How did these inventions impact the society?
______________________________________________ _____________________________________________
______________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
How were these inventions and discoveries How were these inventions and discoveries
supported by the Philippine government? supported by the Philippine government?
______________________________________________ _____________________________________________
______________________________________________ _____________________________________________
______________________________________________ _____________________________________________
Did these inventions service the good? Did these inventions service the good?
Elaborate your answer. Elaborate your answer.
______________________________________________ _____________________________________________
______________________________________________ _____________________________________________
______________________________________________ _____________________________________________
55
Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________
1. Match column A to column B. Write the LETTERS of your answers on THE BLANKS
before the numbers.
A B
______ 1. Mari- Jo Panganiban Ruiz a. Executive director of project NOAH

______ 2. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. b. Educator and graph theorist
______ 3. Alfredo Mahar Lagmay c. Plant biotechnology
______ 4. Ramon Cabanos Barba d. Meconium drug testing
______ 5. Josefino Cacas Comiso e. Tissue culture in Philippine mangoes
______ 6. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. f. Used satellite images
______ 7. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz g. Institute of Electrical and Electronic
______ 8. Fabian Millar Dyrit Engineering
______ 9. Rafael Dineros Guerrero h. Sea snail venom
______ 10. Lilian Formalejo Patena i. Herbal medicine
j. Tilapia culture
k. Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
2. What is the goal of the implementation of several programs, projects, and policies by the
Philippine government? Elaborate you answer in not more than 80 words.
56
CHAPTER
LESSON 2: SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
3
 discuss concept of science education;
 identify science schools established to promote science education in the Philippines
ENGAGE
Describe what was it like in your science classes when you were in high school?
What do you think is the importance of science classes?
Your answer:
DISCUSSION
Science is useful because of its links to technology and industry, which, from a national
perspective, are areas of high priority for development. Science provides ways of making sense
of the world systematically. It develops students’ scientific inquiry skills, values and attitudes, such
as objectivity, curiosity, and honesty and habits of mind including critical thinking. All these are
useful to the individual student for his own personal development, future career, and life in
general. These skills, values, attitudes, and dispositions are likewise useful to the community that
an individual student belongs to, and are further useful to the country that he lives in. The learning
of science is also important for the nation’s cultural development and preservation of its cultural
identity. Science is most useful to a nation when it is utilized to solve its own problems and
challenges, keeping a nation's cultural uniqueness and peculiarities intact. Thus in many countries,
science teaching and learning is linked with culture.
Science Education in Basic Education and Tertiary Education
In basic education, science education helps students learn important concepts and facts
that are related to everyday life (Carale & Campo, 2003; Meador, 2005; Worth & Grollman, 2003)
including important skills such as process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills that are needed
in coping up with daily life activities (Chaillc & Britain, 2002). Science education also develops
57
positive attitude such as: the love for knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to study
about nature, and creativity (Lind, 1997). Science education will develop a strong foundation for
studying science and for considering science-related careers in the future. This is an investment
for the country to develop a scientifically cultured and literate citizenry.
In tertiary education Science subjects are included in the General Education curriculum (e.g.
General Biology and Science, Technology and Society) in order to develop students’
understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific works. Also, for those pursuing
science-related programs, science education prepares and equips them for their profession in
the future.
Science Schools in the Philippines
In order to strengthen and support the science education of the country, science schools
were established in the country. Here are some of the following:
• Philippine Science High School
This is a service institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). It is
considered as one of the of the top science high schools in the Association of South East
Asian Nations. One of its mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for secondary course
with special emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences, with the end-view of
preparing its students for a science career (Republic Act No. 3661). When the students
graduate from the school, they are expected to pursue degrees in science and
technology at various colleges and universities locally or abroad. In the country, PSHS has
16 campuses. PSHSS students have proven to be a beacon of excellence, courage, and
hope for the country. They have brought honor to the Philippines through their exemplary
achievements in various international competitions and research circles.
• Special Science Elementary School Project

The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project is in pursuance to DepEd
Order No. 73 s. 2008, and DepEd Order No. 51 s. 2010. This project aims to develop Filipino
children equipped with scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its
mission is to provide a learning environment to science-inclined children through a special
curriculum that recognizes the multiple intelligences of the learners; promote the
development of lifelong learning skills; and foster the holistic development of the learners.
The subject Science and Health is taught in Grade I with a longer time compared
to other subjects: 70 minutes for Grades I to III and 80 minutes for Grades IV to VI. The
curriculum also utilizes different instructional approaches that address the learning styles
and needs of the learners like the use of investigatory projects.
• Manila Science High School

The school was established on October 1, 1963 and is considered as the first science
high school in the Philippines. MSHS was patterned after the Bronx Science High School of
New York. The organization and curriculum of the school puts more emphasis on science
and mathematics. MSHS aims to produce scientists with souls. In order to do this, humanities
courses and other electives are included in their curriculum. Students are also encouraged
to participate in various extracurricular activities.
58
Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________
1. Identify one government project or program available for science education in the Philippines. Include
details of this program or project.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
In the country, the state of science education is underprivileged behind other countries in the
world. The results of the Second International Science Study (SISS) and Third International Mathematics
and Science Study (TIMSS) placed the Philippines in disadvantaged positions among participating
nations (Philippine Department of Education, Culture, and Sports et al. 2000). The Philippines ranked
almost at the bottom of the list of seventeen (17) nations which took part in this large-scale evaluation
of educational achievement. National achievement test (NAT) results conducted from 2004-2012
shows a fluctuating scores in science but still it is below from the passing rate that the Department of
Education established (The National Achievement Test in the Philippines, 2013).
2. The portion of the article above gives a glimpse of the status of the science education of our
country. If you are one of the heads involved in the education sector, what program will you
implement in order to improve the quality of science education of the country? Give details of it.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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59
CHAPTER
LESSON 3: INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
3
 discuss concept of indigenous science;
 give examples of indigenous science and technology; and
 discuss contribution of indigenous science and technology in the development of
science and technology in the Philippines.
ENGAGE
Is the person beside familiar? What is she famous for?
Whang-od Oggay is known as the

last mambabatok (Kalinga tattooist) from the tribe of
Butbut in Buscalan, Kalinga. She has been tattooing for the
past 80 years — including head hunters of the indigenous
tribe, at the beginning of her long career. Her technique of
tattooing is known as pambabatok, an endangered
ancient tattooing technique that chiefly constitutes hand-
tapping to create figures on the skin. Pambabatok is an
example of an indigenous knowledge.
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/meet-apo-whang-od-the-last-hand-
poke-tattoo-artist-in-the-philippines/
https://cnnphilippines.com/.imaging/mte/demo-cnn-
new/750x450/dam/cnn/2018/6/13/Whang-
Od_3_CNNPH.jpg/jcr:content/Whang-Od_3_CNNPH.jpg
DISCUSSION
Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS)
This refers to understandings, skills, and philosophies developed by societies with long
histories of interaction with their natural surroundings (UNESCO). IKS includes knowledge,
practices, and representations that guide human society in their interaction to natural milieu:
agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining a phenomena, and strategies for coping with
changing environments. This knowledge systems were accumulated over generations of living in
a particular environment. Furthermore, these were developed prior to the coming of modern
scientific knowledge. Examples include acupuncture from China and ayurveda from India
(Tharakan, 2017). Other examples of indigenous knowledge are the following:
• prediction of weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animal’s

behavior and celestial bodies (e.g. The appearance of Tres Marias, also known as Orion’s
belt, indicates the start of cold season.)
• use of herbal medicines and traditional healing methods
60
• preserving of food (e.g. In some parts of Cordillera, meats are preserved by salting and
sun-drying)
• production of wines and fruit juices from tropical fruits
• rituals, beliefs, and traditions
• Indigenous agricultural practices and methods (e.g. Rice terracing of Ifugao)
• conservation of resources
• values and customary laws
• traditional skills (e.g. “pambabatok”)
• Arts and crafts (e.g. pottery making)
• energy production (e.g. burning of charcoal)
Indigenous knowledge are unique at a given culture. It is one of their basis for local-level
decision making. These decisions pertain to various areas including water and other resource use,
conservation and management, agriculture, health care issues, as well as providing information
and public outreach and education within a local community. Indigenous knowledge is
transmitted to next generations through imitation, demonstration, and by word of mouth. It
is also evident in some folk poems, stories and songs.
Indigenous Science
Indigenous science is embodied in the indigenous knowledge system. It is composed of
traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethno-biology,
ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy. A unique characteristic of
indigenous science as compared to other indigenous knowledge is that it uses science process
skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring,
communicating, and problem solving. People in the past, as they interact with their natural
surroundings, were able to form indigenous knowledge using these science process skills.
Also, indigenous science, just like other indigenous knowledge, is guided by community
values and culture (Pawilen 2006). Examples are the following:
• The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator.

• The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth.” It is the origin of their identity as people.
• All living and nonliving things are interconnected and interdependent with each other.
• Human are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources. They have
responsibility to preserve it.
Indigenous science is important in the development of science and technology in the

Philippines. Like ancient civilizations, indigenous science gave birth to the development of science
and technology as a field and as a discipline. Indigenous science helped people in
understanding the natural environment and in coping with everyday life.
61
Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________
1. Identify one Filipino indigenous knowledge, if possible from your place of origin. Give details
about it.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the impacts of the indigenous knowledge that you have identified in the country/ in
your locality?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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62

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY MODULE

The table presents the detailed course content of the subject:

EVALUATION AND GRADING SYSTEM:

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

CHAPTER Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations

1 Changed the Course of Science and Technology

LESSON 1: PRE- HISTORY

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Fire was used by early humans in many ways:

The Neanderthals and the Cro- Magnons

The Mesolithic Period

The Neolithic Period

ACTIVITY 2: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished.

CHAPTER LESSON 2A: Ancient Civilization

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

SIX TRAITS OF A CIVILIZATION

POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEM

ADVANCED ARITHMETIC CALCULATIONS AND SOLVED QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

ENACTED ONE OF THE EARLIEST AND MOST COMPLETE LEGAL CODES

LAW AND ORDER

ACTIVITY 3: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished.

CHAPTER LESSON 2B: Ancient Civilization

THE OX-DRAWN PLOUGH

GRID- BASED CITIES

SEWERS AND SANITATION

ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

SURGERY TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

Name:_________________________________________________________ Score: _______

ACTIVITY 4: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished.

CHAPTER LESSON 2C: Ancient Civilization

COMPASS “SI NAN”

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________

MIDDLE/ MEDIEVAL AGE

Robert Hooke Described cells for the first time. 1665

Anton Van First observed bacteria 1683

Benjamin Franklin Distinguished negative and positive charge 1751

Proposed the conservation of charge

Hans Oersted Discovered that electric current generate magnetism 1820

Michael Faraday Discovered electromagnetic induction 1830

Robert Brown Discovered the nucleus in the cell 1831

Louis Pasteur Discovered pasteurization 1856

Alexander Graham Bell Invented telephone 1876

Daniel Williams Conducted the first open heart surgery 1893

William Roentgen Discovered x-ray 1895

Henri Becquerel Discovered natural radioactivity 1896

Guglielmo Marconi Developed wireless telegraph 1897

The Neanderthals were early hominids discovered in France. They

Paleolithic people started seed planting and large animal

Perachora wheel was created in the thirteenth century BC in Greece

Speedometer measures the speed at which you are traveling while

Arches went on to become pivotal engineering constructions that laid

Wood and papyrus were used to make lightweight sailboats during

Cuneiform script was the first writing system to be developed by the

The Sumerians used geometry for the calculation of the areas of

The Egyptians constructed canals and irrigation ditches to harness Nile

How can you change the thinking of a person?

Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas:

What can you observe on the model of the solar

Nicolaus Copernicus The shift from an earth-centered to a sun-centered system

create uncertainty to the teaching of the church. Protestant

Question to Ponder on…

Do you think church should intervene in scientific activities?

Name:___________________________________________________ Score: _

Name: _________________________________________________ Score: