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Chapter 02
Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
1.
Select traits associated with prokaryotic cells. Check all that apply.
2.
A.
cleavage furrow; cell plate
B.
cell plate; cleavage furrow
C.
cleavage furrow; kinetochore
D.
kinetochore; cell plate
2-2
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
3.
Select the cells that are eukaryotic. Check all that apply.
bacteria
fungi
protists
plants
animals
2-3
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
4. Organelles are .
A. structures that contain the genetic material
B. membrane-bound compartments of eukaryotic cells
C. the region that contains the DNA in prokaryotic cells
D. the outer, rigid covering of a prokaryotic cell
B.
study the evolutionary changes in a specific trait
C.
use a karyotype analysis to examination chromosomal structure
D.
determine the genetic sequence of a specific gene
2-4
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
6. A karyotype is a(n) .
A. organelle of eukaryotic cells
B. stage of prophase I in meiosis
C. division of the cytoplasmic material following mitosis
D. photographic representation of the chromosomes of a cell
7. During sexual reproduction, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes. Similar
chromosomes from each parent are called .
A. karyotypes
B. sister chromatids
C. homologs
D. sex chromosomes
2-5
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
8. Which of the following would contain genetic material that is 100% identical?
A.
homologous chromosomes
B.
sister chromatids
C. X and Y chromosomes
D.
All of these choices are identical.
locus
D.
homolog
2-6
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
10. Cell division in prokaryotic cells is called , while in eukaryotic cells it is called
.
A. binary fission ; binary fission
B. binary fission ; mitosis
C. mitosis ; mitosis
D. mitosis ; binary fission
11. The process of binary fission is primarily used for asexual reproduction in .
A. prokaryotes
B. eukaryotes
12. During this phase of the cell cycle, the sister chromatids are formed.
A. G1 phase
B. G2 phase C.
S phase D.
Prophase E.
Cytokinesis
2-7
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
13. 13.
Select the phases that are part of interphase. Check all that apply.
G1 phase
G2 phase
S phase
Metaphase
2-8
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
14. 14.
Select the characteristics that are true of restriction points. Check all that apply.
In many cases molecular changes must be present at this point for the cell to continue through the cell cycle.
Cells passing this point are committed to the next stage of the cell cycle.
Cells passing this point can reverse to an earlier phase of the cell cycle.
15. 15.
A. Metaphase
B. Prometaphase
C. Telophase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase
2-9
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
16. 16.
Select the phase when sister chromatids separate and head towards opposite poles of the cell.
A. Metaphase
B. Prometaphase
C. Telophase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase
17. 17.
Select the phase during which the centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
A. Metaphase
B. Prometaphase
C. Telophase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase
2-10
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
18. 18.
Select the phase when the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
A. Metaphase
B. Prometaphase
C. Telophase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase
19. 19.
A. Metaphase
B. Prometaphase
C. Telophase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase
2-11
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
20. 20.
Select the phase when the nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes.
A. Metaphase
B. Prometaphase
C. Telophase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase
21. 21.
Select the phase when the microtubules of the spindle fiber attach to the kinetochore.
A. Metaphase
B. Prometaphase
C. Telophase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase
2-12
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
22. 22.
Select the phase when the separated sister chromatids are considered independent chromosomes.
A. Metaphase
B. Prometaphase
C. Telophase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase
23. Which of the following indicates the correct order of these events?
24. 24.
A. diploid ; diploid
B. diploid ; haploid
C. haploid ; diploid
D. haploid ; haploid
2-13
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
25. If the gametes of an organism are different morphologically, they are said to be
. A.
isogamous B.
heterogamous C.
diploid
D. haploid
2-14
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science, has not been able to distract me from it? Let not your
Excellency think it self-praise in me, if I am bold to present to you my
defence.
When I was studying in the School of the Redeemer, I was
surrounded on all sides with powerful obstacles that made against
science, and in those years the influence of these tendencies was
almost insurmountable. On the one hand, my father, who had never
had any other children but me, said that in leaving him I, being his
only son, had left all his possessions (such as they were in those
parts), which he had acquired for me in the sweat of his brow, and
which strangers would carry away after his death. On the other hand,
I was confronted with unspeakable poverty: as I received but three
kopeks a day, all I dared spend a day for food was half a kopek for
bread and half a kopek for kvas, while the rest went for paper, shoes
and other necessities. In this way I passed five years, and did not
abandon study. On the one hand, they wrote to me that, knowing the
well-being of my father, well-to-do people of my village would give
me their daughters in marriage, and in fact they proposed them to
me, when I was there; on the other hand, the small schoolboys
pointed their fingers at me, and cried: “Look at the clodhopper who
has come to study Latin at the age of twenty!” Soon after that I was
taken to St. Petersburg, and was sent abroad, receiving an
allowance forty times as large as before. But that did not divert my
attention from study, but proportionately increased my eagerness,
though there is a limit to my strength. I most humbly beg your
Excellency to feel sure that I will do all in my power to cause all
those who ask me to be wary in my zeal to have no anxiety about
me, and that those who judge me with malicious envy should be put
to shame in their unjust opinion, and should learn that they must not
measure others with their yardstick, and should also remember that
the Muses love whom they list.
If there is anyone who persists in the opinion that a learned man
must be poor, I shall quote on his side Diogenes, who lived in a
barrel with dogs, and left his countrymen a few witticisms for the
increase of their pride; on the other side I shall mention Newton, the
rich Lord Boyle, who had acquired all his glory in the sciences
through the use of a large sum of money; Wolff, who with his lectures
and presents had accumulated more than five hundred thousand,
and had earned, besides, a baronetcy; Sloane, in England, who had
left such a library that no private individual was able to purchase it,
and for which Parliament gave twenty thousand pounds. I shall not
fail to carry out your commands, and remain with deep respect your
Excellency’s most humble servant, Mikháylo Lomonósov. St.
Petersburg, May 10, 1753.
II
MORNING MEDITATIONS
EVENING MEDITATIONS
ON SEEING THE AURORA BOREALIS
[134] To his patron, upon his having expressed his fear that
Lomonósov would lose his zeal for the sciences when he
received the gift of an estate from the Empress.
[135] Kalchák-pasha was the commander of Khotín.
Alexander Petróvich Sumarókov. (1718-1777.)
Sumarókov is the first litterateur of Russia, that is, the first
man to regard literature as a profession, independently of an
official position. After graduating from the military school, in
1740, he served for a while under some military commanders,
but devoted all his leisure time to writing poetry according to
the rules laid down by Tredyakóvski. There was no species of
poetical literature in which he did not try himself and did not
produce prolifically. He has left odes, eulogies, fables, satires
and dramas. In many of these he broke virgin soil in Russia,
and in his unexampled conceit he was not slow to proclaim
his highest deserts: “What Athens has seen and Paris now
sees, after a long period of transition, that you, O Russia,
have perceived at once by my efforts.” In spite of his
mediocrity and acquaintance with only the pseudo-classic
French style (for he disdained all serious study of antiquity),
Sumarókov was highly valued in his day, and his example has
done much to advance Russian literature. In 1756 the
Russian Theatre was created by a decree of the Senate, and
Sumarókov was chosen as its first director. To fill his
repertoire, he was compelled to write plays himself, and he
produced them with astounding facility. His best drama is
probably The False Demetrius, though there is little historical
truth in it. In 1761 he issued the first independent journal, The
Industrious Bee, which, however, was filled mainly with his
own writings. Sumarókov’s influence on Russian letters lasted
up to the time of Púshkin, though Karamzín was the first to
doubt his greatness.
Sumarókov’s The False Demetrius has been translated into
English: Demetrius the Impostor; a tragedy [in five acts and in
prose], translated from the Russian, London, 1806.
Act II., Scene 7, is also given in C. E. Turner’s Studies in
Russian Literature, and, the same, in Fraser’s Magazine,
1877.
THE FALSE DEMETRIUS
SCENE 7
Demetrius (alone). My crown lies not firmly upon my head, and the
end of my greatness is at hand. Each moment I expect a sudden
change. O Kremlin’s walls that frighten me! Meseems each hour you
announce to me: “Villain, you are a foe, a foe to us and the whole
land!” The citizens proclaim: “You have ruined us!” And the temples
weep: “We are stained with blood!” The fair places about Moscow
are deserted, and Hell from its abyss has oped its jaws at me; I see
the sombre steps that lead to the infernal regions, and the tormented
shades of Tartarus: I am already in Gehenna, and burn in the flame; I
cast my glance to heaven, and see the celestial regions: there are
good kings in all the beauty of their natures, and angels besprinkle
them with dew of paradise; but what hope have I to-day in my
despair? I shall be tormented in eternity even as I suffer now. I am
not a crowned potentate in a magnificent city, but an evil malefactor,
in hell tormented. I perish, dragging a multitude of the people to
destruction. Flee, tyrant, flee! From whom?—From myself, for I see
no one else before me. Run! But whither? Your hell is ever with you!
The assassin is here, run! But I am that assassin! I tremble before
myself, and before my shade. I shall avenge myself! On whom?
Myself. Do I hate myself? I love myself! For what? I see it not. All cry
against me: rapine, unfair justice, all terrible things,—they cry
together against me. I live to the misfortune, shall die to the fortune
of my nearest. The fate of men, the lowliest, I envy: even the
mendicant is sometimes happy in his poverty. But I rule here,—and
am always tormented. Endure and perish, having ascended the
throne by deceit! Drive, and be driven! Live and die a tyrant!
INSTRUCTION TO A SON
Perceiving his tearful end near at hand, a father thus instructed his
beloved, only begotten son:
“My son, beloved son! I am old to-day; my mind grows dull, my
fervour is all gone; I am preparing to go before the Judge, and shall
soon pass to eternity, the immeasurable abode of mortals. So I wish
to tell you how you may live, and to show you the road to happiness.
You will travel over a slippery path: though all in the world is vanity,
yet why should one disdain happiness in life? Our whole mind ought
to be bent upon obtaining it, and our endeavour should be to get all
we need.
“Give up that chimera which men call honour; of what good is it
when you have nothing to eat? It is impossible to get along in
commerce without cheating, and in poverty without dishonesty and
theft. By hook and by crook I have scraped together a fortune for
you; now, if you should squander it all, I shall have sold my soul in
vain. Whenever I think of that, my rest is gone.
“Increase your income, keep indolence from your heart, and keep
your money against an evil day. Steal, if you can steal, but do it
secretly,—by all means increase your income every year! The eye is
not satisfied with mere looking on. If you can cheat, cheat artfully, for
’tis a shame to be caught in the act, and it often leads to the gallows.
Make no acquaintances for the mere sake of knowing them, but put
your spoon there where the jam is thickest! Revere the rich, to get
your tribute from them. Never tire praising them with condescension;
but if they be distinguished people, subdue them by creeping!
“Be humble with all men, and simulate! If a mighty person chides
anyone, together with the mighty chide him! Praise those whom the
powerful praise, and belittle those they belittle! Keep your eyes wide
open and watch whom great boyárs are angry with.
“If you walk upon the straight road, you will find no fortune. Swim
there where favourable winds carry you! Against men whom the
people honour speak not a word; and let your soul be ever ready to
thank them, though you receive nothing from them! Endeavour to
speak like them. Whatever the puissant man says are sacred words;
never contradict him, for you are a small man! If he say red of that
which is black, say too: ‘’Tis rather red!’ Before low-born men rave
like a devil; for if you do not, they will forget who you are, and will not
respect you: the common people honour those who are haughty. But
before the high-born leap like a frog, and remember that a farthing is
as nothing in comparison with a rouble. Big souls have they, but we,
my beloved son, have only little souls! Be profuse in thanks, if you
expect some favour from your benefactor; spare your thanks where
you have nothing to gain, for your grateful spirit will be lost.
“Do yourself no injury, and remain honest to yourself, loving
yourself most sincerely! Do no injury to yourself, but for others have
only appearances, and remember how little wisdom there is in the
world, and how many fools. Satisfy them with empty words: honour
yourself with your heart, but others with your lips, for you will have to
pay no toll for fondling them. Let others think that you place yourself
much lower than them, and that you have little regard for yourself;
but do not forget that your shirt is nearer to your body than your
caftan!
“I will allow you to play cards, provided you know how to handle
them. A game without cunning has no interest, and playing you must
not sacrifice yourself to others. Whatever game you play, my son,
remember not to be always honest!—Have contempt for peasants,
seeing them below your feet, but let your lips proclaim the puissant
as gods, and speak no surly word to them. But love none of them, no
matter what their worth, though their deeds be trumpeted through the
subsolar world! Give bribes, and yourself accept them! When there
are no witnesses, steal and cheat as much as you please, but be
wary with your misdoings in presence of witnesses! Change the
good that there is in people into evil, and never say a good word of
another! For what are you to gain from praising them? Indeed, their
virtues put you only in a bad light. Go not out of the way to serve
another, where there is no gain for you.
“Hate the learned, and despise the ignorant, and ever keep your
thoughts fresh for your own advantage! Above all, beware of getting
into the satire of impudent scribblers! Disturb and break the ties of
families, friendship and marriage, for ’tis more convenient to fish in
muddy waters. Know no love, family nor friends, for ever holding
yourself alone in mind! Deceive your friends, and let them suffer
through you sorrow and misfortune, if you are the winner thereby!
Garner your fruits wherever you can! There are some who foolishly
call it dishonest to bring woes to your friends, but they do not see
that duty teaches me only to love myself, and that it is not at all
dishonourable when necessity demands that others perish: it is
contrary to nature not to love yourself best. Let misfortune befall my
country, let it go to the nethermost regions; let everything that is not
mine be ruined,—provided I have peace.
“Forget not my rules! I have left you my fortune and my wisdom.
Live, my son, live as your father has lived!”
He had barely uttered these words, when he was struck by
lightning, and he departed from his child and home; and the soul that
had for so long been disseminating poison flew out of the body and
took its flight to hell.
FOUR ANSWERS
You ask me, my friend, what I would do: (1) if I were a small man
and a small gentleman; (2) if I were a great man and a small
gentleman; (3) if I were a great man and a great gentleman; (4) if I
were a small man and a great gentleman. To the first question I
answer: I should use all my endeavour to become acquainted in the
houses of distinguished people and men of power; I would not allow
a single holiday to pass, without making the round of the city, in
order to give the compliments of the season; I would walk on tiptoes
in the antechambers of the mighty, and would treat their valets to
tobacco; I would learn to play all kinds of games, for when you play
cards you can sit down shoulder to shoulder with the most
distinguished people, and then bend over to them and say in a low