Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Series Editors
Petros Iosifidis
Department of Sociology
City University
London, UK
Jeanette Steemers
Culture, Media & Creative Industries
King’s College London
London, UK
Gerald Sussman
Urban Studies & Planning
Portland State University
Portland, OR, USA
Terry Flew
Creative Industries Faculty
Queensland University of Technology
Brisbane, QLD, Australia
The Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business Series has published to date (2017) 15 vol-
umes since its launch in 2012. Concentrating on the social, cultural, political, political-
economic, institutional, and technological changes arising from the globalisation of media
and communications industries, the series considers the impact of these changes on matters
of business practice, regulation and policy, and social outcomes. The policy side encompasses
the challenge of conceiving policy-making as a reiterative process that recurrently addresses
such key challenges as inclusiveness, participation, industrial-labour relations, universal access
and freedom in an increasingly globalized and transnationalized world. The business side
encompasses a political economy approach that looks at the power of transnational corpora-
tions in specific contexts - and the controversies associated with these global conglomerates.
The business side considers as well the emergence of small and medium media enterprises.
Focusing on issues of media convergence, industry concentration, and new communica-
tions practices, the series analyses the tensions between systems based on national decision-
making and publicly-oriented participatory structures and a more global perspective
demarcated by commercialization, privatization and monopolization.
Based on a multi-disciplinary approach, the series tackles three key questions:
• To what extent do new media developments require changes in regulatory philosophy and
objectives?
• To what extent do new technologies and changing media consumption require changes in
business practices and models?
• And to what extent do privatisation, globalisation, and commercialisation alter the creative
freedom, cultural and political diversity, and public accountability of media enterprises?
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Foreword
Why?
This is what many citizens ask themselves when they have to pay the Public
Service Media license fee invoice, or when they see a certain amount allo-
cated to their national broadcaster in their tax declaration, or when the
news mention how much the state budget will allocate to sustain the tra-
ditional television and radio broadcasting organization.
That question is probably followed by a feeling of frustration or bitter-
ness, in the best case by a discussion about the price, the content offered,
whether it is worse or better or any different from what others offer,
whether we watch it or not, or whether it is just political propaganda. In
those discussions, most of the times, the citizens—people with very differ-
ent sociodemographic profiles, educational backgrounds, and interests or
knowledge about the media—do not talk or think like us, media scholars
or professionals. They do not refer to values like universality or indepen-
dence, they do not consider market competition or market failure argu-
ments, they do not reflect on the democratic function played by their
public service broadcasters or how it drives their national media industry,
and they do not see the multiple positive impacts that the money invested
in such an organization returns in the short, medium, and long term to
the entire society.
This is the first handicap that any reflection about the future of Public
Service Media needs to address: the enormous gap between the
v
vi FOREWORD
This book has been prepared as part of the activities of the research project
“New values, governance, financing and public audiovisual services for the
Internet society: European and Spanish contrasts” (RTI2018-096065-
B-100), funded by the Spanish State Program of R + D + I oriented to the
Challenges of Society of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and
Universities (Government of Spain), Agencia Estatal de Investigación
(AEI), and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
xi
Contents
Part I Introduction 1
xiii
xiv Contents
Index327
Notes on Contributors
xvii
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Manuel Goyanes teaches at Carlos III University in Madrid and his main
interests are in media management and sociology of communication sci-
ences. He has written about leadership, news overload, and business mod-
els. His works have appeared in leading journals like Scientometrics,
Information, Communication & Society, Journalism, Journalism Studies,
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, and so on.
Alton Grizzle is Programme Specialist in Communication and
Information at UNESCO. He is a UNESCO focal point on gender and
media and is co-manager of UNESCO’s global actions on media and
information literacy (MIL). He has a diverse education and experience in
the fields of education, management, information systems, and media and
communication. He has conceptualized and spearheaded many proj-
ects and coauthored and edited books and articles related to MIL,
gender and media, media development, and communication for
development.
Jonathon Hutchinson is Senior Lecturer in Online Communication and
Media at the University of Sydney. His research explores Public Service
Media, cultural intermediation, everyday social media, automated media,
and algorithms in media. He is an award-winning author and his lat-
est book is Cultural Intermediaries: Audience Participation and Media
Organisations (2017), published through Palgrave Macmillan.
Jessica Izquierdo-Castillo is an associate professor in the Department of
Sciences of Communication at Jaume I University. She is director of the
research group OBCOP (Observatory of Content and Media Platforms).
Her lines of research focus on the study of the media ecosystem, digital
platforms, and business models. She has been a visiting scholar at different
universities, such as Université Stendhal, Paris 13, Università degli Studi
di Firenze, University of Vienna, and The City University of New York.
She has authored many articles that have appeared in many books and
national and international journals.
Ana María López-Cepeda is a professor and vice-dean of the Faculty of
Communication at the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM). She is
specialized in public media services in Europe. She is Principal Investigator
of the Research Group in Sociology of Communication at the University
of Castilla-La Mancha and Principal Investigator of the research project
“Indicators of profitability in the media for regional development,” funded
by the Government of Castilla-La Mancha. She is also part of a USC-led
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxi
R&D project about the new values, governance, financing and services of
public service media.
Paulo-Carlos López-López holds a PhD in Communication and
Creative Industries at the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC),
where he is Professor of Political Sciences at the Department of Political
Sciences and Sociology. He holds a Diploma of Advanced Studies in
Communication and Journalism (USC) and a degree in Journalism and
Political Sciences and Public Administration (international relations). He
is a specialist in political communication and transparency, with extensive
experience in electoral campaigns and parliamentary management.
Javier Marzal-Felici is Doctor and Bachelor in Audiovisual
Communication, Hispanic Philology, and Philosophy from the University
of Valencia. He is Full Professor of Audiovisual Communication and
Advertising at the University Jaume I, where he coordinates the Doctoral
Program in Communication. He directs the Department of Communication
Sciences and the Research Group ITACA-UJI, whose interests focus
on the study of visual culture, the relationships between technology
and visuality, picture theory, the political economy of communica-
tion, and the analysis of audiovisual texts.
Barbara Mazza is associate professor in the Department of
Communication and Social Research at the Sapienza University of
Rome, where she teaches Corporate Communication and Event
Management and Communication. She is the director of the master’s
degree in Organization and Marketing for Business Communication and
is also responsible for the sport communication of the Sapienza
University. She is a member of IRNIST, International Research Network
in Sport Tourism, and the local coordinator of several research projects
at national and international level. Her main research interests concern
the corporate communication, sport communication, and university
communication.
Juan Carlos Miguel-de-Bustos is a full professor in the Department of
Audiovisual Communication of the Faculty of Social Sciences and
Communication at Universidad del País Vasco – EHU. He is the director
of the scientific journal ZER, specialized in Communication Studies. Since
1987, he teaches Economy of Cultural Industries and Marketing. His
research is focused on strategies of the cultural industries and corporate
xxii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
and Spain (Pompeu Fabra University). His work was focused on commu-
nication policy, Public Service Media, and ecology of the media.
Sally S. Tayie is Doctor in Journalism and Communication from the
Autonomous University of Barcelona. She is a university lecturer at the
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport in Cairo,
Egypt. She obtained her BA and MA in Journalism and Communications
from the American University in Cairo. She is also a researcher in the
Scientific Research Group-Communication and Education Cabinet and a
teacher in the Communication and Education Online Master’s program.
Miguel Túñez-López is professor at the Department of Communication
Sciences of the University of Santiago de Compostela, where he is part of
the research group Novos Medios (New Media) and co-directs the
research project “New values, governance, financing and public audiovi-
sual services for the Internet society: European and Spanish contrasts.” He
is also Deputy Director of Social and Legal Sciences of the International
Doctoral School of the USC and co-director of the scientific jour-
nal RAE-IC.
María José Ufarte Ruiz is a lecturer at the Faculty of Communication of
the University of Castilla-La Mancha, where she teaches in the area of
Journalistic Writing. She is a visiting professor at the University of La
Frontera, Chile, and at the University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy, and has
participated in several R +D + i projects. Her lines of research include the
influence of emerging technologies on journalistic genres and new
journalistic narratives.
Martín Vaz-Álvarez is a BA graduate in Journalism from the University
of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and an MA graduate in Research in
Journalism and Audiovisual Communication from the Autonomous
University of Barcelona (UAB). He is working as a Predoctoral Fellow at
the Department of Communication Sciences of the University of Santiago
de Compostela through an FPU grant (ref. FPU19/06204). His
research interests include the integration of new technologies, inno-
vation, and co-creation in Public Service Media.
List of Figures
xxvii
List of Tables
xxix
PART I
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
fajok?
6. A kollektiv vélemény.
8. A népek öregkora.
1. A kőszén korszaka.
2. A gazdasági harcok.